Wikibooks:Requests for deletion

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== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] ==
This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

:As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]].
:This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]
:::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook.  Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is?  If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:::::Hi,
:::::This is definitely the former, not the latter. As I said, I don't particularly think this should be on Wikibooks, it just happens the previous years had been, and clearly they weren't subject to this degree of scrutiny 😅
:::::I have created https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/A-level_Computer_Science_AQA_Paper_1_Skeleton_program_2027 - I'll delete the content of the page and put the link at the top. If there is a more appropriate banner to indicate the migration, please make it look how it should :D [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:23, 29 September 2026 (UTC)
::::::I can't seem to put a link without the edit being deemed destructive, so I'll let you trusted people do what's needed. [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:27, 29 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Talmudic aramic]] ==
Per the user's other mass-created pages, I concur with the AI flagging that Kittycataclysm placed on the page. I believe this to be LLM-generated, and it should thus be deleted. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:29, 30 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}, LLM spam. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 13:22, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - like most LLM-generated books, this is heavy on structure and light on substance. Most of the content amounts to a poorly organized glossary, and there are a lot of pieces missing. (For instance, there is no discussion of the grammar of the language beyond a couple of fixed expressions.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:11, 1 October 2026 (UTC)

== [[Job Search]] ==
* as well as [[Job Search Automation for College Students]].

Neither of these books contains any useful information. The first book seems to be written primarily to funnel users to the second, and the second to funnel users to [[PlanoTse Handbook for Job Search Automation]], which was deleted last year. (The deletion request doesn't seem to have been archived.)

The sum total of information in these two books is, essentially, &quot;you can search for jobs online&quot;, which is insultingly trivial. The second book's suggestion that users automate the job search process is of no practical value; most web search engines and job search sites nowadays will detect and block automated access.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:36, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
: {{vd}} and redirect to [[Find Employment]]. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 05:14, 2 October 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikipage]] ==
Like a few other books created by this user, the purpose of this book appears to have been to promote a piece of software written by the author ([[User:Planotse]]). The software is no longer available, and there is no actual content in the book.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:40, 1 October 2026 (UTC)

== [[Becoming a Linguistic Mastermind]] ==
Old book (created 2007) with no substantial content. The intent of this book appears to have been to create a single textbook encompassing ''all'' languages, with sub-courses for each language at [[Becoming a Linguistic Mastermind/The courses]], but no such courses were ever created. An analogous project on dewikibooks [[:b:de:Wikibooks:Löschkandidaten/ 2011-04#Der einfache Weg zum Sprachgenie|was deleted in 2011 for similar reasons]]. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:20, 7 October 2026 (UTC)
== [[The Permanent Advantage]] ==
Probably LLM-generated, given broken templates, references to Claude, and section identifiers. This could probably be speedied, but not 100% sure so throwing it to RfD. Even regardless of whether it's LLM-generated or not, I can't see any way it's really suitable for the project. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 07:49, 10 October 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - a book ''about'' chess problems isn't necessarily out of scope, but there needs to be some written content to accompany the problems. And I'm not sure these are even meaningful problems - the few problems with viewable Lichess links appear to be in the early game, so there aren't necessarily objective &quot;solutions&quot; to them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:51, 10 October 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}, the Claude references throughout the book support that it's LLM-generated. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:55, 11 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{Requests for deletion/New undeletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Undeletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New undeletion requests go at the bottom of this page. --&gt;

== [[Character Encodings]] ==
*I didn't see the deletion discussion, as the latest author of this wikibook. &lt;s&gt;I want to know what work could be done to fix this, if it was restored.&lt;/s&gt; I see that it needs content outside of code tables for it to be valid- if restored, I will add pages for MS-DOS, HP, and EBCDIC. What else needs to be done? If restoring is impossible, I at least want to view it.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:37, 9 March 2026 (UTC)

**Maybe this can be merged into [[Introduction to Computer Information Systems]] or something similar. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:44, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
**:Hi, [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]]. I closed a [[Special:Diff/4622001|recent deletion discussion]] about the book, because: {{tq|Was never fleshed out into a proper book and consists only of code tables}}. I'll ping @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] here if they have a second opinion, and because they created the discussion (that never had any participation). There were hundreds of pages in this book that will take some time to restore. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:32, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
**::Chiming in here to elaborate on my reasoning! Per [[WB:WIW]], {{tq|as a general rule, only instructional books are suitable for inclusion. Non-fictional books (as well as fictional ones) that aren't instructional aren't allowed on Wikibooks}}. Examples of nonfictional books that aren't instructional/allowed include reference works like dictionaries, which are only really allowed as part of larger instructional books and not on their own. Based on the contents I saw here, the content was solely reference materials and not instructional materials. I see no problem with consolidating and migrating the content to something like a useful appendix as part of another book. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::Note that these pages were created as transwiki back in late 2024 from Wikipedia (and they were deleted afterwards), and since these were deleted now from WikiBooks, they're no longer visible (also, they're still deleted from Wikipedia). However, &quot;Wayback Machine&quot; seems to have a copy of it, but it may not be complete.
**:::If a restoration here isn't possible, what should be done instead?
**:::[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15548-70|&amp;#126;2026-15548-70]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-15548-70|talk]]) 19:03, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::This was actually created in an earlier transwiki from Wikipedia (there were two)&lt;s&gt;-&lt;/s&gt; the first being in July 2020. I support the proposal to make it an appendix to Introduction to Computer Information Systems or something similar.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 20:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::{{ping|Alexlatham96}} which pages would you want to be undeleted? I can help. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::Let's start with the MS-DOS (code page numbers 3846 and lower) and HP code tables section, because these were the most recently transwikied (people will be especially looking for code pages 775, 852, 855, 857, and 860). Once this is done, we can do the EBCDIC code tables, which were also transwikied (and I finished adding what was planned for Wikipedia).[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:17, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::::I've undeleted all HP code table sections, and to clarify, do you want ALL MS-DOS sections lower than 3846 (including undeleting those in the 100-700 range) to be undeleted? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:31, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::Yes, including 3846. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:55, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::::::{{done|All done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:29, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::::Great. Let me know when you have time to undelete the EBCDIC section- people will be looking for code pages 37, 500, 875, and 1026 especially.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 22:10, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::::Update: also the two in the ISO section- these are standards.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 06:29, 14 March 2026 (UTC)
***Thank you. I also see that the old administrator is inactive, and never found out about this. There &lt;s&gt;will&lt;/s&gt; may have to be a new administrator other than me, since I am not one on Wikipedia or Wikibooks. &lt;s&gt;Does another user with knowledge of the topic like Drmccreedy or HarJIT have admin powers?&lt;/s&gt;[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:34, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
***Update: I found out they do not have admin rights, but can still do non-admin tasks. The authors of Unicode's legacy encoding proposals (latest being L2-26/077) could also help out if they're active here.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:55, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
* @[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]], [[Character Encodings]] and its subpages are all now restored. I apologize for the huge delay; thank you for your patience. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:56, 2 October 2026 (UTC)
** Thank you!!! Adding descriptions to pages.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 01:45, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
***Started the Glossary. [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables]] has still not been restored yet. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 02:05, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
***:{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:11, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
****Two more missing: [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC]] and [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables/ISO]][[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 15:53, 11 October 2026 (UTC)

== Markdown ==
The page [[Markdown]] was short but pretty sweet. It showed Markdown features by example and contained decent external links. He who would want to expand the page had the option. I find the page to be a minimum useful product/artifact, to be ideally restored. For reference, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250427011600/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Markdown the page in Wayback Machine]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:36, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] who marked the page for speedy deletion. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:00, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] thank you! I think for me this relates to recent on-wiki discussions we've been having in the sense that I don't think it makes sense to host any content that could theoretically be improved by someone at some time in the future. Even if the content is valid (which it seems to be!), the work is not set up to be book-like, I don't think it's in scope here, and I can't see someone coming around and turning it into a book within a reasonable time frame. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:42, 8 May 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:28, 8 May 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Ping|Kittycataclysm}} The content is not book-like, but I do not recall this having been a requirement in Wikibooks (despite the name). If there is a requirement that the content should be book-like, it should be made into a policy. I created other pages that were instructional with no chance of being book-like in the past. Some examples of non-book-like pages include [[less]], [[grep]] and [[sed]].
::: The content is minimum useful artifact for the head and is instructional.
::: Either way, can you please at least restore the content in my user space? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:15, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] language in policy does refer to Wikibooks content as book-like. For example, per [[WB:WIW]]:
::::* {{tq|&quot;The site should primarily be used for developing textbooks, textbook-like books, and supporting book-based instructional materials&quot;}}
::::* {{tq|&quot;As a general rule, only instructional books are suitable for inclusion&quot;}}
::::* {{tq|&quot;Wikibooks includes both minor and major book-like projects&quot;}}
::::For other admins: if I am missing something obvious, please let me know. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:43, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Ping|Kittycataclysm}} Thank you. I note: 1) it says &quot;primarily&quot;, which means &quot;not exclusively&quot;; 2) &quot;instructional materials&quot; is much broader than books.
::::: Moreover, I checked [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F&amp;oldid=3797401 2021 version] of the policy and did not find the text you are quoting. When was the text introduced, by what process and who approved the text? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::: Part of the answer lies in [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4377929 this edit] of yours from 9 March 2024, which does not trace to a discussion or a vote, but traces to [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines]]. However, [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines]] is not marked as a policy.
::::: Be it as it may, it does not answer my question: where is the evidence of consensus for the changes, minimally in the form of a discussion, and ideally in the form of a request for comments or a vote?
::::: Let me also ask from the point of view of examining other examples that I already brought up: is it your view that [[less]], [[sed]] and [[grep]] should be deleted as non-books, too short to be considered books?
::::: Let me also ask about the ''process'': why was RFD not used and instead speedy was used? From what I recall, Wikibooks used to delete subpar content via RFD, including all those outlines with no content proper. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:41, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]
::::::# That's a good catch about the March 9 edit—I can't recall why I made that decision, but I think you're right that moving text from a non-policy page to a policy page without discussion is not appropriate. My understanding is that the general sentiment is still correct, but we'll need more community discussion to officially integrate it into policy.
::::::# Regarding the other examples you listed: assuming the book-like requirement is the community consensus, I don't think they can stand on their own, but it might be possible to turn them into a more cohesive book.
::::::# Regarding the process, I flagged for speedy deletion because I was on the fence about whether it was a speedy or an RFD—in these cases, I usually flag for another admin to review instead of making the deletion myself.
::::::Since this is getting more into community consensus territory, I am looping in other active users and admins to weigh in @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:04, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @Kittycataclysm: Thank you for this response. And let me also thank you for your clean-up effort at Wikibooks; hardly anyone wants to do that and you seem to be doing quite a lot of it. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:56, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Wikibooks has never been heavy on written policies and tends to operate in line with what the current active community thinks is right. This isn't unusual, many small projects work like that. So getting hung up on who edited a policy and whether it was approved isn't really important - there have been many proposals put forward to amend WIW, and you need to search to find them as they are buried in different talk pages and project pages - what's important is what the community wants to do now. For what it is worth it is pretty clear from its very inception that the intention of Wikibooks was to host textbooks (see [[m:Talk:Science_Hypertextbook_project]]). That doesn't preclude the community from changing its mind, now or in the future. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:23, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::: 1) This use of the word &quot;community&quot; (instead of e.g. &quot;editors&quot;) is a huge red flag. 2) The above attitude allows for a manipulation of the project, especially by people who are more interested in exercising their power than contributing any useful content. If there really is a consensus of the &quot;current active community&quot; (whatever that is supposed to mean), that current community should not have any difficulty passing it through a request for comment or a vote. From my experience, projects that disregard policies start to get controlled by bad actors, often actors who do not have the skill to do any content work so they natually tend toward mere administrators (also known by Steve Jobs as bozos). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:06, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::My thoughts are mostly with Marc's and Leaderboard's here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:32, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
:I think the book does not qualify in its current state (but as a draft, wouldn't have qualified for deletion either). Markdown is indeed a language without a lot to write; however, I think the book is too small as written. The fact that it's only a single page is fine. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:08, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:: But ''why'' does it not qualify, given it shows the most important features of Markup by example? (It is not a book and probably never will be. It is too short for that and will be too short, even if expanded.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:14, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::It's too brief in my opinion. A Wikibook tends to have significantly more detail, even if it's just one page. I think the book can absolutely be expanded in a form that will allow it to stay here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:15, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: Brief for what purpose or objective? As a user of Markdown, I want to know the answer to the following questions: 1) What is the core syntax of Markdown (so that I can use it productively)? 2) What are some of the best external sources about Markdown? I provided an answer to both questions. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:21, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Message box]] ==
There are currently [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Message box|128 pages linking to this template]] which are currently displaying error messages instead of the intended text. Even if there is a module which implements some of the technical functionality previously used by this template, a template is still needed to simplfiy the process of invoking that module - even if it just expands to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Message box}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:09, 9 October 2026 (UTC)

== Pages related to citations ==
* [[Doi (identifier)]]
* [[PMID (identifier)]]
* [[ISSN (identifier)]]
* [[PMC (identifier)]]

These pages are all linked automatically by citation templates like {{tl|Cite journal}}. I understand that their content is out of scope for Wikibooks, but we're still linking to them - either they should exist, or we should modify the citation module to not link to them. Having them exist as soft redirects seems like the easier solution. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:14, 9 October 2026 (UTC)

:Immediate solution is soft redirects, longer-term solution is removal from the template or at the very least, turning them into links to Wikipedia articles directly. I actually tried to resolve this when I first became an admin, but deciphering how to get these links out of the modules was too tricky for my smooth brain. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:33, 9 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
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[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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{{Requests for deletion/New undeletion}}
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== [[Character Encodings]] ==
*I didn't see the deletion discussion, as the latest author of this wikibook. &lt;s&gt;I want to know what work could be done to fix this, if it was restored.&lt;/s&gt; I see that it needs content outside of code tables for it to be valid- if restored, I will add pages for MS-DOS, HP, and EBCDIC. What else needs to be done? If restoring is impossible, I at least want to view it.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:37, 9 March 2026 (UTC)

**Maybe this can be merged into [[Introduction to Computer Information Systems]] or something similar. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:44, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
**:Hi, [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]]. I closed a [[Special:Diff/4622001|recent deletion discussion]] about the book, because: {{tq|Was never fleshed out into a proper book and consists only of code tables}}. I'll ping @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] here if they have a second opinion, and because they created the discussion (that never had any participation). There were hundreds of pages in this book that will take some time to restore. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:32, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
**::Chiming in here to elaborate on my reasoning! Per [[WB:WIW]], {{tq|as a general rule, only instructional books are suitable for inclusion. Non-fictional books (as well as fictional ones) that aren't instructional aren't allowed on Wikibooks}}. Examples of nonfictional books that aren't instructional/allowed include reference works like dictionaries, which are only really allowed as part of larger instructional books and not on their own. Based on the contents I saw here, the content was solely reference materials and not instructional materials. I see no problem with consolidating and migrating the content to something like a useful appendix as part of another book. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::Note that these pages were created as transwiki back in late 2024 from Wikipedia (and they were deleted afterwards), and since these were deleted now from WikiBooks, they're no longer visible (also, they're still deleted from Wikipedia). However, &quot;Wayback Machine&quot; seems to have a copy of it, but it may not be complete.
**:::If a restoration here isn't possible, what should be done instead?
**:::[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15548-70|&amp;#126;2026-15548-70]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-15548-70|talk]]) 19:03, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::This was actually created in an earlier transwiki from Wikipedia (there were two)&lt;s&gt;-&lt;/s&gt; the first being in July 2020. I support the proposal to make it an appendix to Introduction to Computer Information Systems or something similar.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 20:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::{{ping|Alexlatham96}} which pages would you want to be undeleted? I can help. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::Let's start with the MS-DOS (code page numbers 3846 and lower) and HP code tables section, because these were the most recently transwikied (people will be especially looking for code pages 775, 852, 855, 857, and 860). Once this is done, we can do the EBCDIC code tables, which were also transwikied (and I finished adding what was planned for Wikipedia).[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:17, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::::I've undeleted all HP code table sections, and to clarify, do you want ALL MS-DOS sections lower than 3846 (including undeleting those in the 100-700 range) to be undeleted? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:31, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::Yes, including 3846. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:55, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::::::{{done|All done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:29, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::::Great. Let me know when you have time to undelete the EBCDIC section- people will be looking for code pages 37, 500, 875, and 1026 especially.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 22:10, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::::Update: also the two in the ISO section- these are standards.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 06:29, 14 March 2026 (UTC)
***Thank you. I also see that the old administrator is inactive, and never found out about this. There &lt;s&gt;will&lt;/s&gt; may have to be a new administrator other than me, since I am not one on Wikipedia or Wikibooks. &lt;s&gt;Does another user with knowledge of the topic like Drmccreedy or HarJIT have admin powers?&lt;/s&gt;[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:34, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
***Update: I found out they do not have admin rights, but can still do non-admin tasks. The authors of Unicode's legacy encoding proposals (latest being L2-26/077) could also help out if they're active here.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:55, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
* @[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]], [[Character Encodings]] and its subpages are all now restored. I apologize for the huge delay; thank you for your patience. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:56, 2 October 2026 (UTC)
** Thank you!!! Adding descriptions to pages.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 01:45, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
***Started the Glossary. [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables]] has still not been restored yet. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 02:05, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
***:{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:11, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
****Two more missing: [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC]] and [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables/ISO]]. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 15:53, 11 October 2026 (UTC)

== Markdown ==
The page [[Markdown]] was short but pretty sweet. It showed Markdown features by example and contained decent external links. He who would want to expand the page had the option. I find the page to be a minimum useful product/artifact, to be ideally restored. For reference, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250427011600/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Markdown the page in Wayback Machine]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:36, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] who marked the page for speedy deletion. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:00, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] thank you! I think for me this relates to recent on-wiki discussions we've been having in the sense that I don't think it makes sense to host any content that could theoretically be improved by someone at some time in the future. Even if the content is valid (which it seems to be!), the work is not set up to be book-like, I don't think it's in scope here, and I can't see someone coming around and turning it into a book within a reasonable time frame. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:42, 8 May 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:28, 8 May 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Ping|Kittycataclysm}} The content is not book-like, but I do not recall this having been a requirement in Wikibooks (despite the name). If there is a requirement that the content should be book-like, it should be made into a policy. I created other pages that were instructional with no chance of being book-like in the past. Some examples of non-book-like pages include [[less]], [[grep]] and [[sed]].
::: The content is minimum useful artifact for the head and is instructional.
::: Either way, can you please at least restore the content in my user space? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:15, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] language in policy does refer to Wikibooks content as book-like. For example, per [[WB:WIW]]:
::::* {{tq|&quot;The site should primarily be used for developing textbooks, textbook-like books, and supporting book-based instructional materials&quot;}}
::::* {{tq|&quot;As a general rule, only instructional books are suitable for inclusion&quot;}}
::::* {{tq|&quot;Wikibooks includes both minor and major book-like projects&quot;}}
::::For other admins: if I am missing something obvious, please let me know. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:43, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Ping|Kittycataclysm}} Thank you. I note: 1) it says &quot;primarily&quot;, which means &quot;not exclusively&quot;; 2) &quot;instructional materials&quot; is much broader than books.
::::: Moreover, I checked [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F&amp;oldid=3797401 2021 version] of the policy and did not find the text you are quoting. When was the text introduced, by what process and who approved the text? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::: Part of the answer lies in [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4377929 this edit] of yours from 9 March 2024, which does not trace to a discussion or a vote, but traces to [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines]]. However, [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines]] is not marked as a policy.
::::: Be it as it may, it does not answer my question: where is the evidence of consensus for the changes, minimally in the form of a discussion, and ideally in the form of a request for comments or a vote?
::::: Let me also ask from the point of view of examining other examples that I already brought up: is it your view that [[less]], [[sed]] and [[grep]] should be deleted as non-books, too short to be considered books?
::::: Let me also ask about the ''process'': why was RFD not used and instead speedy was used? From what I recall, Wikibooks used to delete subpar content via RFD, including all those outlines with no content proper. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:41, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]
::::::# That's a good catch about the March 9 edit—I can't recall why I made that decision, but I think you're right that moving text from a non-policy page to a policy page without discussion is not appropriate. My understanding is that the general sentiment is still correct, but we'll need more community discussion to officially integrate it into policy.
::::::# Regarding the other examples you listed: assuming the book-like requirement is the community consensus, I don't think they can stand on their own, but it might be possible to turn them into a more cohesive book.
::::::# Regarding the process, I flagged for speedy deletion because I was on the fence about whether it was a speedy or an RFD—in these cases, I usually flag for another admin to review instead of making the deletion myself.
::::::Since this is getting more into community consensus territory, I am looping in other active users and admins to weigh in @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:04, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @Kittycataclysm: Thank you for this response. And let me also thank you for your clean-up effort at Wikibooks; hardly anyone wants to do that and you seem to be doing quite a lot of it. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:56, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Wikibooks has never been heavy on written policies and tends to operate in line with what the current active community thinks is right. This isn't unusual, many small projects work like that. So getting hung up on who edited a policy and whether it was approved isn't really important - there have been many proposals put forward to amend WIW, and you need to search to find them as they are buried in different talk pages and project pages - what's important is what the community wants to do now. For what it is worth it is pretty clear from its very inception that the intention of Wikibooks was to host textbooks (see [[m:Talk:Science_Hypertextbook_project]]). That doesn't preclude the community from changing its mind, now or in the future. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:23, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::: 1) This use of the word &quot;community&quot; (instead of e.g. &quot;editors&quot;) is a huge red flag. 2) The above attitude allows for a manipulation of the project, especially by people who are more interested in exercising their power than contributing any useful content. If there really is a consensus of the &quot;current active community&quot; (whatever that is supposed to mean), that current community should not have any difficulty passing it through a request for comment or a vote. From my experience, projects that disregard policies start to get controlled by bad actors, often actors who do not have the skill to do any content work so they natually tend toward mere administrators (also known by Steve Jobs as bozos). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:06, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::My thoughts are mostly with Marc's and Leaderboard's here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:32, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
:I think the book does not qualify in its current state (but as a draft, wouldn't have qualified for deletion either). Markdown is indeed a language without a lot to write; however, I think the book is too small as written. The fact that it's only a single page is fine. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:08, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:: But ''why'' does it not qualify, given it shows the most important features of Markup by example? (It is not a book and probably never will be. It is too short for that and will be too short, even if expanded.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:14, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::It's too brief in my opinion. A Wikibook tends to have significantly more detail, even if it's just one page. I think the book can absolutely be expanded in a form that will allow it to stay here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:15, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: Brief for what purpose or objective? As a user of Markdown, I want to know the answer to the following questions: 1) What is the core syntax of Markdown (so that I can use it productively)? 2) What are some of the best external sources about Markdown? I provided an answer to both questions. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:21, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Message box]] ==
There are currently [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Message box|128 pages linking to this template]] which are currently displaying error messages instead of the intended text. Even if there is a module which implements some of the technical functionality previously used by this template, a template is still needed to simplfiy the process of invoking that module - even if it just expands to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Message box}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:09, 9 October 2026 (UTC)

== Pages related to citations ==
* [[Doi (identifier)]]
* [[PMID (identifier)]]
* [[ISSN (identifier)]]
* [[PMC (identifier)]]

These pages are all linked automatically by citation templates like {{tl|Cite journal}}. I understand that their content is out of scope for Wikibooks, but we're still linking to them - either they should exist, or we should modify the citation module to not link to them. Having them exist as soft redirects seems like the easier solution. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:14, 9 October 2026 (UTC)

:Immediate solution is soft redirects, longer-term solution is removal from the template or at the very least, turning them into links to Wikipedia articles directly. I actually tried to resolve this when I first became an admin, but deciphering how to get these links out of the modules was too tricky for my smooth brain. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:33, 9 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
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[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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== [[Character Encodings]] ==
*I didn't see the deletion discussion, as the latest author of this wikibook. &lt;s&gt;I want to know what work could be done to fix this, if it was restored.&lt;/s&gt; I see that it needs content outside of code tables for it to be valid- if restored, I will add pages for MS-DOS, HP, and EBCDIC. What else needs to be done? If restoring is impossible, I at least want to view it.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:37, 9 March 2026 (UTC)

**Maybe this can be merged into [[Introduction to Computer Information Systems]] or something similar. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:44, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
**:Hi, [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]]. I closed a [[Special:Diff/4622001|recent deletion discussion]] about the book, because: {{tq|Was never fleshed out into a proper book and consists only of code tables}}. I'll ping @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] here if they have a second opinion, and because they created the discussion (that never had any participation). There were hundreds of pages in this book that will take some time to restore. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:32, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
**::Chiming in here to elaborate on my reasoning! Per [[WB:WIW]], {{tq|as a general rule, only instructional books are suitable for inclusion. Non-fictional books (as well as fictional ones) that aren't instructional aren't allowed on Wikibooks}}. Examples of nonfictional books that aren't instructional/allowed include reference works like dictionaries, which are only really allowed as part of larger instructional books and not on their own. Based on the contents I saw here, the content was solely reference materials and not instructional materials. I see no problem with consolidating and migrating the content to something like a useful appendix as part of another book. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::Note that these pages were created as transwiki back in late 2024 from Wikipedia (and they were deleted afterwards), and since these were deleted now from WikiBooks, they're no longer visible (also, they're still deleted from Wikipedia). However, &quot;Wayback Machine&quot; seems to have a copy of it, but it may not be complete.
**:::If a restoration here isn't possible, what should be done instead?
**:::[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15548-70|&amp;#126;2026-15548-70]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-15548-70|talk]]) 19:03, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::This was actually created in an earlier transwiki from Wikipedia (there were two)&lt;s&gt;-&lt;/s&gt; the first being in July 2020. I support the proposal to make it an appendix to Introduction to Computer Information Systems or something similar.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 20:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::{{ping|Alexlatham96}} which pages would you want to be undeleted? I can help. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::Let's start with the MS-DOS (code page numbers 3846 and lower) and HP code tables section, because these were the most recently transwikied (people will be especially looking for code pages 775, 852, 855, 857, and 860). Once this is done, we can do the EBCDIC code tables, which were also transwikied (and I finished adding what was planned for Wikipedia).[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:17, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::::I've undeleted all HP code table sections, and to clarify, do you want ALL MS-DOS sections lower than 3846 (including undeleting those in the 100-700 range) to be undeleted? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:31, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::Yes, including 3846. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:55, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::::::{{done|All done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:29, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::::Great. Let me know when you have time to undelete the EBCDIC section- people will be looking for code pages 37, 500, 875, and 1026 especially.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 22:10, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::::Update: also the two in the ISO section- these are standards.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 06:29, 14 March 2026 (UTC)
***Thank you. I also see that the old administrator is inactive, and never found out about this. There &lt;s&gt;will&lt;/s&gt; may have to be a new administrator other than me, since I am not one on Wikipedia or Wikibooks. &lt;s&gt;Does another user with knowledge of the topic like Drmccreedy or HarJIT have admin powers?&lt;/s&gt;[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:34, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
***Update: I found out they do not have admin rights, but can still do non-admin tasks. The authors of Unicode's legacy encoding proposals (latest being L2-26/077) could also help out if they're active here.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:55, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
* @[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]], [[Character Encodings]] and its subpages are all now restored. I apologize for the huge delay; thank you for your patience. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:56, 2 October 2026 (UTC)
** Thank you!!! Adding descriptions to pages.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 01:45, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
***Started the Glossary. [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables]] has still not been restored yet. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 02:05, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
***:{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:11, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
****Two more missing: [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC]] and [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables/ISO]]. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 15:53, 11 October 2026 (UTC)
****: {{done|Restored}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:01, 11 October 2026 (UTC)

== Markdown ==
The page [[Markdown]] was short but pretty sweet. It showed Markdown features by example and contained decent external links. He who would want to expand the page had the option. I find the page to be a minimum useful product/artifact, to be ideally restored. For reference, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250427011600/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Markdown the page in Wayback Machine]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:36, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] who marked the page for speedy deletion. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:00, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] thank you! I think for me this relates to recent on-wiki discussions we've been having in the sense that I don't think it makes sense to host any content that could theoretically be improved by someone at some time in the future. Even if the content is valid (which it seems to be!), the work is not set up to be book-like, I don't think it's in scope here, and I can't see someone coming around and turning it into a book within a reasonable time frame. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:42, 8 May 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:28, 8 May 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Ping|Kittycataclysm}} The content is not book-like, but I do not recall this having been a requirement in Wikibooks (despite the name). If there is a requirement that the content should be book-like, it should be made into a policy. I created other pages that were instructional with no chance of being book-like in the past. Some examples of non-book-like pages include [[less]], [[grep]] and [[sed]].
::: The content is minimum useful artifact for the head and is instructional.
::: Either way, can you please at least restore the content in my user space? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:15, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] language in policy does refer to Wikibooks content as book-like. For example, per [[WB:WIW]]:
::::* {{tq|&quot;The site should primarily be used for developing textbooks, textbook-like books, and supporting book-based instructional materials&quot;}}
::::* {{tq|&quot;As a general rule, only instructional books are suitable for inclusion&quot;}}
::::* {{tq|&quot;Wikibooks includes both minor and major book-like projects&quot;}}
::::For other admins: if I am missing something obvious, please let me know. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:43, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Ping|Kittycataclysm}} Thank you. I note: 1) it says &quot;primarily&quot;, which means &quot;not exclusively&quot;; 2) &quot;instructional materials&quot; is much broader than books.
::::: Moreover, I checked [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F&amp;oldid=3797401 2021 version] of the policy and did not find the text you are quoting. When was the text introduced, by what process and who approved the text? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::: Part of the answer lies in [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4377929 this edit] of yours from 9 March 2024, which does not trace to a discussion or a vote, but traces to [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines]]. However, [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines]] is not marked as a policy.
::::: Be it as it may, it does not answer my question: where is the evidence of consensus for the changes, minimally in the form of a discussion, and ideally in the form of a request for comments or a vote?
::::: Let me also ask from the point of view of examining other examples that I already brought up: is it your view that [[less]], [[sed]] and [[grep]] should be deleted as non-books, too short to be considered books?
::::: Let me also ask about the ''process'': why was RFD not used and instead speedy was used? From what I recall, Wikibooks used to delete subpar content via RFD, including all those outlines with no content proper. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:41, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]
::::::# That's a good catch about the March 9 edit—I can't recall why I made that decision, but I think you're right that moving text from a non-policy page to a policy page without discussion is not appropriate. My understanding is that the general sentiment is still correct, but we'll need more community discussion to officially integrate it into policy.
::::::# Regarding the other examples you listed: assuming the book-like requirement is the community consensus, I don't think they can stand on their own, but it might be possible to turn them into a more cohesive book.
::::::# Regarding the process, I flagged for speedy deletion because I was on the fence about whether it was a speedy or an RFD—in these cases, I usually flag for another admin to review instead of making the deletion myself.
::::::Since this is getting more into community consensus territory, I am looping in other active users and admins to weigh in @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:04, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @Kittycataclysm: Thank you for this response. And let me also thank you for your clean-up effort at Wikibooks; hardly anyone wants to do that and you seem to be doing quite a lot of it. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:56, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Wikibooks has never been heavy on written policies and tends to operate in line with what the current active community thinks is right. This isn't unusual, many small projects work like that. So getting hung up on who edited a policy and whether it was approved isn't really important - there have been many proposals put forward to amend WIW, and you need to search to find them as they are buried in different talk pages and project pages - what's important is what the community wants to do now. For what it is worth it is pretty clear from its very inception that the intention of Wikibooks was to host textbooks (see [[m:Talk:Science_Hypertextbook_project]]). That doesn't preclude the community from changing its mind, now or in the future. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:23, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::: 1) This use of the word &quot;community&quot; (instead of e.g. &quot;editors&quot;) is a huge red flag. 2) The above attitude allows for a manipulation of the project, especially by people who are more interested in exercising their power than contributing any useful content. If there really is a consensus of the &quot;current active community&quot; (whatever that is supposed to mean), that current community should not have any difficulty passing it through a request for comment or a vote. From my experience, projects that disregard policies start to get controlled by bad actors, often actors who do not have the skill to do any content work so they natually tend toward mere administrators (also known by Steve Jobs as bozos). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:06, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::My thoughts are mostly with Marc's and Leaderboard's here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:32, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
:I think the book does not qualify in its current state (but as a draft, wouldn't have qualified for deletion either). Markdown is indeed a language without a lot to write; however, I think the book is too small as written. The fact that it's only a single page is fine. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:08, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:: But ''why'' does it not qualify, given it shows the most important features of Markup by example? (It is not a book and probably never will be. It is too short for that and will be too short, even if expanded.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:14, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::It's too brief in my opinion. A Wikibook tends to have significantly more detail, even if it's just one page. I think the book can absolutely be expanded in a form that will allow it to stay here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:15, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: Brief for what purpose or objective? As a user of Markdown, I want to know the answer to the following questions: 1) What is the core syntax of Markdown (so that I can use it productively)? 2) What are some of the best external sources about Markdown? I provided an answer to both questions. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:21, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Message box]] ==
There are currently [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Message box|128 pages linking to this template]] which are currently displaying error messages instead of the intended text. Even if there is a module which implements some of the technical functionality previously used by this template, a template is still needed to simplfiy the process of invoking that module - even if it just expands to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Message box}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:09, 9 October 2026 (UTC)

== Pages related to citations ==
* [[Doi (identifier)]]
* [[PMID (identifier)]]
* [[ISSN (identifier)]]
* [[PMC (identifier)]]

These pages are all linked automatically by citation templates like {{tl|Cite journal}}. I understand that their content is out of scope for Wikibooks, but we're still linking to them - either they should exist, or we should modify the citation module to not link to them. Having them exist as soft redirects seems like the easier solution. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:14, 9 October 2026 (UTC)

:Immediate solution is soft redirects, longer-term solution is removal from the template or at the very least, turning them into links to Wikipedia articles directly. I actually tried to resolve this when I first became an admin, but deciphering how to get these links out of the modules was too tricky for my smooth brain. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:33, 9 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== [[Character Encodings]] ==
*I didn't see the deletion discussion, as the latest author of this wikibook. &lt;s&gt;I want to know what work could be done to fix this, if it was restored.&lt;/s&gt; I see that it needs content outside of code tables for it to be valid- if restored, I will add pages for MS-DOS, HP, and EBCDIC. What else needs to be done? If restoring is impossible, I at least want to view it.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:37, 9 March 2026 (UTC)

**Maybe this can be merged into [[Introduction to Computer Information Systems]] or something similar. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:44, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
**:Hi, [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]]. I closed a [[Special:Diff/4622001|recent deletion discussion]] about the book, because: {{tq|Was never fleshed out into a proper book and consists only of code tables}}. I'll ping @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] here if they have a second opinion, and because they created the discussion (that never had any participation). There were hundreds of pages in this book that will take some time to restore. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:32, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
**::Chiming in here to elaborate on my reasoning! Per [[WB:WIW]], {{tq|as a general rule, only instructional books are suitable for inclusion. Non-fictional books (as well as fictional ones) that aren't instructional aren't allowed on Wikibooks}}. Examples of nonfictional books that aren't instructional/allowed include reference works like dictionaries, which are only really allowed as part of larger instructional books and not on their own. Based on the contents I saw here, the content was solely reference materials and not instructional materials. I see no problem with consolidating and migrating the content to something like a useful appendix as part of another book. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::Note that these pages were created as transwiki back in late 2024 from Wikipedia (and they were deleted afterwards), and since these were deleted now from WikiBooks, they're no longer visible (also, they're still deleted from Wikipedia). However, &quot;Wayback Machine&quot; seems to have a copy of it, but it may not be complete.
**:::If a restoration here isn't possible, what should be done instead?
**:::[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15548-70|&amp;#126;2026-15548-70]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-15548-70|talk]]) 19:03, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::This was actually created in an earlier transwiki from Wikipedia (there were two)&lt;s&gt;-&lt;/s&gt; the first being in July 2020. I support the proposal to make it an appendix to Introduction to Computer Information Systems or something similar.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 20:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::{{ping|Alexlatham96}} which pages would you want to be undeleted? I can help. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::Let's start with the MS-DOS (code page numbers 3846 and lower) and HP code tables section, because these were the most recently transwikied (people will be especially looking for code pages 775, 852, 855, 857, and 860). Once this is done, we can do the EBCDIC code tables, which were also transwikied (and I finished adding what was planned for Wikipedia).[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:17, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::::I've undeleted all HP code table sections, and to clarify, do you want ALL MS-DOS sections lower than 3846 (including undeleting those in the 100-700 range) to be undeleted? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:31, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::Yes, including 3846. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:55, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**:::::::::{{done|All done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:29, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::::Great. Let me know when you have time to undelete the EBCDIC section- people will be looking for code pages 37, 500, 875, and 1026 especially.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 22:10, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
**::::::::::Update: also the two in the ISO section- these are standards.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 06:29, 14 March 2026 (UTC)
***Thank you. I also see that the old administrator is inactive, and never found out about this. There &lt;s&gt;will&lt;/s&gt; may have to be a new administrator other than me, since I am not one on Wikipedia or Wikibooks. &lt;s&gt;Does another user with knowledge of the topic like Drmccreedy or HarJIT have admin powers?&lt;/s&gt;[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:34, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
***Update: I found out they do not have admin rights, but can still do non-admin tasks. The authors of Unicode's legacy encoding proposals (latest being L2-26/077) could also help out if they're active here.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:55, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
* @[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]], [[Character Encodings]] and its subpages are all now restored. I apologize for the huge delay; thank you for your patience. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:56, 2 October 2026 (UTC)
** Thank you!!! Adding descriptions to pages.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 01:45, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
***Started the Glossary. [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables]] has still not been restored yet. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 02:05, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
***:{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:11, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
****Two more missing: [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC]] and [[Talk:Character Encodings/Code Tables/ISO]]. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 15:53, 11 October 2026 (UTC)
****: {{done|Restored}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:01, 11 October 2026 (UTC)

== Markdown ==
The page [[Markdown]] was short but pretty sweet. It showed Markdown features by example and contained decent external links. He who would want to expand the page had the option. I find the page to be a minimum useful product/artifact, to be ideally restored. For reference, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250427011600/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Markdown the page in Wayback Machine]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:36, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] who marked the page for speedy deletion. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:00, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] thank you! I think for me this relates to recent on-wiki discussions we've been having in the sense that I don't think it makes sense to host any content that could theoretically be improved by someone at some time in the future. Even if the content is valid (which it seems to be!), the work is not set up to be book-like, I don't think it's in scope here, and I can't see someone coming around and turning it into a book within a reasonable time frame. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:42, 8 May 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:28, 8 May 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Ping|Kittycataclysm}} The content is not book-like, but I do not recall this having been a requirement in Wikibooks (despite the name). If there is a requirement that the content should be book-like, it should be made into a policy. I created other pages that were instructional with no chance of being book-like in the past. Some examples of non-book-like pages include [[less]], [[grep]] and [[sed]].
::: The content is minimum useful artifact for the head and is instructional.
::: Either way, can you please at least restore the content in my user space? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:15, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] language in policy does refer to Wikibooks content as book-like. For example, per [[WB:WIW]]:
::::* {{tq|&quot;The site should primarily be used for developing textbooks, textbook-like books, and supporting book-based instructional materials&quot;}}
::::* {{tq|&quot;As a general rule, only instructional books are suitable for inclusion&quot;}}
::::* {{tq|&quot;Wikibooks includes both minor and major book-like projects&quot;}}
::::For other admins: if I am missing something obvious, please let me know. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:43, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Ping|Kittycataclysm}} Thank you. I note: 1) it says &quot;primarily&quot;, which means &quot;not exclusively&quot;; 2) &quot;instructional materials&quot; is much broader than books.
::::: Moreover, I checked [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F&amp;oldid=3797401 2021 version] of the policy and did not find the text you are quoting. When was the text introduced, by what process and who approved the text? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::: Part of the answer lies in [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4377929 this edit] of yours from 9 March 2024, which does not trace to a discussion or a vote, but traces to [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines]]. However, [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines]] is not marked as a policy.
::::: Be it as it may, it does not answer my question: where is the evidence of consensus for the changes, minimally in the form of a discussion, and ideally in the form of a request for comments or a vote?
::::: Let me also ask from the point of view of examining other examples that I already brought up: is it your view that [[less]], [[sed]] and [[grep]] should be deleted as non-books, too short to be considered books?
::::: Let me also ask about the ''process'': why was RFD not used and instead speedy was used? From what I recall, Wikibooks used to delete subpar content via RFD, including all those outlines with no content proper. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:41, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]
::::::# That's a good catch about the March 9 edit—I can't recall why I made that decision, but I think you're right that moving text from a non-policy page to a policy page without discussion is not appropriate. My understanding is that the general sentiment is still correct, but we'll need more community discussion to officially integrate it into policy.
::::::# Regarding the other examples you listed: assuming the book-like requirement is the community consensus, I don't think they can stand on their own, but it might be possible to turn them into a more cohesive book.
::::::# Regarding the process, I flagged for speedy deletion because I was on the fence about whether it was a speedy or an RFD—in these cases, I usually flag for another admin to review instead of making the deletion myself.
::::::Since this is getting more into community consensus territory, I am looping in other active users and admins to weigh in @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:04, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @Kittycataclysm: Thank you for this response. And let me also thank you for your clean-up effort at Wikibooks; hardly anyone wants to do that and you seem to be doing quite a lot of it. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:56, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Wikibooks has never been heavy on written policies and tends to operate in line with what the current active community thinks is right. This isn't unusual, many small projects work like that. So getting hung up on who edited a policy and whether it was approved isn't really important - there have been many proposals put forward to amend WIW, and you need to search to find them as they are buried in different talk pages and project pages - what's important is what the community wants to do now. For what it is worth it is pretty clear from its very inception that the intention of Wikibooks was to host textbooks (see [[m:Talk:Science_Hypertextbook_project]]). That doesn't preclude the community from changing its mind, now or in the future. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:23, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::: 1) This use of the word &quot;community&quot; (instead of e.g. &quot;editors&quot;) is a huge red flag. 2) The above attitude allows for a manipulation of the project, especially by people who are more interested in exercising their power than contributing any useful content. If there really is a consensus of the &quot;current active community&quot; (whatever that is supposed to mean), that current community should not have any difficulty passing it through a request for comment or a vote. From my experience, projects that disregard policies start to get controlled by bad actors, often actors who do not have the skill to do any content work so they natually tend toward mere administrators (also known by Steve Jobs as bozos). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:06, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::My thoughts are mostly with Marc's and Leaderboard's here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:32, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
:I think the book does not qualify in its current state (but as a draft, wouldn't have qualified for deletion either). Markdown is indeed a language without a lot to write; however, I think the book is too small as written. The fact that it's only a single page is fine. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:08, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:: But ''why'' does it not qualify, given it shows the most important features of Markup by example? (It is not a book and probably never will be. It is too short for that and will be too short, even if expanded.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:14, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::It's too brief in my opinion. A Wikibook tends to have significantly more detail, even if it's just one page. I think the book can absolutely be expanded in a form that will allow it to stay here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:15, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: Brief for what purpose or objective? As a user of Markdown, I want to know the answer to the following questions: 1) What is the core syntax of Markdown (so that I can use it productively)? 2) What are some of the best external sources about Markdown? I provided an answer to both questions. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:21, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Message box]] ==
There are currently [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Message box|128 pages linking to this template]] which are currently displaying error messages instead of the intended text. Even if there is a module which implements some of the technical functionality previously used by this template, a template is still needed to simplfiy the process of invoking that module - even if it just expands to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Message box}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:09, 9 October 2026 (UTC)

== Pages related to citations ==
* [[Doi (identifier)]]
* [[PMID (identifier)]]
* [[ISSN (identifier)]]
* [[PMC (identifier)]]

These pages are all linked automatically by citation templates like {{tl|Cite journal}}. I understand that their content is out of scope for Wikibooks, but we're still linking to them - either they should exist, or we should modify the citation module to not link to them. Having them exist as soft redirects seems like the easier solution. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:14, 9 October 2026 (UTC)

:Immediate solution is soft redirects, longer-term solution is removal from the template or at the very least, turning them into links to Wikipedia articles directly. I actually tried to resolve this when I first became an admin, but deciphering how to get these links out of the modules was too tricky for my smooth brain. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:33, 9 October 2026 (UTC)

== [[User:Ottawahitech/American politics]] ==
Please undelete. Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 19:00, 11 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
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&lt;p align=center&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xxx-large; color:seagreen&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;UK Constitution and Government&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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* '''View UK Constitution and Government Edition 1.0 as a single PDF document''', for speed right click on the link &quot;PDF File 1.0&quot; and &quot;save target as&quot; or click directly on [[Media:UK Constitution and Government.pdf|PDF File 1.0]].
* [[/Print version|Print version - view the whole book as a continuous file.]] (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:UK_Constitution_and_Government/Print version|action=edit}} edit]&lt;/span&gt;) [[Image:Exquisite-print printer.png|22px]] &lt;/div&gt;

==Table of contents==
[[File:Westminster.jpg|366px|thumb|''The Palace of Westminster'']]
===Part I: Political History===
#[[/Normans|The Normans]]
#[[/Plantagenets|The Plantagenets]]
#[[/Houses of Lancaster and York|The Houses of Lancaster and York]]
#[[/House of Tudor|The House of Tudor]]
#[[/House of Stuart and the Commonwealth|The House of Stuart and the Commonwealth]]
#[[/House of Hanover|The House of Hanover]]
#[[/Houses of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Windsor|The Houses of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Windsor]]

===Part II: Present System===
#[[/Constitution|The Constitution]]
#[[/Sovereign|The Sovereign]]
#[[/Parliament|The Parliament]]
#[[/Government|His Majesty's Government]]
#[[/Judiciary|The Judiciary]]
#[[/Devolved Administrations/]]
#[[/Elections/]]

===Part III: Appendices===
#[[/British Monarchs|List of British Monarchs]]

{{alphabetical|U}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Shelves|Public administration}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{status|100%}}

[[es:Sistema político del Reino Unido]]
[[fr:Système politique du Royaume-Uni]]
[[ms:Perlembagaan dan Kerajaan United Kingdom]]
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* '''View UK Constitution and Government Edition 1.0 as a single PDF document''', for speed right click on the link &quot;PDF File 1.0&quot; and &quot;save target as&quot; or click directly on [[Media:UK Constitution and Government.pdf|PDF File 1.0]].
* [[/Print version|Print version - view the whole book as a continuous file.]] (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:UK_Constitution_and_Government/Print version|action=edit}} edit]&lt;/span&gt;) [[Image:Exquisite-print printer.png|22px]] &lt;/div&gt;

==Table of contents==
[[File:Westminster.jpg|366px|thumb|''The Palace of Westminster'']]
===Part I: Political History===
#[[/Normans|The Normans]]
#[[/Plantagenets|The Plantagenets]]
#[[/Houses of Lancaster and York|The Houses of Lancaster and York]]
#[[/House of Tudor|The House of Tudor]]
#[[/House of Stuart and the Commonwealth|The House of Stuart and the Commonwealth]]
#[[/House of Hanover|The House of Hanover]]
#[[/Houses of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Windsor|The Houses of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Windsor]]

===Part II: Present System===
#[[/Constitution|The Constitution]]
#[[/Sovereign|The Sovereign]]
#[[/Parliament|The Parliament]]
#[[/Government|His Majesty's Government]]
#[[/Judiciary|The Judiciary]]
#[[/Devolved Administrations/]]
#[[/Elections/]]

===Part III: Appendices===
#[[/British Monarchs|List of British Monarchs]]

{{alphabetical|U}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Shelves|Public administration}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{status|100%}}

[[es:Sistema político del Reino Unido]]
[[fr:Système politique du Royaume-Uni]]
[[ms:Perlembagaan dan Kerajaan United Kingdom]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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==What is AROS==

Google translation 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=de&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=nl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=fr&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=it&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=da&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=es&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=hi&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ru&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ja&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ko&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pt&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], 


*Computer Hardware
*AROS (operating system)
*Applications and Games
*User


[http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. 

This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it.  

Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. 

AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. 
Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. 

AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access.  

Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. 


Good Sites to visit 

: [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] 
: [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News]
: [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], 
: [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] 
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit]


: [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] 
: [https://aminet.net/ Aminet]
: [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site]


: [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] 
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase]
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] 


: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] 
: [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64]
: [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] 
: [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] 
: [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] 
: [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], 
: [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version]


: [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] 
: [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], 
:[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], 


: [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] 
: [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] 
: [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] 
: [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] 
: [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] 
: [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive]
: [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags]
: [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam]
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga]


== Distributions aka Distros ==

For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. 

* For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros],
* For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], 
* For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], 

'''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.'''
* For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], 
* For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] 


AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. 
Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is &quot;Hosted&quot;. 

AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from &quot;Hosted&quot; drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support 


AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. 

* The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. 

*ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers 
*ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build 
*ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons 


==Media==

AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) 

* USB .VHD 

[https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below 

&lt;pre&gt;
0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip
7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip
559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip
93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip
59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip
24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5  ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip
f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b  ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip
e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8  Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt; 


[https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS]

22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) 


There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb 

Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], 

Linux   - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, 

Mac     - 


* Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs 

 The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar 

&lt;pre&gt;
617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip
11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip
f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt;


You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. 

No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it.

The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC.

The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions.

You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS.
For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. 


Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information 

Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. 

Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems.  Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. 

Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. 


* SD-card
For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. 


==Booting==

The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. 

Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed 

*go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -&gt; Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode 
*you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD 
*disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence

Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. 
For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) 

 For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. 

The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. 
If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. 

After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here 

If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of &quot;crashes right after grub boot selection&quot; it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. 
&lt;pre&gt;
So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. 
Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: 
Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - 
&lt;/pre&gt;
Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. 
It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. 


=====Advice for various machines=====

Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up 

&lt;pre&gt;
[MultiLoader]
[ELF Loader]
[Boot]

[HPET] 
[Kernel:ACPI]
[Kernel:APIC-IA32]
[Kernel:SMP APIC]
[HiddStorage]

ACPI: ????
ACPI Error 
[ACPI]AcpiOs????
[BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI 

[PCI] Scanning bus ? 
[AHCI] Sata 
[Vesa]  only if vesa is chosen as graphics option 

[ATA] detect hd &amp; cd drives 
[ATA0?] ata-identity 
[packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. 
[DOS] 
[Storage:Bus]
[Storage:Controller]

[MSS] USB setup
[ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? 

[I2C] 
[ATI]
[drm] nouveau 
[AROSTCP]   if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting 


&lt;/pre&gt;

; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. 


AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. 

If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use.

SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at &quot;waiting for bootable media&quot; screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting 

The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version.  Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read &quot;module /Devs/Alt/ata.device&quot;. Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use.


Further options (removing the &quot; &quot;) to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging:

&lt;pre&gt;
Disable AHCI                        &quot;AHCI=disable&quot;
Disable NVME                        &quot;NVME=disable&quot;

Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=disable&quot;
Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=nopci,nolegacy&quot;
ATA safe mode:                      &quot;ATA=nodma,32bit&quot;
Disable IDE from SATA:              &quot;ATA=32bit,nosata2pata&quot;
VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors &quot;ATA=nodma,nopoll&quot; 

noacpi                   all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't 
acpi=strict              if there are issues with sound after boot 

noioapic                 alternative to no acpi 

Set AHCI                            &quot;AHCI=force150/force300/force600&quot;
Disable AHCI/SATA:       comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K

Disable USB:             comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K
Disable native graphics: &quot;nomonitors&quot;
USB3                     &quot;USB=xhci&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt; 

Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll 

Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. 


* If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command  line.  This  will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. 
* ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If  you  get  crashes  at  early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line 


If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). 

However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&amp;group_id=43586&amp;func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you 


For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image 

If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings  


=====nvme.device=====

 Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines 

The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

 This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data 


=====AHCI=====

 Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines 

* Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM 
* SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI 


 AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working

Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. 

Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. 


=====ata.device for old BIOS's =====

 Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level 

Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). 

*Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search &quot;BIOS BOOT CDROM&quot;

* At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. 

* check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&amp;play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. 

'''Save''' options changed at the end. 

PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. 
Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation.


==Installing==

We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here]

We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu 

error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot 

&lt;pre&gt;
#module /Devs/ahci.device      &lt;&lt; disable
module /Devs/Alt/ata.device    &lt;&lt; add this line instead
&lt;/pre&gt;


==File structure overview==

AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions.

AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|boot:
| grub bootloader 
|----
|C:
| small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards
|----
|Classes:
| .class as well as datatypes 
|----
|Devs:
| .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics 
|----
|L:
| where .handler files go 
|----
|Libs:
| where .library files go 
|----
|Prefs:
| applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities 
|----
|S:
| startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here
|----
|Storage:
| place to keep old or alternative device drivers
|----
|System:
| applications associated with AROS operating system
|----
|Tools:
| extra applications
|----
|Utilities:
| extra applications
|----
|WBStartup:
| copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc
|----
|}

See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]]


=== Filesystem ===

Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) 
&lt;pre&gt;
Journalling     - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 
Non-journaling  - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2  
&lt;/pre&gt;

Filesystem options for AROS to install 
* SFS default 
* Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&amp;highlight=pfs3+free&amp;page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] 
* FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage 

Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes 
* FAT32 favorite as most OSs support 
* NTFS (can lock AROS) 
* exFAT 

The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS
*SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS 
*PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive 

The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not....
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/exfat-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = exfat-handler
DosType        = 0x46415458
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = ntfs3g-handler
DosType        = 0x4e544653

Also to make a read-only mount you can set:

Control        = ro
&lt;/pre&gt;


The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features.  

SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. 

Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other.  Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches.  

In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI.  The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code].  

SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless 

AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. 
The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. 

SFS Tools 
* GUI - arSFSDoctor, 
* CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, 

 sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment

If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. 


PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. 
The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems.  It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. 

PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command &quot;. Deldir&quot; convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command &quot;diskvalid&quot;, which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader.

The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device.

The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact.   

When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update.   

The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. 

It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root.  

PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt.  There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc.  


Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. 

The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR).


===Installing Applications===

The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. 

At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists.


===User Data files===

AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location.

Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. 


===User Environment configuration files===

AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:.  This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc.

During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage.  Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot.

Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent.

Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env.

ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment.  It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. 

Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:.  The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors.  If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:.  If you click Use, they only go in ENV:.  If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:.

you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen.


===Drivers===

For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. 
For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network 

All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers &lt;something.device&gt; go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers &lt;something.audio&gt; are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers &lt;something.hidd&gt; are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. 


==Configuring==

AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&amp;menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune 

AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like 
* DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) 
* AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) 

File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, 

App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. 

General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, 


Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -&gt; Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited 

CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell'
If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. 

WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands.

Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon.


Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc.  

Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop 

To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished.  You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected.  

Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -&gt; Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All.  

In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX 


We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to...
 C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info
is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes.

[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/  AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines.  

there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like 
 Demos/iconscale 40 40
It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. 

there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like:
 iconsize 32 32

Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa?
Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care).
 processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project 

SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: &quot;Disk&quot;, &quot;Drawer&quot;, &quot;Tool&quot;,  &quot;Project&quot;, &quot;Garbage&quot;, &quot;Device&quot;, &quot;Kick&quot; and &quot;AppIcon&quot;.

Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ?


'''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work 

Themes - SYS:Prefs -&gt; Appearance 
The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be &quot;themes:ice&quot; but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. 

* Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: &quot;Please insert volume Theme: in any drive&quot;? 
You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer &quot;S&quot;. There should be a line: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES &gt;Nil: 
This does the trick. 
Open a shell and run: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES 
Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work 

* The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. 

In each theme directory is 
*Env-Archive -&gt; Zune -&gt; global.prefs
*images -&gt; Gadgets -&gt; 20x20 pngs for Down etc 
*menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config
*system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc 


There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. 


Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder 

Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder 
e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder 
 ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer 

or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) 

e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script 

 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;Nil: 


Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h 

*AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters 
*AutoPoint 
*Blanker screensaver 
*ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front 
*DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily 
*NoCapsKey
*Opaque 
*FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys 

&lt;pre&gt;
ALT TAB       Cycle Windows
              Cycle Screens
              Enlarge Window
              Shrink Window
              Toggle Window Size
              Insert Text
              Run Program
              Run Arexx Script
&lt;/pre&gt;

e.g.
&lt;pre&gt;
LAmiga F1               = Avail Flush
LAmiga F2               = Open Prefs
LAmiga F3               = Finder
Alt Tab                 = Cycle Windows
LAmiga Tab or M         = Cycle Screens
Alt Up arrow            = Enlarge Window 
Alt Down arrow          = Shrink Window
Alt Home                = Toggle Window Size 
                        = Insert Text             
LAmiga e                = Run Program             
                        = Run Arexx Script        
&lt;/pre&gt;

If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set &quot;CX_POPUP=NO&quot;. 

Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown:

SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english

Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts.


There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like 

*Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos 
*Dock - FKey, 
*Files - Multiview, DOpus4, 
*Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, 
*General Apps - 


the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases 


 Common Keyboard Shortcuts

&lt;pre&gt;
RAlt Right Alt Key 
LAlt Left Alt Key 
RWinKey Right Windows Key 
LWinKey Left Windows Key 
RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one)
LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one)
&lt;/pre&gt;

;Bootup Options 
:Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc  

;Left Click 
:LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 

;Right Click 
:RAmiga = Help = F12 

;Mark 
:RAmiga and B 

;Cut 
:RAmiga and X 

;Copy 
:RAmiga and C 

;Paste 
:RAmiga and V 

;Search 
:RAmiga and S 

;Mouse Movement 
LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster 

;Mouse Selection 
LAmiga and LAlt to select 

;Screen Switching 
LAmiga and M or N 

;HELP key 
Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey 


ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press 


===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II===

Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) 

DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 
DOpus5:DirectoryOpus 
;DOpus5:C/LoadDB
&lt;/pre&gt;

Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. 
Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green 

Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with &lt; button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister 

single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use.

As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous.

Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon 


DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure 
&lt;pre&gt;
ARexx       - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks 
Buttons     - 
Commands    - 
Desktop     - 
Environment - two environment files bundled:
 default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app
 workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup)
Filetypes   - 
Groups      - 
Icons       - 
Images      - 
Modules     - compiled tasks 
Settings    - 
Sounds      - 
Themes      - 
WBStartup   - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Settings -&gt; Environment -&gt; Display -&gt; Workbench (Use) 


*Settings -&gt; Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) 

*Toolbar  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List 
*Menu     -&gt;  (Right Win Key together with 2) 
*Buttons  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) 

*Settings         -&gt; Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc 
*File Types       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 5)
*User Menus       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 6)
*Hotkeys          -&gt; Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) 
*Scripts          -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 8)
*Icon Positioning -&gt;   (Right Win key together with 9)


Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories 

* Font (amiga bitmap fonts)
* Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) 
* Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) 
* Icons (png newicons glowicons ) 
* Patterns (iff jpg png ) 


Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot 

For example, configure in Environment -&gt; Backgrounds -&gt; Desktop something like this:
&lt;pre&gt;
Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#?
...or 
Work:Pictures/back#?.iff
...etc...
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes]  


If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Changes DOpus background image forever

   Start with:
   Run &gt;NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx 
*/

if ~show(&quot;L&quot;, &quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;) then do
	if ~addlib(&quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;, 0, -30,0) then exit 10
end

/* Configure these two lines for your needs: */
minutes=1
picpath=&quot;Work:Pics/#?.iff&quot;

address DOPUS.1

do forever
	call delay 3000*minutes
	dopus set background '&quot;'picpath'&quot;' desktop center custom
	dopus refresh background custom
end
&lt;/pre&gt;


If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command

&lt;pre&gt;
/* random diropus backdrop changer */
/* by paul trauth, 1999 */
/* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */

options results

parse arg path

address DOPUS.1

/* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */

dopus query background desktop custom
currentpatt=result
lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt)
currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('&quot;',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1))

dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/')
num=0
do while dir~=''
    where=pos('/',dir)
    if where&gt;0 then do
        file=left(dir,where-1)
        dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where)
    end
    else do
        file=dir
        dir=''
    end

    if left(file,1) ~='.' &amp; file~=currentpatt then
        do
            pics.num=file
            num=num+1
        end
end

which=random(0,num-1,time(s))
newbg='&quot;'||path||'/'||pics.which||'&quot;'

dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact
dopus set background on
dopus refresh background
&lt;/pre&gt;


Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are:
&lt;pre&gt;
 %a - abbreviated weekday name
 %A - weekday name
 %b - abbreviated month name
 %B - month name
 %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
 %d - day number with leading 0s
 %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %e - day number with leading spaces
 %h - abbreviated month name
 %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
 %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
 %j - julian date
 %m - month number with leading 0s
 %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
 %p - AM or PM strings
 %q - hour using 24-hour style
 %Q - hour using 12-hour style
 %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
 %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
 %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
 %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
 %w - weekday number
 %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
 %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
 %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s
&lt;/pre&gt;
like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or 


A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this...
 RX &quot;address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN&quot;
Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. 

The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
dopus addappicon
dopus addtrap
dopus back
dopus checkdesktop
dopus clear
dopus command
dopus desktoppopup
dopus error
dopus front
dopus getdesktop
dopus getfiletype
dopus getstring
dopus matchdesktop
dopus progress
dopus query background, font, palette, pens
dopus read
dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister
dopus remappicon
dopus remtrap
dopus request
dopus script
dopus screen
dopus send
dopus set background, font, palette, pens
dopus setappicon
dopus version
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
lister add
lister addstem
lister copy
lister clear value
lister clearcaches
lister close
lister empty
lister findcache
lister getstring
lister iconify
lister new
lister query active all, dest source
lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide 
lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles
lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, 
lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window
lister read
lister refresh
lister reload
lister remove
lister request
lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode
lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source
lister set title, toolbar, value, variable
lister select
lister wait
&lt;/pre&gt;

The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script

&lt;pre&gt;
command all
command wait copy
command read s:startup-sequence
command source 12345 makedir name noicon
&lt;/pre&gt;


*SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 
*FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 
*FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) 


===Wanderer ===


Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. 

Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’.

Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs 


===Scalos===

[https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. 

Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&amp;Drop) is available. 

24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. 

Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. 

Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore &quot;Name column selects text icons&quot; flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. 

Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). 

Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. 

Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. 

Online update with updater.module


Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers 
* Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one 
* AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos
* all Programs placed in &quot;WBStartup&quot; should start 
* The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings


&lt;pre&gt;
v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999
v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999
v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000
v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable)
v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001
v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002
v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005
v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007
v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007
v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009
v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010
v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source 
v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k  
&lt;/pre&gt;


Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], 


 Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer 

or run the &quot;Scalos Menu&quot; preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called &quot;Menu13.prefs&quot; in &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot;. The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a &quot;Palette13.prefs&quot; file will be saved in to &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot; directory. 


&lt;pre&gt;
ASSIGN Scalos:             SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER   
ASSIGN Libs:               Scalos:Libs add    
;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes  Scalos:Devs/Datatypes   add  
Assign Theme:              Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add 
Assign Locale:             Scalos:Locale add 

Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet 

run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB 
;Scalos:Scalos
&lt;/pre&gt;

Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' 


In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas 
&lt;pre&gt;
About Scalos
Paths               - should be preset 
Startup             - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup 
Desktop             - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) 
Icons               - 
Drag and Drop       - 
Windows             -
Text Windows        -   in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed 
TrueType Fonts      - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones 
Miscellaneous       - 

Plugins             - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added 
Modules             - ??
Menu                - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties 
FileTypes           - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support 
PopupMenu           - tweak how popups appear 
Pattern             - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre 
Palette             - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are 
*DE Desktop/Background 
*SC Screen 
*TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised 
*IW Window/Background ie Icons showing 

 Workflow - In &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on &quot;Defaults&quot; tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab to check eveything is OK and click Save 

Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. 

Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. 
Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. 

*Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. 
*Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If &quot;Fit size&quot; is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change.
*Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. 

Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture

Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if &quot;asyncron layout&quot; is set. 
&lt;pre&gt;
Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window.
Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen.
Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows.
TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. 

 Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps  Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for  or AmigaDos for modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
DESCRIPTION	NAME/A      This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu  
INCLUDE NAME/A          Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to &quot;Scalos:FileTypes&quot; 

POPUPMENU      Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype.
&lt;/pre&gt;

The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:
&lt;pre&gt;
SUBMENU &quot;NAME/A&quot;
ENDSUBMENU 


MENUENTRY &quot;NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S&quot;
ENDMENUENTRY 

INTERNALCMD	&quot;NAME/A&quot;
WBCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
AREXXCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
CLICMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;

ICONWINDOWCMD &quot;NAME/A&quot;

PLUGINCMD
MENUSEPARATOR

ENDPOPUPMENU

TOOLTIP 
ENDTOOLTIP
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:

GROUP &quot;ORIENTATION/K&quot;
ENDGROUP  
MEMBER &quot;HIDE/K&quot;
ENDMEMBER  

HBAR 
STRING &quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;
SPACE &quot;SIZE/N/A&quot;

DTIMAGE &quot;FILENAME/A&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;


Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders 
&lt;pre&gt;
About            - 
Desktop          - 
FileTrans        - 
FileType         - 
Icons            - 
Menu             - 
Modules          - 
PointerIcons     - 
Prefs            - 
Sound            - 
Window           - 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Plugins
&lt;pre&gt;
devicefilter.plugin       
persist.plugin            should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened 
title_clock.plugin        add digital clock to title see more below 
title_envvar.plugin       %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar 
title_freepens.plugin     
volumegauge.plugin        
wb39.plugin               
wbrexx.plugin             plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals 
xtwindows.plugin          left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows 
filetype.plugin           then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) 
menu.plugin               
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties 


*Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, 


In Scalos_Prefs-&gt;Filetype-&gt;Recognition  you can define the filetypes and on &quot;Action&quot; you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan)
there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon 

Associating files with &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save 

then you create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. Use &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. 

defined all archive types from XAD in &quot;filetypes&quot;. If you change to &quot;action&quot; and click on &quot;archive&quot; you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype


Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so '''BEWARE''' 


&lt;pre&gt;
The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders:

    %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;10:43:37&quot;
    %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;Saturday 14 July 2001&quot;

Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting 

    %a - abbreviated weekday name
    %A - weekday name
    %b - abbreviated month name
    %B - month name
    %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
    %C - same as &quot;%a %b %e %T %Z %Y&quot;
    %d - day number with leading 0s
    %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %e - day number with leading spaces
    %h - abbreviated month name
    %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
    %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
    %j - julian date
    %m - month number with leading 0s
    %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
    %n - insert a linefeed
    %p - AM or PM strings
    %q - hour using 24-hour style
    %Q - hour using 12-hour style
    %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
    %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
    %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
    %t - insert a tab character
    %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
    %w - weekday number
    %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
    %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
    %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s

 like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p
&lt;/pre&gt;


Shutdown -&gt; right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown 


ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like 
*SCALOS_PATTERNNO=&lt;number&gt; : background image matching the number 
*SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text.
*SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed.
*Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support

runcommand parameters... in which case:
&lt;pre&gt;
%p = parameters
%w = directory path
%d = device-name
%% = literal percentage token
&lt;/pre&gt;


With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API 

If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable.

ACTIVATEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Activate the root window */
ADDRESS workbench
ACTIVATEWINDOW root

/* Activate the &quot;Work:&quot; partition's window if already open*/
ACTIVATEWINDOW &quot;Work:&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

CHANGEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */
ADDRESS workbench
CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100

/* Change the currently active window */
CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100
&lt;/pre&gt;


Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if 


The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C.

IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer.

The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time.


The Program will be started from the Shell.
If &quot;WB Args&quot; is set, with the Argument &quot;%p&quot; will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value.
IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path.


PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn.
If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line.
It's possible to Drag&amp;Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list.


Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will
not deselect all other icons. 

MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. 

WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. 

FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. 
Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings-&gt;Scalos-&gt;Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop.


Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if &quot;show all files&quot; is enabled, can now be saved
using &quot;snapshot&quot; menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. 


Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the &quot;hide&quot; flag is set will not be shown.

Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok.
The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the &quot;.backdrop&quot; file and clear double lines.

Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed.

If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly.
Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable &quot;Use ExAll&quot; in Scalos prefs.

Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) 
Some programs will not startup with error message &quot;has not returned, wait some more&quot;? and &quot;unable to open your tool&quot; 


need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. 
* either &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending
* or 
Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar 

For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as &quot;RAM.info&quot; or &quot;Ram Disk.info&quot;. All functions will automatically be performed 

sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably  

Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue 


Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted:
&lt;pre&gt;
Fixed:
    Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap
    Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window
    Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible
    Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font
    Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit
    Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit
    scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference
    scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k 
    NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written
    Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup
    wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit
    Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page
    System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page
    Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed
    Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent
    Crash when leaving out an icon
    Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs
    Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs
    Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages
    deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64
    Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences

Won't fix:
    Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences

Not fixed:
    Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons 
    Refreshing drawer windows is slow 
    Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail 
    Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed 
    When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window
    Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs
&lt;/pre&gt;


===DOpus 4 Directory Opus===

Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time 

Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory 
&lt;pre&gt;
run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i &gt;NIL
&lt;/pre&gt;
makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. 


Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. 


DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual and Arexx calls].

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] 
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] 
*[] 
*[] 


*Button little rectangle with name inside
*Bank vertical stack of buttons 

 Buttons 
*Workbench app {f} i.e. first  use {F} for all selected items with app 
*AmigaDos  c type apps with arguments after 
*Arexx     
*Command   c type apps with no arguments after 

 Flags (most used)
*CD Destination to extract etc 
*Do all files
*Output window 
*Run asynchronously
*Workbench to front

*Buffer above 100000 for 64bit 


 Filetypes
Defines how certain files are handled like '''default tool''' 


 Screen
Fonts, set each element to any font 
Screenmode, Workbench Use (same screen like Windows), Workbench clone (like Linux workspaces) 

 System 
Shell startup, set to SYS:s/shell-startup 


===BoingIconBar===

User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards 

Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save 

&lt;pre&gt;
SYS:System/Shell 
SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4
SYS:Utilities/Editor
SYS:System/SysMon
SYS:System/Scout
Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB
Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint
Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint
AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer
Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox
&lt;/pre&gt;

right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps 

If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable 

another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar 


===AmiStart===

On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested 

* how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? 
try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left.


===Fonts===

Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to &quot;Install Font&quot; each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. 

To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager.

Begin

The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list &quot;preferred languages&quot; to put it first and then English. If you want the tab &quot;Time Zone&quot; and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard.


Custom Keyboard Layout

[http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] 

only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. 

So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using
 gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib
where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file

[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] 


Installing fonts

*[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] 
*Outline resizable .font .otag 
In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script &quot;Download Fonts&quot; you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field &quot;Codepage&quot; option &quot;ISO-8859-7&quot; and list the font &quot;Arial&quot; and &quot;Regular&quot; form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox &quot;Anti-aliasing&quot; button and then &quot;Install&quot;. Immediately folder Fonts: created files &quot;arialregular.font&quot; and &quot;arialregular.otag&quot;, which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts.


Final stages 

After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields &quot;Icons&quot; and &quot;Screen&quot; as the font &quot;ArialRegular&quot; to the size you want. In the field &quot;System&quot; to give &quot;s_courier&quot;, which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the &quot;ArialRegular&quot; font fields in tabs &quot;Windows&quot; and &quot;Groups&quot;, and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. 


===Windows===

*Intuition
The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there.  Right click to show menu -&gt; Window -&gt; Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it.  

As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key 

The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
; run shell
run QUIET c:newshell &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;

; slimmer right aros the screen 
run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ &gt;NIL:

; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y
run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ &gt;NIL:


*EdgeSnap 

Commodity EdgeSnap allows resize and position windows on your screen by dragging them to the edges or corners of the screen but not other windows 

EdgeSnap Prefs might let you arrange windows from the same or different applications in whatever layouts (half or full size) you choose to adjust the border padding 

thumbnails of other apps to aid placement and space available 


*Zune - AROS version of MUI
Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. 


Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck &quot;Offscreen move&quot; for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: 

* the first using the command &quot;cycle windows&quot; (for example ALT TAB); 
* the second using the command &quot;rescue window&quot; (for example ALT F5). 

Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then &quot;rescue&quot; it: it will move back inside your screen. 


How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows)

Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. 


* how to set up permanently 'view all files'?
As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job 

* how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? 
sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps 

sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities


* how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore).
If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change.

* Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk)
yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise 


===Say narrator===

Say &quot;Hello World&quot; for a simple robotic voice 

SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. 
To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK 

Examples of use 
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK:
Echo &quot;Hello&quot; &gt;SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110
Echo &quot;DH1 EH0 L OW1&quot; &gt;SPEAK:A1
&lt;/pre&gt;

Classic options are M/F, R/N, S&lt;rate&gt;, P&lt;pitch&gt;, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes.

Long options select a speech engine:

Echo &quot;Hello&quot; &gt;SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US

Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection.


===Printing===

This needs further [http://www.aminet.net/package/docs/help/PrinterGuide drivers written], we have postscript and write to file support only 

;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. 


*Postscript

Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port 


Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript 

Print using compatible Postscript printer 


*printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment.

Please try the following steps:

Open the printer web interface in a browser:

 http://192.168.1.x/

Look for the network or protocol settings.

Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol.

Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled.

Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it.

 ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print

 ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/


===Files===

====File endings and datatypes====

* Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. 
* In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -&gt; Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). 
* Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be &quot;flaC&quot; according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. 

For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. 


File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. 


'''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.'''


The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables:
1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description
2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions

use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here).

use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors.

Note:
When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). 

&lt;pre &gt;
# name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name.
# version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules
# basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. 
# pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text
# Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable.
# GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file.
# ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter).
# flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not)
# priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer.

Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator

To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter).

And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS).

Sounds complicated ?

Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ).

Would that suffice ?

red1+2: typos, reformatting.

disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk.


==Network Connection==

AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP.  This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. 


===Wired===

Use Network Prefs to setup 


=====IPv6=====

Some support 


128bit IPv6 address packet 
&lt;pre&gt;
Local FD::/8
Global 2000::/3
64:ff9b::/96
&lt;/pre&gt;
NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 
DNS64 


OS routing works with 
&lt;pre&gt;
MacOS Ventura 
Windows 11 with cloud account 
Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish 
Android 10 (block google dns) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IPv4====

The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. 

[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]]

'''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' 
* Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' 
* Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) 
* check mark on Active
* select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go 
* set Unit to 0 
* IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' 


* IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically 

From the shell CLI,  ifconfig -a

Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx

* inet or '''Address''' of network card 
* netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into 
* broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx

click OK


[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]]

'''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' 
* IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) 


* or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work 
* '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual 
* first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google)  i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 
* second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 


* At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option 
* Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) 


'''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. 

e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' 
and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in &quot;manually&quot; into AROS Network prefs. 

e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info 
* for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) 

 Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings 

IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT 


===Wireless===

 You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup 

[[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]]

[[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]]

We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. 

or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based 


There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well 


* open Network/Prefs
* In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) 

Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. 

* Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on &quot;Add&quot; button. 
* Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right &quot;encyption&quot; that is most likely &quot;WPA&quot;. 
* Key Type set as &quot;Passphrase&quot;. i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). 
* Unselect (no tick) &quot;hidden&quot; if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. 
* Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. 

For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. 


===USB Ethernet===

Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) 

* click Add button
* set Name as net0
* Tick Active box
* enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling 
* set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) 
* IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) 
'''or manual'''
* IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) 
* Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 
* click OK

There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. 


Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information 

* IP Mode Get address from DHCP 
'''or if manual settings'''
* Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. 
* first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 
* second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 


===USB Tethering via Android smartphone===


Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in &quot;usbrndis.device&quot; in the &quot;device&quot; textfield of &quot;Interface&quot; sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select &quot;Start Network during system boot&quot; and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.&lt;br&gt;

usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable &quot;USB Tethering&quot; &lt;br&gt;

A reboot should not be necessary.

When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. 


===Solving Issues===

[[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]]

* In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab 
* If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) 
* For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin 


* For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer 


* If wireless, try getting closer to the router. 
* Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers 
* Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&amp;nbsp;dBi or 7&amp;nbsp;dBi 
* Try with another computer/laptop/machine 

Program Error  C:WirelessManager 

* Test with another OS 
* Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) 
* Check that socket and card are working 
* Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc)   


Are you connecting with the Router ? 

Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. 


For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed...

&lt;pre&gt;

; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06)
; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team.
;
Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

; stop and restart
execute &quot;sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet&quot;

Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device

&lt;/pre&gt;


What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? 
It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options &quot;acpi=off noapic nolapic&quot;? 


If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot

open a shell and run the following commands:

&lt;pre&gt;
echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Please report the output, typically it will look like this  

# True  (explanation this variable is related to the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; checkbox in network prefs) 
# True  ()
# Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0


If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this?

 ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP 

should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP


By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as:


&lt;pre&gt;
ping www.google.com
ifconfig net0
&lt;/pre&gt;


The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell:

 C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose 

or 

 C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose 

and capture the output 


If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change &quot;&gt;NIL:&quot; to &quot;&gt;T:wifi.log&quot; on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5?

&lt;pre&gt;
if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq &quot;True&quot;
Run QUIET &quot;C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} &gt;T:wifi.log&quot;
wait 5
EndIf
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here.


&lt;pre&gt;

c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose
Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7)
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'


Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration.
&lt;/pre&gt;

looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)?


&lt;pre&gt;

Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7):
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=02c66fd4 ***
Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
Added interface atheros5000.device:0
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Started AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
sana2: sending MLME frame


Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC?

IRQ 4 (A)

&lt;/pre&gt;

apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request).


&lt;pre&gt;

Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12):
41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='AirLink59300'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=0224e444 ***
Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000
Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
[eloop_run] Starting
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000
EAPOL: disable timer tick
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000
MLME: scan completed

&lt;/pre&gt;

Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? 


&lt;pre&gt;
&quot;ENV:sys/wireless.prefs&quot; looks like this:
network={
ssid=&quot;testadhoc&quot;
key_mgmt=NONE
wep_key0=&quot;12345&quot;
wep_tx_keyidx=0
}
&lt;/pre&gt; 


If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after  # Example blocks: 

 scan_ssid=1

Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. 

&lt;pre&gt;
ap_scan=1

network={
ssid=&quot;YOURESSID&quot;
scan_ssid=1
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=YOURPASSWORD
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
filter_ssids=1
ap_scan=2

network={
ssid=&quot;REMOVED&quot;
scan_ssid=1
bssid=REMOVED
priority=100
mode=0
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
auth_alg=OPEN
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=REMOVED
}
&lt;/pre&gt;


Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name.

Check Scout -&gt; Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell:

C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0


some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 

1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen

2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP

3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them

once done, reboot.


If previous setup is proving problematic 

&lt;pre &gt;

SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. 


Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working 

̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that &quot;Start networking at boot&quot; in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick).  
̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE
̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding &gt;RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here.


try running &quot;status&quot; in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running
If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the &quot;start networking at boot&quot; box or typing into a shell. 

 Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet

(run Status again afterwards).


The &quot;cannot resolve hostname&quot; will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address.

One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router.


Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions 

 pciinfo
 sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status

&lt;pre &gt;
 ping &lt;router-address&gt; e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) 
 ifconfig net0
 ifconfig net0 up
 extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status
 WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose &gt;RAM:wifi.log
 ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, 
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device &gt;NIL:
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid=&quot;mynet1&quot; &gt;NIL: 
 C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. 


start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens.


Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: 

&lt;pre&gt;
Internet &lt;---------&gt; home router &lt;---------&gt; computer 
-----------external IP------------------internal IP-------------
&lt;/pre&gt;

Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router.

You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings...

* Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host)
* IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router)

* IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router)
* Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer)

As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client).

The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services.

Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address.

By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change.

So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses).

Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. 

When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network!


Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault.

Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] 


===File Sharing===

As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). 
The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. 

Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. 

An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. 

Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. 


====SMB2/3====

With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the &quot;Public&quot; user.

On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center).

AROS Mountlist should look lke this 
&lt;pre&gt;
Handler = L:smb2-handler
StackSize = 65536
Priority = 5
GlobVec = -1
ACTIVATE=1
Startup = &quot;smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

which could also be
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public&quot;

so
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder&quot;


After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named &quot;SMB0&quot; which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file &quot;ServerAutoMounts&quot;, in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. 
The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. 


====Old SMBFS====

e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -:

SMBFS WORKGROUP=&lt;YOUR WORKGROUP NAME&gt; VOLUME=&lt;AROS volume name to use&gt;: SERVICE=&lt;UNC Path to connect to&gt;

SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared

And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. 


You can put the above script into wbstartup or  

give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx 

Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info &quot;sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info&quot;

This should create an icon for your script file.

Now right-click on your script and select 'information'.

Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save 

The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it.


====Setup ISO images within AROS====

Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below....

&lt;pre &gt;
# Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension).
# Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. 
(Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) 
# From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk.
&lt;/pre &gt; 

 assign devname: dismount 
 Assign DOSVOLUME: remove
 [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet 

If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Entry for ISO image */

ISO1:
FileSystem = cdrom.handler
Device = fdsk.device
Unit = 1
LowCyl = 0
HighCyl = 0
Surfaces = 1
BlocksPerTrack = 1
DOSType = 0x41434400
Activate = 1
#
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell:

 Mount iso1: from devs:iso1

Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives 


==Video Guides==


Video demonstrations and tutorials covering:

:00. '''Introduction''' 
::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&amp;feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&amp;t=14s&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], 

:01. '''Installation'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&amp;feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], 
::[ driver install], 
::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], 

:02. '''Amiga Basics'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], 
::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&amp;feature=related OS 1.3], 

:03. '''Customisation demos'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], 

:04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps 
::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], 

:05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&amp;feature=mfu_in_order&amp;list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], 

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&amp;feature=related Apps Pt 3], 
::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], 
::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&amp;feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&amp;feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&amp;feature=related TV out Tests], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&amp;feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], 
::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], 

::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [],

::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 


:06. '''Commercial software available'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], 

:07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' 
:: Amiberry [], [], 
::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial]

::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], 

:08. '''Misc and History'''

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], 

:09. '''Misc Shows and Events'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], 

:10. 
::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY]


===History===

The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] 

* 1992 Commodore folds 
* 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. 
* Early 1999, Haage &amp; Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. 
* March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. 
* Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System 
* June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. 
* November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. 
* Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. 
* Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. 
* Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. 
* Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. 
* Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived 
* Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. 
* Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. 
* Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. 
* Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB)
* September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro 


* Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported 
* Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version  
* Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) 
* 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened 
* 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version 
* Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) 
* 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11
* 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&amp;pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] 


===Bounties===

To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of &quot;bounties&quot; (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here].


Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &amp;mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding).


[http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... 

;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, 

;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, 

;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&amp;forum=18&amp;post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), 

;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, 


* 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive 
* 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles.
* 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers.
* 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers.
* 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers.
* 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE
* 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers.
* 2017 - x86/64bit smp 


Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen 

* yes, usb -&gt; rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device 
* you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -&gt; rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) 

Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 2  RXD
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 3  TXD 
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5  GND
&lt;/pre&gt;

Null modem cable connections DTE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 3
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 2
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
(9pole SUB-D)


&lt;pre&gt;
serial  ser: (amiga/aros)  tty2 tty1USB0 (linux)  COM1 (windows)  (depends on the os being used) 
speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400     lower baud might be more successful 
data bits 8
stop bits 1
parity none
handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely)  rts/cts  dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. 
*68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. 
*PPC support is very limited to certain devices. 


If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT

If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command &quot;after assignment to LUA&quot;
C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar &gt;NIL:
Change the command to match your WeatherBar path.

&lt;pre&gt;
PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD
run &gt;nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua
&lt;/pre&gt;

To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the &quot;WeatherBar&quot; will appear on the Browser url address bar above 


Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides 

&lt;pre&gt;
internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset):

    AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga)
    Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga)
    ISO-8859-1 – Western European
    ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO)
    ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European
    ISO-8859-3 – South European
    ISO-8859-4 – North European
    ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages
    ISO-8859-9 – Turkish
    ISO-8859-15 – West European II
    ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European
    KOI8-R – Russian
    UTF-8 – Unicode

In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are:

    IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866)
    ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek)
    ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6)
    windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows)
    windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows)
    windows-1252 – West European (Windows)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly 
 dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy &amp;&amp; sync


Scalos 
&lt;pre&gt;
-------------------------------
{ &quot;STRING&quot;,		&quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;,

HALIGN		LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT

VALIGN		TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM

STYLE		NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC

FONT		// font specification - format: &quot;fontname.font/size&quot;

-------------------------------
arguments for STRING SRC

&quot;diskstate&quot;,		
&quot;diskusage&quot;,		
&quot;diskusagefree&quot;,	
&quot;diskusageinuse&quot;,	
&quot;diskusagepercent&quot;,	
&quot;fibfilename&quot;,	
&quot;filecomment&quot;,	
&quot;filedate&quot;,		
&quot;fileprotection&quot;,	
&quot;filesize&quot;,		
&quot;filetime&quot;,		
&quot;filetypestring&quot;,	
&quot;iconname&quot;,		
&quot;linktarget&quot;,		
&quot;plugin&quot;	pluginname &lt;optional plugin arguments&gt;
&quot;versionstring&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreateddate&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreatedtime&quot;,	
&quot;volumeordevicename&quot;,	

-------------------------------

arguments for HIDE

&quot;novolumenode&quot;,	
&quot;isempty&quot; (some STRING)	

-------------------------------

all internal commands:

&quot;about&quot;,		
&quot;backdrop&quot;,		
&quot;cleanup&quot;,		
&quot;cleanupbyname&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbydate&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbysize&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbytype&quot;,	
&quot;clearselection&quot;,	
&quot;clone&quot;,		
&quot;close&quot;,		
&quot;copy&quot;,		
&quot;cut&quot;,		
&quot;delete&quot;,		
&quot;emptytrashcan&quot;,	
&quot;executecommand&quot;,	
&quot;formatdisk&quot;,		
&quot;iconify&quot;,		
&quot;iconinfo&quot;,		
&quot;lastmsg&quot;,		
&quot;leaveout&quot;,		
&quot;makedir&quot;,		
&quot;open&quot;,		
&quot;parent&quot;,		
&quot;paste&quot;,		
&quot;putaway&quot;,		
&quot;quit&quot;,		
&quot;redraw&quot;,		
&quot;redrawall&quot;,		
&quot;rename&quot;,		
&quot;reset&quot;,		
&quot;selectall&quot;,		
&quot;showallfiles&quot;,	
&quot;showonlyicons&quot;,	
&quot;shutdown&quot;,		
&quot;sizetofit&quot;,		
&quot;snapshot&quot;,		
&quot;snapshotall&quot;,	
&quot;snapshotwindow&quot;,	
&quot;unsnapshot&quot;,		
&quot;update&quot;,		
&quot;updateall&quot;,		
&quot;viewbydate&quot;,		
&quot;viewbyicon&quot;,		
&quot;viewbysize&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytype&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytext&quot;,		
&lt;/pre&gt;


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      <text bytes="139427" sha1="59n1lqc36djn91d09owrzodx1i2x17d" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}

==What is AROS==

Google translation 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=de&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=nl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=fr&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=it&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=da&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=es&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=hi&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ru&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ja&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ko&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pt&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], 


*Computer Hardware
*AROS (operating system)
*Applications and Games
*User


[http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. 

This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it.  

Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. 

AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. 
Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. 

AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access.  

Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. 


Good Sites to visit 

: [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] 
: [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News]
: [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], 
: [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] 
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit]


: [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] 
: [https://aminet.net/ Aminet]
: [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site]


: [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] 
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase]
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] 


: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] 
: [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64]
: [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] 
: [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] 
: [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] 
: [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], 
: [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version]


: [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] 
: [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], 
:[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], 


: [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] 
: [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] 
: [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] 
: [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] 
: [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] 
: [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive]
: [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags]
: [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam]
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga]


== Distributions aka Distros ==

For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. 

* For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros],
* For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], 
* For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], 

'''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.'''
* For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], 
* For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] 


AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. 
Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is &quot;Hosted&quot;. 

AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from &quot;Hosted&quot; drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support 


AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. 

* The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. 

*ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers 
*ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build 
*ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons 


==Media==

AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) 

* USB .VHD 

[https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below 

&lt;pre&gt;
0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip
7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip
559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip
93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip
59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip
24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5  ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip
f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b  ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip
e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8  Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt; 


[https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS]

22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) 


There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb 

Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], 

Linux   - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, 

Mac     - 


* Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs 

 The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar 

&lt;pre&gt;
617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip
11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip
f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt;


You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. 

No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it.

The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC.

The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions.

You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS.
For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. 


Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information 

Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. 

Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems.  Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. 

Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. 


* SD-card
For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. 


==Booting==

The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. 

Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed 

*go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -&gt; Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode 
*you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD 
*disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence

Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. 
For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) 

 For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. 

The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. 
If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. 

After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here 

If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of &quot;crashes right after grub boot selection&quot; it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. 
&lt;pre&gt;
So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. 
Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: 
Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - 
&lt;/pre&gt;
Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. 
It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. 


=====Advice for various machines=====

Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up 

&lt;pre&gt;
[MultiLoader]
[ELF Loader]
[Boot]

[HPET] 
[Kernel:ACPI]
[Kernel:APIC-IA32]
[Kernel:SMP APIC]
[HiddStorage]

ACPI: ????
ACPI Error 
[ACPI]AcpiOs????
[BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI 

[PCI] Scanning bus ? 
[AHCI] Sata 
[Vesa]  only if vesa is chosen as graphics option 

[ATA] detect hd &amp; cd drives 
[ATA0?] ata-identity 
[packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. 
[DOS] 
[Storage:Bus]
[Storage:Controller]

[MSS] USB setup
[ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? 

[I2C] 
[ATI]
[drm] nouveau 
[AROSTCP]   if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting 


&lt;/pre&gt;

; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. 


AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. 

If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use.

SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at &quot;waiting for bootable media&quot; screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting 

The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version.  Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read &quot;module /Devs/Alt/ata.device&quot;. Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use.


Further options (removing the &quot; &quot;) to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging:

&lt;pre&gt;
Disable AHCI                        &quot;AHCI=disable&quot;
Disable NVME                        &quot;NVME=disable&quot;

Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=disable&quot;
Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=nopci,nolegacy&quot;
ATA safe mode:                      &quot;ATA=nodma,32bit&quot;
Disable IDE from SATA:              &quot;ATA=32bit,nosata2pata&quot;
VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors &quot;ATA=nodma,nopoll&quot; 

noacpi                   all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't 
acpi=strict              if there are issues with sound after boot 

noioapic                 alternative to no acpi 

Set AHCI                            &quot;AHCI=force150/force300/force600&quot;
Disable AHCI/SATA:       comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K

Disable USB:             comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K
Disable native graphics: &quot;nomonitors&quot;
USB3                     &quot;USB=xhci&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt; 

Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll 

Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. 


* If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command  line.  This  will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. 
* ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If  you  get  crashes  at  early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line 


If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). 

However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&amp;group_id=43586&amp;func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you 


For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image 

If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings  


=====nvme.device=====

 Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines 

The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

 This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data 


=====AHCI=====

 Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines 

* Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM 
* SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI 


 AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working

Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. 

Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. 


=====ata.device for old BIOS's =====

 Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level 

Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). 

*Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search &quot;BIOS BOOT CDROM&quot;

* At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. 

* check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&amp;play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. 

'''Save''' options changed at the end. 

PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. 
Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation.


==Installing==

We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here]

We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu 

error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot 

&lt;pre&gt;
#module /Devs/ahci.device      &lt;&lt; disable
module /Devs/Alt/ata.device    &lt;&lt; add this line instead
&lt;/pre&gt;


==File structure overview==

AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions.

AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|boot:
| grub bootloader 
|----
|C:
| small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards
|----
|Classes:
| .class as well as datatypes 
|----
|Devs:
| .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics 
|----
|L:
| where .handler files go 
|----
|Libs:
| where .library files go 
|----
|Prefs:
| applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities 
|----
|S:
| startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here
|----
|Storage:
| place to keep old or alternative device drivers
|----
|System:
| applications associated with AROS operating system
|----
|Tools:
| extra applications
|----
|Utilities:
| extra applications
|----
|WBStartup:
| copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc
|----
|}

See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]]


=== Filesystem ===

Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) 
&lt;pre&gt;
Journalling     - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 
Non-journaling  - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2  
&lt;/pre&gt;

Filesystem options for AROS to install 
* SFS default 
* Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&amp;highlight=pfs3+free&amp;page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] 
* FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage 

Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes 
* FAT32 favorite as most OSs support 
* NTFS (can lock AROS) 
* exFAT 

The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS
*SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS 
*PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive 

The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not....
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/exfat-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = exfat-handler
DosType        = 0x46415458
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = ntfs3g-handler
DosType        = 0x4e544653

Also to make a read-only mount you can set:

Control        = ro
&lt;/pre&gt;


The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features.  

SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. 

Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other.  Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches.  

In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI.  The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code].  

SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless 

AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. 
The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. 

SFS Tools 
* GUI - arSFSDoctor, 
* CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, 

 sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment

If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. 


PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. 
The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems.  It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. 

PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command &quot;. Deldir&quot; convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command &quot;diskvalid&quot;, which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader.

The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device.

The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact.   

When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update.   

The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. 

It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root.  

PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt.  There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc.  


Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. 

The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR).


===Installing Applications===

The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. 

At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists.


===User Data files===

AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location.

Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. 


===User Environment configuration files===

AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:.  This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc.

During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage.  Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot.

Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent.

Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env.

ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment.  It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. 

Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:.  The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors.  If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:.  If you click Use, they only go in ENV:.  If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:.

you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen.


===Drivers===

For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. 
For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network 

All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers &lt;something.device&gt; go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers &lt;something.audio&gt; are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers &lt;something.hidd&gt; are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. 


==Configuring==

AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&amp;menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune 

AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like 
* DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) 
* AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) 

File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, 

App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. 

General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, 


Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -&gt; Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited 

CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell'
If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. 

WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands.

Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon.


Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc.  

Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop 

To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished.  You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected.  

Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -&gt; Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All.  

In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX 


We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to...
 C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info
is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes.

[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/  AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines.  

there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like 
 Demos/iconscale 40 40
It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. 

there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like:
 iconsize 32 32

Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa?
Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care).
 processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project 

SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: &quot;Disk&quot;, &quot;Drawer&quot;, &quot;Tool&quot;,  &quot;Project&quot;, &quot;Garbage&quot;, &quot;Device&quot;, &quot;Kick&quot; and &quot;AppIcon&quot;.

Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ?


'''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work 

Themes - SYS:Prefs -&gt; Appearance 
The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be &quot;themes:ice&quot; but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. 

* Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: &quot;Please insert volume Theme: in any drive&quot;? 
You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer &quot;S&quot;. There should be a line: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES &gt;Nil: 
This does the trick. 
Open a shell and run: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES 
Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work 

* The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. 

In each theme directory is 
*Env-Archive -&gt; Zune -&gt; global.prefs
*images -&gt; Gadgets -&gt; 20x20 pngs for Down etc 
*menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config
*system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc 


There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. 


Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder 

Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder 
e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder 
 ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer 

or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) 

e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script 

 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;Nil: 


Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h 

*AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters 
*AutoPoint 
*Blanker screensaver 
*ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front 
*DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily 
*NoCapsKey
*Opaque 
*FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys 

&lt;pre&gt;
ALT TAB       Cycle Windows
              Cycle Screens
              Enlarge Window
              Shrink Window
              Toggle Window Size
              Insert Text
              Run Program
              Run Arexx Script
&lt;/pre&gt;

e.g.
&lt;pre&gt;
LAmiga F1               = Avail Flush
LAmiga F2               = Open Prefs
LAmiga F3               = Finder
Alt Tab                 = Cycle Windows
LAmiga Tab or M         = Cycle Screens
Alt Up arrow            = Enlarge Window 
Alt Down arrow          = Shrink Window
Alt Home                = Toggle Window Size 
                        = Insert Text             
LAmiga e                = Run Program             
                        = Run Arexx Script        
&lt;/pre&gt;

If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set &quot;CX_POPUP=NO&quot;. 

Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown:

SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english

Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts.


There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like 

*Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos 
*Dock - FKey, 
*Files - Multiview, DOpus4, 
*Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, 
*General Apps - 


the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases 


 Common Keyboard Shortcuts

&lt;pre&gt;
RAlt Right Alt Key 
LAlt Left Alt Key 
RWinKey Right Windows Key 
LWinKey Left Windows Key 
RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one)
LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one)
&lt;/pre&gt;

;Bootup Options 
:Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc  

;Left Click 
:LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 

;Right Click 
:RAmiga = Help = F12 

;Mark 
:RAmiga and B 

;Cut 
:RAmiga and X 

;Copy 
:RAmiga and C 

;Paste 
:RAmiga and V 

;Search 
:RAmiga and S 

;Mouse Movement 
LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster 

;Mouse Selection 
LAmiga and LAlt to select 

;Screen Switching 
LAmiga and M or N 

;HELP key 
Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey 


ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press 


===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II===

Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) 

DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 
DOpus5:DirectoryOpus 
;DOpus5:C/LoadDB
&lt;/pre&gt;

Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. 
Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green 

Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with &lt; button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister 

single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use.

As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous.

Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon 


DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure 
&lt;pre&gt;
ARexx       - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks 
Buttons     - 
Commands    - 
Desktop     - 
Environment - two environment files bundled:
 default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app
 workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup)
Filetypes   - 
Groups      - 
Icons       - 
Images      - 
Modules     - compiled tasks 
Settings    - 
Sounds      - 
Themes      - 
WBStartup   - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Settings -&gt; Environment -&gt; Display -&gt; Workbench (Use) 


*Settings -&gt; Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) 

*Toolbar  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List 
*Menu     -&gt;  (Right Win Key together with 2) 
*Buttons  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) 

*Settings         -&gt; Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc 
*File Types       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 5)
*User Menus       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 6)
*Hotkeys          -&gt; Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) 
*Scripts          -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 8)
*Icon Positioning -&gt;   (Right Win key together with 9)


Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories 

* Font (amiga bitmap fonts)
* Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) 
* Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) 
* Icons (png newicons glowicons ) 
* Patterns (iff jpg png ) 


Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot 

For example, configure in Environment -&gt; Backgrounds -&gt; Desktop something like this:
&lt;pre&gt;
Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#?
...or 
Work:Pictures/back#?.iff
...etc...
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes]  


If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Changes DOpus background image forever

   Start with:
   Run &gt;NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx 
*/

if ~show(&quot;L&quot;, &quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;) then do
	if ~addlib(&quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;, 0, -30,0) then exit 10
end

/* Configure these two lines for your needs: */
minutes=1
picpath=&quot;Work:Pics/#?.iff&quot;

address DOPUS.1

do forever
	call delay 3000*minutes
	dopus set background '&quot;'picpath'&quot;' desktop center custom
	dopus refresh background custom
end
&lt;/pre&gt;


If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command

&lt;pre&gt;
/* random diropus backdrop changer */
/* by paul trauth, 1999 */
/* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */

options results

parse arg path

address DOPUS.1

/* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */

dopus query background desktop custom
currentpatt=result
lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt)
currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('&quot;',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1))

dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/')
num=0
do while dir~=''
    where=pos('/',dir)
    if where&gt;0 then do
        file=left(dir,where-1)
        dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where)
    end
    else do
        file=dir
        dir=''
    end

    if left(file,1) ~='.' &amp; file~=currentpatt then
        do
            pics.num=file
            num=num+1
        end
end

which=random(0,num-1,time(s))
newbg='&quot;'||path||'/'||pics.which||'&quot;'

dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact
dopus set background on
dopus refresh background
&lt;/pre&gt;


Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are:
&lt;pre&gt;
 %a - abbreviated weekday name
 %A - weekday name
 %b - abbreviated month name
 %B - month name
 %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
 %d - day number with leading 0s
 %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %e - day number with leading spaces
 %h - abbreviated month name
 %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
 %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
 %j - julian date
 %m - month number with leading 0s
 %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
 %p - AM or PM strings
 %q - hour using 24-hour style
 %Q - hour using 12-hour style
 %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
 %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
 %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
 %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
 %w - weekday number
 %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
 %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
 %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s
&lt;/pre&gt;
like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or 


A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this...
 RX &quot;address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN&quot;
Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. 

The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
dopus addappicon
dopus addtrap
dopus back
dopus checkdesktop
dopus clear
dopus command
dopus desktoppopup
dopus error
dopus front
dopus getdesktop
dopus getfiletype
dopus getstring
dopus matchdesktop
dopus progress
dopus query background, font, palette, pens
dopus read
dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister
dopus remappicon
dopus remtrap
dopus request
dopus script
dopus screen
dopus send
dopus set background, font, palette, pens
dopus setappicon
dopus version
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
lister add
lister addstem
lister copy
lister clear value
lister clearcaches
lister close
lister empty
lister findcache
lister getstring
lister iconify
lister new
lister query active all, dest source
lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide 
lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles
lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, 
lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window
lister read
lister refresh
lister reload
lister remove
lister request
lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode
lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source
lister set title, toolbar, value, variable
lister select
lister wait
&lt;/pre&gt;

The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script

&lt;pre&gt;
command all
command wait copy
command read s:startup-sequence
command source 12345 makedir name noicon
&lt;/pre&gt;


*SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 
*FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 
*FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) 


===Wanderer ===


Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. 

Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’.

Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs 


===Scalos===

[https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. 

Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&amp;Drop) is available. 

24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. 

Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. 

Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore &quot;Name column selects text icons&quot; flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. 

Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). 

Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. 

Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. 

Online update with updater.module


Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers 
* Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one 
* AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos
* all Programs placed in &quot;WBStartup&quot; should start 
* The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings


&lt;pre&gt;
v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999
v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999
v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000
v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable)
v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001
v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002
v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005
v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007
v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007
v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009
v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010
v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source 
v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k  
&lt;/pre&gt;


Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], 


 Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer 

or run the &quot;Scalos Menu&quot; preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called &quot;Menu13.prefs&quot; in &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot;. The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a &quot;Palette13.prefs&quot; file will be saved in to &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot; directory. 


&lt;pre&gt;
ASSIGN Scalos:             SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER   
ASSIGN Libs:               Scalos:Libs add    
;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes  Scalos:Devs/Datatypes   add  
Assign Theme:              Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add 
Assign Locale:             Scalos:Locale add 

Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet 

run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB 
;Scalos:Scalos
&lt;/pre&gt;

Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' 


In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas 
&lt;pre&gt;
About Scalos
Paths               - should be preset 
Startup             - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup 
Desktop             - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) 
Icons               - 
Drag and Drop       - 
Windows             -
Text Windows        -   in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed 
TrueType Fonts      - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones 
Miscellaneous       - 

Plugins             - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added 
Modules             - ??
Menu                - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties 
FileTypes           - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support 
PopupMenu           - tweak how popups appear 
Pattern             - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre 
Palette             - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are 
*DE Desktop/Background 
*SC Screen 
*TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised 
*IW Window/Background ie Icons showing 

 Workflow - In &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on &quot;Defaults&quot; tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab to check eveything is OK and click Save 

Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. 

Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. 
Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. 

*Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. 
*Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If &quot;Fit size&quot; is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change.
*Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. 

Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture

Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if &quot;asyncron layout&quot; is set. 
&lt;pre&gt;
Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window.
Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen.
Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows.
TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. 

 Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps  Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for  or AmigaDos for modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
DESCRIPTION	NAME/A      This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu  
INCLUDE NAME/A          Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to &quot;Scalos:FileTypes&quot; 

POPUPMENU      Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype.
&lt;/pre&gt;

The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:
&lt;pre&gt;
SUBMENU &quot;NAME/A&quot;
ENDSUBMENU 


MENUENTRY &quot;NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S&quot;
ENDMENUENTRY 

INTERNALCMD	&quot;NAME/A&quot;
WBCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
AREXXCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
CLICMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;

ICONWINDOWCMD &quot;NAME/A&quot;

PLUGINCMD
MENUSEPARATOR

ENDPOPUPMENU

TOOLTIP 
ENDTOOLTIP
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:

GROUP &quot;ORIENTATION/K&quot;
ENDGROUP  
MEMBER &quot;HIDE/K&quot;
ENDMEMBER  

HBAR 
STRING &quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;
SPACE &quot;SIZE/N/A&quot;

DTIMAGE &quot;FILENAME/A&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;


Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders 
&lt;pre&gt;
About            - 
Desktop          - 
FileTrans        - 
FileType         - 
Icons            - 
Menu             - 
Modules          - 
PointerIcons     - 
Prefs            - 
Sound            - 
Window           - 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Plugins
&lt;pre&gt;
devicefilter.plugin       
persist.plugin            should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened 
title_clock.plugin        add digital clock to title see more below 
title_envvar.plugin       %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar 
title_freepens.plugin     
volumegauge.plugin        
wb39.plugin               
wbrexx.plugin             plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals 
xtwindows.plugin          left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows 
filetype.plugin           then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) 
menu.plugin               
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties 


*Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, 


In Scalos_Prefs-&gt;Filetype-&gt;Recognition  you can define the filetypes and on &quot;Action&quot; you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan)
there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon 

Associating files with &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save 

then you create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. Use &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. 

defined all archive types from XAD in &quot;filetypes&quot;. If you change to &quot;action&quot; and click on &quot;archive&quot; you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype


Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so '''BEWARE''' 


&lt;pre&gt;
The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders:

    %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;10:43:37&quot;
    %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;Saturday 14 July 2001&quot;

Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting 

    %a - abbreviated weekday name
    %A - weekday name
    %b - abbreviated month name
    %B - month name
    %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
    %C - same as &quot;%a %b %e %T %Z %Y&quot;
    %d - day number with leading 0s
    %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %e - day number with leading spaces
    %h - abbreviated month name
    %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
    %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
    %j - julian date
    %m - month number with leading 0s
    %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
    %n - insert a linefeed
    %p - AM or PM strings
    %q - hour using 24-hour style
    %Q - hour using 12-hour style
    %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
    %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
    %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
    %t - insert a tab character
    %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
    %w - weekday number
    %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
    %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
    %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s

 like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p
&lt;/pre&gt;


Shutdown -&gt; right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown 


ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like 
*SCALOS_PATTERNNO=&lt;number&gt; : background image matching the number 
*SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text.
*SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed.
*Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support

runcommand parameters... in which case:
&lt;pre&gt;
%p = parameters
%w = directory path
%d = device-name
%% = literal percentage token
&lt;/pre&gt;


With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API 

If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable.

ACTIVATEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Activate the root window */
ADDRESS workbench
ACTIVATEWINDOW root

/* Activate the &quot;Work:&quot; partition's window if already open*/
ACTIVATEWINDOW &quot;Work:&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

CHANGEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */
ADDRESS workbench
CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100

/* Change the currently active window */
CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100
&lt;/pre&gt;


Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if 


The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C.

IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer.

The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time.


The Program will be started from the Shell.
If &quot;WB Args&quot; is set, with the Argument &quot;%p&quot; will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value.
IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path.


PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn.
If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line.
It's possible to Drag&amp;Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list.


Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will
not deselect all other icons. 

MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. 

WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. 

FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. 
Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings-&gt;Scalos-&gt;Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop.


Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if &quot;show all files&quot; is enabled, can now be saved
using &quot;snapshot&quot; menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. 


Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the &quot;hide&quot; flag is set will not be shown.

Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok.
The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the &quot;.backdrop&quot; file and clear double lines.

Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed.

If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly.
Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable &quot;Use ExAll&quot; in Scalos prefs.

Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) 
Some programs will not startup with error message &quot;has not returned, wait some more&quot;? and &quot;unable to open your tool&quot; 


need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. 
* either &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending
* or 
Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar 

For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as &quot;RAM.info&quot; or &quot;Ram Disk.info&quot;. All functions will automatically be performed 

sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably  

Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue 


Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted:
&lt;pre&gt;
Fixed:
    Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap
    Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window
    Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible
    Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font
    Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit
    Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit
    scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference
    scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k 
    NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written
    Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup
    wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit
    Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page
    System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page
    Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed
    Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent
    Crash when leaving out an icon
    Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs
    Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs
    Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages
    deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64
    Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences

Won't fix:
    Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences

Not fixed:
    Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons 
    Refreshing drawer windows is slow 
    Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail 
    Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed 
    When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window
    Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs
&lt;/pre&gt;


===DOpus 4 Directory Opus===

Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time 

Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory 
&lt;pre&gt;
run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i &gt;NIL
&lt;/pre&gt;
makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. 


Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. 


DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual and Arexx calls].

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] 
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] 
*[] 
*[] 


*Button little rectangle with name inside
*Bank vertical stack of buttons 

 Buttons 
*Workbench app {f} i.e. first  use {F} for all selected items with app 
*AmigaDos  c type apps with arguments after 
*Arexx     
*Command   c type apps with no arguments after 

 Flags (most used)
*CD Destination to extract etc 
*Do all files
*Output window 
*Run asynchronously
*Workbench to front

*Buffer above 100000 for 64bit 


 Filetypes
Defines how certain files are handled like '''default tool''' 


 Screen
Fonts, set each element to any font 
Screenmode, Workbench Use (same screen like Windows), Workbench clone (like Linux workspaces) 

 System 
Shell startup, set to SYS:s/shell-startup 


===BoingIconBar===

User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards 

Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save 

&lt;pre&gt;
SYS:System/Shell 
SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4
SYS:Utilities/Editor
SYS:System/SysMon
SYS:System/Scout
Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB
Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint
Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint
AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer
Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox
&lt;/pre&gt;

right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps 

If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable 

another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar 


===AmiStart===

On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested 

* how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? 
try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left.


===Fonts===

Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to &quot;Install Font&quot; each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. 

To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager.

Begin

The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list &quot;preferred languages&quot; to put it first and then English. If you want the tab &quot;Time Zone&quot; and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard.


Custom Keyboard Layout

[http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] 

only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. 

So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using
 gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib
where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file

[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] 


Installing fonts

*[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] 
*Outline resizable .font .otag 
In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script &quot;Download Fonts&quot; you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field &quot;Codepage&quot; option &quot;ISO-8859-7&quot; and list the font &quot;Arial&quot; and &quot;Regular&quot; form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox &quot;Anti-aliasing&quot; button and then &quot;Install&quot;. Immediately folder Fonts: created files &quot;arialregular.font&quot; and &quot;arialregular.otag&quot;, which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts.


Final stages 

After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields &quot;Icons&quot; and &quot;Screen&quot; as the font &quot;ArialRegular&quot; to the size you want. In the field &quot;System&quot; to give &quot;s_courier&quot;, which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the &quot;ArialRegular&quot; font fields in tabs &quot;Windows&quot; and &quot;Groups&quot;, and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. 


===Windows===

*Intuition
The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there.  Right click to show menu -&gt; Window -&gt; Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it.  

As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key 

The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
; run shell
run QUIET c:newshell &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;

; slimmer right aros the screen 
run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ &gt;NIL:

; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y
run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ &gt;NIL:


*EdgeSnap 

Commodity EdgeSnap allows resize and position windows on your screen by dragging them to the edges but not corners of the screen and/or other windows 

EdgeSnap Prefs (once pressed Use button) lets you arrange windows but not different applications in layouts half (left or right) or full size (top) and choose to adjust the border padding 

There is outline to show shape taken to aid placement and space available 


*Zune - AROS version of MUI
Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. 


Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck &quot;Offscreen move&quot; for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: 

* the first using the command &quot;cycle windows&quot; (for example ALT TAB); 
* the second using the command &quot;rescue window&quot; (for example ALT F5). 

Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then &quot;rescue&quot; it: it will move back inside your screen. 


How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows)

Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. 


* how to set up permanently 'view all files'?
As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job 

* how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? 
sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps 

sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities


* how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore).
If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change.

* Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk)
yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise 


===Say narrator===

Say &quot;Hello World&quot; for a simple robotic voice 

SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. 
To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK 

Examples of use 
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK:
Echo &quot;Hello&quot; &gt;SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110
Echo &quot;DH1 EH0 L OW1&quot; &gt;SPEAK:A1
&lt;/pre&gt;

Classic options are M/F, R/N, S&lt;rate&gt;, P&lt;pitch&gt;, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes.

Long options select a speech engine:

Echo &quot;Hello&quot; &gt;SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US

Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection.


===Printing===

This needs further [http://www.aminet.net/package/docs/help/PrinterGuide drivers written], we have postscript and write to file support only 

;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. 


*Postscript

Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port 


Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript 

Print using compatible Postscript printer 


*printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment.

Please try the following steps:

Open the printer web interface in a browser:

 http://192.168.1.x/

Look for the network or protocol settings.

Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol.

Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled.

Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it.

 ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print

 ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/


===Files===

====File endings and datatypes====

* Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. 
* In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -&gt; Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). 
* Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be &quot;flaC&quot; according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. 

For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. 


File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. 


'''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.'''


The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables:
1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description
2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions

use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here).

use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors.

Note:
When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). 

&lt;pre &gt;
# name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name.
# version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules
# basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. 
# pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text
# Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable.
# GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file.
# ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter).
# flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not)
# priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer.

Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator

To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter).

And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS).

Sounds complicated ?

Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ).

Would that suffice ?

red1+2: typos, reformatting.

disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk.


==Network Connection==

AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP.  This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. 


===Wired===

Use Network Prefs to setup 


=====IPv6=====

Some support 


128bit IPv6 address packet 
&lt;pre&gt;
Local FD::/8
Global 2000::/3
64:ff9b::/96
&lt;/pre&gt;
NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 
DNS64 


OS routing works with 
&lt;pre&gt;
MacOS Ventura 
Windows 11 with cloud account 
Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish 
Android 10 (block google dns) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IPv4====

The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. 

[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]]

'''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' 
* Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' 
* Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) 
* check mark on Active
* select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go 
* set Unit to 0 
* IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' 


* IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically 

From the shell CLI,  ifconfig -a

Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx

* inet or '''Address''' of network card 
* netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into 
* broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx

click OK


[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]]

'''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' 
* IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) 


* or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work 
* '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual 
* first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google)  i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 
* second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 


* At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option 
* Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) 


'''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. 

e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' 
and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in &quot;manually&quot; into AROS Network prefs. 

e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info 
* for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) 

 Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings 

IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT 


===Wireless===

 You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup 

[[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]]

[[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]]

We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. 

or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based 


There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well 


* open Network/Prefs
* In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) 

Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. 

* Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on &quot;Add&quot; button. 
* Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right &quot;encyption&quot; that is most likely &quot;WPA&quot;. 
* Key Type set as &quot;Passphrase&quot;. i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). 
* Unselect (no tick) &quot;hidden&quot; if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. 
* Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. 

For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. 


===USB Ethernet===

Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) 

* click Add button
* set Name as net0
* Tick Active box
* enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling 
* set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) 
* IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) 
'''or manual'''
* IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) 
* Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 
* click OK

There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. 


Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information 

* IP Mode Get address from DHCP 
'''or if manual settings'''
* Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. 
* first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 
* second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 


===USB Tethering via Android smartphone===


Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in &quot;usbrndis.device&quot; in the &quot;device&quot; textfield of &quot;Interface&quot; sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select &quot;Start Network during system boot&quot; and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.&lt;br&gt;

usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable &quot;USB Tethering&quot; &lt;br&gt;

A reboot should not be necessary.

When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. 


===Solving Issues===

[[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]]

* In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab 
* If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) 
* For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin 


* For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer 


* If wireless, try getting closer to the router. 
* Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers 
* Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&amp;nbsp;dBi or 7&amp;nbsp;dBi 
* Try with another computer/laptop/machine 

Program Error  C:WirelessManager 

* Test with another OS 
* Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) 
* Check that socket and card are working 
* Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc)   


Are you connecting with the Router ? 

Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. 


For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed...

&lt;pre&gt;

; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06)
; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team.
;
Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

; stop and restart
execute &quot;sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet&quot;

Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device

&lt;/pre&gt;


What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? 
It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options &quot;acpi=off noapic nolapic&quot;? 


If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot

open a shell and run the following commands:

&lt;pre&gt;
echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Please report the output, typically it will look like this  

# True  (explanation this variable is related to the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; checkbox in network prefs) 
# True  ()
# Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0


If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this?

 ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP 

should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP


By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as:


&lt;pre&gt;
ping www.google.com
ifconfig net0
&lt;/pre&gt;


The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell:

 C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose 

or 

 C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose 

and capture the output 


If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change &quot;&gt;NIL:&quot; to &quot;&gt;T:wifi.log&quot; on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5?

&lt;pre&gt;
if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq &quot;True&quot;
Run QUIET &quot;C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} &gt;T:wifi.log&quot;
wait 5
EndIf
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here.


&lt;pre&gt;

c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose
Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7)
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'


Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration.
&lt;/pre&gt;

looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)?


&lt;pre&gt;

Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7):
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=02c66fd4 ***
Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
Added interface atheros5000.device:0
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Started AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
sana2: sending MLME frame


Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC?

IRQ 4 (A)

&lt;/pre&gt;

apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request).


&lt;pre&gt;

Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12):
41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='AirLink59300'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=0224e444 ***
Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000
Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
[eloop_run] Starting
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000
EAPOL: disable timer tick
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000
MLME: scan completed

&lt;/pre&gt;

Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? 


&lt;pre&gt;
&quot;ENV:sys/wireless.prefs&quot; looks like this:
network={
ssid=&quot;testadhoc&quot;
key_mgmt=NONE
wep_key0=&quot;12345&quot;
wep_tx_keyidx=0
}
&lt;/pre&gt; 


If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after  # Example blocks: 

 scan_ssid=1

Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. 

&lt;pre&gt;
ap_scan=1

network={
ssid=&quot;YOURESSID&quot;
scan_ssid=1
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=YOURPASSWORD
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
filter_ssids=1
ap_scan=2

network={
ssid=&quot;REMOVED&quot;
scan_ssid=1
bssid=REMOVED
priority=100
mode=0
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
auth_alg=OPEN
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=REMOVED
}
&lt;/pre&gt;


Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name.

Check Scout -&gt; Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell:

C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0


some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 

1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen

2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP

3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them

once done, reboot.


If previous setup is proving problematic 

&lt;pre &gt;

SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. 


Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working 

̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that &quot;Start networking at boot&quot; in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick).  
̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE
̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding &gt;RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here.


try running &quot;status&quot; in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running
If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the &quot;start networking at boot&quot; box or typing into a shell. 

 Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet

(run Status again afterwards).


The &quot;cannot resolve hostname&quot; will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address.

One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router.


Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions 

 pciinfo
 sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status

&lt;pre &gt;
 ping &lt;router-address&gt; e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) 
 ifconfig net0
 ifconfig net0 up
 extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status
 WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose &gt;RAM:wifi.log
 ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, 
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device &gt;NIL:
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid=&quot;mynet1&quot; &gt;NIL: 
 C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. 


start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens.


Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: 

&lt;pre&gt;
Internet &lt;---------&gt; home router &lt;---------&gt; computer 
-----------external IP------------------internal IP-------------
&lt;/pre&gt;

Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router.

You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings...

* Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host)
* IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router)

* IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router)
* Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer)

As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client).

The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services.

Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address.

By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change.

So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses).

Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. 

When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network!


Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault.

Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] 


===File Sharing===

As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). 
The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. 

Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. 

An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. 

Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. 


====SMB2/3====

With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the &quot;Public&quot; user.

On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center).

AROS Mountlist should look lke this 
&lt;pre&gt;
Handler = L:smb2-handler
StackSize = 65536
Priority = 5
GlobVec = -1
ACTIVATE=1
Startup = &quot;smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

which could also be
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public&quot;

so
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder&quot;


After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named &quot;SMB0&quot; which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file &quot;ServerAutoMounts&quot;, in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. 
The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. 


====Old SMBFS====

e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -:

SMBFS WORKGROUP=&lt;YOUR WORKGROUP NAME&gt; VOLUME=&lt;AROS volume name to use&gt;: SERVICE=&lt;UNC Path to connect to&gt;

SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared

And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. 


You can put the above script into wbstartup or  

give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx 

Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info &quot;sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info&quot;

This should create an icon for your script file.

Now right-click on your script and select 'information'.

Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save 

The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it.


====Setup ISO images within AROS====

Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below....

&lt;pre &gt;
# Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension).
# Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. 
(Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) 
# From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk.
&lt;/pre &gt; 

 assign devname: dismount 
 Assign DOSVOLUME: remove
 [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet 

If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Entry for ISO image */

ISO1:
FileSystem = cdrom.handler
Device = fdsk.device
Unit = 1
LowCyl = 0
HighCyl = 0
Surfaces = 1
BlocksPerTrack = 1
DOSType = 0x41434400
Activate = 1
#
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell:

 Mount iso1: from devs:iso1

Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives 


==Video Guides==


Video demonstrations and tutorials covering:

:00. '''Introduction''' 
::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&amp;feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&amp;t=14s&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], 

:01. '''Installation'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&amp;feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], 
::[ driver install], 
::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], 

:02. '''Amiga Basics'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], 
::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&amp;feature=related OS 1.3], 

:03. '''Customisation demos'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], 

:04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps 
::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], 

:05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&amp;feature=mfu_in_order&amp;list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], 

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&amp;feature=related Apps Pt 3], 
::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], 
::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&amp;feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&amp;feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&amp;feature=related TV out Tests], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&amp;feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], 
::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], 

::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [],

::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 


:06. '''Commercial software available'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], 

:07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' 
:: Amiberry [], [], 
::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial]

::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], 

:08. '''Misc and History'''

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], 

:09. '''Misc Shows and Events'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], 

:10. 
::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY]


===History===

The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] 

* 1992 Commodore folds 
* 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. 
* Early 1999, Haage &amp; Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. 
* March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. 
* Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System 
* June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. 
* November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. 
* Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. 
* Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. 
* Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. 
* Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. 
* Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived 
* Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. 
* Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. 
* Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. 
* Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB)
* September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro 


* Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported 
* Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version  
* Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) 
* 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened 
* 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version 
* Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) 
* 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11
* 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&amp;pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] 


===Bounties===

To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of &quot;bounties&quot; (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here].


Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &amp;mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding).


[http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... 

;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, 

;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, 

;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&amp;forum=18&amp;post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), 

;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, 


* 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive 
* 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles.
* 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers.
* 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers.
* 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers.
* 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE
* 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers.
* 2017 - x86/64bit smp 


Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen 

* yes, usb -&gt; rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device 
* you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -&gt; rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) 

Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 2  RXD
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 3  TXD 
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5  GND
&lt;/pre&gt;

Null modem cable connections DTE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 3
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 2
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
(9pole SUB-D)


&lt;pre&gt;
serial  ser: (amiga/aros)  tty2 tty1USB0 (linux)  COM1 (windows)  (depends on the os being used) 
speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400     lower baud might be more successful 
data bits 8
stop bits 1
parity none
handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely)  rts/cts  dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. 
*68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. 
*PPC support is very limited to certain devices. 


If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT

If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command &quot;after assignment to LUA&quot;
C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar &gt;NIL:
Change the command to match your WeatherBar path.

&lt;pre&gt;
PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD
run &gt;nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua
&lt;/pre&gt;

To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the &quot;WeatherBar&quot; will appear on the Browser url address bar above 


Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides 

&lt;pre&gt;
internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset):

    AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga)
    Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga)
    ISO-8859-1 – Western European
    ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO)
    ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European
    ISO-8859-3 – South European
    ISO-8859-4 – North European
    ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages
    ISO-8859-9 – Turkish
    ISO-8859-15 – West European II
    ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European
    KOI8-R – Russian
    UTF-8 – Unicode

In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are:

    IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866)
    ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek)
    ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6)
    windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows)
    windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows)
    windows-1252 – West European (Windows)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly 
 dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy &amp;&amp; sync


Scalos 
&lt;pre&gt;
-------------------------------
{ &quot;STRING&quot;,		&quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;,

HALIGN		LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT

VALIGN		TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM

STYLE		NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC

FONT		// font specification - format: &quot;fontname.font/size&quot;

-------------------------------
arguments for STRING SRC

&quot;diskstate&quot;,		
&quot;diskusage&quot;,		
&quot;diskusagefree&quot;,	
&quot;diskusageinuse&quot;,	
&quot;diskusagepercent&quot;,	
&quot;fibfilename&quot;,	
&quot;filecomment&quot;,	
&quot;filedate&quot;,		
&quot;fileprotection&quot;,	
&quot;filesize&quot;,		
&quot;filetime&quot;,		
&quot;filetypestring&quot;,	
&quot;iconname&quot;,		
&quot;linktarget&quot;,		
&quot;plugin&quot;	pluginname &lt;optional plugin arguments&gt;
&quot;versionstring&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreateddate&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreatedtime&quot;,	
&quot;volumeordevicename&quot;,	

-------------------------------

arguments for HIDE

&quot;novolumenode&quot;,	
&quot;isempty&quot; (some STRING)	

-------------------------------

all internal commands:

&quot;about&quot;,		
&quot;backdrop&quot;,		
&quot;cleanup&quot;,		
&quot;cleanupbyname&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbydate&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbysize&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbytype&quot;,	
&quot;clearselection&quot;,	
&quot;clone&quot;,		
&quot;close&quot;,		
&quot;copy&quot;,		
&quot;cut&quot;,		
&quot;delete&quot;,		
&quot;emptytrashcan&quot;,	
&quot;executecommand&quot;,	
&quot;formatdisk&quot;,		
&quot;iconify&quot;,		
&quot;iconinfo&quot;,		
&quot;lastmsg&quot;,		
&quot;leaveout&quot;,		
&quot;makedir&quot;,		
&quot;open&quot;,		
&quot;parent&quot;,		
&quot;paste&quot;,		
&quot;putaway&quot;,		
&quot;quit&quot;,		
&quot;redraw&quot;,		
&quot;redrawall&quot;,		
&quot;rename&quot;,		
&quot;reset&quot;,		
&quot;selectall&quot;,		
&quot;showallfiles&quot;,	
&quot;showonlyicons&quot;,	
&quot;shutdown&quot;,		
&quot;sizetofit&quot;,		
&quot;snapshot&quot;,		
&quot;snapshotall&quot;,	
&quot;snapshotwindow&quot;,	
&quot;unsnapshot&quot;,		
&quot;update&quot;,		
&quot;updateall&quot;,		
&quot;viewbydate&quot;,		
&quot;viewbyicon&quot;,		
&quot;viewbysize&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytype&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytext&quot;,		
&lt;/pre&gt;


{{status|50%}}
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      <sha1>59n1lqc36djn91d09owrzodx1i2x17d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Koine Greek</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675634</id>
      <parentid>4675422</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T06:40:51Z</timestamp>
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[[File:Alexander and Bucephalus - Battle of Issus mosaic - Museo Archeologico Nazionale - Naples BW.jpg|center|300px|Naples, National Archaeological Museum, Alexander Mosaic, Battle of Isus]]
{{Book title|{{BOOKNAME}}|An introduction to the Koine Greek language.}}
:''Χαίρειν ἐπὶ τῇ εἰσόδῳ εἰς τὸν τῆς Κοινῆς Ἑλληνικῆς λόγον παιδευτικόν!''
This text serves as an introduction to '''Koine Greek''', also known as '''Biblical Greek''', appropriate for a two year course. A fluent knowledge of English is presumed.
:''For other Greek languages, click [[Subject:Greek language|here]].''

==Preface==

:[[/A Historical Setting for Koine Greek/]]

==Pronunciation==
:[[/Alphabet, Pronunciation, and Punctuation/]]
:[[/Additional Information: Accents/]]
:[[/Exercise in Pronunciation: John 1:1-5/]]

==Nouns, Adjectives, and Pronouns==
:[[/Introduction to Nouns/]]
:[[/Declining 1st and 2nd Declension Nouns/]]
:[[/Declining 3rd Declension Nouns/]]
:[[/Prepositions and εἰμί/]]
:[[/Adjectives/]]
:[[/Pronouns/]]

==Finite Indicative Verb Forms==
:[[/Accents and Morae/]]
:[[/Introduction to Finite Indicative Verbs/]]
:[[/Contract Verbs/]]

===The Future Tense=== 
:[[/Future Active Indicative/]]
:[[/Future Middle Indicative/]]
:[[/Future Passive Indicative/]]

===The Imperfect Tense=== 
:[[/Imperfect Active/Mediopassive Indicative/]]

===The Aorist Tense===
:[[/2nd Aorist Active Indicative/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Middle Indicative/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Active Indicative/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Middle Indicative/]]
:[[/Aorist Passive Indicative/]]

===The Perfect Tense===
:[[/Perfect Active Indicative/]]
:[[/Perfect Middle/Passive Indicative/]]

==Finite Non-Indicative Verb Forms==
===The Subjunctive===
:[[/Introduction to the Subjunctive Mood/]]
:[[/Present Active Subjunctive/]]
:[[/Present Middle/Passive Subjunctive/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Active Subjunctive/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Middle Subjunctive/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Passive Subjunctive/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Active Subjunctive/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Middle Subjunctive/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Passive Subjunctive/]]
:[[/Perfect Active Subjunctive/]]
:[[/Perfect Middle Subjunctive/]]
:[[/Perfect Passive Subjunctive/]]

===The Imperative===
:[[/Introduction to the Imperative Mood/]]
:[[/Present Active Imperative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Present Middle/Passive Imperative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Active Imperative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Middle Imperative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Active Imperative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Middle Imperative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Passive Imperative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Perfect Active Imperative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Perfect Middle Imperative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Perfect Passive Imperative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Ἡ Κυριακὴ Προσευχή/]]

===The Optative===
:[[/Introduction to the Optative Mood/]]
:[[/Present Active Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Present Middle/Passive Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Active Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/1st Middle Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Active Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Middle Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Passive Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Future Active Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Future Middle Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Future Passive Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Perfect Active Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Perfect Middle Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Perfect Passive Optative (ω conjugation)/]]
:[[/Πράξεις ΙΖ/]]

==The -μι Conjugation==
:[[/Present Active Imperative (μι conjugation)/]]
:[[/Present Middle/Passive Imperative (μι conjugation)/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Active Imperative (μι conjugation)/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Middle Imperative (μι conjugation)/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Active Imperative(μι conjugation)/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Passive Imperative (μι conjugation)/]]
:[[/Present Active Optative (μι conjugation)/]]
:[[/Present Middle/Passive Optative (μι conjugation)/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Active Optative (μι conjugation)/]]
:[[/1st Aorist Middle Optative (μι conjugation)/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Active Optative (μι conjugation)/]]
:[[/2nd Aorist Passive Optative (μι conjugation)/]]

==Non-finite Verbal Forms==
===The Participle===
:[[/Introduction to Participles/]]
:[[/Present Participle/]]
:[[/Aorist Participle/]]
:[[/Perfect Participle/]]
:[[/Future Participle/]]
===The Infinitive===
:[[/Introduction to Infinitives/]]
:[[/Present Infinitive/]]
:[[/Aorist Infinitive/]]
:[[/Perfect Infinitive/]]

==Advanced Syntax==
===Adverbs===
:[[/Overview of Adverbs/]]

===Particles===
:[[/Overview of Particles/]]

===Conjunctions===
:[[/Coordinating (Paratactic) Conjunctions/]]
:[[/Subordinating (Hypotactic) Conjunctions/]]
:[[/Conditional Clauses/]]

===The Genitive Absolute===
:[[/The Genitive Absolute/]]

== About this Book ==
:[[Koine Greek/Authors|Authors]]

== External Links ==
{{Wikipedia}}
{{Wiktionary|Category:Ancient Greek language}}
{{Wikivoyage|Ancient Greece}}

* For more free language-learning information on Koine Greek (used in the New Testament and by the army of Alexander the Great), go to Textkit's website at http://www.textkit.com.
* Other great sources are http://ntgateway.com/ and https://pressbooks.pub/ancientgreek/front-matter/introduction/.
* For a comprehensive overview of Ancient Greek grammar, see [https://dcc.dickinson.edu/grammar/goodell/ Dickinson College Commentaries].
* [http://www.wikichristian.org/Koine_Greek Koine Greek] plus [http://www.wikichristian.org/Koine_Greek:_Dictionary Dictionary] at [http://www.wikichristian.org/Main_Page WikiChristian]
* [https://www.textkit.com/t/typing-ancient-greek/20575/ Typing Ancient Greek]

{{Shelves|Greek language}}
{{alphabetical|K}}
{{status|25%}}
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Pediatric Hodgkin's</title>
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==Epidemiology==
*Childhood HD occurs at age 4-14 years
**Male predominance 4:1
**Associated with decreasing socio-economic status and increasing family size
*Young adult HD occurs at age 15-30 years
**Equal male/female incidence
**Associated with increasing socio-economic status and decreasing family size


==Pathology==
*Clonal expansion of a single transformed B-cell
*Two separate phenotypes:
**&lt;u&gt;Classical HD&lt;/u&gt;: has Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells; [[w:CD30|CD30]]+, [[w:J-chain|J chain]]-
**&lt;u&gt;Lymphocyte predominant&lt;/u&gt;: has Lymphocytic and Histiocytic (L&amp;H) cells; [[w:CD30|CD30]]-, [[w:J-chain|J chain]]+, [[w:CD20|CD20]]+, [[w:CD15|CD15]]-
*Strong association with EBV, particularly in young children and developing countries
*Association with congenital ([[Radiation_Oncology/Cancer_Syndromes#Ataxia-Telangiectasia|AT]]) and acquired (HIV) immunodeficiency


==Staging==
*Uses standard [[Radiation_Oncology/Hodgkin/Overview#Staging|Ann Arbor system]]
*Location
**80% cervical lymphadenopathy
**75% mediastinal involvement in &gt;10 year olds but 33% mediastinal involvement in &lt;10 year olds
**Isolated infradiaphragmatic disease is rare (&lt;5%)
*Stage I-II 60%, Stage III-IV 40%
*B-symptoms: &lt;10 year olds 20%, &gt;10 year olds ~30%


==Treatment==
*Goal of risk-adapted therapy is to define least amount of therapy with the fewest long-term complications; controversy remains about the minimal required therapy:
**Prevent impairment of skeletal and soft tissue growth after high dose EFRT
**Decrease risk of AML and infertility after high doses of alkylating agents (MOPP)
**Decrease risk of CAD after treatment after thoracic RT and anthracyclines
**Decrease risk of pulmonary fibrosis after thoracic RT and bleomycin
**Eliminate life-threatening consequences of splenectomy from surgical staging
**Decrease risk of breast cancer and secondary solid tumors after IFRT
*Initial treatment in 1960's was high-dose RT alone to 40 Gy EFRT modeled after adult treatment; 5-year DFS was 60-80% in pathologically staged children with early-stage disease
*Concerns about skeletal and soft tissue dysfunction, and resulting growth impairment, led to evaluation of multiple cycles of chemotherapy replacing a portion of RT. Addition of MOPP allowed Stanford investigators to lower RT dose to 15-25 Gy in 1970's, with OS and EFS at 10 years ~90% for the entire cohort
*ABVD was tried to mitigate some of MOPP toxicity, particularly reducing risk of sterility and second malignancy. 
*Reports showed that MOPP + ABVD and ABVD + RT were better than MOPP alone or MOPP + RT
*As a result, CCG 521 was undertaken, and demonstrated that ABVD x 6 cycles + low-dose 21 Gy EFRT is comparable to ABVD/MOPP x12 cycles. MOPP (and its toxicity) could be eliminated from first line therapy
*Meanwhile, another Stanford series demonstrated good outcomes in patients with bulky disease with dose intensified MOPP/ABVE (Stanford V) and 36 Gy RT. However, there are concerns about combining alkylating agents and high-dose RT for delayed toxicity of treatment
*Pediatric Oncology Group developed a series of trials around ABVD. In POG 9425, patients with advanced disease were treated on risk-adapted ABVE-PC protocol with IFRT 21 Gy. In POG 9426, patients were treated on DBVE with IFRT. Both studies are maturing. 
*POG and CCG also performed trials attempting to eliminate RT altogether. POG 8725 compared MOPP/ABVD x8 cycles with and without low dose TNI/sub-TNI in advanced patients. There was no benefit for RT. However, the chemo regimen used included significant doses, and which are concerning for long-term toxicity (gonadal, cardiac, secondary leukemias)
*CCG 5942 attempted to eliminate RT in patients who had complete response to 4 cycles of COPP/ABV. The study was closed early, after demonstrating benefit of RT in all patients subgroups. However, the benefit is likely to be smaller compared to toxicity in low risk patients, and higher compared to toxicity in high risk patients
*Similarly, a European trial GPOH-HD 95 showed that elimination of RT is not advisable for intermediate and advanced stages, but is possible in patients with early stage and good response to chemotherapy. 
*The conclusions thus far appear to be 1) low-dose RT may be omitted, but appears to require excessive chemotherapy to compensate, and 2) patient subgroups for whom RT may be safely omitted with reasonable chemotherapy have not yet been well defined. Low disease burden and early response to treatment may be prognostic factors, which may allow elimination of RT
*to be continued ...


===Low Risk===
*Typically Stage I-IIA, non-bulky, no extranodal disease, &lt;3 sites
*10-year EFS ~90%, OS 96%


*'''COG AHOD-0431''' (Ongoing) - &quot;A Phase III Study for the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Newly Diagnosed Low Risk Hodgkin Disease&quot;
**Prospective single arm. Children with low risk disease (IA-IIA, nonbulky, non-B). Treated with response directed therapy. Initially [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#AVPC|AVPC]] x 3 cycles. If CR, then no RT and salvage as per protocol. If PR, then IFRT 21/14 to disease involved at presentation. For mediastinum, modified mantle.


*'''POG 9426''' (Completed 10/2004)
**Prospective. Children with low risk disease (IA, IIA, IIIA1 (spleen, celiac, portal nodes), nonbulky, non-B). Treated with [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#DBVE|DBVE]] x2 cycles. If CR, then IFRT 25.5/17. If PR, then DBVE x2 more courses, followed by IFRT 25.5/17. RT to disease involved at presentation.

*'''Stanford, 2007''' {{PMID|17235049}} -- &quot;Final results of a prospective clinical trial with VAMP and low-dose involved-field radiation for children with low-risk Hodgkin's disease.&quot; (Donaldson SS, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jan 20;25(3):332-7.)
**Prospective. 110 children, low risk (Stage I-II, mediastinal mass &lt;1/3 diameter, no extranodal disease, peripheral LN &lt;6cm). Treated with [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#VAMP|VAMP]] x4 cycles and low-dose IFRT (15 Gy if CR, 25.5 Gy if PR). Median F/U 9.6 years
**10-year outcome: OS 96%, EFS 89%; Favorable factors: early CR, absence of B-symptoms, lymphocyte predominant, &lt;3 initial sites of disease
**Toxicity: correctable hypothyroidism 42%, 1 patient cardiac dysfunction, 2 malignant tumors (1 thyroid CA within RT field, 1 Ewings outside RT field). 17 healthy babies born to 106 survivors
**Conclusion: Risk-adapted strategy effective and well tolerated, without alkylating agents, bleomycin, etoposide, or high-dose EFRT. Children expected to retain normal fertility, organ function, and low risk of second tumors

===Unfavorable===
*Typically: 
**Stage I-II with bulky disease, or extranodal, or with B-symptoms
**Stage III-IV disease
*5-year EFS 70-90%, OS ~85%


*'''COG AHOD0031''' (Ongoing)
**Intermediate disease (I-II bulky or extranodal or B-symptoms, all III, IVA, IVAE). [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#ABVE-PC|ABVE-PC]] x2 cycles, followed by response evaluation. Early responders with CR randomized to +/- IFRT, if PR receive IFRT. Late responders randomized to ABVE-PC x2 cycles + IFRT 21/14 (standard arm) vs. [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#DECA|DECA]] + ABVE x2 cycles + IFRT 21/14 (augmented arm). Goal of the study is to see if some patient (early CR) may not need IFRT, and if some patients (late CR) may benefit from additional chemo dose escalation and IRFT.


*'''POG 9425'''
**216 patients. Intermediate (IIA/IIIA, bulky) or high stage (IIB, IIIB, IV). [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#DBVE-PC|DBVE-PC]] and using early response to limit cumulative therapy. Everyone IFRT 21/14 (Stage II: mantle only, Stage III-IV subtotal/total NI). Randomized to +/- dexrazoxane for cardiopulmonary protection
**'''2002''' [http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO/menuitem.34d60f5624ba07fd506fe310ee37a01d/?vgnextoid=76f8201eb61a7010VgnVCM100000ed730ad1RCRD&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=16&amp;abstractID=1555 ASCO Abstract] - &quot;POG 9425: response-based, intensively timed therapy for intermediate/high stage (IS/HS) pediatric Hodgkin's disease&quot; (Schwartz CL, Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21: 2002 (abstr 1555) 
***2-year outcomes: EFS 88% (IS 86%, HS 89%)
***Conclusion: Thus far, 63% required only 9 weeks of chemo, followed by RT. This may reduce long-term toxicity
**'''Dexrazoxane, 2007''' {{PMID|17290056}} -- &quot;Dexrazoxane-associated risk for acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome and other secondary malignancies in pediatric Hodgkin's disease.&quot; (Tebbi CK, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Feb 10;25(5):493-500.)
***Studies POG 9425 and POG 9426 randomized patients to DRZ (n=239) or no DRZ (n=239) concomitant with chemo as a cardiopulmonary protectant
***4-year second malignancies: DRZ 3.4% vs. no DRZ 0.8% (p=0.06)
***Conclusion: DRZ is a Topo-II inhibitor; adding it may have increased incidence of 2nd malignancy and AML/myelodysplasia

*'''US Multi-institutional''' (1993-2000)
**Prospective. 4 institutions (St. Jude's, Stanford, DFCI, Maine). 159 children with unfavorable HD (52% Stage III-IV, or 48% Stage I-II with bulky disease or with B-symptoms). Treated with [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|VAMP/COP]] x6 cycles, followed by IFRT (15/10 Gy if CR, 25.5/17 Gy if PR after 2 cycles). RT given to standardized treatment volumes. 
**''Closed early after 5-year EFS was below expected''
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15542805}} -- &quot;Risk-adapted, combined-modality therapy with VAMP/COP and response-based, involved-field radiation for unfavorable pediatric Hodgkin's disease.&quot; (Hudson MM, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Nov 15;22(22):4541-50.) Median F/U 5.8 years
***5-year outcomes: EFS 76%, OS 93%
***Conclusion: Risk-adapted VAMP/COP and response-based IFRT unsatisfactory

*'''POG 8725''' (1987-1992)
**Randomized. 183 patients protocol, 161 in CR randomized. Stage IIB-IV. 77% NS, 50% bulky mediastinum, 37% Stage IV. [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP|MOPP]]/[[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#ABVD|ABVD]] x8 cycles +/- 21 Gy in 1.5 Gy/fx. 
**RT 9/80 patients major protocol violation. If pelvic disease, TNI; if no disease below aortic bifurcation, sub-TNI (mantle, spleen, PA). Lymphoid tissue 21 Gy, nonlymphoid tissue 10.5 Gy 
**'''1997''' {{PMID|9256118}} - &quot;Randomized study of intensive MOPP-ABVD with or without low-dose total-nodal radiation therapy in the treatment of stages IIB, IIIA2, IIIB, and IV Hodgkin's disease in pediatric patients: a Pediatric Oncology Group study.&quot;  (Weiner MA, J Clin Oncol. 1997 Aug;15(8):2769-79.)
***5-year outcomes: EFS RT+ 79% vs. RT- 80% (NS), OS 87% vs. 96% (NS)
***Conclusion: No advantage to RT
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18406943}} -- &quot;Processes for quality improvements in radiation oncology clinical trials.&quot; (FitzGerald TJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;71(1 Suppl):S76-9.)
***Quality assurance review
***Outcome: 5-year RFS chemo alone 85% vs RT with deviations in volume 86% vs RT appropriate volume 96%
***Conclusion: RT delivered according to protocol showed 10% relapse-free survival advantage, while RT delivered with deviations was no better than chemo alone

*'''CCG 521''' (1986-1990)
**Randomized. 111 patients, Stage III-IV. Treated with [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP|MOPP]]/[[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#ABVD|ABVD]] x12 cycles vs. [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#ABVD|ABVD]] x6 cycles + EFRT 21 Gy in 1.75 Gy/fx. If lung, used 10.5 Gy with 50% transmission blocks. If residual disease, boost 14 Gy for total 35 Gy
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9508171}} -- &quot;MOPP or radiation in addition to ABVD in the treatment of pathologically staged advanced Hodgkin's disease in children: results of the Children's Cancer Group Phase III Trial.&quot; (Hutchinson RJ, J Clin Oncol. 1998 Mar;16(3):897-906.)
***4-year outcomes: EFS: MOPP/ABVD 77% vs. ABVD/EFRT 87% (p=0.09), OS 84% vs. 90% (NS)
***Outcomes by stage: Stage III 11% relapsed, Stage IV 27% relapsed
***Toxicity: acute mostly hematopoietic, pulmonary/cardiac modest (8 patients Grade 3-4 pulmonary toxicity, all on chemo and likely due to bleomycin)
***Conclusion: Equivalent, MOPP can be eliminated from front-line therapy

*'''NCI, 1997''' {{PMID|9363863}} -- &quot;Alternating MOPP and ABVD chemotherapy plus mantle-field radiation therapy in patients with massive mediastinal Hodgkin's disease.&quot; (Longo DL, J Clin Oncol. 1997 Nov;15(11):3338-46.)
**Prospective. 80 patients with bulky mediastinum. Treated with [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP|MOPP]]/[[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#ABVD|ABVD]] x 6 cycles + 10 Gy mantle followed by 25-35 Gy to residual disease. Median F/U 10 years
**15-year outcomes: Overall CR 89%; DFS of CR 78%, OS of CR 75% 
**By Stage: I-II: DFS 76% OS 79%; III-IV DFS 82%, OS 64%
**Toxicity: pneumonitis 16% (1 fatal). 2 patients solid tumors within RT fields. Fertility preserved more with MOPP/ABVD than MOPP alone; less cardiopulmonary toxicity than ABVD
**Conclusion: MOPP/ABVD followed by mantle RT effective for bulky mediastinum

*'''Stanford, 1996''' (1989-1995) {{PMID|8836420}} -- &quot;Brief chemotherapy (Stanford V) and adjuvant radiotherapy for bulky or advanced Hodgkin's disease: an update.&quot; (Horning SJ, Ann Oncol. 1996;7 Suppl 4:105-8.)
**Prospective. 94 patients. Bulky or Stage III/IV received [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#Stanford V|Stanford V regimen]] x3 months +/- 36 Gy RT. Median F/U 3 years 
**Outcome: EFS 89%, OS 93%
**Conclusion: Well tolerated and highly effective, with lower cumulative doses of alkylating agents and RT

*'''Harvard, 1978''' (1969-1974) {{PMID|698907}} -- &quot;The significance of mediastinal involvement in early stage Hodgkin's disease.&quot; (Mauch P, Cancer. 1978 Sep;42(3):1039-45.)
**Retrospective. 111 consecutive surgically-staged IA/IIA patients. RT 36-44 Gy mantle + PA/splenic regions. Median F/U 4.7 years
**Outcome: 14 patients (13%) relapsed, 3 (3%) died of treatment-related causes (MI x2, pneumonitis x1). Bulky mediastinum significant risk for relapse: 65% (9/18) vs. 5% (5/93) (SS)
**Conclusion: recommend addition of MOPP to RT

===All risk groups===
*'''GPOH-HD 95 Multi-national''' (1995-2001)
**Prospective. 1018 children. Risk-adapted chemo OPPA/OEPA (Stage I-IIA 2 cycles, Stage IIEA, IIB, IIIA 4 cycles, Stage IIEB, IIIAE, IIIB, IV 6 cycles). If CR, no RT (22%); otherwise RT to involved sites if &gt;75% PR received 20 Gy; if &lt;75% PR received 30 Gy; if &gt;50ml residual received 35 Gy)
**'''2004''' [http://astro.abstractsnet.com/abstractdetail.wcs?handoutid=3 ASTRO 2004 Abstract],  [http://209.63.36.22/astro/Plenary_3/Plenary_3.htm Video:ASTRO Plenary Session] &amp;mdash; &quot;The German Multinational GPOH-HD 95 trial: treatment results and analysis of failures in pediatric Hodgkin's Disease using combination chemotherapy with and without radiation.&quot; Ruhl et al.
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12838937}} -- &quot;Preliminary results of the multicenter trial GPOH-HD 95 for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease in children and adolescents: analysis and outlook.&quot; (Dorffel W, Klin Padiatr. 2003 May-Jun;215(3):139-45.)
***Early (I-IIA): DFS 96%; no difference between RT and no RT
***Intermediate (IIEA, IIB, IIIA): DFS better with RT 92% vs. 78%
***Advanced (IIEA-IV): DFS better with RT 91% vs. 79%. No difference in OS
**Conclusion: Reduction in RT to 20 Gy possible with good response. Omission of RT possible only for early stage (TG1); intermediate/advanced stage needs RT for better DFS

*'''CCG 5942''' (1995-1998)
**829 patients enrolled, 501 patients with CR randomized to +/- IFRT 21 Gy. Risk-adapted chemotherapy (26% Stage I-II low risk, 47% Stage I-II high risk/Stage III, 17% Stage IV). RT given 21 Gy in 12 fxs to IF, if pulmonary involvement 10.5 Gy in 12 fxs to whole lung
**''Study closed prematurely because of inferior EFS in no RT arm''
**'''3-years, 2002''' {{PMID|12228196}} - &quot;Randomized comparison of low-dose involved-field radiotherapy and no radiotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease who achieve a complete response to chemotherapy.&quot; (Nachman JB, J Clin Oncol. 2002 Sep 15;20(18):3765-71.)
***3-year EFS: as-randomized RT 92% vs. no RT 87% (p=0.057), as-treated 93% vs. 85% (p=0.002). No survival difference
****Group 1: 100% vs. 85% (survival 100%); Group 2: 88% vs. 83% (survival 95%-100%); Group 3: 91% vs. 79% (survival 100%-93%)
***Patterns of failure: no RT - 85% in previously known disease; IFRT - 58% in-field, 25% in- and out-of-field
***Conclusion: no RT worsened EFS even in low-risk (Group 1) patients after 4 cycles of chemo; study closed early

*'''Stanford, 1987''' {{PMID|3572464}} -- &quot;Combined modality treatment with low-dose radiation and MOPP chemotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease.&quot; (Donaldson SS, J Clin Oncol. 1987 May;5(5):742-9.)
**Prospective. 55 children treated with MOPP x6 cycles and strict IFRT to 15 Gy / 20 Gy / 25 Gy depending on bone age, in order to decrease long-term toxicity. Boost if initially bulky disease or not CT after chemo. Median F/U 7.5 years
**Outcomes: EFS 90%, OS 89% up to 15-years out. Relapse in bulky sites, despite RT 25-35 Gy
**Toxicity: no growth alterations. 3 children with acute leukemia
**Conclusion: Basis for ongoing chemo + low-dose IFRT protocols

*'''Milan, 1987''' {{PMID|2433409}} -- &quot;Long-term results of combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy approach in Hodgkin's disease: superiority of ABVD plus radiotherapy versus MOPP plus radiotherapy.&quot; (Santoro A, J Clin Oncol. 1987 Jan;5(1):27-37.)
**Randomized. 232 patients. Stage IIB, IIIA-B. Treated with MOPP + EFRT vs. ABVD + EFRT
**7-year outcomes: EFS ABVD 88% vs. MOPP 77% (p=0.06), OS 77% vs. 68% (SS)
**Toxicity: gonadal dysfunction and acute leukemia with MOPP, no difference in cardiopulmonary toxicity
**Conclusion: ABVD + EFRT valid alternative to MOPP + EFRT, with less toxicity

*'''Milan, 1982''' (Italy) {{PMID|6174865}} -- &quot;Alternating drug combinations in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease.&quot; (Santoro A, N Engl J Med. 1982 Apr 1;306(13):770-5.)
**Randomized. 75 patients with Stage IV HD, treated with MOPP vs. MOPP/ABVD
**5-year outcome: CR in 71% MOPP vs. 92% MOPP/ABVD (SS); EFS 54% vs. 84% (SS)
**Conclusion: MOPP/ABVD better than MOPP alone

*'''Stanford, 1976''' (1962-1972) {{PMID|1260726}} -- &quot;Pediatric hodgkin's disease. II. Results of therapy.&quot; (Donaldson SS, Cancer. 1976 May;37(5):2436-47.)
**Retrospective. 79 children. Aggressive treatment with RT and MOPP. 
**Conclusion: Combination effective, propose low-dose RT with MOPP

==RT Technique==
*'''International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group''' 
**'''Practice Guideline; 2015''' {{PMID|25413415}} -- &quot;Implementation of contemporary radiation therapy planning concepts for pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma: Guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group.&quot; (Hodgson DC, Pract Radiat Oncol. 2015 Mar-Apr;5(2):85-92. doi: 10.1016/j.prro.2014.05.003. Epub 2014 Jul 9.)
***3D treatment volume definitions
***Boost volume definitions
***Organs at risk dose constraints    

*Justification for 21 Gy dose used in CCG-521
**{{PMID|5947345}} -- &quot;Evidence for a tumoricidal dose level in the radiotherapy of Hodgkin's disease.&quot; (Kaplan HS, Cancer Res. 1966 Jun;26(6):1221-4.)
***HD recurs in-field as a function of dose; approaches zero at ~40 Gy delivered at 10 Gy/week
**{{PMID|4652410}} -- &quot;Theoretical considerations in combinations of localized and systemic therapy for neoplastic diseases.&quot; (Fischer JJ, J Theor Biol. 1972 Oct;37(1):105-14.)

*Mantle field considerations
**Arms up - pulls axillary LNs away from lungs toward humeral heads
**Arms down ([[w:Akimbo|akimbo]]) - leaves axillary LNs near lungs, freeing up humeral heads
**Choosing set-up position involves considerations of LNs to be treated, lung doses, and humeral head doses
**Breast tissue should be excluded as much as possible, either out of the field or under blocks

==Late Effects==
*Scandinavian second malignancy


*Musculoskeletal: height reduction in prepubertal children after full dose
*Cardiovascular: 45X excess mortality due to MI after full dose, concern about anthracyclines and low-dose
*Pulmonary: pneumonitis concerns in conjuction with bleomycin (ABVD/ABVE)
*Thyroid: hypothyroidism in 17% kids given &lt;26 Gy vs. 78% given &gt;26 Gy mantle
*Gonads: pelvic radiation typically leads to infertility
*Second malignancies: 15-year risk 8-15%


*'''Stanford, 1975''' {{PMID|813276}} -- &quot;The effects of radiation therapy on bone growth.&quot; (Probert JC, Radiology. 1975 Jan;114(1):155-62.)
**Retrospective. 29 children treated with &gt;35 Gy RT to spine, and 15 children treated with &lt;25 Gy RT to spine, compared with 15,000 normal children. Standing and sitting heights
**Growth retardation seen in children treated during active bone growth (&lt;6 years and during puberty) in high-dose group, but not low-dose group</text>
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    <title>User talk:Paris Lovett</title>
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      <text bytes="6310" sha1="a9kc282iidqlv1jhjrsyl5aez25p1ds" xml:space="preserve">Hey Pazzah, good idea of starting an EM textbook! I'm mainly into internal medicine, but if there are any topics you'd like me to cover, please drop me a line on the English Wikipedia. I'd love to do some acute metabolic disturbances and liver disease-related pages. I also like haematology. [[User:Jfdwolff|JFW]]&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;[[User_talk:Jfdwolff|&lt;small&gt;T@lk&lt;/small&gt;]] 15:00, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
----
Hi Pazzah, I'm the guy who got the Wikibooks site going. I was working in an emergency room in Ohio for a while, and volunteering at a Red Cross facility in Mexico City, before the docs convinced me not to study medicine like I was thinking. Anyway I am very excited that you are doing this work here, this is the very type of work that I had in mind when I got the page started. Thank you and let me know if you need help at any time (although the technical guys have taken over and sometimes I don't know what is going on). --[[User:Karl Wick|Karl Wick]] 17:29, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
----
Dr. Lovett, I made some additions to the [[EM]] book, a table of contents and some boilerplate information. Also I noticed a new website dedicated to everything medical:

http://www.wikimd.org/index.php?title=Main_Page

Maybe a place for a medical encyclopedia, while the medical textbooks go here.

Please let me know if there is anything else I can do to be of service.--[[User:Karl Wick|Karl Wick]] 18:49, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
----
Paris:

I haven't quite figured out where 'Talk' goes, but this seems active.

I hope the talk went well at SAEM.  I understand it was today.  I am in Tucson and pretty much disconnectewd for a few days - I'll be back in Houston and connected Wed evening.

I started a little experiment with 'Templates' thinking of the variations in structure which may be useful.

First I discovered the 'Template' means something different in Wiki stuff - a fixed text that can be replicated on many pages, such as the disclaimer and is invoked with double brackets.  I thought PageStencil might be a good alternate terminology for us to use as a page/article structure such as you laid out for general articles.

It semed to me those headings generally work for disease oriented chapters.

I started thinking of a low level kind of page that relates one-to-one with a good EM refernce paper. Abstracts are available in PubMed and are linkable now by using simply {{PMID|15635313}} amd Wiki creates a link to PubMed  - pretty nice.

However, most papers of interest will also need a summary of significance and a little better idea of content to be useful.  Full text is spotty and the WIkibook will allow a digestion of the significance of a paper and links to all sorts of related information.

I thought I would start with the 20 papers in ABEM's LLSA  - for 2004 and 2005 as useful paoers of inbterest to many.

I started playing with naming the paper with the PMID - a canonic form for summaries of one paper so is would be easy to prevent duplication, but that may not be necessary and may be confusing.

Then I encountered some kind if WIki Form-Nazi's who put my pages on a list for Speedy Deletion - not a very friendly approach to cooperative development.  They apparently proceeeded to delete my pages, experimantal as they were.  I learned to keep a copy of the source offline as the pages were deleted and I do not see a means to roll back the deletions.

So, welcome to Wiki world, Kirt.

Another structure may be a drug page for each drug-  a focus or rapid lookup by drug name which should link to all the relevant other places - contexts where the drug or class of drugs may appear.

Another subject of interest will be how to optimally use categories to lump and split things in a useful and user-intuitive manner.

As soon as I feel comfortable with the structure and feeding of WikiBooks, I will try to write a short tutorial introduction for EM authors to break them in relatively painlessly.

== Nice book structure ==

Paris,

I really like the structure of your book. I started a [[Human physiology]] book as a class project 7 weeks ago. I think you will agree that it is impressive what a small group of students can do in a couple of months (especially when they are getting graded on it!). I thought I would invite you to browse our book, make any corrections or improvements you like, and give us any insights from the field. My students are beginning pre-nursing students, and the class is introductory physiology. If there is something you learned in your beginning physiology class that proved particularly useful, or if there is something you wish you had learned, I would be very interested in hearing about it so we can be sure it is in our book. 

Good luck with your book. If you have a chance, I recommend getting an EMT class to contribute to your book as part of the class. [[User:Provophys|Provophys]] 23:01, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

== Your account will be renamed ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pazzah. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pazzah~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]].

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Yours,&lt;br /&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]&lt;br /&gt;Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation
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      <text bytes="43381" sha1="geh8cb7dgn8ckw2z35nwm7ot5vpro6m" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation Oncology/Prostate:TOC}}


*Traditionally, watchful waiting was defined as no treatment until disease progression to symptomatic locally advanced or metastatic disease. Palliative treatment was with androgen ablation therapy
*In the PSA era, patients managed with watchful waiting are sometimes still monitored with periodic PSA testing. This may allow intervention at a future time
*Active surveillance is being evaluated as a strategy to monitor patients with low risk disease with serial PSA (PSA-DT) and repeat biopsies, and actively intercede with a curative intervention (RP or RT) as necessary


==Latent Prostate Cancer==
*'''Wayne State; 1993''' {{PMID|8326560}} -- &quot;The frequency of carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate in young male patients.&quot; (Sakr WA, J Urol. 1993 Aug;150(2 Pt 1):379-85.)
**Prospective. 152 patients, age 10-49, majority died of trauma. Prostate sectioned within 24 hours of death. Black 65%, white 35%.
**Outcome: Prostate cancer foci by decade - in 20's 0% vs 30's 27% vs 40's 34%. Majority harbored 2 or more foci of disease
**Conclusion: Natural history of PCA must encompass many more decades than previously realized

==Clinically Insignificant Prostate Cancer==
*'''Hamburg; 2008''' (1992-2003) {{PMID|18553365}} -- &quot;Critical assessment of tools to predict clinically insignificant prostate cancer at radical prostatectomy in contemporary men.&quot; (Chun FK, Cancer. 2008 Aug 15;113(4):701-9.)
**Defined clinically insignificant prostate cancer (IPCa) as organ confined cancer with tumor volume &lt; 0.5 cc and without Gleason 4 or 5 patterns.
**Development of nomogram to predict IPCa based on PSA, clinical stage, and biopsy characteristics.
**Out of 1132 men studied, IPCa identified in 65 (5.7%). Accuracy of nomogram 90%. However, on external validation, 63% of patients who met the nomogram cutoff for having a high probability of IPCa were found to have aggressive prostate cancer on prostatectomy.
**Currently used models for predicting IPCa have poor performance and risk misclassifying patients who have aggressive biology as having IPCa.

'''''Commentary:'''''
*'''Johns Hopkins / NCI; 2012''' [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2012/10/01/JCO.2012.44.0586 Full text] -- &quot;Gleason Score 6 Adenocarcinoma: Should It Be Labeled As Cancer?&quot; (Carter HB, J Clin Oncol 2012. -- Online ahead of print Oct 1, 2012.)
**Discussion of updated Gleason scoring system and the stage migration of lower grade tumors in the older system to G 6 in the new system. Less than 3% of men diagnosed with Gleason &lt;= 6 prostate cancers will die of prostate cancer within 10-15 years, with or without treatment.

==Watchful waiting==
*Watchful waiting/deferred treatment may be a reasonable option for some patients with early stage PCA, particularly if their life expectancy is &lt;10 years. The 10-year disease-specific survival is ~85% for patients with localized PCA. The studies linked above were performed with patients diagnosed in pre-PSA era. Randomized multi-institutional trials are sadly lacking.
*Radical prostatectomy reduces overall mortality slightly (by 6% at 10 years), and disease-specific mortality, risk of mets and local progression significantly when compared with watchful waiting. This benefit may be limited to patients &lt;65 years of age, and should be explored further. However, in the Swedish trial below, most men had palpable (T2) cancer while most men in North America have T1c disease. It is not clear how generalizable these results are to a current patient population, and whether RP would still be significantly better over these time-frames.
*[http://www.roswellpark.org/apps/prostate_cancer_estimator/ Roswell Park Estimator for Prostate Cancer Death]


===Cohort Studies===
*'''Connecticut Tumor Registry''' (1971-84)
**Retrospective cohort study. 767 patients identified through Connecticut Tumor Registry. Clinically localized. No screening (TURP 60%, biopsy 26%)  Median age 69. Treated with observation or immediate ADH (42%) or delayed hormonal therapy.
**'''20-years; 2005''' {{PMID|15870412}} &amp;mdash; &quot;20-year outcomes following conservative management of clinically localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Albertsen PC, JAMA. 2005 May 4;293(17):2095-101.) Median F/U 24 years
***Outcome: 20-year CSS 71%, OS 7%. CSS by Gleason Score: 2-6 was 81%, 7 was 55%, and 8-10 was 34%.
***Mortality rate: 3.3% per year during first 15 years, then 1.8% per year thereafter. Low grade (GS 2-4) 0.6% per year, high grade (GS 8-10) 12% per year
***Conclusion: Low risk of dying from prostate cancer for low risk group (Gleason 2-4). High risk of dying within 10 years for Gleason 8-10. Intermediate for Gleason 5-6. Mortality risk does not support aggressive treatment for localized low-grade PCA 
***Comment {{PMID|15870419}}: Relatively low grade disease (33% GS &lt;=5 compared with ~5% in contemporary series), many s/p TURP (which is effectively a prophylactic partial prostatectomy, and decreases death rate from PCA), many with serious chronic illness (which is seen less often with earlier PSA-based detection, and who would be expected to die of competing causes)

*'''Orebro Medical Center, Sweden''' (1977-1984)
**Population based study, one county in Sweden. 642 cases of prostate cancer diagnosed, no screening (16% at TURP, 84% clinically palpable; 47% localized, 28% locally advanced, 25% metastatic). Mean age 72. 223 patients, clinical T0-T2, were offered watchful waiting. Hormone treatment with disease progression 
**'''10-years; 1992''' {{PMID|1556796}} &amp;mdash; &quot;High 10-year survival rate in patients with early, untreated prostatic cancer.&quot; (Johansson JE, JAMA. 1992 Apr 22-29;267(16):2191-6.
**'''15-years; 1997''' {{PMID|9020270}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Fifteen-year survival in prostate cancer. A prospective, population-based study in Sweden.&quot; (Johansson JE, JAMA. 1997 Feb 12;277(6):467-71.) Average F/U 14 years, 84% patients died
***Outcome: 15-year PFS 36%, 15-year CSS 54%, 15-year OS 12%. Localized disease PFS 48%, CSS 81% (regardless if treated or not), OS 20%. Locally advanced disease PFS 47%, CSS 56%, OS 3%. Metastatic disease PFS 6%, CSS 6%, OS 1%
***Conclusion: Patients with localized PCA have a favorable outlook following watchful waiting, while patients with locally advance or metastatic disease need aggressive therapy
**'''20-years; 2004''' {{PMID|15187052}} -- &quot;Natural history of early, localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Johansson JE, JAMA. 2004 Jun 9;291(22):2713-9.)
***Subset of 223 patients with early stage (T0-T2) initially untreated PCA. No patient lost to F/U. Mean F/U 21 years
***Outcome: Progression in 40%, metastatic disease in 17%, PCA-death in 16%. Most cancers indolent course for first 15 years, however, from 15-&gt;20 years substantial decrease in PFS (45% to 36%), DMFS (77% to 51%), and CSS (79% to 54%). PCA-mortality increased from 15/1000 to 44/1000 (SS)
***Conclusion: Although most PCA diagnosed at early stage have an indolent course, agressive metastatic disease may develop in the long term

*'''Denmark; 1997''', (1979-83)- {{PMID|9307192}} - &quot;The natural history of prostate carcinoma based on a Danish population treated with no intent to cure.&quot; (Borre M, Cancer. 1997 Sep 1;80(5):917-28. 
**Population based study in a single county. No screening. 719 cases. 15 year median f/u. 45% diagnosed incidentally. 31% organ confined.  62% died of prostate cancer. 
**Disease specific survival 80% at 1-yr, 38% at 5-yrs, 17% at 10-yrs. 

*'''Karolinska; 1997'''  {{PMID|9372882}} -- &quot;Deferred treatment of clinically localized low-grade prostate cancer: actual 10-year and projected 15-year follow-up of the Karolinska series.&quot; (Adolfsson J, Urology. 1997 Nov;50(5):722-6.)
**122 patients with palpable, clinically localized, low-grade prostate cancer diagnosed from 1978 to 1982
**10-year DFS 90%; 15-year DFS 75%
**No antitumoral therapy had been given to 58 (48%) patients at follow-up or before death. The chance of being untreated 5 and 10 years after diagnosis, if still alive, was 71% and 43%, respectively
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Our data are mature up to 10 years of observation and, based on these data, deferred treatment is a valid option for patients with clinically localized low-grade prostate cancer with a life expectancy of 10 years or less. The data are not definitive beyond 10 years and firm conclusions will be speculative, but our findings indicate that there probably is room for efficacious local treatment in patients with localized prostate cancer and a life expectancy longer than 10 years.&quot;


'''Meta-analyses'''
*'''Meta-analysis, 1998''' - {{PMID|9554328}} -- ''An analysis of watchful waiting for clinically localized prostate cancer.'' (Steinberg GD, J Urol 1998; 159:1431-6.)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Watchful waiting is probably the best treatment option for men with well and perhaps moderately differentiated, low volume prostate cancer who have a life expectancy of less than 10 years. However, the conclusions derived from watchful waiting studies of older men cannot and should not be applied to younger, healthier men or to those with more advanced or aggressive disease. If treated ineffectively, many of these men will die of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Most men with prostate cancer who have a life expectancy greater than 10 to 15 years should be treated with curative intent.&quot;

*'''Meta-analysis, 1994''' - {{PMID|8272085}} &amp;mdash; ''Results of conservative management of clinically localized prostate cancer.'' (Chodak GW, N Engl J Med. 1994 Jan 27;330(4):242-8.
**Meta-analysis from six nonrandomized studies of 828 pts treated conservatively for localized prostate cancer. 
**10-year disease specific survival was 87% for grade 1 or 2 tumors, 34% for grade 3 (out of 3). **Metastasis free survival (censoring deaths from other causes) was 81%, 58%, 26%, respectively for each grade. 
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The strategy of initial conservative management and delayed hormone therapy is a reasonable choice for some men with grade 1 or 2 clinically localized prostate cancer, particularly for those who have an average life expectancy of 10 years or less. New treatment strategies are needed for men with grade 3 prostate cancer.&quot;

*'''Meta-analysis, 1993''' {{PMID|8319164}} -- ''Recent results of management of palpable clinically localized prostate cancer.'' (Adolfsson J, Cancer. 1993 Jul 15;72(2):310-22.)
**Literature review for localized cancer studies since 1980
**10-year DFS was 93% for radical prostatectomy, 83% for deferred treatment, and 62% for external radiation therapy.
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;As judged from our analysis, clinically localized prostate cancer often has a protracted course associated with a significant competing mortality and marginal benefit from radical prostatectomy at 10 years in terms of the endpoints used.&quot;

===Watchful waiting vs. Radical Treatment===
*'''SEER-Medicare study''', 2006 (1991-99) - {{PMID|17164454}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Survival associated with treatment vs observation of localized prostate cancer in elderly men.&quot; Wong YN et al. JAMA. 2006 Dec 13;296(22):2683-93.
**44,000 men (age 65-80) from SEER database, diagnosed in 1991-99 with organ-confined low or intermediate grade prostate cancer. Defined treatment as RT or prostatectomy (but not hormones) and observation as not having had RT, surgery, or hormones. 32,000 had treatment, 12,000 observation. 12 year study period.
**37% in obs group died vs 23% in treatment group. HR=0.69 for treatment. Benefit seen in all subgroups, including older men age 75-80.
**Conclusion: suggestion that active treatment leads to improved survival for low to intermediate risk prostate cancer.  Potential for selection bias exists.

===Watchful Waiting vs. Prostatectomy===
*'''VA/NCI/AHRQ Cooperative Studies Program #407 (PIVOT)''' (1994-2002) -- radical prostatectomy vs watchful waiting
**Randomized. 731 men. Age &lt;= 75 and life expectancy of at least 10 yr. Clinically localized T1-T2 of any grade. PSA &lt; 50 and neg bone scan. [http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00007644?term=PIVOT&amp;rank=2 clinicaltrials.gov entry]
**'''1997''' {{PMID|9268976}} -- &quot;The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT).&quot; (Wilt TJ, Oncology (Williston Park). 1997 Aug;11(8):1133-9; discussion 1139-40, 1143.)
***Overview of trial. Conducted at VA and NCI medical centers. Primary outcome all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes prostate cancer- and treatment-specific morbidity and mortality, health status, predictors of disease-specific outcomes, and cost-effectiveness. 
**'''2009''' {{PMID|18783735}} -- &quot;The Prostate cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial:VA/NCI/AHRQ Cooperative Studies Program #407 (PIVOT): design and baseline results of a randomized controlled trial comparing radical prostatectomy to watchful waiting for men with clinically localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Wilt TJ, Contemp Clin Trials. 2009 Jan;30(1):81-7. Epub 2008 Aug 23.)
***Study overview. 13,022 men screened; 5,023 met eligibility criteria; 731 agreed to participate and were randomized. 
***Description: Mean age 67 years. Median PSA 7.8 ng/ml. Low risk 43%, intermediate risk 36%, high risk 20%. Predominately detected by rising PSA
***Conclusion: Diverse population representative of men diagnosed with PCA in United States
**'''2012''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22808955] {{PMID|22808955}} -- &quot;Radical prostatectomy versus observation for localized prostate cancer..&quot; (Wilt et al NEJM 2012)
***Outcome: 171 (47.0%) assigned to radical prostatectomy died vs 183 (49.9%) assigned to observation (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71 to 1.08; P=0.22; absolute risk reduction, 2.9 percentage points). 
****Radical prostatectomy group: 21 (5.8%) died from prostate cancer vs with 31 men (8.4%) assigned to observation (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.09; P=0.09; absolute risk reduction, 2.6 percentage points). 
****Radical prostatectomy was associated with reduced all-cause mortality among men with a PSA value greater than 10 ng per milliliter (P=0.04 for interaction) and possibly among those with intermediate-risk or high-risk tumors (P=0.07 for interaction). 
***Conclusion: Among men with localized prostate cancer detected during the early era of PSA testing, radical prostatectomy did not significantly reduce all-cause or prostate-cancer mortality, as compared with observation, through at least 12 years of follow-up. Absolute differences were less than 3 percentage points.
***Comment: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23141224] {{PMID|23141224}}. Dr Walsh - Johns Hopkins Urology
****Recruited only 731 men, instead of the 2,000. 
****Protocol stated“a life expectancy of at least 10 years” was an entry criterion, by 10 years almost half of the participants had died, leaving only 176 men in the surgery group and 187 observation men, and by 15 years only 30% were alive. They did not recruit healthy men who would be candidates for surgery and randomize them to observation; rather, they recruited men with a limited life expectancy who were candidates for observation and randomized them to surgery.
****&quot;All that the PIVOT results tell us is that in a man who has a life expectancy of 10 years or less and who has low volume disease surgery is not an ideal option. This is old news, and is far from being a “game-changer.” The information in this article is simply not good enough to be of help to an otherwise healthy man in his forties, fifties or early sixties trying to figure out what he should do.&quot;
**'''2017''' (20 yr) {{PMID|28700844}} -- &quot;Follow-up of Prostatectomy versus Observation for Early Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Wilt TJ, N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 13;377(2):132-142.)
***Follow-up 19.5 yr (median 12.7 yr). 
***Median survival: 13.0 yr (surg) vs 12.4 yr (obs). Death attributed to prostate ca: 7.4% vs 11.4%.
***Treatment for disease progression (in Observation arm): in 59.7%.  Androgen deprivation therapy in 21.7% vs 44.4%.  
***20.4% of men in Obs group received definitive treatment. 
***Conclusion: After nearly 20 years of follow-up among men with localized prostate cancer, surgery was not associated with significantly lower all-cause or prostate-cancer mortality than observation. Surgery was associated with a higher frequency of adverse events than observation but a lower frequency of treatment for disease progression, mostly for asymptomatic, local, or biochemical progression.


*'''Scandinavian SPCG-4''' (1989-99) - prostatectomy vs watchful waiting
**Randomized. 695 men, early prostate cancer (T1-T2), biopsy proven. No adjuvant treatment. If symptomatic local progression, treated with orchidectomy or GnRH analog. Clinical follow-up with PSA, exam. Cause of death scored as due to prostate cancer (if progressive distant mets) or due to other causes. 75% had T2 tumors. 
**'''QoL; 2002''' {{PMID|12226149}} -- &quot;Quality of life after radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting.&quot; (Steineck G, N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 12;347(11):790-6.)
***326/376 Swedish patients randomized 1989-1996. Mean F/U 4 years
***Symptoms:
****Worse after RP: erectile dysfunction (80% vs. 45%); urinary leakage (49% vs. 21%)
****Worse after observation: urinary obstruction (28% vs. 44%)
****No difference: bowel function, anxiety, depression, well-being, quality-of-life
***Conclusion: Different risks, but no influence on well-being or subjective quality of life
**'''6-years; 2002''' {{PMID|12226148}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in early prostate cancer.&quot; Holmberg L et al. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 12;347(11):781-9.
***Mean f/u 6.2 yrs. 115 deaths: 47 deaths due to prostate cancer (31 watchful waiting, WW; 16 radical prostatectomy, RP). With RP, 2% decrease risk of death due to prostate cancer at 5 years, 6.6% at 8 years. Hazard ratio 0.5. Risk of distant mets: 14% difference at 8 years (HR=0.63). Required hormones: 24% (WW) vs 17%. No overall survival difference. 
**'''8-years; 2005''' {{PMID|15888698}}  &amp;mdash; &quot;Radical Prostatectomy versus Watchful Waiting in Early Prostate Cancer&quot; Bill-Axelson A et al. N Engl J Med. 2005 May 12;Volume 352(19):1977-1984. Median 8.2 yrs f/u. 
***Outcome: 10-year OS RP 91% vs. WW 86% (RR=0.74, SS), 10-year DFS 90% vs. 85% (SS), 10-year DMFS 85% vs. 75% (SS), 10-year LC 81% vs. 56% (SS)
***Conclusion: Treatment of prostate cancer results in 5% fewer cancer related deaths and 5% fewer overall deaths. May not apply to modern era with PSA screening due to lag time and stage migration.
**'''11-years; 2008''' {{PMID|18695132}} -- &quot;Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in localized prostate cancer: the Scandinavian prostate cancer group-4 randomized trial.&quot; (Bill-Axelson A, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Aug 20;100(16):1144-54. Epub 2008 Aug 11.) Median F/U 10.8 years (3 weeks - 17.2 years)
***Outcome: 12-year death due to PCA surgery 12% vs. observation 18% (SS); 12-year DM rate 19% vs. 26% (SS). For surgery, if ECE+ PCA death rate 14x higher than if ECE-
***Conclusion: RP reduces PCA mortality, with little or no further increase in benefit 10+ years after surgery
**'''2011''' {{PMID|21542742}} -- &quot;Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer.&quot; (Bill-Axelson A, N Engl J Med. 2011 May 5;364(18):1708-17.) Median F/U 12.8 yrs
***15-yr death due to PCA 14.6% surgery and 20.7% obs (SS); RR=0.62. Survival benefit confined to men younger than 65. NNT 15 overall and 7 for men &lt; 65. 
***Conclusion: RP associated with decreased death from prostate cancer. Benefit only in men younger than 65.


*'''VACURG''' (1967-1975) -- prostatectomy vs. watchful waiting
**Randomized. 111/142 patients, prostate cancer Stage I (no palpable tumor) or Stage II (palpable tumor believed confined to the prostatic capsule on palpation), no diagnostic pelvic staging prior to randomization. Arm 1) Radical prostatectomy vs. Arm 2) Placebo
**'''1988''' {{PMID|3187435}} -- &quot;Treatment of localized prostatic cancer. Radical prostatectomy versus placebo. A 15-year follow-up.&quot; (Madsen PO, Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1988;110:95-100.)
***Outcome: 
****Stage I: 5-year OS RP 87% vs. placebo 67%, 10-years 48% vs. 43%, 15-years 23% vs. 13%
****Stage II: 5-year RP 92% vs. placebo 90% , 10-years 37% vs 55%, 15-years 17% vs. 20%
***Conclusion: No significant difference in cummulative survival, either by Stage or overall
**'''1995''' {{PMID|8578259}} -- &quot;Radical prostatectomy versus expectant treatment for early carcinoma of the prostate. Twenty-three year follow-up of a prospective randomized study&quot; (Iversen P, Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1995;172:65-72.) Median F/U 23 years
***Outcome: Median OS RP 10.6 years vs. placebo 8 years (NS). Median OS superior for RP in Stage I (RR 1.5), but after Cox adjustment for imbalances, no difference in either stage or both stages combined
***Conclusion: Small sample size and limited statistical power. Statistically significant difference by Gleason Score
**Comment: &quot;Although the rate of mortality from prostate cancer was similar in the two groups, methodologic flaws make the conclusions of this study suspect.&quot; (Chodak, NEJM 1994)

==Active Surveillance==
*Individualized management of early prostate cancer
**Men with significant cancer are offered curative treatment
**Men with low risk disease can be actively monitored with serial PSA and repeat prostate biopsies. Decision to continue AS or undergo curative treatment is individualized
***Initial entry criteria are typically those for low risk disease: cT1-T2, GS &lt;=6 (sometimes &lt;=7), PSA &lt;10 (sometimes PSA &lt;15 or &lt;20), low PSA velocity (PSA DT &gt;4 years)
***Surveillance strategies have not been refined yet
***Action thresholds have also not yet been well defined
**NCCN guidelines offer AS as a treatment strategy for some low and intermediate prostate cancer patients

===Strategies===
Comparison of Active Surveillance strategies (eligibility, definition of progression, and frequency of evaluation)

*'''START Trial, NCIC PR.11''' (2007-ongoing)
**Eligibility: up to T2b, Gleason 6 or less, PSA 10 or less. 
**PSA Progression: PSA-DT &lt; 3 yrs (based on at least 5 values over at least 12 months). Or PSA &gt; 20 (at least 2 consecutive measurements).
**Biopsy Progression: Gleason pattern predominant 4 or higher (i.e. 4+3 or higher).
**Clinical Progression: Local progression results in symptoms of urinary retention, gross hematuria, or hydronephrosis. Distant metastases.
**Evaluation:
***Exam: DRE q3m x 2 yrs, then q6m
***PSA: q3m x 2 yrs, then q6m
***Re-biopsy: at year 1, 4, 7, 10, and then every 5 years

===Trials===
'''''Ongoing:'''''
*'''START Trial, NCIC PR.11''' (2007-ongoing) -- Phase III. Radical treatment (prostatectomy, RT, or brachy) vs active surveillance
**Eligibility: up to T2b, Gleason 6 or less, PSA 10 or less

'''''Completed:'''''
*'''Swedish National Registry; 2010''' (1997-2002) {{PMID|20562373}} -- &quot;Outcomes in Localized Prostate Cancer: National Prostate Cancer Register of Sweden Follow-up Study.&quot; (Stattin P, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Jun 18. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. National Prostate Cancer Register cohort, 6849 patients, age &amp;le; 70, prostate cancer, cT1-T2, GS &amp;le; 7, PSA &lt;20 ng/ml, treated with surveillance (active surveillance or watchful waiting, n=2021) or curative intent (RP n=3399 or RT n=1429). Low risk (T1, GS 2-6, PSA &lt;10) in 39%. Surveillance in 40% of low-risk and 22% of intermediate risk patients. Median F/U 8.2 years
**Outcome: 10-year CSS surveillance 3.6% vs curative intent 2.7% (RP 2.4% vs RT 3.3%). Low risk 2.4% vs 0.7% (RP 0.4% vs RT 1.8%). Intermediate risk 5.2% vs 3.6% (RP 3.4% vs RT 3.8%). 10-year risk of death from competing causes 19% vs 10%. All-cause mortality comparable to age-matched population
**Conclusion: Surveillance may be a suitable treatment option for many patients with low-risk disease

*'''Toronto''' (1995-2002)
**Phase II. 450 patients. Initial criteria favorable disease (T1b-T2b, GS 6, PSA &lt;10) or patients &gt;70 intermediate disease (PSA &lt;15 or GS 3+4=7). In 1999 amended to include only favorable disease. Intermediate risk (T3, PSA 10-15, or GS 7) in 19%. Monitored with PSA every 3 months x2 years then q6 months if stable, and repeat biopsy at 6-12 months and then every 3-4 years until age 80. Initial decision made after 6 months and 3 PSAs to calculate PSA-DT. Trigger for treatment: PSA-DT &lt;3 years, progression to GS 7, or clinical progression (prostate nodule)
**'''2014''' -- &quot;Long-Term Follow-Up of a Large Active Surveillance Cohort of Patients With Prostate Cancer&quot; (Klotz L, J Clin Oncol -- published online before print, Dec 15 2014) Median F/U 6.4 yrs
***Outcome: 10-yr- and 15-yr-CSS 98.1% and 94.3%. 819 survivors. 85% actuarial OS. 15 deaths (1.5%) from PCa. Metastatic disease in 1.3%. 
***Remain on surveillance: at 5 yrs, 75.7%; 10 years, 63.5%; 15 years, 55%.
***Conclusion: &quot;Active surveillance for favorable-risk prostate cancer is feasible and seems safe in the 15-year time frame. In our cohort, 2.8% of patients have developed metastatic disease, and 1.5% have died of prostate cancer. This mortality rate is consistent with expected mortality in favorable-risk patients managed with initial definitive intervention.&quot;
**'''2010''' {{PMID|19917860}} -- &quot;Clinical Results of Long-Term Follow-Up of a Large, Active Surveillance Cohort With Localized Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Klotz L, J Clin Oncol. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jan 1;28(1):126-31. [Epub 2009 Nov 16.]) Median F/U 6.8 years
***Outcome: OS 79%; 10-year OS 68%, but 10-year CSS 97%, bPFS 87%. Overall, 30% of patients were reclassified as higher risk and offered definitive therapy (RT+/-ADT 67%, ADT alone 7%, surgery 26%). Predictors for treatment T2, GS &gt;6. All PCA-mortality (n=5) was in men reclassified as higher risk
***Radical treatment (n=117): PSA failure 50%. PSA-DT &lt;3 predictive for death
***Conclusion: Low rate of prostate cancer PSA failure (13%) and mortality (3%). Among patient reclassified, PSA failure in 50%
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16414494}} -- &quot;Active surveillance with selective delayed intervention for favorable risk prostate cancer.&quot; (Klotz L, Urol Oncol. 2006 Jan-Feb;24(1):46-50.)
***299 patients analyzed. 
***8-year outcome: 65% free of treatment; DSS 99%
***Conclusion: AS with selective delayed intervention is a practical middle ground between radical therapy for all and watchful waiting
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16952640}} -- &quot;Modeling prostate specific antigen kinetics in patients on active surveillance.&quot; (Zhang L, J Urol. 2006 Oct;176(4 Pt 1):1392-7; discussion 1397-8.)
***231 patients analyzed
***Outcome: 40% high risk of progression, 60% low risk of progression. Model developed
***Conclusion: Rational decision can be recommended ~2.3 years after initially surveillance
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15003150}} -- &quot;Comparison of histologic grade between initial and follow-up biopsy in untreated, low to intermediate grade, localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Choo R, Can J Urol. 2004 Feb;11(1):2118-24.)
***123 patients. 67/123 with repeat biopsy. Median time-to-biopsy 22 months
***Gleason score: upgraded 28%, same 30%, downgraded 40%; 31% no malignancy
***Conclusion: No consistent histologic upgrade on rebiopsy
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15535443}} -- &quot;Active surveillance with selective delayed intervention: using natural history to guide treatment in good risk prostate cancer.&quot; (Klotz L, J Urol. 2004 Nov;172(5 Pt 2):S48-50; discussion S50-1.)
***PSA-DT: Median 7.0 years, 35% &gt;10 years
***8-year outcome: OS 85%, DSS 99%
***Conclusion: Practical approach; longer F/U necessary to confirm in men with &gt;15 year life expectancy
**'''2002''' (1995- ){{PMID|11912384}} -- &quot;Feasibility study: watchful waiting for localized low to intermediate grade prostate carcinoma with selective delayed intervention based on prostate specific antigen, histological and/or clinical progression.&quot; (Choo R, J Urol. 2002 Apr;167(4):1664-9.)
***Prospective. 206 patients. cT1b-T2bN0, GS &lt;=7, PSA &lt;=15 ng/ml. Crietria for radical treatment include rate of PSA increase, clinical progression, or histological progression. Median F/U 2.4 years
***Outcome: 2-year active surveillance rate 67%, 4-year rate 48%. 2-year PFS 81%, 4-year PFS 67%
***Conclusion: Policy of watchful waiting with selective delayed intervention is feasible
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11395227}} -- &quot;PSA doubling time of prostate carcinoma managed with watchful observation alone.&quot; (Choo R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Jul 1;50(3):615-20.)
***134 patients analyzed. Median F/U 2 years. Median PSA at enrollment 6.3
***PSA-DT: &lt;2 years 14%, 2-5 years 34%, 5-10 years 19%, 10-20 years 8%, 20-50 years 5%, &gt;50 years 20%; median PSA-DT 5.1 years. No correlation with age, cT-stage, GS, or initial PSA
***Conclusion: PSA-DT varies widely in untreated PCA; may be useful in watchful observation

*'''Dutch PRIAS trial'''
**Prospective observational study. [http://www.erspc-media.org/media/publications/PRIAS%20Project_background.pdf Protocol]. Expected enrollment &gt;900. Patients with T1c-T2, PSA &lt;=10, PSA density &lt;0.2, GS &lt;7. Follow up with PSA every 3 months, rebiopsy at 12 months
**'''2009''' (2006-2008) {{PMID|19817747}} -- &quot;Short-term outcomes of the prospective multicentre 'Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance' study.&quot; (van den Bergh RC, BJU Int. 2009 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print])
***First 500 patients. Median F/U 1 year
***Outcome: 2-year continued AS rate 73%. Rebiopsy no cancer 34%, GS 2-6 44%, GS 7+ 22%. After RP (n=24), T3 disease in 17%, GS 7+ in 50%
***Conclusion: Active surveillance seems feasible
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19637245}} -- &quot;Anxiety and distress during active surveillance for early prostate cancer.&quot; (van den Bergh RC, Cancer. 2009 Sep 1;115(17):3868-78.)
***Prospective. 150 patients on prospective AS protocol, asked to fill an anxiety/distress questionnaire (decisional conflict, depression, generic anxiety, PCA-specific anxiety). Compared with reference values. Response rate 86% (n=129).
***Outcome: Better scores than reference in decisional conflict 89%, depression 92%, generic anxiety 83%, PCA-specific anxiety 93%. Scores comparable/better than literature reports for active treatment for PCA
***Multivariate analysis: neurotic personality score and higher PSA predicted for PCA-specific anxiety
***Conclusion: Men on AS protocol reported favorable levels of anxiety and distress, except for neurotic personality types
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19594731}} -- &quot;Disease insight and treatment perception of men on active surveillance for early prostate cancer.&quot; (van den Bergh RC, BJU Int. 2009 Jul 7. [Epub ahead of print])
***150 patients on prospective AS protocol, asked to fill a general knowledge of PCA questionnaire. Response rate 86% (n=129)
***Outcome: Correct answers to median 13/15 knowledge questions (87%). Younger and higher educated men higher scores. Reported AS benefit: delay of side-effects. Reported downside: risk of disease progression. Specific negative experiences included feeling of loss of control over treatment decisions, desire for more active participation in disease management, and distress at follow up visits
***Conclusion: Adequate knowledge of prostate cancer and realistic perception of AS was identified

*'''Harvard; 2009''' (1986-2007) {{PMID|19720918}} -- &quot;Prospective study of determinants and outcomes of deferred treatment or watchful waiting among men with prostate cancer in a nationwide cohort.&quot; (Shappley WV, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 20;27(30):4980-5. Epub 2009 Aug 31.)
**Cohort study. 3331 men diagnosed with PCA in Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Initial deferred treatement in 10%
**Outcome: For deferred tretment patients, 51% untreated at median F/U 7.7 years. Those treated average 3.9 years after diagnosis. Progression to treatment if younger, higher clinical stage, higher GS, higher PSA, and high-risk group. Similar rates of DM and PCA-death for delayed treatment and immediate treatment groups
**Conclusion: More than half of the men remained without treatment; PCA mortality didn't differ between delayed treatment and active treatment patients

*'''U.S. Multi-Institutional; 2009''' {{PMID|19233410}} -- &quot;A multi-institutional evaluation of active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer.&quot; (Eggener SE, J Urol. 2009 Apr;181(4):1635-41; discussion 1641. Epub 2009 Feb 23.)
**Retrospective. 4 institutions. 262 men, age &lt;=75, PSA &lt;=10 ng/ml, cT1-T2a, Bx GS &lt;=6, &lt;=3 positive cores. Median F/U 2.4 years
**Outcome: 2-year rate of AS 91%, 5-year rate 75%. Predictive factors cancer on 2nd biopsy and high number of cores. Delayed treatment in 16%, of these 95% with disease progression 2 years after treatment
**Conclusion: Active surveillance appears safe

*'''Johns Hopkins''' (1995-ongoing)
**Prospective longitudinal surveillance. Median age 66 years. &quot;very low risk cancers&quot; (T1c, PSA density &lt; 0.15 ng/mL, G &amp;le;6, 2 or fewer cores with cancer, and &amp;le;50% cancer involvement of any core.) Annual repeat bx. Progression if Gleason pattern 4/5, &gt;50% on any one core, &gt;2 cores.
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17936806}} -- &quot;Expectant management of prostate cancer with curative intent: an update of the Johns Hopkins experience.&quot; (Carter HB, J Urol. 2007 Dec;178(6):2359-64; discussion 2364-5. Epub 2007 Oct 22.) Median F/U 2.8 years
***Outcome: 407 men. Continued AS in 59%. Curative intervention in 25% at median 2.2 years
***Conclusion: Active surveillance may be a rational alternative to active treatment
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19758635}} -- &quot;Radical prostatectomy findings in patients in whom active surveillance of prostate cancer fails.&quot; (Duffield AS, J Urol. 2009 Nov;182(5):2274-8. Epub 2009 Sep 16.)
***Outcome: RP in 11% (n=51). Average time-to-RP 2.5 years. Organ-confined 65%, extra-prostatic extension 35%, SV/LN+ 5%, SM+ 15%. All tumors with dominant nodule &gt;1 cm3 (n=10) located anteriorly
***Conclusion: Most progression after AS occurs in 1-2 years, suggesting undersampling on initial biopsy. Most progression tumors have favorable pathology. Anterior region should be sampled on biopsy
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20439642}}  -- &quot;Prostate-Specific Antigen Kinetics During Follow-Up Are an Unreliable Trigger for Intervention in a Prostate Cancer Surveillance Program.&quot; (Ross AE, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jun 10;28(17):2810-6.)
***290 men on active surveillance. 
***Conclusion: Postdiagnostic PSA kinetics do not reliably predict adverse pathology and should not be used to replace annual surveillance biopsy for monitoring men on active surveillance.
**'''2011''' {{PMID|21464416}} -- &quot;Active surveillance program for prostate cancer: an update of the johns hopkins experience.&quot; (Tosoian JJ, J Clin Oncol. 2011 Jun 1;29(16):2185-90.) 
***769 men. Median f/u 2.7 yrs (range: 15 yr). Median survival free of intervention 6.5 yrs. Percentage of men remaining free of intervention: 2-yrs 81%, 5-yr 59%, 10-yr 41%. Overall, 33% of men underwent intervention at a median of 2.2 yrs (the reason for treatment was biopsy progression in 73%). No prostate cancer deaths. The proportions of men undergoing intervention or having progression were significantly lower in men who met the definition of &quot;very low risk&quot; vs those who did not.
***Conclusion: For carefully selected men, active surveillance with curative intent appears to be a safe alternative to immediate intervention. Limiting surveillance to very-low-risk patients may reduce the frequency of adverse outcomes.

*'''Eindhoven, The Netherlands; 2009''' (1994-1998) {{PMID|19747357}} -- &quot;Prostate cancer survivors who would be eligible for active surveillance but were either treated with radiotherapy or managed expectantly: comparisons on long-term quality of life and symptom burden.&quot; (Thong MS, BJU Int. 2009 Aug 28. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective population-based registry. 142 patients. 71 men managed with AD matched to 71 survivors managed with RT. Health-related QoL (HRQL) data collected 5-10 years after diagnosis
**Outcome: HRQL mostly comparable. Patients treated with RT had worse bowel scores (SS), and erectile dysfunction (47% vs. 68%, SS)
**Conclusion: Patients managed expectantly have comparable HRQL, and lower symptom burden

*'''Swedish Prostate Registry'''
**'''2008''' (1997-2002) {{PMID|18930283}} -- &quot;Surveillance and deferred treatment for localized prostate cancer. Population based study in the National Prostate Cancer Register of Sweden.&quot; (Stattin P, J Urol. 2008 Dec;180(6):2423-9; discussion 2429-30. Epub 2008 Oct 18.)
***Retrospective. 7782 men in National Prostate Cancer Registry of Sweden (94% extraction), with clinical T1-T2N0-Nx, PSA &lt;20 ng/ml, age &lt;70. Primary surveillance 26%, RP 48%, RT 21%, ADT 5%. Median F/U 4 years
***Outcome: 4-year continued surveillance 66%. Deferred treatment was RP 39%, RT 30%, and ADT 30%
***Conclusion: Surveillance a common treatment for men &lt;70 in Sweden

*'''UCSF; 2008''' (1991-) {{PMID|18433013}} -- &quot;Active surveillance for the management of prostate cancer in a contemporary cohort.&quot; (Dall'Era MA, Cancer. 2008 Jun 15;112(12):2664-70.)
**Retrospective. 321 patients with low risk PCA, initially undergoing active surveillance. Initial mean PSA 6.5. 
**AS Criteria: PSA &lt;10 ng/ml, bx GS &lt;=6, &lt;33% bx cores, cT1-T2a. Surveillance: PSA and DRE q3-6 months, trans-rectal U/S q6-12 months, repeat prostate bx at 12-24 months. Disease progression: increase in re-bx GS, PSA velocity change &gt;0.75 ng/ml
**Median F/U 3.6 years (1-17). Outcome: 120 pts (37%) had progression; 63 (38% of those undergoing bx) had higher grade on re-bx, 78 (26%) had high PSA velocity. 78 pts (24%) received treatment; 52 (16%) received treatment due to progression, 26 (8%) due to personal preference, without having progression. Treatment was at a median of 3 yrs after diagnosis. Freedom from treatmenn 85% at 2 yrs and 67% at 5 yrs. DSS 100%.
**Note: 2/3 of those with progression did not receive treatment. Also, 13% of those without progression were treated.
**Conclusion: Select individuals may be candidates for active surveillance

*'''University of Miami; 2008''' {{PMID|17850361}} -- &quot;Active surveillance; a reasonable management alternative for patients with prostate cancer: the Miami experience.&quot; (Soloway MS, BJU Int. 2008 Jan;101(2):165-9. Epub 2007 Sep 10.)
**Retrospective. 99 men, Stage &lt;=T2, GS &lt;=6, PSA &lt;=15, low-volume disease. Continuation of AS based on PSA-DT, re-biopsy, GS, tumor volume, stage, and patient preference. Mean F/U 3.8 years
***Outcome: Active surveillance rate 92%. The 8% (n=8) treated, 2 RP, 3 RT, and 3 ADT only. Predictors PSA-DT and clinical stage at diagnosis
***Conclusion: Patients must be selected using narrow criteria and closely followed

*'''Royal Marsden''' (1993-2002)
**'''2008''' (2002-2006) {{PMID|18342430}} -- &quot;Predicting the probability of deferred radical treatment for localised prostate cancer managed by active surveillance.&quot; (van As NJ, Eur Urol. 2008 Dec;54(6):1297-305. Epub 2008 Mar 7.)
***Prospective. 326 men. Stage T1-T2a, N0-Nx, PSA &lt;15 ng/ml, GS &lt;=3+4=7, % positive biopsies &lt;50%. Radical treatment if biochemical progression (PSAV &gt;1 ng/ml/year) or histological progression (primary GS &gt;=4 or % biopsies &gt;50%). Median F/U 1.8 years
***Outcome: Continued surveillance 73%, radical treatment 20%, watchful waiting due to comorbidity 5%, death from other dauses 2%. Predictors for treatment free/total PSA and clinical T-stage
***Conclusion: Free/total PSA may predict time to radical treatment in active surveillance 
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17550414}} -- &quot;Does active surveillance for men with localized prostate cancer carry psychological morbidity?&quot; (Burnet KL, BJU Int. 2007 Sep;100(3):540-3.)
***Prospective. 764 patients approached, 329 enrolled in psychological study (100 on AS, 229 radical treatment)
***Outcome: 16% anxiety, 6% depression. Not associated with AS vs. active treatment. Associated with younger age, time from diagnosis
***Conclusion: Active surveillance not associated with greater psychological distress
**'''2005''' {{PMID|15839912}} -- &quot;Early outcomes of active surveillance for localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Hardie C, BJU Int. 2005 May;95(7):956-60.)
***Prospective. 80 men, fit for radical treatment, cT1-2, PSA &lt;=20, GS &lt;=7. PSA and DRE done at 3-6 month intervals. Decision to continue AS based on rise of PSA. At same time, 32 patients managed by watchful waiting, with hormones for symptomatic progression. Median F/U 3.5 years
***Outcome on AS: 80% remained under observation, 14% radical treatment, 6% died from other causes. No mets, no palliative hormones, no deaths from PCA. All radically treated patients remained bNED. Median PSA-DT 12 years
***Outcome on WW: 62% remained under observation, 25% palliative hormones, 12% died, 3% from prostate cancer
***Conclusion: Active surveillance feasible; marked contrast with watchful waiting

*'''Erasmus University, The Netherlands''' (1993-2006) 
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17161520}} -- &quot;Active surveillance for prostate cancers detected in three subsequent rounds of a screening trial: characteristics, PSA doubling times, and outcome.&quot; (Roemeling S, Eur Urol. 2007 May;51(5):1244-50; discussion 1251.)
***Retrospective. 278 men. Median age 70, median PSA 3.6, 80% cT1c, 20% cT2. Median F/U 3.4 years
***Outcome: 44% with PSA-DT &gt;10 years. Deferred treatment in 29%. 8-year OS 89%, DSS 100%
***Conclusion: Preliminary beneficial outcome

*'''European Randomized Study of Prostate Cancer; 2007''' (Sweden data) {{PMID|17013897}} -- &quot;PSA doubling time predicts the outcome after active surveillance in screening-detected prostate cancer: results from the European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer, Sweden section.&quot; (Khatami A, Int J Cancer. 2007 Jan 1;120(1):170-4.)
**Randomized. 10,000 men randomized to biennial PSA screening vs. control on 12/31/1994.
**Outcome: Through 12/2004, 6.6% diagnosed with PCA. 41% managed with active surveillance
**Patients on AS: 39% received treatment during follow-up (67% RP, 23% RT, 10% AST). PSA-DT &lt;4 years predicted for relapse
**Conclusion: optimal candidate for AS is early, low-grade, low-stage PCA with PSA-DT &gt;4 years

==Review==
*'''Toronto; 2008''' {{PMID|18813934}} -- &quot;Active surveillance for prostate cancer: trials and tribulations.&quot; (Klotz L, World J Urol. 2008 Oct;26(5):437-42. Epub 2008 Sep 24.)

*'''UCSF; 2008''' {{PMID|18306379}} -- &quot;Active surveillance for early-stage prostate cancer: review of the current literature.&quot; (Dall'Era MA, Cancer.  2008 Apr 15;112(8):1650-9.)

*'''Erasmus; 2007''' {{PMID|17364211}} -- &quot;Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of early detected prostate cancer.&quot; (Bangma CH, World J Urol. 2007 Mar;25(1):3-9.)

*'''Toronto; 2006''' {{PMID|16904052}} -- &quot;Active surveillance versus radical treatment for favorable-risk localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Klotz L, Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2006 Sep;7(5):355-62.)
**Review. Calculate 73 patients needed-to-treat radically to save 1 PCA-related death

*'''Midwest Urology; 2006''' {{PMID|16402090}} -- &quot;Watchful waiting for prostate cancer: a review article.&quot; (Chodak GW, Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2006;9(1):25-9.)
 
*'''Hopkins; 2005''' {{PMID|16130016}} -- &quot;Expectant management: an option for localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Khan MA, Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2005;8(4):311-5.)

*'''Royal Marsden; 2004''' {{PMID|14761814}} -- &quot;Active surveillance: towards a new paradigm in the management of early prostate cancer.&quot; (Parker C, Lancet Oncol. 2004 Feb;5(2):101-6.)</text>
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==Historical Perspective==
*EBRT as a curative treatment in localized prostate CA became generally accepted in 1950s with development of Cobalt_60 and linac megavoltage technologies. This was a dramatic change from prior kilovoltage therapies used for advanced cancer palliation, and allowed sufficient energy delivery to the prostate without significant toxicity to the skin.
**{{PMID|6020942}} -- ''Radiotherapy in the conservative treatment of operable and locally inoperable carcinoma of the prostate.'' ('''1967 Del Regato''' JA., Radiology. 1967)
**{{PMID|14303057}} -- ''Linear Accelerator Supervoltage Radiotherapy: VII. Carcinoma of the Prostate.'' ('''1965 Bagshaw''' MA, Radiology. 1965)
*[[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/7506|RTOG 75-06]] established 70 Gy as the maximum tolerable dose, beyond which significant GI toxicity (diarrhea) developed. The dose was given as 1.8-2.0 Gy/fx x5 days per week to 45-50 Gy either to whole pelvis or to prostate only, followed by a prostate only boost using same fractionation to 20 Gy.
*Treatment fields were generally 6x6 cm up to 11x11 cm &quot;four-field box&quot; determined by bony landmarks, and if necessary rectal contrast and foley catheter. For large fields, the superior border was set midway through the SI joint, inferior border at the level of ischial tuberosities, the lateral border 1.5-2.0cm lateral to the pelvic rim, the anterior border at the front edge of pubic symphisis, and the posterior border at the S2/S3 interspace. For small fields and boost, the superior border extended to the top of the acetabulum and laterally to include 2/3 of the obturator foramen.  The fields were shaped by corner blocks only. However, reconstruction of these standard fields using CT imaging shows they may not cover tumors that were bulky, locally advanced or invading seminal vesicles.
**{{PMID|11146903}} -- ''External beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer.'' ('''2000 Horwitz''' EM, CA Cancer J Clin. 2000)
**{{PMID|7939749}} -- ''The biological basis and clinical application of three-dimensional conformal external beam radiation therapy in carcinoma of the prostate.'' ('''1994 Leibel''' SA, Semin Oncol. 1994)
*The 5-year clinical control rates were 70-90%; the biochemical disease-free survival (bNED) was ~60% (see below). Unfortunately, the outcomes for locally advanced (T3) disease were much worse, with 5-year outcomes &lt;50%. 
*There are several reasons for the relatively poor outcomes of conventional 2D RT:
**Presence of conventional radiation-resistant clones
**Inability of conventional planning techniques to deliver prescribed dose throughout tumor volume
**Uncertainities in patient positioning, requiring large safety margins to insure tumor coverage and resulting in significant RT doses to the bladder and rectum
*Two potential strategies were pursued to improve cure rates for higher risk patients: 1) increase the RT dose delivered to prostate to kill presumably radiation-resistant clones and 2) add androgen suppression to destroy androgen-dependent micrometastases outside of the PTV field
*For developments with androgen suppression, please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Hormones|Hormones]] page
*Several retrospective studies demonstrated that tumor control is related to dose level, and that doses necessary for local control exceed the 70 Gy maximum tolerated dose
**{{PMID|3198435}} -- ''The effect of dose on local control of prostate cancer.'' ('''1988 Hanks''' GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988)
**{{PMID|10386637}} -- ''Conventional external-beam radiation therapy alone or with androgen ablation for clinical stage III (T3, NX/N0, M0) adenocarcinoma of the prostate.'' ('''1999 Zagars''' GK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999)
**{{PMID|10894874}} -- ''Survival advantage from higher-dose radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer treated on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials.'' ('''2000 Valicenti''' R, J Clin Oncol. 2000)
*The development of CT and computer-driven planning programs in the mid-1980's led to the development of 3D-CRT at University of Michigan, which allows to more precisely target radiation delivery. The minimization of rectal and bladder volumes included in high-dose regions thus permits an escalation in the tumor dose without concurrent increase in toxicity, and will hopefully improve the probability of local cure. 
**{{PMID|2492268}} -- ''Boost treatment of the prostate using shaped, fixed fields.'' ('''1989 Ten Haken''' RK,Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Jan;16(1):193-200.)
**{{PMID|7939749}} -- ''The biological basis and clinical application of three-dimensional conformal external beam radiation therapy in carcinoma of the prostate.'' ('''1994 Leibel''' SA, Semin Oncol 1994; 21:580-97.)
*University of Michigan, Memorial Sloan Kettering, Fox Chase, and MD Anderson pioneered sequential dose escalation from 70 Gy to 80+ Gy. Based on their early results, RTOG sponsored a 3D-CRT dose escalation trial [[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/9406|94-06]] in 1994. Its successful conclusion led to the initiation of a Phase III randomized trial [[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/0126|01-26]] comparing 70.2 Gy vs 79.2 Gy, which is ongoing.
*Meanwhile, the 3D-CRT technique has been further modified to include intensity modulation ([[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/IMRT|IMRT]]) of the treatment beams using multi-leaf collimators in a dynamic mode (in motion during radiation delivery). This provides improved conformality and increased dose homogeneity in the planning target volume. While acute toxicity appears better than in 3D-CRT, outcome reports are as yet lacking.
**{{PMID|8690638}} -- ''Conformal radiation treatment of prostate cancer using inversely-planned intensity-modulated photon beams produced with dynamic multileaf collimation.'' ('''1996 Ling''' CC, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996; 35:721-30.)

==Field Size==
'''Conventional (2D) Technique'''
*Treatment fields are generally  &quot;four-field box&quot; determined by bony landmarks, and if necessary rectal contrast and foley catheter. 
*For large fields, the superior border is set midway through the SI joint, inferior border at the level of ischial tuberosities, the lateral border 1.5-2.0cm lateral to the pelvic rim, the anterior border at the front edge of pubic symphisis, and the posterior border at the S2/S3 interspace. 
*For small fields and boost, the superior border extends to the top of the acetabulum and lateraly to include 2/3 of the obturator foramen.  
*However, reconstruction of these standard fields using CT imaging shows they may not cover tumors that are bulky, locally advanced or invading seminal vesicles.

===Para-aortic===
*'''[[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/7506|RTOG 75-06]]''' (1976-1983)
**Randomized. 523 patients with clinical Stage A2-B N+ or Stage C. Arm 1) Pelvic RT 40-45 Gy + prostate boost 20-25 Gy (minimum 65 Gy) vs. Arm 2) Pelvic + PA RT 40-45 Gy + prostate boost (minimum 65 Gy)
**'''1986''' {{PMID|3514555}} -- &quot;Extended field (periaortic) irradiation in carcinoma of the prostate--analysis of RTOG 75-06.&quot; (Pilepich MV, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1986 Mar;12(3):345-51.). Median F/U 4.2 years
***Outcome: No difference between arms for DFS, DM, OS
***Toxicity: Periaortic RT does not increase bowel injury. Prostate doses &gt;70Gy result in increased bowel injury (20% vs 10% rectal bleed) but not bladder injury
***Conclusion: No benefit to elective peri-aortic irradiation

===Pelvic===
'''''Randomized'''''
*'''GETUG-01''' (French)(1998-2004)
**Randomized. 444 patients, T1b-T3 N0 pNx. Randomized to Arm 1) prostate + pelvis vs. Arm 2) prostate only. RT dose pelvis 46 Gy and prostate 66-70 Gy. Stratified into low (T1-2 and GS &lt;=6 and PSA &lt;=12), intermediate, and high risk (T3 or GS &gt;=7 or PSA &gt;=12 ng/ml; 79%) groups. Short term hormonal therapy (6 mos) allowed only for high risk group.
**'''5-years; 2007''' {{PMID|18048817}}  &amp;mdash; &quot;Is There a Role for Pelvic Irradiation in Localized Prostate Adenocarcinoma? Preliminary Results of GETUG-01.&quot; Pommier P et al. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec 1;25(34):5366-5373. Median F/U 3.5 years
***5-year outcome: PFS 66% vs. 65% (NS); high risk PFS 63% vs. 60% (NS); low risk PFS 75% vs. 84% (NS)
***Toxicity: Pelvic arm small but nonsignificant late GI toxicity
***Conclusion: no benefit to pelvic radiotherapy
**Comment (Nguyen/D'Amico 2008, {{PMID|18421061}}): Two randomized trials (94-13 and GETUG-01) have both shown no benefit for pelvic RT. Therefore, evidence is lacking for using pelvic fields in intermediate- and high-risk PCA. Suggest randomized trial for T3/T4 and GS &gt;=4+3
**Comment (Roach 2008, {{PMID|18669477}}): Based on the data, the burden of proof to not use WPRT on those who choose not to use it. 
**Comment (Nguyen/D'Amico 2008, same {{PMID|18669477}} [http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/26/22/3817 link]): Given the potential toxicity, and the negative results of the two trials, it is difficult to justify WPRT for the type of men studied in RTOG 94-13 and GETUG 01

*'''[[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/9413|RTOG 94-13]]''' (1995-99)
**Randomized. 1323 patients. High risk patients with estimated risk of LN involvement of 15% or more by the Roach equation and PSA &lt; 100. Pts with T2c-T4 tumors and Gleason &gt;=6 were allowed regardless of LN risk. 2x2 randomization. Randomized to whole-pelvic (WP) vs prostate-only (PO) RT, and combined neoadjuvant + concurrent hormonal therapy (NCHT) vs adjuvant hormonal therapy (AHT). 
**''Hormones:'' For NCHT, total of 4 months - 2 months before and 2 months during RT. For AHT, began following RT for total of 4 months. ''RT:'' Dose 70.2 Gy to prostate. For WP RT, 50.4 Gy to pelvis (16x16 field), followed by boost to prostate only.  PO RT was to prostate + SV only.
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12743142}}, 2003 &amp;mdash; &quot;Phase III trial comparing whole-pelvic versus prostate-only radiotherapy and neoadjuvant versus adjuvant combined androgen suppression: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9413.&quot; (Roach M et al. J Clin Oncol. 2003 May 15;21(10):1904-11.). Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: 4-year PFS WP 54% vs PO 47%. No difference for NCHT vs AHT (52% vs 49%). Improved PFS for WP + NCHT vs other arms. No OS difference
**'''5-years; 2005''': ASTRO 2005 (Abstract) &amp;mdash; &quot;An Update of the Phase III Trial Comparing Whole-Pelvic (WP) to Prostate Only (PO) Radiotherapy and Neoadjuvant to Adjuvant Total Androgen Suppression (TAS): Updated Analysis of RTOG 94-13.&quot; Lawton CA et al. IJROBP Volume 63, Supplement 1, 1 October 2005, Page S19. Median F/U 5.9 years 
***Outcome: 5-yr PFS 48.3% (WP/NHT), 36.8% (PO/NHT), 38.1% (WP/AHT), 40.4% (PO/AHT). Pairwise: WP/NHT &gt; PO/NHT (SS), WP/NHT &gt; WP/AHT (p=0.06). No difference in survival. 5-yr biochemical failure 35.9%, 45.5%, 42.8%, and 40.0%. 
***Conclusion: Improved PFS for whole pelvic treatment and for neoadjuvant hormones for high risk patients.
**'''&quot;Mini pelvis; 2006&quot;''' - {{PMID|17011443}}, 2006 &amp;mdash; &quot;Whole-pelvis, &quot;mini-pelvis,&quot; or prostate-only external beam radiotherapy after neoadjuvant and concurrent hormonal therapy in patients treated in the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9413 trial.&quot; Roach M et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 1;66(3):647-53. 
***Subset analysis in patients with N&amp;CHT hormones (WP+NCHT n=325, PO+NCHT n=324). &quot;Mini pelvis&quot; were defined as those randomized to prostate only RT who had a field size &gt; median size of 10 x 11 cm, while &quot;prostate only&quot; had median size field &lt;10x11 cm.
***Outcome: Median PFS 5.2 (WP), 3.7 (MP), and 2.9 yrs (PO). 
***Conclusion: In patients with neoadjuvant+concurrent RT, increasing field size appears to have impact on PFS
***''Editorial:'' [http://www.jco.org/cgi/content/full/22/11/2255 JCO] - Correspondence: &quot;In reply.&quot; Roach M. J Clin Oncol, Vol 22, No 11 (June 1), 2004: pp. 2255-2257.
**'''7-years; 2007''' {{PMID|17531401}} -- &quot;An Update of the Phase III Trial Comparing Whole Pelvic to Prostate Only Radiotherapy and Neoadjuvant to Adjuvant Total Androgen Suppression: Updated Analysis of RTOG 94-13, With Emphasis on Unexpected Hormone/Radiation Interactions.&quot; (Lawton CA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 1;69(3):646-55.) Median F/U for alive patients 7.0 years
***Outcome: PFS WPRT+NHT 62% vs. PORT+NHT 66% vs. WPRT+AHT 69% vs. PORT+AHT 62% (NS); also no difference in OS. By pairs, no difference between WPRT and PORT, and no difference between NHT and AHT. No difference in LF or DM
***Toxicity: No difference in RT Grade 3+ toxicity among the 4 arms
***Conclusion: No benefit for NHT + WPRT compared with PORT + AHT
**Comment: the benefit of neoadjuvant hormones combined with irradiation to the pelvic lymph nodes implies that the benefit of hormones is in increasing the effectiveness of RT on the lymph nodes (which receive low dose RT) vs that of increasing local control in the prostate which receives a high dose of RT.

*'''[[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/7706|RTOG 77-06]]''' (1978-1983) - Whole pelvis vs prostate only RT
**Randomized. 445 patients. Prostate cancer, Stage A2 (disease on TRUP, poorly differentiated) and Stage B (N0 by lymphangiogram or biopsy). Arm 1) Prostate only 65 Gy vs. Arm 2) Pelvis 45 Gy + prostate boost 20 Gy.
**'''1988''' {{PMID|3058656}} -- &quot;Elective pelvic irradiation in stage A2, B carcinoma of the prostate: analysis of RTOG 77-06.&quot; (Asbell SO, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Dec;15(6):1307-16.) Median F/U 7 years
***Outcome: No difference in terms of LC, DM, DFS, OS.
***Conclusion: No significant benefit for elective pelvic irradiation
***Critique: included pts at low risk for LN involvement


'''''Retrospective'''''
*'''Italy (Rome)''' (1994-2007) - Long term ADT; Pelvis vs Prostate Only
**Retrospective. 358 high risk pts (T2c-T4, or G7-10, or PSA&gt;20). Treated to pelvis + prostate, but pts deemed at risk for increased GI toxicity (those with inflammatory bowel disease, or diverticulosis/itis) were treated to prostate/SV only (PORT). 45 Gy to the pelvis; 70.2-73.8 Gy to the prostate. ADT began 2 months prior to RT, median duration 24 months.
**46.9% treated with WPRT and 53.1% with PORT. Stratified by nodal involvement risk using Roach formula (cutoffs &gt;15, &gt;20, &gt;25, &gt;30).
**'''2011''' {{PMID|21277100}} -- &quot;Effect of whole pelvic radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and long-term androgen deprivation therapy.&quot; (Mantini G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Dec 1;81(5):e721-6.)
***Median f/u 52 months. 4-yr bDFS 90.4 (WPRT) vs 90.5% (PORT). By nodal involvement risk, bDFS was improved in those with the greatest risk (&gt;30): 87.9 (WPRT) vs 70.4% (PORT); SS. Trend for those with nodal risk &gt;25: 86.8% vs 69.0% (p=0.07). 
***Conclusion: &quot;Our analysis has supported the use of WPRT in association with long-term ADT for patients with high-risk nodal involvement (&gt;30%), although a definitive recommendation should be confirmed by a randomized trial.&quot;

*'''University of Michigan; 2008''' (1987-2005) {{PMID|18308110}} -- &quot;Impact of common iliac nodal treatment on radiation outcomes in localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Soto DE, Urology. 2008 Feb;71(2):313-7.)
**Retrospective. 669 patients with T1-T3 CaP, treated with 3D-CRT to whole pelvis (42%) or minipelvis (57%). Low risk 11%, intermediate risk 35%, high risk 54%. Median WP dose 71 Gy, MP 75 Gy. ADT 36%, 52%. Median F/U 4.7 years
**Outcome: 5-year bPFS MP 73% vs WP 58% (NS on MVA)
**Conclusion: No difference between patients undergoing WP vs MP

*Multinational, retrospective, 2005 (1986-2003) - {{PMID|15964706}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Lack of benefit of pelvic radiation in prostate cancer patients with a high risk of positive pelvic lymph nodes treated with high-dose radiation.&quot; Vargas CE et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Dec 1;63(5):1474-82.
**Purpose: to determine the need to treat the pelvic lymph nodes in pts with LN risk of &gt;15%
**Retrospective review of 1491 pts treated at 3 centers in the USA and Germany. Pts were stratified into groups depending on the calculated risk of LN involvement by the Roach equation: Group I, &lt;15%; Group II, 15-30%; Group III, &gt;30%. Pts were treated with EBRT and brachytherapy. 596 pts had &gt;15% risk.  Of these, the pelvis was treated at two centers (312 pts) and was not treated the third center (284 pts). 42% of pts received hormonal therapy for &lt;=6 months. 
**Median f/u 4 yrs for all pts, 4.3 yrs for those high risk pts. For the high risk pts, there was no difference in clinical failure, CSS, or OS. 
**Comment: Biochemical failure was not specified and may be important with longer follow-up.


'''''Seminal vesicles:'''''
*William Beaumont Hospital, 2002 - {{PMID|12377319}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment of prostate cancer with radiotherapy: should the entire seminal vesicles be included in the clinical target volume?&quot; Kestin L et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Nov 1;54(3):686-97.
**Studied prostatectomy specimens and measured the length of SV invasion
**Median length of SV involvement 1.0 cm; 90th percentile, 2.0 cm; median of 25% of length of SV was involved. 
**Conclusion: when treating the SV for prostate cancer, only the proximal 2.0-2.5 cm (approximately 60%) of the SV should be included within the CTV.

==Prostate Localization==
Change in prostate location between dose fractions can be significant. Displacement is greatest in the AP direction, where it can reach 2+ cm, and is correlated with rectal and bladder filling. Given that 3D-CRT/IMRT PTV margins are typically 0.5-1 cm posteriorly to avoid unacceptable rectal dose and that many PCAs are located in the posterior zone, there is a significant risk of geographical miss upon prostate motion. Consistent (preferably empty) rectum and bladder during simulation and treatment, as well as daily verification of prostate location may decrease the risk of geographical miss and improve outcomes.


*'''Princess Margaret; 2008''' {{PMID|18279985}} -- &quot;A randomized comparison of interfraction and intrafraction prostate motion with and without abdominal compression.&quot; (Rosewall T, Radiother Oncol. 2008 Feb 13 [Epub ahead of print])
**Randomized. 32 patients. Arm 1) VacLok immobilization vs. Arm 2) BodyFix adbominal compression. Interfraction motion &gt;3 mm corrected pre-treatment.
**Outcome: No difference in interfraction or intrafraction motion with or without adnominal compression
**Conclusion: Addition of abdominal compression didn't influence interfraction or intrafraction prostate motion

*'''MD Anderson; 2007''' {{PMID|17892900}} -- &quot;Is a 3-mm intrafractional margin sufficient for daily image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy of prostate cancer?&quot; (Melancon AD, Radiother Oncol. 2007 Nov;85(2):251-9. Epub 2007 Sep 24.)
**Prospective. 46 patients. CT scan acquired prior and after fraction. Pre-fraction IMRT plan recalculated on post-fraction CT
**Outcome: Median reduction in prescribed dose for prostate 0.1% and SV 1.0%; and minimum dose 0.5 Gy and 1.5 Gy. Three prostates and 8 SVs did not maintain coverage &gt;70 Gy. Rectal filling correlated with decreased coverage
**Conclusion: 3 mm intrafraction margin adequate for prostate coverage but not SV coverage

===Prostate location variability===
Marker implantation:
*'''UCSF''' {{PMID|14529767}} -- ''Evaluation of ultrasound-based prostate localization for image-guided radiotherapy.'' ('''2003 Langen''' Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 57:635-44.)
**Daily BAT U/S measurements compared to implanted markers
**Markers: AP -0.9 +/- 3.9mm (posteriorly), SI 0.1 +/- 3.9mm, LR and 0.2 +/- 3.4mm
**BAT: BAT alignments were systematically different from the marker alignments in the superoinferior, and lateral directions. The remaining random variability of the prostate position after the ultrasound-based alignment was similar to the initial variability. However, the occurrence of displacements &gt;/=5 mm was reduced in the AP direction.

*'''Michigan''' {{PMID|7995741}} -- ''Measurement of prostate movement over the course of routine radiotherapy using implanted markers.'' ('''1995 Balter''' JM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys; 31:113-8.)
**Translation and/or rotation of the prostate was detected in 70% of the treatments. Maximum  displacement was 7.5 mm; typical translations were between 0-4 mm.
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Although significant prostate displacement can occur between treatments, the typical range of movement seen along a major axis was less than 5 mm. Proper treatment planning should consider the movement of the target independent of surrounding bony anatomy.&quot;

*'''Ottawa''' {{PMID|8539455}} -- ''Prostate motion during standard radiotherapy as assessed by fiducial markers.'' ('''1995 Crook''' JM, Radiother Oncol; 37:35-42.)
**The base of the prostate was displaced more than 1 cm posteriorly in 30% of patients and in 11% in the inferior direction.
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Changes in prostate position of this magnitude preclude the use of standard margins.&quot;


CT scan:
*'''MSKCC''' {{PMID|10368047}} -- ''Quantification and predictors of prostate position variability in 50 patients evaluated with multiple CT scans during conformal radiotherapy.'' ('''1999 Zelefsky''' MJ, Radiother Oncol 1999; 50:225-34.)
**Mean prostate displacement AP -1.2 +/- 2.9 mm (posteriorly), SI -0.5 +/- 3.3 mm (inferiorly), and -0.6 +/- 0.8 mm (right)
**Mean SV displacement: AP - 1.4 +/- 4.9 mm (posteriorly), SI 1.3 +/- 5.5 mm (superiorly), and -0.8 +/- 3.1 (right)
** AP movement of both the prostate and seminal vesicles were correlated with changes in rectal volume (P = 0.0014 and &lt; 0.0001, respectively) more than with changes in bladder volume (P = 0.030 for seminal vesicles and 0.19 for prostate). A logistic regression analysis identified the combination of rectal volume &gt; 60 cm3 and bladder volumes &gt; 40 cm3 as the only predictor of large ( &gt; 3 mm) systematic deviations for the prostate and seminal vesicles (P = 0.05) 
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Prostatic displacement during a course of radiotherapy is more pronounced among patients with initial planning scans with large rectal and bladder volumes. Such patients may require more generous margins around the CTV to assure its enclosure within the prescription dose region.&quot;

*'''MDACC''' {{PMID|9806528}} -- ''Prostate target volume variations during a course of radiotherapy.'' ('''1998 Antolak''' JA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys; 42:661-72.)
**CT scan at plan, then 3 follow-on q 2 weeks
**The mobility of the CTV was characterized by standard deviations of 0.09 cm (left-right), 0.36 cm (cranial-caudal), and 0.41cm (anterior-posterior).
**Mobility of both the prostate and seminal vesicles was very significantly correlated with rectal volume.
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Margins between the CTV and PTV based on the simple geometric requirement that a point on the edge of the CTV is enclosed by the PTV 95% of the time are 0.7 cm in the lateral and cranial-caudal directions, and 1.1 cm in the anterior-posterior direction. However, minimum dose to the CTV and avoidance of organs at risk are more important considerations when drawing beam apertures. More consistent methods for reproducing prostate position (e.g., empty rectum) and more sophisticated beam aperture optimization are needed to guarantee consistent coverage of the CTV while avoiding organs at risk.&quot;

*'''JCRT''' {{PMID|8567348}} -- ''Analysis of prostate and seminal vesicle motion: implications for treatment planning.'' ('''1996 Beard''' CJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996; 34:451-8.)
**The distribution of positional changes were generally small (&lt; 0.5 cm), but maximum displacements of 1.5-2.2 cm did occur
**Bladder volume changes between the scans were small and did not correlate with target motion (P = 0.67)
**Both rectal volume and rectal diameter changes correlated with target motion for both the prostate (p = 0.004 and 0.005, respectively) and seminal vesicles (p &lt; 0.001 and &lt; 0.001, respectively).
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Target motion occurs during the course of treatment planning and delivery and should be considered when designing conformal radiation fields.&quot;

*'''Chicago''' {{PMID|7493857}} -- ''Evaluation of changes in the size and location of the prostate, seminal vesicles, bladder, and rectum during a course of external beam radiation therapy.'' ('''1995 Roeske''' Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995; 33:1321-9.)
**Center-of-mass (CM) showed motion of less than 1 mm in the left-right direction, while motion ranging from 0 to +/- 1 cm was observed in the anterior-posterior and superior-inferior directions. 
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Changes in the location of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and normal tissue volumes during the course of radiation therapy occur and have dosimetric consequences that may impact tumor control and normal tissue complication probabilities.&quot;


Ultrasound:
*'''MDACC''' {{PMID|12738318}} -- ''Experience of ultrasound-based daily prostate localization.'' ('''2003 Chandra''' A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 56:436-47.)
**Daily BAT U/S measurements
**Interfraction 1 SD was AP 4.9mm, SI 4.4mm, and LR 2.8mm
**% of BAT where shift was &gt;5mm (potential to violate PTV):AP 29%, SI 23%, LR 9%
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Although the accuracy of the BAT was not addressed in this investigation, we found a significant percentage of large shifts being made from the initial alignment position.&quot;


===Intrafraction motion===
*'''MD Anderson; 2008''' {{PMID|18280057}} -- &quot;Observations on real-time prostate gland motion using electromagnetic tracking.&quot; (Langen KM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jul 15;71(4):1084-90. Epub 2008 Feb 14.)
**Prospective. 17 patients, tracked with Calypso, 550 continuous tracking sessions
**Outcome: Average displacement &gt;3 mm in 14%, &gt;5 mm in 3% of total treatment time. For individual patients, 36% and 11%. For individual fractions, 99% and 99%. Displacements increased with elapsed time from set-up
**Conclusion: Prostate displacement intra-fraction determined

*'''U. Michigan; 2005''' ASTRO 2005 Abstract #7 - [http://progressive.playstream.com/astro/progressive/index.html Webcast] &amp;mdash; &quot;The Influence of Intrafraction Movement on Margins for Prostate Radiotherapy.&quot; Litzenberg DG et al. IJROBP Volume 63, Supplement 1, 1 October 2005, Page S4.
**Used Calypso System that continuously tracks implanted markers. 3 markers placed in each prostate of 11 pts. Pts monitored for 8 mins.
**If based on skin marks alone, required margins (avg.) of 8.0 mm left-right, 7.3 mm A-P, and 10.0 mm C-C (without intrafraction motion), or 8.2, 10.2, and 12.5 mm (including intrafraction motion). Positioning by prostate markers at the start of treatment reduced margins to 1.8, 5.8, and 7.1 mm.  Interbeam adjustment reduced to 0.4, 2.3, 1.8 mm. Using intrafractional adjustment, reduced to 0.3, 1.5, and 1.5 mm.

===Prostate location and outcome===
*'''MDACC''' {{PMID|15989996}} -- &quot;Increased risk of biochemical and local failure in patients with distended rectum on the planning CT for prostate cancer radiotherapy.&quot; (de Crevoisier R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jul 15;62(4):965-73.)
**Retrospective review of 127 patients treated with 3D-CRT to 78Gy
**Patients with distended rectum on planning CT had significantly worse PSA control (p=0.0009) than those with normal rectum. Rectal distention had greater impact on outcome (HR=3.89) than high risk disease (HR=2.45)
**Conclusion: &quot;We found strong evidence that rectal distension on the treatment-planning CT scan decreased the probability of biochemical control, local control, and rectal toxicity in patients who were treated without daily image-guided prostate localization, presumably because of geographic misses. Therefore, an empty rectum is warranted at the time of simulation.&quot;


'''See also:''' [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Adjuvant_RT#Organ motion]]

==Dose escalation==
''Please see complete information at the [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/External_Beam_RT/Dose_Escalation|Dose Escalation]] page''

==Hypofractionation==
*Please also see the [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Hypofractionation|Hypofractionation]] page
*Please also see [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Adjuvant_RT#Hypofractionation|post-prostatectomy hypofractionation]] section

==3D-CRT==
'''3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy'''

*'''ASTRO review''', 2005: {{PMID|15850897}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Evidence-based review of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: an ASTRO outcomes initiative.&quot; Morris DE et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 May 1;62(1):3-19. 

==IMRT==
[[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/IMRT|Prostate IMRT Page]]

==Treatment time==
*'''Fox Chase; 2008''' (1989-2004) {{PMID|18472368}} -- &quot;Does Treatment Duration Affect Outcome After Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer?&quot; (D'Ambrosio DJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 May 7. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 1796 men treated with RT alone. Median RT dose 76 Gy. Non-treatment day ratio (NTDR) defined as number of nontreatment days divided by total elapsed days. If no break, NTDR = 26% for 40 fraction treatment. Stratified into low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk
**Outcome: 10-year bPFS NTDR &lt;33% 68% vs. &gt;33% 58% (SS). If low risk, 82% vs. 57% (SS), if intermediate/high risk no difference. Independently predictive of bPFS on multivariate analysis
**Conclusion: Longer treatment duration an adverse factor in low risk patients. NTDR &gt;=33% (4+ treatment breaks during 40 fraction treatment) should be avoided

*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=1917621 Abstract] &amp;mdash; &quot;The effect of overall treatment time on the outcome of definitive radiotherapy for localized prostate carcinoma: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 75-06 and 77-06 experience.&quot; Lai et al. 
*:No difference for &lt;7wks vs &gt;9wks.  (This was pre-PSA era.)

==Do long-term survivors have a biochemical cure?==
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=7523341 Abstract] &amp;mdash; &quot;PSA confirmation of cure at 10 years of T1B, T2, N0, M0 prostate cancer patients treated in RTOG protocol 7706 with external beam irradiation.&quot; Hanks et al. 
*:Yes. 17 survivors at 10 years with no evidence of disease had PSA tested. 88% had PSA &lt; 3.5.


==Outcomes==
Also please see Outcomes in the [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Localized_Prostate_Cancer|Localized Prostate Cancer]] section

*'''Shipley et al, &quot;Gang of Six&quot;''' - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10235152 Abstract] [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/281/17/1598 Full Text] &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: a multi-institutional pooled analysis.&quot; Shipley WU et al. JAMA. 1999 May 5;281(17):1598-604.
**8 institutions, 1765 pts, T1b-T2NxM0, treated between 1988-95, EBRT alone, androgen therapy not allowed. Median PSA 10. Required baseline PSA and 4+ post-XRT PSA measurements. Median f/u 4 years. 

*'''Kuban et al''' - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=14575822 Abstract] &amp;mdash; &quot;Long-term multi-institutional analysis of stage T1-T2 prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy in the PSA era.&quot; Kuban DA et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Nov 15;57(4):915-28.
**9 institutions, 4839 pts, T1b-T2N0, treated between 1986-95, EBRT alone to dose &gt; 60 Gy, no hormonal therapy (until biochemical failure), median f/u 6 years.

*'''Mass General''' - 1044 men, 1997-1991, T1-4NxM0
*:10-years, 40% of T1-2 disease free. By grade, Grade 1-2: 53% DFS; Grade 3:42%; Grade 4-5:20%.  T3-4: 18% overall. 
*:Poor results with radiotherapy alone (low dose, no 3D-CRT) 
**[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=7751173 Abstact] Zeitman et al.

==Outcome Prediction==
After biochemical failure following treatment, predictors for distant metastases and death are PSA-DT, clinical stage, and biopsy Gleason score.

*'''MDACC, 2007''' (1993-1998) - {{PMID|17161554}} -- &quot;The predictive value of 2-year posttreatment biopsy after prostate cancer radiotherapy for eventual biochemical outcome.&quot;  Vance et al.  Int J of Radiat Onc, Biol, Phys. 67(3):828-33, 2007 Mar 1. 
**164 pts who underwent a planned 2yr post-tx biopsy.
**Current nadir + 2 used as biochemical failure.  Bx results divided into several categories:  normal, scant atypical and malignant cells, carcinoma w/ tx effect, carcinoma w/o tx effect.
**Significant association b/w bx results and eventual biochemical failure.

*'''MSKCC''' {{PMID|15681527}} -- ''Outcome predictors for the increasing PSA state after definitive external-beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer.'' ('''2005 Zelefsky MJ''', J Clin Oncol.)
**1,650 patients with T1-T3 treated with high-dose 3D-CRT; 381 patients developed PSA failure; median follow-up 92 months from completion of RT
**5-year incidence of DM after an established PSA relapse was 29%
**PSA-DT (P &lt; 0.001), clinical T stage (P &lt; 0.001), and Gleason score (P = 0.007) independent predictors for DM after established biochemical failure 
**PSA-DT for favorable (20.0 months), intermediate (13.2 mo), and unfavorable (8.2 mo) -risk patients  **3-year incidence of DM for patients with PSA-DT of 0-3, 3-6, 6-12, 12+ months was 49%, 41%, 20%, and 7%, respectively (P &lt; .001). 
**Patients with PSA-DT of 0-3 and 3-6 months demonstrated a 7.0 DM hazard and 6.6 death hazard compared with PSA-DT 12+
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;In addition to clinical stage and Gleason score, PSA-DT was a powerful predictor of DM among patients who develop an isolated PSA relapse after external-beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Patients who develop biochemical relapse with PSA-DT &lt; or = 6 months should be considered for systemic therapy or experimental protocols because of the high propensity for rapid DM development.&quot;

*'''Fox Chase; 2003''' (1989-97) {{PMID|12569615}} -- &quot;Validation of a treatment policy for patients with prostate specific antigen failure after three-dimensional conformal prostate radiation therapy.&quot; (Pinover WH, Cancer.  2003 Feb 15;97(4):1127-33.) Median F/U 44 months.
**248 pts with PSA failure (ASTRO definition). Treated 1989-97 with definitive RT, median 74 Gy. Per policy, pts were treated with hormonal therapy for PSA failure if PSA doubling time &lt; 12 months; for PSA doubling time &gt; 12 months, observation without treatment. Endpoints were measured from time of PSA failure (midpoint between PSA nadir and first rise in PSA).
**Of pts with PSA-DT &lt;12 months (148), 40%(59) were treated with immediate AD, 60% refused. Pts with PSA-DT &gt;12m (100), 89% were observed, 11% started immediate AD.
**47 pts had DM. For those with short PSA-DT, improved 5-yr FDM (78% v 57%) if treated with AD. Median time to DM: 25 months vs 6 months.  For long PSA-DT, no sig diff in FDM (88% v 92%) with AD.  86% of pts who achieved PSA nadir &lt; 1.5 were free of DM, vs 50% who did not.
**Conclusion: pts with PSA-DT &lt; 12 months benefit from immediate AD

==Effect of RT on testosterone==
*British Columbia, 2002 - {{PMID|11992055}} &amp;mdash; &quot;What happens to testosterone after prostate radiation monotherapy and does it matter?&quot; Pickles T et al. J Urol. 2002 Jun;167(6):2448-52.
**666 men received RT without androgen ablation. Testosterone and PSA were measured every 3-6 months. 
**Testosterone decreased by to an avg of 83% of baseline at a median nadir of 6 months; 7.5% fell to &lt; 50%. 97% returned to normal levels but only 60% returned to their baseline.  No correlation with biochemical control.


==Toxicity==
Acute toxicity appears to depend primarily on volume treated, more than DVH. 
Efforts to reduce toxicity currently proceed along 3 lines:
*Exclusion of seminal vesicles or treatment of only proximal 2 cm in appropriately selected patients
*Reduction of margins with improved daily positioning (U/S, CT, fiduciary markers)
*Pre-reduction of prostate volume using neoadjuvant hormone therapy
**{{PMID|9123735}} -- ''Neoadjuvant androgen ablation prior to radiotherapy for prostate cancer: reducing the potential morbidity of therapy.'' ('''1997 Zelefsky''' MJ, Urology 1997; 49:38-45.). &lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy effectively reduces the volume of normal tissue exposed to high radiation doses in the majority of treated patients and decreases the potential morbidity of therapy.&quot;


*'''William Beaumont, 2005''' (1999-2002) {{PMID|16111582}} -- &quot;Phase II dose escalation study of image-guided adaptive radiotherapy for prostate cancer: use of dose-volume constraints to achieve rectal isotoxicity.&quot; (Vargas C, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Sep 1;63(1):141-9.)
**Phase II. 331 patients with cT1-T3N0. RT constraints: 1) &lt;30% of rectal wall &gt;75.6 Gy, and 2) &lt;5% of rectal wall &gt;82 Gy. Doses 72, 73.8, 75.6, 77.4 and 79.2 Gy. Median F/U 1.6  years
**Toxicity: 2-year late Grade 3+ rectal toxicity 3%, Grade 2+ 17%. No difference by dose level
**Intermediate group (Prostate + SV) worse chronic rectal bleeding (17%) vs. low-risk group (Prostate only) 8% (SS)
**Conclusion: high dose (79.2 Gy) safely delivered by adaptive RT process. Larger PTV increases rectal wall dose and chronic toxicity

*'''MDACC''' {{PMID|14630260}} -- ''Hazards of dose escalation in prostate cancer radiotherapy.'' ('''2003 Kuban''' D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 57:1260-8.)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;In intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer patients, although it appears that radiation-dose escalation may improve PSA-DF outcome, the price paid in treatment morbidity can be high without adequate attention to dose-volume constraints of normal tissue. Care must be taken to consider not only the hazard of tumor recurrence but also that of complications.&quot;

*{{PMID|12459352}} -- ''Late rectal toxicity: dose-volume effects of conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer.'' ('''2002 Huang''' EH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002)
**163 T1b-T3c patients treated 1992-1999 with 3D-CRT, to a total isocenter dose of 74-78 Gy at MDACC; median follow-up was 62 months (range 24-102).
**6-year Grade 2+ late rectal toxicity rate was 25%
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Dose-volume histogram analyses clearly indicated a volume effect on the probability of developing late rectal complications. Therefore, dose escalation may be safely achieved by adherence to dose-volume histogram constraints during treatment planning and organ localization at the time of treatment to ensure consistent patient setup.&quot;

*{{PMID|11172950}} -- ''Late rectal bleeding after conformal radiotherapy of prostate cancer. II. Volume effects and dose-volume histograms.'' ('''2001 Jackson A''', Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001)
**Average DVH for the rectal wall of patients with bleeding was significantly higher than DVH of patients without bleeding in both (70.2 Gy or 75.6 Gy) dose groups (p = 0.02, 70.2 Gy; p &lt; 0.0001, 75.6 Gy).
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Significant volume effects were found in the probability of late rectal bleeding for patients undergoing 3D-CRT for prostate cancer with prescription doses of 70.2 and 75.6 Gy. The percent volumes exposed to 71 and 77 Gy in the 70.2 and 75.6 Gy dose groups respectively were significantly correlated with rectal bleeding. The independent correlation of small V(RW) with rectal bleeding may indicate the existence of a functional reserve for the rectum. The independent association with larger percent volumes exposed to intermediate doses ( approximately 46 Gy) seen in both dose groups may indicate that a large surrounding region of intermediate dose may interfere with the ability to repair the effects of a central high dose region.&quot;</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Prostate Brachytherapy'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Guidelines==
*Please see [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Guidelines|Prostate Guidelines]] page

==Isotope==
*'''Seattle''' (1999 - 2006) -- I-125 vs. Pd-103
**Randomized. 602 patients, Stage T1c-T2a, GS 2-6, PSA 4-10 ng/ml. Arm 1) I-125 at 144 Gy vs. Arm 2) Pd-103 at 125 Gy. Modified peripheral loading pattern. Postimplant CT 2-4 hours later
**'''Preliminary toxicity; 2002''' {{PMID|11895205}} -- &quot;I-125 versus Pd-103 for low-risk prostate cancer: morbidity outcomes from a prospective randomized multicenter trial.&quot; (Wallner K, Cancer J. 2002 Jan-Feb;8(1):67-73.) Min F/U 1 year
***110 of planned 380 patients
***Outcome: 6-month AUA score I-125 16 vs. Pd-103 11; 1-year AUA score 13 vs. 12; benefit dependent on baseline AUA score but not on volume or age
***Toxicity: Generally, trend to higher morbidity with I-125
***Conclusion: Patients treated with Pd-103 recovered from radiation induced prostatitis faster; patients with minimal pretreatment urinary symptoms benefit most
**'''Preliminary PSA; 2003''' {{PMID|14630265}} -- &quot;125I versus 103Pd for low-risk prostate cancer: preliminary PSA outcomes from a prospective randomized multicenter trial.&quot; (Wallner K, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Dec 1;57(5):1297-303.)
***115 of planned 600 patients. Short neoadjuvant ADT in 20 patients. bPFS defined PSA &lt;= 0.5 ng/ml. Median F/U 2.9 years
***Outcome: 3-year bPFS I-125 89% vs. Pd-103 91% (NS). If D90 &lt;100% 82% vs. &gt;= 100% 97% (SS). If V100 &lt;90% 87% vs. &gt;=90% 97% (SS). Dosimetric parameters more pronounced for I-125
***Conclusion: No difference at 3 years
**'''Morbidity; 2005''' {{PMID|16259869}} -- &quot;I-125 versus Pd-103 for low-risk prostate cancer: long-term morbidity outcomes from a prospective randomized multicenter controlled trial.&quot; (Herstein A, Cancer J. 2005 Sep-Oct;11(5):385-9.)
***352 of planned 600 patients. Use of alpha-blockers at discretion. Minimum F/U 2 years 
***GU: AUA peak at 1 month postimplant. 1-month AUA score I-125 15 vs. Pd-103 19 (SS); 6-months 12 vs. 10 (SS). Use of alpha-blockers similar. 
***GI: Radiation proctitis (persistent bleeding) in 9%, no difference between arms. If R100 &lt;1.0 cc, bleeding in 2%
***Conclusion: Pd-103 results in more intense symptoms, but faster recovery than I-125
**'''Dosimetry; 2008''' {{PMID|18376221}} -- &quot;There is a wide range of predictive dosimetric factors for I-125 and pd-103 prostate brachytherapy.&quot; (Herstein A, Am J Clin Oncol. 2008 Feb;31(1):6-10.)
***265 of 602 patients with CT-dosimetry. V50, V75, V100, V150, V200, V300; D50, D75, D90, D200 evaluated
***Outcome: bPFS I-125 85% vs. Pd-103 89%. Almost all parameters (not just D90 and V100) showed improvement with higher values. 
***D90 and V100 dosimetry: Highly correlated (r=0.7-0.8). V100 (I-125) 3-year bPFS &gt;90% 91% vs. &lt;90% 86% (NS); V100 (Pd-103) 100% vs. 89% (SS); D90 (I-125) &gt;100% 91% vs. &lt;100% 85% (NS); D90 (Pd-103) 100% vs. 87% (SS)
***Conclusion: Most dosimetric parameters have predictive value, in addition to D90 and V100

==Strand vs loose seeds==
*'''Seattle''' (2003-2004) -- Stranded seeds vs loose seeds
**Randomized. 62 patients with cT1c-T2a. Brachytherapy, 144 Gy, treatment plan devised prior to randomization. Arm 1) Strand seeds via Mick needles (however, 1/3 of seeds were lose to accommodate standard implant pattern) vs. Arm 2) Loose seeds via Mick applicator. Post-implant dosimetry at day 0 and day 30. Primary outcome seed loss and dosimetric parameters
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17434106}} -- &quot;A prospective randomized comparison of stranded vs. loose 125I seeds for prostate brachytherapy.&quot; (Reed DR, Brachytherapy. 2007 Apr-Jun;6(2):129-34.)
***Outcome: Seed loss strand 23% vs. loose 47% (p=0.053). Mean seeds lost 0.4 vs. 1.1 (p=0.06). Multiple seed loss in 10% vs. 25% patients. Strand seeds trend to worse V100 and D90
***Conclusion: Strong trend to lower seed loss with stranded seeds

==Critera for implant==
*Volume of the prostate: should be &gt; 20 cc and &lt; 60 cc.  Can use androgen ablation to shrink the prostate if it is too large.
*Men with large prostates have significant voiding problems.

==Timing of NSAIDs==
*'''Toronto''' (2004-2008) -- Meloxicam 1 week prior to implant vs day of implant
**Randomized. 300 patients, treated with brachytherapy. Arm 1) meloxicam 7.5 mg BID started 1 weeks prior to implant x4 weeks vs Arm 2) started day of implant x4 weeks. Primary outcome: MRI prostate volume at 1 month, IPSS at 1 and 3 months, catheterization
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20350785}} -- &quot;A Phase III Randomized Trial of the Timing of Meloxicam with Iodine-125 Prostate Brachytherapy.&quot; (Crook J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Mar 27. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: No difference in edema, catheterization (8% vs 6%, NS), or IPSS 
***Conclusion: Starting meloxicam 1 week prior to BT did not impact edema and urinary symptoms

==Erectile function==
*{{PMID|15890585}}, 2004 - Merrick GS et al.
**Most were Pd-103, 16% were I-125. 37% had implant only; the remainder had EBRT to prostate + seminal vesicles. Hormones used in 23%.
**3-yr potency preservation of 50.5%.  The preimplant erectile score was 29 for those with adequate postimplant function and 25 for those without.  Median time to ED was 5.4 months. After brachy, erectile score was 20 in potent patients and 3 in those with ED.  On multivariate analysis, the preimplant erectile score and D50 to the proximal crura predicted for ED.

==Comparison to Radical Prostatectomy==
*[http://www.acosog.org ACOSOG] Z0070 - Surgical Prostatectomy Versus Interstitial Radiation Intervention Trial (SPIRIT)
**See information at [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Localized Prostate Cancer#Surgery_vs_RT]]
**A randomized trial of radical prostatectomy versus brachytherapy for patients with T1c or T2a N0 M0, PSA &lt; 10, G &lt;= 6 prostate cancer.
**Closed [https://www.acosog.org/announcements/announcement_display.jsp?id=f89ea947-ce2c-455d-9909-2ccc1f59c0c8 early] due to non-accrual.

==EBRT and Implant Combinations==
*'''[[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/0019|RTOG 00-19]]''' (2000-01) - phase II. Intermediate risk: PSA 10-20 and GS &lt;7, or PSA &lt;20 and GS 7. 45 Gy EBRT followed by 108 Gy I-125 brachytherapy.
**Median f/u 20 mos. Acute grade 3 genitourinary toxicity in 7.6%. No grade 4 or 5. Late grade 3 GU and GI toxicity was 3.3% at 18 mos. No grade 4 or 5.

===Supplemental EBRT dose===
*'''Seattle''' (2000-2004) -- (EBRT 44 Gy + BT 90 Gy) vs. (EBRT 20 Gy + BT 115 Gy)
**Randomized. ''Closed prematurely due to slowing accrual.'' 568 of planned 600 patients, clinical T1c-T2a, Glease 7-10 and/or PSA 10-20 ng/ml. Arm 1) EBRT 44 Gy + Pd-103 implant 90 Gy vs. Arm 2) EBRT 20 Gy + Pd-103 implant 115 Gy
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16086912}} -- &quot;20 Gy versus 44 Gy supplemental beam radiation with Pd-103 prostate brachytherapy: preliminary biochemical outcomes from a prospective randomized multi-center trial.&quot; (Wallner K, Radiother Oncol. 2005 Jun;75(3):307-10.)
***165 patients reported
***Outcome: 3-year bPFS 44 Gy 88% vs. 20 Gy 83% (NS)
***Conclusion: Likelihood of cure similar with standard or lower dose, in the setting of high prostate coverage by brachytherapy
**'''Treatment gap; 2008''' {{PMID|18525300}} -- &quot;The time gap between Pd-103 prostate brachytherapy and supplemental beam radiation does not impact on rectal morbidity or likelihood of cure.&quot; (Bittner N, Am J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun;31(3):231-6.)
***Median gap time between completion of EBRT and implant was 3 days (-6 to 40 days). Median F/U 3.2 years
***Outcome: 3-year bPFS 84%, no significant difference based on gap. Predictors of failure GS, PSA, and D90
***Rectal toxicity: Overall 7%. Predictors high R100 and EBRT 44 Gy, but not treatment gap
***Conclusion: Shorter gap between EBRT and BT safe; doesn't improve bPFS but allows timely treatment

===EBRT + Implant Boost vs. EBRT alone===
*'''ASCENDE-RT'''
**Randomized. 398 men. Median age 68. High risk disease 69%. Arm 1) ADT + pelvic RT 46 Gy + EBRT boost to 78 Gy, vs Arm 2) ADT + pelvic RT 46 Gy + LDR BT boost.
**'''2016''' {{PMID|28262473}} -- &quot;Androgen Suppression Combined with Elective Nodal and Dose Escalated Radiation Therapy (the ASCENDE-RT Trial): An Analysis of Survival Endpoints for a Randomized Trial Comparing a Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy Boost to a Dose-Escalated External Beam Boost for High- and Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer&quot; (Morris WJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017 Jun 1;98(2):275-285. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.11.026. Epub 2016 Nov 24.) Median F/U 6.5 years
***Outcome: EBRT boost 2x more likely to have biochemical failure. 5-year bPFS EBRT 84% vs 89%; 9-year 83% vs 62% (SS). Benefit in both intermediate- and high-risk groups. No OS difference at 6.5 years
***Conclusion: LDR brachy boost lower biochemical failure rate

*'''UK (Mount Vernon)''', 2007 (1997-2005)
**220 pts. Stage T1-T3, localized, PSA &lt; 50. Randomized to: 1) EBRT alone: 55 Gy / 20 fx (2.75 Gy/fx), or 2) EBRT + HDR brachy: EBRT 35.75 Gy / 13 fx (2.75/fx) then 8.5 Gy HDR x 2 over 2 days. Majority (76%) received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (6 months for low/int risk; up to 3 yrs for high risk)
***Low risk 4%, Int risk 42%, High risk 54%.
**{{PMID|17531335}} &amp;mdash; &quot;High dose rate brachytherapy in combination with external beam radiotherapy in the radical treatment of prostate cancer: initial results of a randomised phase three trial.&quot; Hoskin PJ et al. Radiother Oncol. 2007 Aug;84(2):114-20.
***Median f/u 30 mo. Mean PSA relapse-free survival (using 1997 ASTRO definition): 5.1 yrs (combined) vs 4.3 yrs (EBRT alone)
**'''2012:''' {{PMID|22341794}} -- &quot;Randomised trial of external beam radiotherapy alone or combined with high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost for localised prostate cancer.&quot; (Hoskin PJ, Radiother Oncol. 2012 May;103(2):217-22.)
***Median f/u 7 yrs. Improved RFS: Median time to relapse 74 mo (EBRT) vs 116 mo (EBRT+Brachy). 5-, 7-, and 10-yr RFS 61%, 48% and 39% (EBRT) vs 75%, 66% and 46% (EBRT+Brachy). On multivariate analysis, treatment arm, risk category, and ADT use were significate for risk of relapse. No significant difference in OS
***Similar rate of severe late urinary and bowel morbidity
***Conclusion: &quot;EBRT+HDR-BTb resulted in a significant improvement in RFS compared to EBRT alone with a 31% reduction in the risk of recurrence (p=0.01) and similar incidence of severe late urinary and rectal morbidity.&quot;
**Comment: relatively low EBRT dose

*'''McMaster University (Ontario)''', 2005 (1992-97)
**{{PMID|15718316}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized trial comparing iridium implant plus external-beam radiation therapy with external-beam radiation therapy alone in node-negative locally advanced cancer of the prostate.&quot; Sathya JR et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 20;23(6):1192-9.
**138 pts. Clinical stage T2-T3,N0, surgically-staged node negative. Randomized to: 1) EBRT alone: 66 Gy four-field box to the prostate + SV + 2cm margin, or 2) EBRT + implant boost: Iridium seed placed at time of lymphadenectomy if frozen section negative. Used Syed's template to guide needle placement of 18 needles; TRUS was not done. Prescribed 35 Gy to entire prostate, 40 Gy to &gt;80%. Two weeks after implant, 40 Gy of EBRT to prostate + SV + 2 cm.
**Median f/u 8.2 yrs. 61% biochemical failure (EBRT) vs 29% (EBRT+brachy)
**Comment: suboptimal EBRT dose

===EBRT Field Size===
*'''Wheeling (WV)''' (1995-2005)
**Retrospective. 186 pts w/ high risk, treated with 45 Gy EBRT (Whole Pelvis or Mini-Pelvis) and brachytherapy (93% with Pd-103). &gt;75% received hormonal therapy.
**'''2010''' {{PMID|19553031}} -- &quot;Whole-pelvis radiotherapy in combination with interstitial brachytherapy: does coverage of the pelvic lymph nodes improve treatment outcome in high-risk prostate cancer?&quot; (Bittner N, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Mar 15;76(4):1078-84.)
***Median f/u 6.7 yrs. 10-yr bPFS 91.7% (WP) vs 84.4% (MP). Nonsignificant trend toward improved bPFS, CSS, and OS with WPRT. Improved OS for WPRT for pts who did not receive hormones.
***Limited by retrospective nature. Pts treated with WP had higher risk features and were more likely to be treated with a longer course of hormonal therapy (69% receiving &gt;6 months vs 38%).

==Optimal dose==
*BED equation for low dose-rate implants:
**BED = (R&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;/λ)*{1+(R&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;/(μ+λ)*(α/β))}
**R&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = initial dose rate of implant = D90 * λ
**λ = radioactive decay constant = ln2/T&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;
**T&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; = isotope half-life
**μ = repair rate constant = 0.693/t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;
**t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; = tissue repair half time
**Based on {{PMID|16242258}}: t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; = 1h, T&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; = 60 days for I-125 or 17 days for Pd-103


*'''Stock and Stone''', Mount Sinai, 1998 - {{PMID|9588923}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A dose-response study for I-125 prostate implants.&quot; Stock RG, Stone NN et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Apr 1;41(1):101-8.
**Retrospective. 134 pts, T1-T2, G &lt;= 6. I-125 seeds. No EBRT or hormonal therapy. CT scan for post implant dosimetry performed at one month on all pts. Used ''TG43 guidelines''. Biochemical failure defined as two consecutive PSA rises or nadir &gt; 1. Biopsies routinely performed at 2 yrs.
**Median f/u 32 months. Improved freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF) with increasing D90. 4-yr FFBF 68% (D90 &lt; 140 Gy) vs 92% (&gt;= 140 Gy). Negative prostate biopsies at 2 yr in 70% vs 83%.
**Conclusions: Dose was most significant predictor of biochemical failure. Dose response is more pronounced in pts with PSA &gt; 10, with 51% vs 100% FFBF.

==Outcomes==
'''''Disease-specific survival:'''''
*'''Mount Sinai''', 2006 (1990-2004) - {{PMID|16309852}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Disease-specific survival following the brachytherapy management of prostate cancer.&quot; Stock RG et al. 
**Retrospective. 1561 pts. Treated with various techniques including brachy alone, brachy + hormones, or brachy + EBRT. Death from prostate cancer was counted if a pt died with the presence of metastatic disease. Pts who had rising PSA at the time of death or who were receiving systemic treatment at the time of death were not necessarily counted as prostate cancer related deaths.
**10-yr DSS 96% and OS 74%. Gleason score significantly affected DSS, 98% (6 or less), 91% (7), 92% (8+). PSA after treatment had most significant effect on DSS: 100% for no PSA failure, 52% for doubling time &lt; 10 m, and 98% for doubling time &gt; 10 m.
**Comment: first brachytherapy series to report DSS&gt;

==Implant Quality Assessment==
'''''HDR + EBRT Combination:'''''

*''' Hospital A C Camargo (Brazil)''' (1997-2005)
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18566673}} -- &quot;The relationship between the biochemical control outcomes and the quality of planning of high-dose rate brachytherapy as a boost to external beam radiotherapy for locally and locally advanced prostate cancer using the RTOG-ASTRO Phoenix definition. &quot;(Pellizzon AC, Int J Med Sci. 2008 Jun 4;5(3):113-20.)
*** Retrospective. 209 patients, low/intermediate/high risk. HDR 16-24Gy/4 + EBRT 45 Gy. Median F/U 5.3 years
***Outcome:Overall survival (OS) and disease specific survival rates at 3.3 years were 97.8% and 98.4%, respectively. On univariate analysis the prognostic factors related bC were GR (p= 0.040), GS ≤ 6 (p= 0.002), total dose of HDR-BT ≥ 20 Gy (p&lt; 0.001), 3DHDR (p&lt; 0.001), BED-HDR ≥ 99 Gy1.5 (p&lt;0.001) and BED-TT ≥ 185 (p&lt;0.001). On multivariate analysis the statistical significant predictive factors related to bC were RG (p&lt; 0.001), HDR-BT ≥ 20 Gy (p=0.008) and 3DHDR (p&lt;0.001).
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18601759}} -- &quot;Updated results of high-dose rate brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy for locally and locally advanced prostate cancer using the RTOG-ASTRO Phoenix definition.&quot; (Pellizzon AC, Int Braz J Urol. 2008 May-Jun;34(3):293-301.)
***On multivariate analysis the only statistical significant predictive factor for biochemical control (bNED) was the risk group.
***Conclusion: &quot;Although the radiation dose administered to the prostate is an important factor related to bNED, this could not be established with statistical significance in this group of patients. &quot;

==PSA kinetics==
'''''Brachytherapy alone:'''''
*'''Princess Margaret, 2007''' (1999-2003) {{PMID|17869662}} &amp;mdash; &quot;PSA kinetics and PSA bounce following permanent seed prostate brachytherapy.&quot; (Crook J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Oct 1;69(2):426-33.)
**292 pts treated with I-125 brachytherapy without EBRT or hormones. All have &gt;30 months of PSA followup.
**Resolved PSA bounces (&gt;=0.2) seen in 40%, median onset 15 months with median magnitude 0.76. Magnitude &gt;2 (i.e. biochemical failure by Phoenix definition) seen in 15%. Younger age is predictive of bounce.
**Conclusions: The PSA bounce does not predict subsequent failure. Caution is advised in interpreting an early increasing PSA level in the first 30 months after 125I brachytherapy in favorable-risk patients. 

'''''With hormonal thearpy:'''''
*'''Germany, 2007''' {{PMID|17270634}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Prostate-specific antigen kinetics after brachytherapy or external beam radiotherapy and neoadjuvant hormonal therapy.&quot; (Pinkawa M, Urology. 2007 Jan;69(1):129-33.)
**75 pts treated with neoadj hormones (median 4 mo). RT was implant alone (29 pts), EBRT + implant boost (21), or EBRT only (25). Minimum 24 mo f/u.
**Trend: initial nadir - PSA 0.1 at 3 months after RT. Rising PSA levels noted in 83%. Subsequent PSA rises/bounces noted (one time-23%, two-21%, or more-17%) to median 0.6 at 16 months. New nadir of 0.1 reached by 35 mo.
**Conclusion: Temporarily rising PSA levels can be expected for most patients after primary RT and NHT following a first nadir.

'''''Mixed (pts with and without hormones)'''''
*'''Cleveland Clinic, 2007''' {{PMID|16213667}} &amp;mdash; &quot;PSA kinetics after prostate brachytherapy: PSA bounce phenomenon and its implications for PSA doubling time.&quot; (Ciezki JP,  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Feb 1;64(2):512-7.)
**162 pts, brachytherapy +/- hormones (in 38%).
**PSA bounce (&gt;=0.2) in 46%. 
**Conclusions: &quot;Patients experiencing a PSA bounce are more likely to be younger and will have a better bRFS. The PSADT cannot differentiate a PSA bounce from bF. The time to the initial PSA rise after nadir is an excellent discriminator of bF from PSA bounce. The time of the PSA rise after nadir occurs far sooner for a PSA bounce than for bF. This factor should be considered when assessing a patient with a rising PSA level after PI before a patient is administered salvage therapy.&quot;


===PSA bounce===
*'''Cleveland Clinic''' (1996-2005)
**1261 pts, predominantly low-int risk, T1-T2, treated with I-125 brachy alone. 3 yrs minimum follow-up. Androgen deprivation given in 22%.
**'''2011''' {{PMID|20646846}} -- &quot;PSA Bounce and Biochemical Failure After Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer: A Study of 820 Patients With a Minimum of 3 Years of Follow-Up.&quot; (Caloglu M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Jul 1;80(3):735-41.)
***Median f/u 58 m. PSA bounce &amp;ge;0.2 above nadir in 30%. Median time to first PSA rise was 17.4 months vs 34.35 months for bF. 
***The use of PSA bounce definitions other than 0.2 did not provide additional prognostic benefit. Patients with PSA bounce had superior bRFS rates to those without PSA bounce. The time to first rise in PSA is an important discriminator between a PSA bounce and bF; a bounce usually occurs much earlier than a rise that corresponds to bF. 
***Conclusion: A bounce definition of a rise &amp;ge;0.2 ng/mL is a reliable definition among several other definitions. The time to first PSA rise is the most valuable factor for distinguishing between a bounce and biochemical failure.

*'''Institut Curie, 2006''' (1999-2001) - {{PMID|16644467}} &amp;mdash; &quot;PSA bounce after permanent implant prostate brachytherapy may mimic a biochemical failure: a study of 295 patients with a minimum 3-year followup.&quot; (Toledano A, Brachytherapy. 2006 Apr-Jun;5(2):122-6.)
**295 pts. I-125. 
**55% showed a bounce of at least 0.1 ng/ml. Mean bounce 0.8 at mean time to bounce 19 months. 11% of pts had 3 consecutive rises (met ASTRO criteria for biochemical failure), among which 56% had complete normalization of PSA. D90 &gt; 200 Gy predicted PSA bounce of &gt; 0.4.

==HDR Boost==
*'''RTOG 0321; 2010''' {{PMID|20207506}} -- &quot;Phase II Trial of Combined High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy and External Beam Radiotherapy for Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate: Preliminary Results of RTOG 0321.&quot; (Hsu IC, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Mar 5. [Epub ahead of print])
**Phase II. 112/125 patients, T1c-T3b (T3 9%) prostate cancer. EBRT 45/25 + HDR 19/2. Median F/U 2.5 years
**Toxicity: Acute G3 GU/GI 3%, Late G3+ GU/GI 3%
**Conclusion: Acceptable level of adverse events

*'''Geneva; 2009''' (2000-2004) {{PMID|19250768}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated boost with high-dose-rate brachytherapy and open magnetic resonance imaging-guided implants for locally aggressive prostate cancer: a sequential dose-escalation pilot study.&quot; (Ares C, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Nov 1;75(3):656-63. Epub 2009 Feb 26.)
**Phase I. 77 patients with locally aggressive PCA (perineural invasion, GS 8-10). Conventional 3D-CRT 64-64.4, followed by MRI-guided HDR boost Ir-192 given 12/2 -&gt; 14/2 -&gt; 16/2. ADT 81%
**Outcome: 3-year bDFS 87%, DSS 100%
**Toxicity: 3-year late GI Grade 2+ 6%, GU Grade 2+ 9%
**Conclusion: Boosting partial volume with HDR brachytherapy is feasible, preliminary control is encouraging
**Comment: See {{PMID|19910135}} for SBRT boost from same group

*'''William Beaumont/Kiel'''
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16520907}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated conformal HDR brachytherapy in hormone naive men with localized prostate cancer. Is escalation to very high biologically equivalent dose beneficial in all prognostic risk groups?&quot; (Galalae RM, Strahlenther Onkol. 2006 Mar;182(3):135-41.)
***Retrospective. 378 patients at WBH, 201 patients at Kiel. Localized PCA, hormone-naive, high risk features (&gt;=T2b or GS &gt;=7 or PSA &gt;=10). Mean F/U 5.3 years
***bNED: 80%, dose &gt;94Gy 85% vs. &lt;94Gy 59% (SS)
***By risk group: no difference if only 1 risk factor, benefit with 2 RFs (p=0.02) and 3 RFs (p&lt;0.001)
***Conclusion: Dose escalation &gt;94 Gy results in improved long-term outcomes, especially if 2-3 risk factors

*'''William Beaumont'''
**'''2002''' {{PMID|12023135}} -- &quot;Dose escalation using conformal high-dose-rate brachytherapy improves outcome in unfavorable prostate cancer.&quot; (Martinez AA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Jun 1;53(2):316-27.)
**Dose escalation. 207 patients (PSA&gt;10, or GS&gt;=7, or &gt;=cT2b) treated with pelvic EBRT 46 Gy + HDR (5.5 - 11.5 Gy/fx x2-3). 58 patients low-dose (&lt;93 Gy), 149 patients high-dose (&gt;93 Gy). Mean F/U 4.4 years
**5-year bNED: 74% (low-dose 52% vs. high-dose 87%)
**Toxicity: GI/GU Grade III 0.5%-9%
**Conclusion: Effective for unfavorable PCA. Incremental benefit for bNED and CSS

==Primary HDR==
*'''William Beaumont/California Endocurietherapy; 2009''' (1993-2004) {{PMID|19952715}} -- &quot;High-Dose-Rate Prostate Brachytherapy: An Excellent Accelerated-Hypofractionated Treatment for Favorable Prostate Cancer (Martinez AA, Am J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 30. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 454 patients (HDR 55%, LDR-Pd 45%). WBH-HDR dose 38/4 BID, CET-HDR dose 42/6 in 2 implants one week apart, WBH-LDR 120 Gy. Median F/U 4.8 years
**Outcome: 5-year bPFS WBH-HDR 91% vs. CET-HDR 88% vs WBH-LDR 89%
**Toxicity: HDR better Grade 1-3 dysuria, urinary frequency/urgency, and rectal pain (SS). No difference in impotence rate
**Conclusion: Comparable control, better toxicity with HDR monotherapy

*'''Mount Vernon, UK; 2008''' (2003-2006) {{PMID|18249501}} -- &quot;A Phase II study of high-dose-rate afterloading brachytherapy as monotherapy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Corner C, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Oct 1;72(2):441-6. Epub 2008 Feb 4.)
**Phase II. 110 patients, locally advanced PCA. Dose escalation: 34/4 (n=30), 36/4 (n=25), 31.5/3 (n=55). Mean F/U (30, 18, 12 months)
**Outcome: No PSA failures
**Toxicity: No difference between groups; urethral cath rate 6%. Late G3 GU toxicity 2%; Late G3 GI toxicity 0%
**Conclusion: Excellent biochemical response with no difference in toxicity

*'''University of Bern'''
**'''Gold markers; 2009''' (2003-2006) {{PMID|19899006}} -- &quot;Use of gold markers for setup in image-guided fractionated high-dose-rate brachytherapy as a monotherapy for prostate cancer.&quot; (Ghadjar P, Strahlenther Onkol. 2009 Nov;185(11):731-5. Epub 2009 Nov 10.)
***Retrospective. 35 patients. HDR monotherapy 38/4. Review of gold markers for position verification. Median F/U 3 years
***Outcome: Change of applicator position compared to plan: fraction #1 1.4 mm, fraction #2 13.1 mm, fraction #3 4.1 mm, and fraction #4 2.6 mm. Readjustment required in 51% patients
***Toxicity: No difference between patients who required readjustment vs none
***Conclusion: Shifts up to 36 mm were observed; gold markers ensure setup accuracy
**'''Initial; 2009''' (2003-2005) {{PMID|19038584}} --- &quot;Toxicity and early treatment outcomes in low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer managed by high-dose-rate brachytherapy as a monotherapy.&quot; (Ghadjar P, Brachytherapy. 2009 Jan-Mar;8(1):45-51. Epub 2008 Nov 26.)
***Retrospective. 36 patients (low risk 78%, intermediate risk 22%). HDR 38/4 BID. ADT 13%. Median F/U 3 years
***Outcome: 3-year bPFS 100%
***Toxicity: Acute G3 GU toxicity 3%; late G3 GU toxicity 11%. No G3 GI toxicity. Sexual preservation 75%. Late G3 GU toxicity associated with urethral and PTV doses
***Conclusion: Decrease of irradiated urethral volume may reduce GU toxicity and improve therapeutic ratio

*'''William Beaumont'''
**'''2004''' (1999-2001) {{PMID|14767279}} -- &quot;High dose rate brachytherapy as prostate cancer monotherapy reduces toxicity compared to low dose rate palladium seeds.&quot; (Grills IS, J Urol. 2004 Mar;171(3):1098-104.)
***Retrospective. 149 patients with early stage low-risk PCA, treated with HDR (44%) or LDR (56%) Pd-103 implant. HDR 38/4 BID; LDR 120 Gy. Neoadjuvant ADT in 36% for gland volume optimization. Median F/U 2.9 years
***Outcome: bPFS (ASTRO) HDR 98% vs LDR 97%
***Toxicity: Acute dysuria HDR 36% vs LDR 67% (SS), acute urinary frequency/urgency 54% vs 92% (SS), acute rectal pain 6% vs 20% (SS). Late urinary frequency/urgency 23% vs 56% (SS), urethral stricture (NS). 3-year impotence HDR 16% vs LDR 45%
***Conclusion: HDR and LDR have comparable control, but HDR better toxicity profile
**'''2001''' (1999-2000) {{PMID|11163498}} -- &quot;Phase II prospective study of the use of conformal high-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for the treatment of favorable stage prostate cancer: a feasibility report.&quot; (Martinez AA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Jan 1;49(1):61-9.)
***Phase II. 41 patients, favorable risk PCA, prostate 15-60cc (mean 31 cc). HDR monotherapy 38/4 BID (estimated equivalent to 76.4 Gy)
***Outcome: Dosimetric outcomes reported
***Conclusion: HDR protocol feasible
 
*'''Osaka University''' 
**'''Initial; 2000''' (1995-1998) {{PMID|11020563}} -- &quot;High-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy as a monotherapy for localized prostate cancer: treatment description and preliminary results of a phase I/II clinical trial.&quot; (Yoshioka Y, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Oct 1;48(3):675-81.)
***Prospective. 22 patients with localized PCA (T1-T4). HDR 48/8 BID or 54/9 BID. ADT in 86%. Median F/U 2.6 years
***Outcome: 4-year bPFS 55%, 4-year cPFS 95%. 
***Toxicity: No acute G3+ toxicity
***Conclusion: Acute toxicity acceptable; continued patient accrual
**'''Toxicity; 2003''' (1995-2001) {{PMID|12694841}} -- &quot;High-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for localized prostate cancer: a retrospective analysis with special focus on tolerance and chronic toxicity.&quot; (Yoshioka Y, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 May 1;56(1):213-20.)
***Retrospective.  43 patients, localized PCA (T1-T4). Median PSA 19.3. HDR 54/9 BID (except first 7 cases 48/8 BID). ADT in 88%. Median F/U 2 years
***Outcome: 3-year bPFS 55%, local control 100%, OS 94%. Low risk 100% (5/5), intermediate risk 80% (8/10), high risk 61% (17/28)
***Toxicity: Acute G4 in 2%, no Grade 3. No Late G3-4 toxicity; late G1-2 toxicity in 12% (rectal bleeding and rectal ulcer)
***Conclusion: HDR as monotherapy feasible and well tolerated
**'''Technique; 2006''' {{PMID|17041799}} -- &quot;New ambulatory implant technique of high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy for prostate cancer.&quot; (Yoshida K, Radiat Med. 2006 Oct;24(8):595-9.)
***Technique. New removable template described, to allow ambulatory implant
**'''ADT; 2006''' (1995-2002) {{PMID|16715663}} -- &quot;High-dose-rate brachytherapy combined with long-term hormonal therapy for high-risk prostate cancer: results of a retrospective analysis.&quot; (Oh RJ, Radiat Med. 2006 Jan;24(1):58-64.)
***Retrospective. 35 patients, high risk PCA (&gt;=T2b or Grade 3 or PSA &gt;= 20). HDR 54/9. Median neoadjuvant ADT 7 months, median adjuvant ADT 3.3 years. Median F/U 4.7 years
***Outcome: 5-year bPFS 62%, local control 96%, DFS 76%, CSS 89%, OS 87%
***Conclusion: HDR plus long-term ADT is at least as effective as EBRT plus ADT
**'''Outcomes; 2006''' (1995-2004) {{PMID|16870289}} -- &quot;High-dose-rate brachytherapy without external beam irradiation for locally advanced prostate cancer.&quot; (Yoshioka Y, Radiother Oncol. 2006 Jul;80(1):62-8. Epub 2006 Jul 25.)
***Retrospective. 111 patients, localized PCA (low risk 13%, intermediate 25%, high risk 61%). HDR dose 48/8 BID or 54/9 BID. Median F/U 2.2 years
***Outcome: 3-year bPFS 83%; 5-year bPFS 70%. Local control 100% and 97%.
***Toxicity: Late G3 toxicity 1%
***Conclusion: Feasible and acceptable toxicity
**''' Late toxicity; 2009''' (2001-2005) {{PMID|19345517}} -- &quot;Correlation between dosimetric parameters and late rectal and urinary toxicities in patients treated with high-dose-rate brachytherapy used as monotherapy for prostate cancer.&quot; (Konishi K, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Nov 15;75(4):1003-7. Epub 2009 Apr 3.)
***Retrospective. 83 patients, T1-T4 (low risk 17%, intermediate risk 23%, high risk 59%). HDR 54/9 BID. Median F/U 3 years
***Toxicity: Grade 3 toxicity 1/83 patients (urethrorectal fistula). Grade 2 GI toxicity 5%, Grade 2 GU toxicity 6%
***Predictors for rectal bleeding: Rectal V40 &lt;8cc, D5cc &lt;27 Gy
***Conclusion: Dosimetric parameters predicting for rectal bleeding identified

*'''Offenbach, Germany; 2004''' (2002-2003) {{PMID|15057433}} -- &quot;3-D conformal HDR brachytherapy as monotherapy for localized prostate cancer. A pilot study.&quot; (Martin T, Strahlenther Onkol. 2004 Apr;180(4):225-32.)
**Retrospective. 52 patients, low/intermediate risk. HDR 38/4. Median F/U 8 months
**Outcome: Acute G3 GU toxicity 4%; no G2+ GI toxicity
**Conclusion: HDR as monotherapy is feasible, with minimal acute toxicity

'''''Dose Comparisons'''''
*'''Ohio State; 2000''' {{PMID|10661360}} -- &quot;A simple method of obtaining equivalent doses for use in HDR brachytherapy.&quot; (Nag S, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jan 15;46(2):507-13.)
**Microsoft Excel based program that applies the LQ formula to calculate BED for various fractionation schemes, and reconverts it to &quot;standard&quot; (2 Gy/fx) fractionation
**Comment ({{PMID|11183737}}): impact of a/b on prostate hypofractionated regimens. Consider 5 x 6.7 Gy equivalent to 78 Gy as a good dose vs. 5 x 8.0 Gy proposed equivalent to 60 Gy proposed by Nag</text>
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==RT + Brachy + TAS + Docetaxel==
[http://www.asco.org/ac/1,1003,_12-002643-00_18-0026-00_19-003950,00.asp Phase II Trial Preliminary]
*''Protocol:'' 45 Gy pelvic EBRT + prostate brachytherapy + Docetaxel x 3 months + TAS x 2 years
*''Eligibility:'' T3/T4, or (GS 7 and PSA &gt;10) or (GS 8-10 and PSA &gt;7) without extrapelvic disease
*''Results:'' 36 patients, 20 months follow-up. No failures. Well tolerated.

==RT + ADT +/- Chemotherapy==
*'''RTOG 05-21''' -- RT + ADT +/- docetaxel
**&quot;A Phase III Protocol of Androgen Suppression (AS) and 3DCRT/IMRT Vs AS and 3DCRT/IMRT Followed by Chemotherapy With Docetaxel and Prednisone for Localized, High-Risk Prostate Cancer
**Pts: 1) Gleason &gt;=9 and PSA &lt;= 150, Any T stage, 2) Gleason 8, PSA &lt;20, T2 or higher, 3) Gleason 7-8, PSA 20-150, Any T stage. Clinically negative LN.
**''Arm 1:'' AS (LHRH agonist + oral antiandrogen) x 8 weeks, followed by RT to 72-75.6 Gy with concurrent AS. Continue LHRH for total of 24 months. ''Arm 2:'' Arm 1 plus 6 cycles of docetaxel (q3w) and daily prednisone 28 days after completion of RT.
**'''2019''' {{PMID|30860948}} -- &quot;Effect of Chemotherapy with Docetaxel with Androgen Suppression and Radiotherapy for Localized High-risk Prostate Cancer: The Randomized Phase III NRG Oncology RTOG 0521 Trial.&quot; (Rosenthal SA et al, J Clin Oncol. 2019 May 10;37(14):1159-1168)
***612 patients, median follow up 5.7 years
***4yr OS  89% AS+RT vs. 93% AS+RT+CT (HR 0.69, p=0.03)
***6yr DFS 55% AS+RT vs. 65% AS+RT+CT (HR 0.76, p=0.04)
***6yr DM  14% AS+RT vs.  9% AS+RT+CT (HR 0.60, p=0.04)
****Fewer deaths due to prostate cancer/treatment and other causes in AS+RT+CT arm

*'''Nihon University, Japan''' (2003-2006) -- RT + ADT +/- estramustine 
**Randomized. 39 patients, intermediate/high risk PCA by NCCN guidelines. Arm 1) Neoadjuvant/concurrent LHRH agonist + estramustine x6 months vs Arm 2) NCAHT x 6 months. Both groups 3D-CRT 70/35
**'''2010''' {{PMID|19449118}} -- &quot;Neoadjuvant LHRH analog plus estramustine phosphate combined with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer: a randomized study.&quot; (Hirano D, Int Urol Nephrol. 2010 Mar;42(1):81-8. Epub 2009 May 16.) Median F/U 2.3 years
***Outcome: 4-year bRFS ADT+EMP 61% vs ADT alone 49% (SS)
***Toxicity: No severe toxicities
***Conclusion: ADT + EMP better than ADT alone, but either arm insufficient and dose escalation or adjuvant ADT needed

*'''RTOG 99-02''' (2000-2004) -- RT + ADT +/- TEE (taxol, estramustine, etoposide)
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to thromobembolic events.'' 397 patients.  High risk CaP (PSA 20-100 and GS &gt;=7, or T2+, GS8, PSA &lt;100). Neoadjuvant/concurrent and adjuvant AS + RT (2/2/2 TAA) +/- TEE Chemotherapy (taxol, estramustine, etoposide) x 4 cycles.
**'''2009''' {{PMID|18990504}} -- &quot;Phase III multi-institutional trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel, estramustine, and oral etoposide combined with long-term androgen suppression therapy and radiotherapy versus long-term androgen suppression plus radiotherapy alone for high-risk prostate cancer: preliminary toxicity analysis of RTOG 99-02.&quot; (Rosenthal SA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Mar 1;73(3):672-8. Epub 2008 Nov 5.)
***Toxicity: AS 37% vs. AS + TEE 715 (SS), for hematological (SS), GI (SS), and trend GU (p=0.07). Three cases of MDS/AML in TEE arm
***Conclusion: TEE associated with significantly increased toxicity during treatment

==Celecoxib==
*University of North Carolina - {{PMID|16609031}} - &quot;A phase II trial of celecoxib in prostate-specific antigen recurrent prostate cancer after definitive radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy&quot; (Pruthi RS, Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 1;12(7 Pt 1):2172-7.)
**40 pts. Celecoxib (Celebrex) 400 mg/day. 36 of 40 (90%) had a slowing of PSA; 11 of 40 with decline in PSA, 8 with stable disease.</text>
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==General review==
*Hoegler - {{PMID|9202888}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiotherapy for palliation of symptoms in incurable cancer.&quot; Hoegler D. Curr Probl Cancer. 1997 May-Jun;21(3):129-83.
**Nice abstract. Discusses hemi-body radiotherapy.


==Palliative Prognostic (PaP) Score==
*Best validated and most widely used predictive scoring system
*Endorsed by European Association for Palliative Care


*'''Milan; 1999''' (Italy) {{PMID|10203875}} -- &quot;A new palliative prognostic score: a first step for the staging of terminally ill cancer patients. Italian Multicenter and Study Group on Palliative Care.&quot; (Pirovano M, J Pain Symptom Manage. 1999 Apr;17(4):231-9.)
**Model developed for survival in terminally ill cancer patients
**Variables (total tally)
***Dyspnea: no (0) vs yes (1)
***Anorexia: no (0) vs yes (1.5)
***KPS: &gt;=30 (0) vs. 10-20 (2.5)
***CPS (clinical prediction of survival, in weeks): 11-12 (2.0) vs. 7-10 (2.5) vs. 5-6 (4.5) vs 3-4 (6.0) vs. 1-2 (8.5)
***WBC: &lt;8.5K (0) vs. 8.5-11K (0.5) vs. &gt;11K (1.5)
***Lymphocyte percentage: 20-40% (0) vs. 12-20% (1.0) vs. &lt;12% (2.5)
**Risk groups (30-day survival probability):
***Score 0-5.5: &gt;70%
***Score 5.6-11: 30-70%
***Score 11-17.5: &lt;30%

==Hemibody Irradiation==
*'''RTOG 8206''' -- Local RT + hemibody RT vs Local RT + observation
**Randomized. 499 patients with painful body metastases, treated with standard palliative RT 30/10 to symptomatic site, then Arm 1) hemibody irradiation 8/1 (local site shielded, lungs max 7 Gy) vs Arm 2) no further treatment
**'''1992''' {{PMID|1374061}} -- &quot;A report of RTOG 8206: a phase III study of whether the addition of single dose hemibody irradiation to standard fractionated local field irradiation is more effective than local field irradiation alone in the treatment of symptomatic osseous metastases.&quot; (Poulter CA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;23(1):207-14.)
***Outcome: 1-year retreatment rate HBI 60% vs OBS 76%; 1-year disease progression HBI 35% vs OBS 46%
***Toxicity: 5-15%
***Conclusion: Hemibody irradiation can treat systemic and occult mets

*'''RTOG 78-10; 1981''' (1978-1980) {{PMID|6169699}} -- &quot;Single-dose half-body irradiation for the palliation of multiple bone metastases from solid tumors: a preliminary report.&quot; (Salazar OM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1981 Jun;7(6):773-81.)
**Prospective, dose-escalation. 91 patients (mostly breast, prostate, lung), significant cancer pain. Treated with upper hemibody irradiation (UHBI: above head to bottom of L4), midbody irradiation (MBI: top of diaphgram to bottom of obturator foramina), or lower hemibody irradiation (bottom of L4 to mid-ankles). Doses UHBI 6/1 -&gt; 7/1 -&gt; 8/1, and MBI/LHBI 8/1 -&gt; 9/1 -&gt; 10/1. Dose-rate 15-45 rad/min. Protection for eyes, mouth, parotids and lungs. 
**Outcome: Pain relief 77% (complete 21%); within 48 hours in 50%
**Toxicity: Grade 3-4 nausea/vomiting/diarrhea in 12%, minimal with 8/1 more significant with 10/1
**Conclusion: 6/1 insufficient, 8/1 effective, no benefit for further increase. Results comparable to conventional 30/1</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Spinal Cord Compression'''&lt;/big&gt;


*''Please also see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Bone_metastases|bone metastasis]] page, which includes spine metastases without cord compression''
*''Please also see summary of [[Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Spinal_Cord_Compression/Randomized|randomized evidence]]''
*''Please also see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Toxicity/Spine|spine dose tolerance]] page''


==Epidemiology==
*Estimated &gt;20,000 cases in US per year, in ~10% patients
**Most common breast (~30%), NSCLC (~17%), prostate (~14%)
*Clinical presentation
**Back pain (90%), frequently for weeks
**Weakness (80%)
**Sensory deficits (50-80%)
**Autonomic dysfunction (40-60%)
*Definition (Princess Margaret, see {{PMID|15774794}})
**Radiographic features: Compression of dural sac and its contents (spinal cord and/or cauda equina) by an extradural tumor mass. Minimum radiographic evidence is indentation of the theca at the level of clinical features 
**Clinical features: Any or all of the following: pain (local or radicular), weakness, sensory disturbance, and/or evidence of sphincter dysfunction.
*Anatomically, compression can be intramedullary, leptomeningeal, or extradural
*Pathophysiology of extradural compression includes several mechanisms
**Continued growth of bone met into epidural space
**Blockage of neural foramina by a paraspinal mass 
**Destruction of vertebral bone, causing a collapse and displacement of bony fragments into epidural space
**Vascular obstruction of epidural venous plexus, leading to cord edema, ischemia, and ultimately permanent damage
*History (adapted from Perez, 4th):
**When did the pain begin?
**When last walking independently?
**Why come to hospital today?
**Fever or weight loss?
**Last void?
*Physical exam (adapted from Perez, 4th):
**KPS?
**Raise legs against gravity?
**Hands sensation compared with feet sensation?
**Reflexes (ankle, knee, elbow, wrist)?
*Workup: MRI (sensitivity 93%, specificity 97%, accuracy 95%)
*Predictive factors: time to development of motor deficits, favorable histology
*Median OS ~3 months
**If ambulatory after treatment, median OS ~7 months
**If non-ambulatory after treatment, median OS ~1.5 months
**Approximately 30% can survive &gt;1 year

==Prognosis==
'''''Ambulatory Status:'''''
*'''Multi-national; 2008''' {{PMID|18436390}} -- &quot;A Score Predicting Posttreatment Ambulatory Status in Patients Irradiated for Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression.&quot; (Rades D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of print])
**Scoring system. 2096 met spinal cord compression patients. Factors: primary tumor type, interval between tumor diagnosis and MSCC, visceral mets, motor function before RT, time to develop motor deficits. Total score 21-44. Outcome modeled: ambulatory status
**Outcome: Post-RT ambulatory rate if score &lt;=28 6%, 29-31 44%, 32-34 70%, 35-37 86%, &gt;=38 98%. 6-month OS 6%, 31%, 42%, 61%, 93%
**Conclusion: For patients with score &lt;=28, suggest short course RT. For patients with score 29-37, suggest surgery + RT. For patients with score &gt;=38 RT alone provides excellent results

{|border=0
|-
|width=40|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ ''' Prognostic Factors'''
! Variable !! Class !! Points
|-
| Tumor Type || Myeloma/lymphoma || align=&quot;center&quot;| 9 
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || Breast || align=&quot;center&quot;|  8
|- 
| &amp;nbsp; || Prostate|| align=&quot;center&quot;|  7
|- 
| &amp;nbsp; || Colorectal || align=&quot;center&quot;|  6
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || SCLC || align=&quot;center&quot;|  6
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || Renal Cell || align=&quot;center&quot;|  6
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || ''Other tumors'' || align=&quot;center&quot;|  6
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || NSCLC || align=&quot;center&quot;|  5
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || Unknown Primary || align=&quot;center&quot;|  5
|-
| Interval Since Tumor Dx || &gt;15 months || align=&quot;center&quot;|  8
|-
|  &amp;nbsp;  || ≤15 months || align=&quot;center&quot;|  6
|-
| Visceral Mets || No || align=&quot;center&quot;|  8
|-
|  &amp;nbsp;  || Yes || align=&quot;center&quot;|  5
|-
| Motor Function || Ambulatory, No Aid || align=&quot;center&quot;|  10
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || Ambulatory, Aid || align=&quot;center&quot;|  9
|-
|  &amp;nbsp; || Not Ambulatory || align=&quot;center&quot;|  3
|-
|  &amp;nbsp;  || Paraplegic || align=&quot;center&quot;|  1
|-
| Time to Motor Deficit || &gt;14 days || align=&quot;center&quot;|  9
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || 7-14 days || align=&quot;center&quot;|  7
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || ≤7 days || align=&quot;center&quot;|  4
|}
|width=30|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Predictive System'''
! width=&quot;70&quot; | Score !! Post-RT&lt;br&gt; Ambulatory Rate !! 6-month&lt;br&gt; OS !! Treatment&lt;br&gt; Recommendation
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 38-42 || align=&quot;center&quot;|  98% || align=&quot;center&quot;|  93% || Long-course RT alone
|-
|  align=&quot;center&quot; | 35-37 || align=&quot;center&quot;|  86% || align=&quot;center&quot;|  61% || Surgery + RT
|-
|  align=&quot;center&quot; | 32-34 || align=&quot;center&quot;|  70% || align=&quot;center&quot;|  42% || Surgery + RT
|-
|  align=&quot;center&quot; | 29-31 || align=&quot;center&quot;|  44% || align=&quot;center&quot;|  31% || Surgery + RT
|-
|  align=&quot;center&quot; | 21-28 || align=&quot;center&quot;|  6% || align=&quot;center&quot;|  6% || Short-course RT
|}
|}

*'''Multi-national; 2011''' {{PMID|20605351}} -- &quot;Validation of a score predicting post-treatment ambulatory status after radiotherapy for metastatic spinal cord compression.&quot; (Rades D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Apr 1;79(5):1503-6.)
** 653 patients (treated with RT alone) prospective trial for validation of 2008 retrospective study with 2096 patients reported above. Same scoring system as 2008 with simplified three instead of five groups for post treatment ambulatory status. RT alone groups were compared with another group of 104 patients treated with surgery followed by RT.
**Outcome: Post-RT ambulatory rate for score ≤28 (Group I)=10.6%, 29-37 (Group II)=70.9%, ≥38 (Group III)=98.5%. 6-month OS 11.3%, 46.4%, and 92.0%. Addition of laminectomy (n=41) did not add statistically significant (SS) benefit compared to RT alone. SS benefit with laminectomy plus stabilization (n=63) followed by RT when all groups combined (P=0.04), with non-SS trend in Group II (P=0.23, possibly due to only 31 patients in the group).
**Conclusion: For patients with score ≤28, suggest short course RT for palliation of pain. For patients with score 29-37, consider adding laminectomy &lt;u&gt;plus&lt;/u&gt; stabilization to RT. For patients with score ≥38 RT alone provides excellent results
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!| !! Prospective series&lt;br&gt; (RT alone) &lt;br&gt; (n = 653) !! Laminectomy plus stabilization &lt;br&gt; followed by RT &lt;br&gt; (n = 63) !! ''p'' value
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Group I (≤28)||align=&quot;center&quot; | 10.6%||align=&quot;center&quot; | 14.3%||align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.98
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Group II (29-37)||align=&quot;center&quot; | 70.9%|| align=&quot;center&quot; |83.9%|| align=&quot;center&quot; |0.23
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Group III (≥38)||align=&quot;center&quot; | 98.5%|| align=&quot;center&quot; |100%|| align=&quot;center&quot; |0.97
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Total|| align=&quot;center&quot; |66.2%||align=&quot;center&quot; | 82.5%||align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.04
|}


*'''Hannover; 2002''' (1998-2000) {{PMID|12095565}} -- &quot;Final results of a prospective study of the prognostic value of the time to develop motor deficits before irradiation in metastatic spinal cord compression. (Rades D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Jul 15;53(4):975-9.)
**Prospective. 98 patients. No surgery, dexamethasone 32-40 mg/qd. 3 subgroups based on time of motor deficit development prior to RT: Group A (1-7 days, n=31), Group B (8-14 days, n=31), and Group C (&gt;14 days, n=36). Groups balanced. RT started as soon as possible, 30/10 or 37.5/15 or 40/20, using PA field
**Outcome: Initial ambulatory rate A 48% vs. B 55% vs. C 56%. Post-treatment ambulatory rate 35% vs. 55% vs. 86%. This held at 6 weeks (SS), 12 weeks (SS), and trend at 24 weeks (p=0.07). Deterioration worst in Group A (10% improved, 42% stabilized, 48% worse)
**Predictors: time-to-develop motor deficit (slower better), type of tumor (favorable=myeloma, lymphoma, SCLC, testicular better), pretreatment ambulation (ambulation better)
**Conclusion: Functional outcome better with slower development of motor deficits before RT

'''''Survival:'''''
*'''2010''' {{PMID|20564129}} -- &quot;Validation and simplification of a score predicting survival in patients irradiated for metastatic spinal cord compression.&quot; (Rades D, Cancer. 2010 Aug 1;116(15):3670-3.)
**Based on: {{PMID|17948910}} (2008, Rades D) (&quot;The first score predicting overall survival in patients with metastatic spinal cord compression.&quot;)
**439 pts treated with RT alone. 

{|border=0
|-
|width=30|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ ''' Prognostic Factors'''
! Variable !! Class !! Points
|-
| Tumor Type || Myeloma/lymphoma || align=&quot;center&quot;| 9 
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || Breast || align=&quot;center&quot;|  8
|- 
| &amp;nbsp; || Prostate|| align=&quot;center&quot;|  7
|- 
| &amp;nbsp; || Lung || align=&quot;center&quot;|  3
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || Other tumors || align=&quot;center&quot;|  4
|-
|-
| Other bone metastases &lt;br&gt;at the time of RT || Yes || align=&quot;center&quot;|  5
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || No || align=&quot;center&quot;|  7
|-
| Visceral Mets at time of RT || Yes || align=&quot;center&quot;|  2
|-
|  &amp;nbsp;  || No || align=&quot;center&quot;|  8
|-
| Interval Since Tumor Dx to MSCC || ≤15 months || align=&quot;center&quot;|  4
|-
|  &amp;nbsp;  || &gt;15 months || align=&quot;center&quot;|  7

|-
| Ambulatory Status before RT || Ambulatory || align=&quot;center&quot;|  7
|-
|  &amp;nbsp; || Nonambulatory || align=&quot;center&quot;|  3
|-
| Time of developing motor &lt;br&gt;deficits before RT || 1-7 days || align=&quot;center&quot;|  3
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || 8-14 days || align=&quot;center&quot;|  6
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || &gt;14 days || align=&quot;center&quot;|  8

|}
|width=30|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Predictive System'''
! width=&quot;70&quot; | Score !! 6-month&lt;br&gt; OS !! Treatment&lt;br&gt; Recommendation
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 20-30 || align=&quot;center&quot;| 14% || Short-course RT
|-
|  align=&quot;center&quot; | 31-35 ||align=&quot;center&quot;|  56% || Physician choice (short vs long course)
|-
|  align=&quot;center&quot; | 36-45 ||align=&quot;center&quot;|  80% || Longer course RT
|-

|}
|}

==Steroids==
*If clinical suspicion is high, should be administered even before radiographic diagnosis. They can be rapidly discontinued if necessary
*A randomized trial showed improved ambulation with administration of steroids over no steroids, with a dose of 96 mg QD
*Loading and maintenance dose are not well established. A small randomized trial showed statistical equivalence between dexamethasone 100 mg IV and dexamethasone 10 mg, although there was a suggestion of clinical benefit for the higher dose
*Very high doses (~100 mg QD) can result in significant toxicity, and are typically not used now. One ought to be cautious in patients with diabetes mellitus, HTN, and peptic ulcer disease
*A recommended regimen (Perez 5th ed) is dexamethasone 10 mg IV loading dose, then dexamethasone 4-6 mg every 6-8 hours. Patients should also be started on proton pump inhibitor for the duration of dexamethasone based on PPI date in NSAIDs and GI prophylaxis
*A Phase II trial suggests that for patients with good motor function, corticosteroids may not be necessary, as long as they are counseled about development of symptoms


*'''Perugia; 1996''' (Italy)(1991-1993) {{PMID|8610645}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy without steroids in selected metastatic spinal cord compression patients. A phase II trial.&quot; (Maranzano E, Am J Clin Oncol. 1996 Apr;19(2):179-83.)
**Phase II. 20 patients with spinal cord compression, no neurologic deficit (radiculopathy allowed), no massive invasion of spine on MRI/CT. Walking deficits in 4 patients (2 radiculopathy, 2 back pain). No steroids given RT 30/10
**Outcome: 100% ambulatory at completion. Median OS 14 months
**Conclusion: RT without steroids is feasible in patients with good motor function and avoids toxicity

*'''Copenhagen''' -- 96 mg dexamethasone vs. control
**Randomized. 57 patients with spinal cord compression. Arm 1) high-dose dexamethasone (IV bolus 96mg, then 96 mg x3 days, then 10 day taper) vs. Arm 2) no steroids
**'''1994''' {{PMID|8142159}} -- &quot;Effect of high-dose dexamethasone in carcinomatous metastatic spinal cord compression treated with radiotherapy: a randomised trial.&quot; (Sorensen S, Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(1):22-7.)
***Outcome: Gait function dexamethasone 81% vs. control 63%, 6-months later 59% vs. 33%. Median OS no difference
***Toxicity: Significant side effects 11%
***Conclusion: High-dose glucocorticoid therapy should be given as adjunct

*'''Norwegian Radium Hospital; 1992''' {{PMID|1560260}} -- &quot;High incidence of serious side effects of high-dose dexamethasone treatment in patients with epidural spinal cord compression.&quot; (Heimdal K, J Neurooncol. 1992 Feb;12(2):141-4.)
**Retrospective. 28 consecutive patients, treated with high-dose dexamethasone (96 mg IV, taper in 14 days). 
**Toxicity: 29% side-effects, 14% serious (1 fatal ulcer, 1 rectal bleeding, 1 GI perforation, 1 sigmoid perforation)
**Conclusion: High incidence of side effects, now use dexamethasone 16 mg daily, taper in 14 days

*'''Rotterdam''' -- bolus 10 mg IV vs. bolus 100 mg IV
**Randomized. 37 patients with cord compression. Arm 1) Dexamethasone bolus 10 mg IV vs. Arm 2) dexamethasone bolus 100 mg IV. Both followed by dexamethasone 16 mg daily
**'''1989''' {{PMID|2771077}} -- &quot;Initial bolus of conventional versus high-dose dexamethasone in metastatic spinal cord compression.&quot; (Vecht CJ, Neurology. 1989 Sep;39(9):1255-7.)
***Outcome: Improved neurologic status: moderate 8% vs. high 25% (NS). Overall no difference in pain, ambulation, or bladder function
***Conclusion: No difference
***Comment: Small trial, and clinically significant difference (8% vs. 25%) if real

==Surgery + RT vs. RT alone==
*Surgery is indicated when there is spinal instability or bony retropulsion causing the cord compression. This is a consensus opinion, without literature support (see {{PMID|15774794}})
*Surgery may also be indicated in patients with symptomatic cord compression, with paralysis &lt;2 days based on the Patchell trial. However, there is significant morbidity associated with the operation, and the trade-offs need to be considered. Laminectomy  doesn't appear as beneficial
 

*'''Bluegrass Neuro-Oncology Consortium''' (1992-2002) -- Decompression + RT vs. RT alone
**Randomized. ''Stopped early after meeting stopping rule.'' 101/200 patients, paraplegia &lt;=48 hours. Spinal cord compression from mets (excluded radiosensitive histologies, CNS primary). Decadron 100 mg, then 24 mg Q6. Arm 1) Surgery + RT vs. Arm 2) RT alone. 32 unable to walk (16 vs. 16). RT 30/10, field 8cm wide and one VB above/below lesion. RT started within 14 days post-op, or within 24 hrs of randomization. Endpoint ability to walk. 
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16112300}} -- &quot;Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial.&quot; (Patchell RA, Lancet. 2005 Aug 20-26;366(9486):643-8.)
***Ability to walk: surgery + RT 84% vs. RT alone 57% (SS). Length of response: 122 days vs. 13 days (SS). No improvement: surgery + RT 19% vs. RT alone 62% (SS)
****If ambulatory: Ability to walk 94% vs. 74% (SS); duration of response 153 days vs. 54 days (SS)
****If non-ambulatory: Ability to walk 62% vs. 19% (SS); duration of response 59 days vs. 0 days (SS)
***Cross-over: ambulatory patients treated with RT alone and failed, then treated with surgery: 30% able to walk
***Continence: surgery + RT 156 days vs. RT alone 17 days (SS); OS 126 days vs. 100 days (SS)
***Conclusion: Direct decompression + RT better than RT alone, even for patients who are ambulatory
**Comment: RT alone arm results significantly worse than what would have been expected based on other prospective RT trials; took 10 yrs to accrue 101 pts, suggesting results apply to only a minority of cord compression pts; non-neurologic morbidity higher in RT alone group, suggesting insufficient stratification factors used

*'''Germany''' (2000-2009)
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20606090}} --''Matched Pair Analysis Comparing Surgery Followed By Radiotherapy and Radiotherapy Alone for Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression'' (Rades D, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Aug 1;28(22):3597-604)
**Matched pair analysis of 108 pts receiving surgery+ steroids + RT for metastastic cord compression vs 216 pts (1:2 match) from database of 2300 pts treated w/ RT alone.  Matched for 11 potential prognostic factors. Included pts w/ multiple involved vertebrae, myeloma/lymphoma, non-ambulatory pts. 
***Outcomes (RT alone vs surg RT--no p values significant)
****Ambulatory Post-Treatment: 68% vs 69%
****Regained Ambulation: 26% vs 30%
****1 yr local control: 91% vs 90%
****1 yr OS: 40% vs 47%
****Complications:  None &gt; CTCAE gr. 1 vs 11% sig bleed, postop pneumonia, PE
**Conclusion: Endpts after RT alone similar to surg+ RT. A new RCT is justified.

*'''Upstate, New York''' -- Laminectomy +RT  vs. RT alone
**'''1980''' {{PMID|7441333}} -- &quot;Treatment of spinal epidural metastases. Randomized prospective comparison of laminectomy and radiotherapy.&quot; (Young RF, J Neurosurg. 1980 Dec;53(6):741-8.)
**Randomized. 29 patients, metastatic spinal cord compression. Arm 1) laminectomy + RT vs. Arm 2) RT alone. Post-op RT started within 7 days, 30/10, +/- one VB using single PA field at 5 cm depth. RT alone 12/3 followed by 18/7, started within 1-2 after myelogram. Decadron IV 12 mg loading, then 4 mg Q6.
***Outcome: No difference in pain relief (88% vs. 92%), improved ambulation (45% vs. 54%), or sphincter function. Mean survival 6 months vs. 5 months (NS).
***Conclusion: Results are suggestive but not conclusive due to limited size and design defects

==RT Dose==
*There does not appear to be any difference among the various dose-fractionation regimens
*In the US, RT 30/10 is considered standard of care, and shorter fractionation schedules (20/5 or 8/1) are typically reserved for those with progressive disease refractory to systemic chemotherapy and are typically avoided in newly diagnosed patients who are chemotherapy-naive (Perez 5th ed)
*German multi-institutional randomized trial showed 20/5 schema is not inferior to 30/10 schema, in patients with poor/intermediate survival


*'''SCORE-2 / ARO 2009/01''' -- epidural spinal cord compression, 20/5 vs 30/10
**Randomized. 203 patients with metastatic spinal cord compression, lower extremity motor deficits. Evaluated by neurosurgeon. Poor or intermediate prognosis (score &lt;=38 points on scoring system (above)). Diagnosis confirmed by MRI. Arm 1) 4 Gy x 5 fractions vs Arm 2) 3 Gy x 10 fractions. 3D-conformal ~70%, rest PA or AP/PA fields. Primary end point motor deficits at 1 month
**'''Results, 2016''' {{PMID|26729431}} -- Radiotherapy With 4 Gy × 5 Versus 3 Gy × 10 for Metastatic Epidural Spinal Cord Compression: Final Results of the SCORE-2 Trial (ARO 2009/01).&quot; (Rades D, J Clin Oncol. 2016 Feb 20;34(6):597-602. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.64.0862. Epub 2016 Jan 4.)
***Outcome: 1 month response rate 4x5 87% vs 3x10 90% (NS). Improvement 38% vs 44% (NS), stable function 49% vs 45%, further deterioration 13% vs 10% (NS for all). Ambulatory rate 72% vs 78% (NS). 6-month LC 75% vs 82% (NS)
***Conclusion: Short course RT with 4 Gy x 5 was not inferior to 3 Gy x 10 in these patients

*'''Germany / Netherlands; 2008''' (2006-2008) {{PMID|18539406}} -- &quot;Preliminary Results of Spinal Cord Compression Recurrence Evaluation (Score-1) Study Comparing Short-Course Versus Long-Course Radiotherapy for Local Control of Malignant Epidural Spinal Cord Compression.&quot; (Rades D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jun 6. [Epub ahead of print])
**Prospective, 2 arm. 231 patients with spinal cord compression. Arm 1) Short RT (8/1, 20/5) or Arm 2) Long RT (30/10, 37.5/15, or 40/20). Randomization not possible as different schedules used for logistical reasons in different countries. Primary endpoint PFS (lack of progressive motor deficits or in-field recurrence)
**Outcome: 12 month PFS short RT 55% vs. long RT 72% (SS); LC 61% vs. 77% (SS); OS 25% vs. 32% (NS). Improvement in motor function 28% vs. 30% (NS)
**Conclusion: Short and long course RT similar functional outcome and OS. However, long course RT significantly better for PFS and LC

*'''Multi-national''' (1992-2003)
**'''NSCLC; 2006''' {{PMID|16580192}} -- &quot;Defining the appropriate radiotherapy regimen for metastatic spinal cord compression in non-small cell lung cancer patients.&quot; (Rades D, Eur J Cancer. 2006 May;42(8):1052-6.)
***Retrospective. 252 NSCLC patients with SCC compression. Treated with short (8/1 or 20/5) or long (30/10, 37.5/15, or 40/20) RT. Improvement in motor function 14%, no change 54%, deterioration 32%
***Oucome: function affected by time of motor deficit before RT (&gt;14 days better). No impact of RT regimen. In short RT group, no difference between 8/1 and 20/5
***Conclusion: recommend 8 Gy x 1
**'''Multiple myeloma; 2006''' {{PMID|16413695}} -- &quot;Short-course radiotherapy is not optimal for spinal cord compression due to myeloma.&quot; (Rades D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Apr 1;64(5):1452-7.)
***Retrospective. 172 patients. Treated with short (8/1 or 20/5) or long (30/10, 37.5/15, or 40/20) RT
***Outcome: Improvement in 52%; in nonambulatory 47% regained ability to walk. Improvement more frequent after long-course RT 76% vs. 40% (SS) at 1 year, 83% vs. 54% (SS) at 2 years. Similar outcome among the different long fractionation schemes
***Conclusion: Long-course RT preferable for myeloma patients; 30/10 appropriate
**'''Fractionation; 2005''' {{PMID|15908648}} -- &quot;Evaluation of five radiation schedules and prognostic factors for metastatic spinal cord compression.&quot; (Rades D, J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3366-75.)
***Retrospective. 1304 patients with spinal cord compression. Treated with 8/1, 20/5, 30/10, 37.5/15, 40/20
***Outcome: motor function improved in ~30%, ambulatory rates ~70%. RT schedule not associated with outcome. Recurrence rates: 8/1 24%, 20/5 26%, 30/10 14%, 37.5/15 9%, 40/20 7% (SS); no difference between 8/1 and 20/5, and no difference between 30/10, 37.5/15, and 40/20
***Toxicity: acute mild (Grade I only), no late toxicity
***Conclusion: Similar functional outcome. Recommend 8/1 in expected poor survival, and 30/10 in expected good survival

*'''Germany / Netherlands; 2005''' (1999-2003) - {{PMID|15890595}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Comparison of 1 x 8 Gy and 10 x 3 Gy for functional outcome in patients with metastatic spinal cord compression.&quot; Rades D et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jun 1;62(2):514-8. 
**Retrospective. 96 pts treated 1 x 8 Gy (in Amsterdam) compared with 108 pts treated with 10 x 3 Gy (in Germany). Evaluated ambulatory status and motor function
**No difference in outcome between the two radiation regimens. 1 x 8 Gy should be considered in poor prognosis patients.

*'''Italy''' (1998-2002) -- 16/2 (over 1 week) vs. 15/3 + 15/5 (over 2 weeks)
**Randomized. 300 patients, short life expectancy (&lt;=6 months), with metastatic spinal cord compression. Dexamethasone 8 mg IV BID, taper after end of RT. Arm 1) Short-course RT (8 Gy x 2 over 7 days) vs Arm 2) Split-course RT (5 Gy x 3, 4 day break, 3 Gy x 5). RT 2 VBs above and below.
**'''2005''' {{PMID|15738534}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Short-Course Versus Split-Course Radiotherapy in Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression: Results of a Phase III, Randomized, Multicenter Trial.&quot; (Maranzano E et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3308-10.) 
***Outcome: Pain relief short 56% vs long 59% (NS), ambulation 68% vs. 71% (NS), bladder function 90% vs. 89% (NS). Median OS 4 months. Recurrence 2%, all in short course
***Toxicity: Grade 1-2 dysphagia 14%, Grade 1-2 diarrhea 7%
***Conclusion: Both regimens effective, short-course more convenient for patients

*'''&quot;Always on a Friday&quot;''', '''Netherlands''', 2001 (1987-97)
**{{PMID|11321668}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Always on a Friday? Time pattern of referral for spinal cord compression.&quot; Poortmans P et al. Acta Oncol. 2001;40(1):88-91. 
**443 pts treated for spinal cord compression. 30% of referrals took place on Fridays.

==Specific tumor types==
'''Myeloma:'''
*''For more information on treatment of spinal cord compression, see [[Radiation Oncology/Multiple myeloma]].''

==Re-treatment==
*''Please also see [[Radiation_Oncology/Toxicity/Spine|spine NTCP]] page''; ''[[Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Bone_metastases#Re-treatment]]''


*'''Multi-national; 2008''' (1995-2007) {{PMID|18642349}} -- &quot;Prognostic factors for functional outcome and survival after reirradiation for in-field recurrences of metastatic spinal cord compression.&quot; (Rades D, Cancer. 2008 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 124 patients re-irradiated for MSCC in-field recurrence, C-spine excluded. First RT 8/1 or 20/5 or 30/10 or 37.5/15 or 40/20 depending on medical center. All stable/improved after first RT. All motor deficits at time of Re-RT, 69% ambulatory. Second RT 8/1 (38%), 15/5 (23%), 20/5 (24%), 21/7 (2%), 20/10-24/12 (9%). Cummulative BED(a/b=2) 77.5-143 Gy, 92% &lt;=120 Gy. Median F/U 11 months
**Outcome: Motor function improved 36%, stable 50%, deteriorated 14%. Predictors for motor function: effect of 1st RT, ECOG PS, time-to-motor deficits, visceral mets. Re-RT dose or cumulative BED no impact on function or OS
**Late toxicity: No radiation myelopathy observed
**Conclusion: Spinal irradiation appears effective and safe when cumulative BED &lt;120 Gy (a/b=2, corresponds to 60 Gy in 2 Gy/fx). Single fraction reasonable if poor estimated survival

*'''Hamburg, 2005''' (Germany)(1995-2003) {{PMID|16170487}} -- &quot;[Effectiveness and toxicity of reirradiation (Re-RT) for metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC)]&quot; - [Article in German] (Rades D, Strahlenther Onkol. 2005 Sep;181(9):595-600.)
**Retrospective. 74 patients re-irradiated in-field. Median F/U 9 months
**Outcome: Improved motor function in 39%; no impact of RT schedule, cumulative EQD2, or time between treatments
**Toxicity: no radiation myelopathy. Cumulative EQD2 (using a/b=2) 39-40 in n=21, 49-50 in n=41, 56-60 in n=6, and &gt;60 in n=6
**Conclusion: Re-RT effective for in-field recurrence of cord compression

*'''Knoxville, TN; 2005''' {{PMID|16125871}} -- &quot;Evaluation of image-guided helical tomotherapy for the retreatment of spinal metastasis.&quot; (Mahan SL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Dec 1;63(5):1576-83. Epub 2005 Aug 26.)
**Retrospective. 8 patients with spinal cord compression after prior RT (30/10 - 45/25 Gy). Tomotherapy technique. Retreatment dose 20-30 Gy in 2-2.5 Gy/fx. Cummulative spinal cord Dmax limit 50 Gy. Dose gradient 10%/mm. Mean F/U 15 months
**Outcome: 100% LC. Complete pain relief 6/8, partial pain relief 2/8
**Complications: None
**Conclusion: Tomotherapy

==Guidelines and Standards==
*'''Johns Hopkins; 2008''' {{PMID|18688056}} -- &quot;Evidence-based standards for cancer pain management.&quot; (Dy SM, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Aug 10;26(23):3879-85.)
**Literature review, then expert panel. Metastatic bone pain and spinal cord compression
**Spinal cord compression: MRI imaging. Corticosteroids. Start definitive treatment (surgery or RT) within 24 hours

*'''Toronto; 2005''' {{PMID|15774794}} -- &quot;Systematic review of the diagnosis and management of malignant extradural spinal cord compression: the Cancer Care Ontario Practice Guidelines Initiative's Neuro-Oncology Disease Site Group.&quot; (Loblaw DA, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 20;23(9):2028-37.)
**Minimize treatment delay. MRI imaging. High dose dexamethasone effective, but significant toxicity. Patients who are ambulatory do not need dexamethasone, but should be educated about the symptoms of spinal cord compression
**Treatment for patients with MSCC should consider pretreatment ambulatory status, comorbidities, technical surgical factors, the presence of bony compression and spinal instability, potential surgical complications, potential RT reactions, and patient preferences.

*'''Toronto; 1998''' {{PMID|9552073}} -- &quot;Emergency treatment of malignant extradural spinal cord compression: an evidence-based guideline.&quot; (Loblaw DA, J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;16(4):1613-24.)</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Localized Prostate Cancer'''&lt;/big&gt;

==Definitions==
*Historically, clinically localized prostate cancer was primarily determined by stage. Patients with T1-T2 could be offered watchful waiting, surgery, or radiation therapy. Patients with T3-T4 disease were not considered surgical candidates
**Localized: T1-T2
**Locally advanced: T3-T4
*More recently, urologists have been treating some T3a patients using the robotic surgery. Also, NCCN (www.nccn.org) risk stratification includes T3a patients in the localized disease
**Low risk: T1-T2a and PSA &lt;10 and GS 2-6
**Intermediate risk: T2b-T2c or PSA 10-20 or GS 7
**High risk: T3a or PSA &gt;20 or GS 8-10
**Locally advanced: T3b-T4


==Prospective Comparisons==
*There are no conclusive randomized trials comparing the 3 primary modalities (EBRT, permanent brachytherapy, radical prostatectomy)
*There have been a number of failed trials in the past, but more recently both the PIVOT trial and the ProtecT trial completed accrual. START trial is ongoing

&lt;br&gt;
*Also see:
**[[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Prostatectomy#Prostatectomy vs RT]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Randomized Trial !! width=&quot;80&quot; | Dates !! width=&quot;70&quot; | Arm 1 !!width=&quot;70&quot; | Arm 2 !!width=&quot;70&quot; | Arm 3 !! Status (2009)
|-
| NCIC START || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2007- || align=&quot;center&quot; | AS || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP or RT || &amp;nbsp; || Accruing
|-
| UK ProtecT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2001-2008 || align=&quot;center&quot; | AS || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP || align=&quot;center&quot; | RT || Published
|-
| ACOSOG SPIRIT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2000-2004 || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP || align=&quot;center&quot; | Brachy || &amp;nbsp; || Failed
|-
| Calgary || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1997-2003 || align=&quot;center&quot; | RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | Cryo || &amp;nbsp; || Published
|-
| Western Ontario || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1990's - 2000's || align=&quot;center&quot; | RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | Cryo || &amp;nbsp; || Published
|-
| NCI PIVOT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1994-2002 || align=&quot;center&quot; | WW || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP || &amp;nbsp; || Published
|-
| Scandinavian SPCG-10 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1990's || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP || align=&quot;center&quot; | RT || &amp;nbsp; || Failed
|-
| UK Christie Hospital || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1990's || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP || align=&quot;center&quot; | RT || &amp;nbsp; || Failed
|-
| UK MRC PR06 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1994-1996 || align=&quot;center&quot; | WW || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP || align=&quot;center&quot; | RT || Failed
|-
| Scandinavian SPCG-7 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1989-2002 || align=&quot;center&quot; | ADT || align=&quot;center&quot; | RT || &amp;nbsp; || Published
|-
| Scandinavian SPCG-4 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1989-1999 || align=&quot;center&quot; | WW || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP || &amp;nbsp; || Published
|-
| Japanese || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1989-1993 || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP || align=&quot;center&quot; | RT || &amp;nbsp; || Published
|-
| SWOG 8890 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1980's || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP || align=&quot;center&quot; | RT || &amp;nbsp; || Failed
|-
| US Uro-Oncology Group || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1970's || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP || align=&quot;center&quot; | RT || &amp;nbsp; || Published
|-
| VACURG || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1967-1975 || align=&quot;center&quot; | WW || align=&quot;center&quot; | RP || &amp;nbsp; || Published
|}


===Systematic Reviews===
*'''Italy; 2014''' (1965-2007) {{PMID|24589471}} -- &quot;Radical Prostatectomy or Radiotherapy in High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis.&quot; (Petrelli F, Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2014 Aug;12(4):215-224.)
**Meta-analysis; high risk pts, treated with RT vs RP (w/ or w/o ADT), no brachy. 17 studies (16 retrospective, 1 randomized); 13,704 pts. 
**RP associated with improved OS (OR 0.51), PCSM (OR 0.56), and non-PCSM (OR 0.53). bRFS similar to RT.
**Conclusion: &quot;Overall and cancer-specific mortality rates appear to be better with RP compared with RT in localized, high-risk PC. Surgery is also associated with a 50% decreased risk of non-PCSM compared with RT.&quot;

*'''Amsterdam; 2009''' (1980-2007) {{PMID|19748692}} -- &quot;Comparison of three radiotherapy modalities on biochemical control and overall survival for the treatment of prostate cancer: a systematic review.&quot; (Pieters BR, Radiother Oncol. 2009 Nov;93(2):168-73. Epub 2009 Sep 11.)
**Systematic review; EBRT vs EBRT + seed brachytherapy vs EBRT + HDR. 40 studies.
**Outcome: HR for biochemical recurrence EBRT 1.40 vs EB+Seeds 1.37 vs EB+HDR 1.0 (SS); HR for OS EBRT 1.5 vs EB+Seed 2.33 vs EB+HDR 1.0 (SS)
**Conclusion: EBRT with HDR boost results in superior biochemical control and overall survival

*'''Minnesota; 2008''' {{PMID|18252677}} -- &quot;Systematic Review: The Comparative Effectiveness and Harms of Treatments for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Wilt TJ, Ann Intern Med. 2008 Feb 4 [Epub ahead of print])
**18 RCTs and 473 observational studies reviewed
**Conclusion: Assessment of comparative effectiveness and harms is difficult because of limitations in the evidence

*'''Karolinska; 2004''' {{PMID|15303499}} -- &quot;A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in prostate cancer.&quot; (Nilsson S, Acta Oncol. 2004;43(4):316-81.)
**30 RCTs, 55 prospective trials, 210 retrospective studies. Total of 152,614 patients
**Conclusions: There is lack of randomized studies comparing surgery with EBRT or brachytherapy. With advent of prognostic markers (T-stage, PSA, GS), comparisons between modalities can be made in absence of randomized trials and some conclusions can be drawn

*'''Toronto; 2004''' {{PMID|15003149}} -- &quot;A systematic review of randomized trials in localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Alibhai SM, Can J Urol. 2004 Feb;11(1):2110-7.)
**9 publications dealing with 4 RCTs identified (RP vs WW x2, RP vs EBRT x2)
**Conclusion: Further randomized trials are needed

*'''Oregon; 1993''' {{PMID|8487449}} -- &quot;A decision analysis of alternative treatment strategies for clinically localized prostate cancer. Prostate Patient Outcomes Research Team.&quot; (Fleming C, JAMA. 1993 May 26;269(20):2650-8.)
**Decision analysis on RP, EBRT or WW using data from review of literature and Medicare claims data
**Outcome: In well-differentiated tumors, treatment offers at best limited benefit in terms of QALY and may result in harm. In moderately/poorly differentiated tumors and age 60-65, RP or EBRT may benefit over WW, but typically &lt;1 QALY. In patients &gt;70, treatment generally appears harmful
**Conclusion: RP and EBRT may benefit select groups, however, in most cases potential benefits are small and choice of therapy is sensitive to patient's preference

===Observation vs Radical Prostatectomy===
Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Natural_History|natural history]] page


*'''VA/NCI/AHRQ Cooperative Studies Program #407 (PIVOT)''' (1994-2002) -- radical prostatectomy vs observation
**Randomized. 731 men. [http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00007644?term=PIVOT&amp;rank=2 clinicaltrials.gov entry]
**'''2017''' {{PMID|28700844}} -- &quot;Follow-up of Prostatectomy versus Observation for Early Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Wilt TJ, N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 13;377(2):132-142.)
***Median f/u 12.7 years. Death in 61.3% (surgery) vs 66.8% (obs)(p=0.06). PC-related mortality in 7.4% vs 11.4% (p=0.06). 
***Disease progression in 40.9% vs 68.4%. Most progression local; regional in 9.1%/14.2%; distant in 10.2%/14.7%. Treatment for disease progression in 33.5% vs 59.7%. Definitive treatment in 20.4% (obs). Use of ADT in 21.7% vs 44.4%. 
***Conclusion: After nearly 20 years of follow-up among men with localized prostate cancer, surgery was not associated with significantly lower all-cause or prostate-cancer mortality than observation. Surgery was associated with a higher frequency of adverse events than observation but a lower frequency of treatment for disease progression, mostly for asymptomatic, local, or biochemical progression.
**'''2012''' {{PMID|22808955}} -- &quot;Radical prostatectomy versus observation for localized prostate cancer&quot; (Wilt TJ, N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 19;367(3):203-13)
***Median F/U 10.0 years, 171 of 364 men (47.0%) assigned to radical prostatectomy died, as compared with 183 of 367 (49.9%) assigned to observation NS. Radical prostatectomy was associated with reduced all-cause mortality among men with a PSA value greater than 10 ng per milliliter (SS). Adverse events within 30 days after surgery occurred in 21.4% of men, including one death.
**'''2009''' {{PMID|18783735}} -- &quot;The Prostate cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial:VA/NCI/AHRQ Cooperative Studies Program #407 (PIVOT): design and baseline results of a randomized controlled trial comparing radical prostatectomy to watchful waiting for men with clinically localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Wilt TJ, Contemp Clin Trials. 2009 Jan;30(1):81-7. Epub 2008 Aug 23.)
***Study overview. 13,022 men screened; 5,023 met eligibility criteria; 731 agreed to participate and were randomized. 
***Description: Mean age 67 years. Median PSA 7.8 ng/ml. Low risk 43%, intermediate risk 36%, high risk 20%. Predominately detected by rising PSA
***Conclusion: Diverse population representative of men diagnosed with PCA in United States
**'''1994''' {{PMID|7523736}} -- &quot;The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial: a randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy versus expectant management for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer&quot; (Wilt TJ, J Urol. 1994 Nov;152(5 Pt 2):1910-4.)
***Description of the trial

*'''Scandinavian SPCG-4''' (1989-99) - prostatectomy vs watchful waiting
**Randomized. 695 men, early prostate cancer (T1-T2), biopsy proven. No adjuvant treatment. If symptomatic local progression, treated with orchidectomy or GnRH analog. Clinical follow-up with PSA, exam. Cause of death scored as due to prostate cancer (if progressive distant mets) or due to other causes. 75% had T2 tumors. 
**'''11-years; 2008''' {{PMID|18695132}} -- &quot;Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in localized prostate cancer: the Scandinavian prostate cancer group-4 randomized trial.&quot; (Bill-Axelson A, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Aug 20;100(16):1144-54. Epub 2008 Aug 11.) Median F/U 10.8 years (3 weeks - 17.2 years)
***Outcome: 12-year death due to PCA surgery 12% vs. observation 18% (SS); 12-year DM rate 19% vs. 26% (SS). For surgery, if ECE+ PCA death rate 14x higher than if ECE-
***Conclusion: RP reduces PCA mortality, with little or no further increase in benefit 10+ years after surgery
**'''Median FU 12.8-years; 2011''' {{PMID|21542742}} -- &quot;Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in localized prostate cancer: the Scandinavian prostate cancer group-4 randomized trial.&quot; (N Engl J Med. 2011 May 5;364(18):1708-17) Median F/U 12.8 years 
***Outcome: 12-year death with surgery 48% vs. observation 57% (SS); Survival benefit confined to &lt;65-years of age ; death from prostate cancer that was 7 times that of men without extracapsular tumor growth -
***Conclusion: RP reduces mortality
*'''VACURG''' (1967-1975) -- prostatectomy vs. watchful waiting
**Randomized. 111/142 patients, prostate cancer Tis-T2, no palpable tumor, no pelvic staging prior to randomization. Arm 1) Radical prostatectomy vs. Arm 2) Placebo
**'''1988''' {{PMID|3187435}} -- &quot;Treatment of localized prostatic cancer. Radical prostatectomy versus placebo. A 15-year follow-up.&quot; (Madsen PO, Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1988;110:95-100.)
***Outcome: 
****Stage I: 5-year OS RP 87% vs. placebo 67%, 10-years 48% vs. 43%, 15-years 23% vs. 13%
****Stage II: 5-year RP 92% vs. placebo 90% , 10-years 37% vs 55%, 15-years 17% vs. 20%
***Conclusion: No significant difference in cummulative survival, either by Stage or overall

===Active Surveillance vs Radical Intervention===
Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Natural_History|natural history]] page


*'''Surveillance Therapy Against Radical Treatment (START)''' -- radical intervention (RP or RT) vs. active surveillance
**See also: [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Natural_History|Active Surveillance]]
**'''''Terminated.''''' January 10, 2013 (Not meeting accrual target) Randomized. [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00499174]. NCIC coordinated, enrolling in Canada, US and UK

*'''Prostate testing for cancer and treatment (ProtecT)''' -- surgery vs RT vs active surveillance
**Randomized, nested. First ask to randomize to 3 arm trial (surgery vs RT vs active surveillance), if refused, asked to randomize to 2 arm trial (surgery vs RT). 
**Active surveillance: consider definitive treatment if PSA increase by 50% in one year. RT: neoadj hormones 3-6 months, 74 Gy. Surgery: post-op RT allowed. 
**'''2016''' {{PMID|27626136}} -- &quot;10-Year Outcomes after Monitoring, Surgery, or Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Hamdy FC, N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 13;375(15):1415-1424.)
***No difference in PC-related deaths or overall deaths. Higher rate of metastases and disease progression in AS group vs surgery or RT.
***AS: 54.8% received radical intervention (1/4 of these within 9 months).
***RP: 18 of 391 (4.6%) with primary treatment failure, including 9 with detectable PSA at 3 months and 9 who received adjuvant RT. 
***RT: 14% had PSA failure (nadir+2) 
***Clinical progression (Met dz, T3 or T4, long term ADT, obstruction, need for catheter): 22.9% per 10 yr (AS) vs 8.9% (RP) vs 9.0% (RT). [i.e. 22.9 per 1000 person-yr = 22.9% of men per 10 yrs]
***Conclusion: At a median of 10 years, prostate-cancer-specific mortality was low irrespective of the treatment assigned, with no significant difference among treatments. Surgery and radiotherapy were associated with lower incidences of disease progression and metastases than was active monitoring.
**'''2002''' {{PMID|12364308}} -- &quot;Quality improvement report: Improving design and conduct of randomised trials by embedding them in qualitative research: ProtecT (prostate testing for cancer and treatment) study. Commentary: presenting unbiased information to patients can be difficult.&quot; (Donovan J, BMJ. 2002 Oct 5;325(7367):766-70.)
***Lessons learned. After changes, all treatments became acceptable, the three arm trial became the preferred design, and randomisation rate increased from 40% to 70%
***Conclusion: Embedding trial within qualitative research improved recruitment

===Surgery vs RT===
*'''CaPSURE''' -- radical prostatectomy vs RT vs hormonal therapy
**Prospective, non-randomized. 7538 pts. Pts followed uniformly
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20690197}} -- &quot;Comparative risk-adjusted mortality outcomes after primary surgery, radiotherapy, or androgen-deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Cooperberg MR, Cancer.  2010 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print])
***Hazard ratio for cancer-specific mortality 2.21 for RT and 3.22 for ADT (relative to prostatectomy). Absolute differences between RP and RT were small for low risk prostate cancer but increased for intermediate and high risk disease.

*'''ACOSOG Z0070 (SPIRIT) (2002-2004)''' -- radical prostatectomy vs brachytherapy 
**Randomized, North American, patients with T1c or T2a N0 M0 prostate cancer. ''Permanently closed in 2004 [https://www.acosog.org/announcements/announcement_display.jsp?id=f89ea947-ce2c-455d-9909-2ccc1f59c0c8 due to non-accrual].'' 56 patients randomized.
**'''Princess Margaret; 2006''' {{PMID|16943531}} -- &quot;Impact of a multi-disciplinary patient education session on accrual to a difficult clinical trial: the Toronto experience with the surgical prostatectomy versus interstitial radiation intervention trial.&quot; (Wallace K, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Sep 1;24(25):4158-62.)
***Development and success of multidisciplinary education session described
***Conclusion: Men who understand their treatment options are more likely to consent to random assignment
**'''2011; HRQOL''' (Princess Margaret) {{PMID|21149658}} -- &quot;Comparison of Health-Related Quality of Life 5 Years After SPIRIT: Surgical Prostatectomy Versus Interstitial Radiation Intervention Trial.&quot; (Crook JM, J Clin Oncol. 2011 Feb 1;29(4):362-8.)
***190 men eligible for trial seen at Princess Margaret. 34 consented to randomization, 62 chose RP, 94 chose BT. At 5 years after treatment, HRQOL evaluation.
***Of 168 responders, 102 had BT, 66 had RP. Men treated with BT had better urinary and sexual scores as well as better patient satisfaction; no difference in bowel or hormonal scores.
***Conclusion: Advantage to BT for urinary and sexual domains and patient satisfaction. (Caution: only 19% were randomized; the others were by choice)

*'''Scandinavian SPCG-10''' -- randomized RT vs. prostatectomy
**[http://www.spcg.no/projects/ Trial abandoned]

*'''Multicenter; 2008''' (2003-2006) - radical prostatectomy, brachytherapy, or EBRT.
**Prospective, non-randomized. 1201 pts. Multicenter, 9 hospitals. Treatment with RP, BT, EBRT, +/- hormones. Outcomes surveyed at 2-24 months from the start of treatment.
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18354103}} -- &quot;Quality of life and satisfaction with outcome among prostate-cancer survivors.&quot; (Sanda MG, N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 20;358(12):1250-61.) -- Median f/u 30 mo
***Erectile dysfunction: distress related to erectile dysfunction in 44% (RP), 22% (EBRT), 13% (BT).
***Urinary: moderate or worse distress in 18% (BT), 11% (EBRT), 7% (RP). EBRT: resolved at 12 months and improved over baseline at 24 months. RP: incontinence worst by 2 months and then improved in most; urinary irritative and obstructive symptoms improved over baseline. BT: worse irritation, obstruction, and incontinence compared to baseline; incontinence 4-6% at 1-2 yrs. Large prostate size and hormonal therapy exacerbated urinary irritation after EBRT or BT. 
***GI: bothersome symptoms in 9% of patients (BT or EBRT) at 1 yr. No symptoms in RP patients. BT and EBRT pts had reduced GI QOL early after treatment, lasting 1 yr or more.

*'''Christie Hospital, UK''' -- radical prostatectomy vs radical RT
**Randomized. Patients with Stage T1b-T2bN0, GS &lt;=7, PSA &lt;20.  ''Trial closed due to lack of accrual'' and was converted to a patient-preference study
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10356027}} -- &quot;Few patients with prostate cancer are willing to be randomised to treatment.&quot; (O'Reilly P, BMJ. 1999 Jun 5;318(7197):1556.)
***Letter to editor. 20 patients evaluated over 12 months, but only 1 agreed to randomization
**'''2000''' &lt;u&gt;Abstract&lt;/u&gt; -- &quot;Trial of Randomisation Between Radical Prostatectomy and Radiotherapy in Early Prostate Cancer&quot; (Livessey JE, Clin Oncol. 2000;12:63)
***41 patients counselled, only 1 agreed to be randomized. Reminder chose surgery (55%), RT (42%), or watchful waiting (3%)
**'''2002''' {{PMID|12133061}} -- &quot;A preliminary report on a patient-preference study to compare treatment options in early prostate cancer.&quot; (North West Uro-Oncology Group, BJU Int. 2002 Aug;90(3):253-6.)
***Prospective. 196 patients recruited (surgery 41%, conformal RT 41%, brachytherapy 15%, watchful waiting #). Similar patient characteristics across groups
***Conclusion: It should be possible to answer underlying question with this study design

*'''MRC PR06''' (1994-1996) -- Radical prostatectomy vs RT vs watchful waiting
**Randomized. ''Trial closed early due to non-accrual.'' 35 men accrued of target 1800.
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15610132}} -- &quot;Early closure of a randomized controlled trial of three treatment approaches to early localised prostate cancer: the MRC PR06 trial.&quot; (PR06 Collaborators, BJU Int. 2004 Dec;94(9):1400-1.)

*'''Japanese Study Group for Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer''' (1989-1993) -- RP vs EBRT
**Randomized. 95 patients. T2b-T3N0M0. Arm 1) radical prostatectomy + pelvic LN dissection + endocrine therapy vs. Arm 2) Pelvic RT 40-50 Gy + 20 Gy prostate boost  + endocrine therapy. Hormones initiated 8 wks prior to primary therapy (using DES) then continued indefinitely (LHRH agonist +/- antiandrogen, or estrogen).
**'''2006''' {{PMID|17082219}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy plus endocrine therapy versus external beam radiotherapy plus endocrine therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: results at median follow-up of 102 months.&quot; (Akakura K et al. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006 Dec;36(12):789-93.) Median F/U 8.5 years
***Outcome: 10-year bPFS RP 76% vs. RT 71% (NS); cPFS 83% vs. 66% (p=0.06); DSS 86% vs. 77% (SS); OS 68% vs. 61% (NS)
***Toxicity: Incontinence worse in surgical arm; erectile dysfunction in almost all patients due to ADT
***Conclusion: For locally advanced patients, either RP or EBRT demonstrated favorable outcomes. DSS better with surgery. RT dose 60-70 Gy may not be enough
**Comment: low RT dose. Small study.

*'''SWOG 8890''' -- randomized RT vs. prostatectomy
**Randomized. Stage A2 and B. Goal 1128 patients. ''Study closed due to poor accrual'' (referenced in {{PMID|7754277}}, {{PMID|16018945}})

*'''Uro-Oncology Research Group''' -- radical surgery vs. radiation
**Randomized. 97 patients. cT1-2N0M0. Arm 1) radical prostatectomy vs. Arm 2) megavoltage RT (using Co-60 or betatron) to pelvic field 45-50 Gy + prostate 20 Gy boost. Primary outcome development of metastatic disease by prostatic acid phosphatase, bone scan, and/or pelvic lymphadenectomy
**'''1982''' {{PMID|6811766}} -- &quot;Radical surgery versus radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.&quot; (Paulson DF, J Urol. 1982 Sep;128(3):502-4.)
***Outcome: Actuarial development of mets RP 8% vs. RT 31% (SS)
***Conclusion: Radical surgery more effective than RT
**'''1988''' {{PMID|3360648}} -- &quot;More on the Uro-Oncology Research Group report of radical surgery vs. radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.&quot; (Hanks GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.) 
**Critique: small sample, randomization artifacts (imbalances in health, age, lymph node assessment), worse than usual RT outcomes. Results never widely accepted

===RT vs Cryotherapy===
*'''University of Calgary''' (1997-2003) -- EBRT vs Cryotherapy
**Randomized. ''Trial closed prematurely due to slowing patient accrual.'' 244 patients of 240 planned, localized prostate cancer (T2-T3N0, PSA &lt;=20 ng/ml, volume &lt;=60 ml), PLND if GS 8+. Excluded clinically bulky patients. Neoadjuvant ADT 3 or 6 months. Arm 1) EBRT (median dose 68 Gy, max 73.5 Gy) using 4F box vs Arm 2) cryoablation using argon/helium and 2 freeze/thaw cycles. Early cryotherapy failures (within 6 months) were not scored as protocol failure, and underwent salvage cryotherapy. QoL assessment. Primary endpoing was failure rate at 3 years
**'''2009'''  {{PMID|19937954}} -- &quot;A Randomized Trial of External Beam Radiotherapy Versus Cryoablation in Patients With Localized Prostate Cancer&quot; (Donnelly BJ, Cancer. 2010, Epublished) Median F/U of surviving patients 8.3 years
***Outcome: 3-year failure rate (using nadir+2) cryo 17% vs. EBRT 13% (NS); 5-year rate 25% vs. 25% (NS); 7-year rate 27% vs. 32% (NS); 5-year DSS 96% vs. 96% (NS); 5-year OS 90% vs 88% (NS). Biopsy (+) cryo 8% vs EBRT 29%
***Toxicity: GI Grade 3-4 cryo 3% vs. EBRT 7%; GU Grade 3-4 cryo 9% vs. EBRT 6%; intercourse 4% vs. 26%
***Conclusion: Essentially no difference, but with long-term follow up, trend favors cryotherapy
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19691092}} -- &quot;A randomized trial of external beam radiotherapy versus cryoablation in patients with localized prostate cancer: quality of life outcomes.&quot; (Robinson JW, Cancer. 2009 Oct 15;115(20):4695-704.)
***Outcome: Cryotherapy more acute GU dysfunction (SS), no difference in late GU dysfunction. Cryotherapy worse sexual function at 3 months (SS) and 3 years (SS)
***Conclusion: No long term QoL difference, except worse sexual function after cryoablation

*'''University of Western Ontario''' -- EBRT vs cryotherapy
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped prematurely due to slow accrual.'' 64 of planned 150 patients, cT2c-T3b. Neoadjuvant ADT for 6 months. Arm 1) EBRT vs. Arm 2) cryotherapy
**'''2008''' {{PMID|17579613}} -- &quot;Randomized trial comparing cryoablation and external beam radiotherapy for T2C-T3B prostate cancer.&quot; (Chin JL, Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2008;11(1):40-5. Epub 2007 Jun 19.)
***Outcome: Treatment failure EBRT 45% vs. cryotherapy 64%. 4-year bPFS 47% vs. 13%. Mean bPFS 41 months vs 28 months. No difference in DSS and OS
***Toxicity: Serious complications uncommon; EBRT more frequent GI toxicity
***Conclusion: Low numbers, but cryotherapy is suboptimal primary therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer

===ADT vs RT + ADT===
*Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Hormones/Primary_ADT|Primary ADT]] section for more detail


*'''SPCG-7/SFUO-3''' (1996-2002) -- ADT +/- RT
**Randomized. 875 with locally advanced prostate cancer T1b-T2 G2-G3 or T3 (78%) and PSA &lt;70 and N0 (if PSA &gt;11, then PLND). Arm 1) ADT (total androgen blockade x3 months, then continuous flutamide 250 mg) vs. Arm 2) Same ADT + RT 70 Gy to prostate/SV. Breast RT in 80% to prevent gynecomastia
**'''Outcome; 2008''' {{PMID|19091394}} -- &quot;Endocrine treatment, with or without radiotherapy, in locally advanced prostate cancer (SPCG-7/SFUO-3): an open randomised phase III trial.&quot; (Widmark A, Lancet. 2008 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]). Median F/U 7.6 years
***Outcome: 10-year CSS ADT 76% vs. ADT + RT 88% (SS); 10-year OS 61% vs. 70% (SS); 10-year bPFS 25% vs. 74% (SS)
***Toxicity: Urethral stricture ADT 0% vs. ADT + RT 2% (SS), urgency 8% vs 14% (SS), urinary incontinence 3% vs. 7% (SS), erectile dysfunction 81% vs. 89% (SS)
***Conclusion: In patients with high risk or locally advance PCA, addition of RT to ADT improved survival, with acceptable side effects

*'''MRC''' (1980-1985) -- orchiectomy vs RT vs orchiectomy + RT
**Randomized, 3 arms. 277 patients, clinically localized prostate cancer (T2-T4NxM0). Arm 1) RT alone vs Arm 2) orchiectomy alone vs Arm 3) RT + orchiectomy
**'''1992''' {{PMID|1422689}} -- &quot;Treatment of advanced localised prostatic cancer by orchiectomy, radiotherapy, or combined treatment. A Medical Research Council Study. Urological Cancer Working Party--Subgroup on Prostatic Cancer.&quot; (Fellows GJ, Br J Urol. 1992 Sep;70(3):304-9.)
***Outcome: Orchiectomy (orchiectomy alone or orchiectomy + RT) superior to RT alone in DMFS. No difference in local control or overall survival
***Conclusion: Orchiectomy superior to RT alone in metastatic-free survival

==Retrospective Comparisons==
Single institution data suggests comparable outcomes between RP and high-dose (&gt;72 Gy) EBRT, but advantage to RP compared with low-dose (&lt;72 Gy) EBRT. In unfavorable tumors, there appears to be some benefit to RT:


===Single Institution===
*'''Washington U; 2012''' {{PMID|22335870}} -- &quot;Survival among men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy in the prostate specific antigen era.&quot; (Kibel AS, J Urol. 2012 Apr;187(4):1259-65.)
**Retrospective. 10,429 consecutive pts treated with RP, EBRT, or BT.
**10-yr OS: favors RP (88.9%) over EBRT (82.6%) or BT (81.7%). Adjusted PCA specific mortality favors RP (1.8%) vs EBRT (2.9%) or BT (2.3%). EBRT is associated with decreased OS and PCSM compared with RP. BT is associated with decreased OS but not PCSM compared with RP.
**Conclusion: &quot;After adjusting for major confounders, radical prostatectomy was associated with a small but statistically significant improvement in overall and cancer specific survival. These survival differences may arise from an imbalance of confounders, differences in treatment related mortality and/or improved cancer control when radical prostatectomy is performed as initial therapy.&quot;

*'''Mayo Clinic - Scottsdale; 2009''' {{PMID|19670452}} -- &quot;Radiation dose escalation for localized prostate cancer: intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus permanent transperineal brachytherapy.&quot; (Wong WW, Cancer.  2009 Dec 1;115(23):5596-606.)
**Retrospective. 853 pts. Conventional dose 3D-CRT (median 68.4 Gy), high dose IMRT (75.6 Gy), brachytherapy alone (144 Gy I or 120 Gy Pd), EBRT + BT (45 + 110/90). Median f/u 58 mo.
** 5-yr bNED 74% (3D), 87% (IMRT), 94% (BT), 94% (EBRT+BT). For int risk: improved bNED for IMRT, BT, or EBRT+BT vs 3D; no improvement noted for low risk. 
** BT caused more GU but less GI tox, EBRT + BT caused more late GU and GI tox than IMRT or 3D.

*'''British Columbia Cancer Agency; 2009''' (1998-2001) {{PMID|19570619}} -- &quot;Brachytherapy or Conformal External Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: A Single-Institution Matched-Pair Analysis.&quot; (Pickles T, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jun 29. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective, matched-pair. 601 patients, BCCA database, matched for PSA, GS, T-stage, use/duration of ADT, %positive cores. 278 perfect matches analyzed further. Median BT dose 144 Gy, EBRT dose 68 Gy. Primary endpoint bNED (Phoenix). Median F/U 5.7 years
**Outcome: 5-year bNED BT 95% vs. EBRT 85% (SS), 7-year bNED 95% vs. 75% (SS). Median post-treatment nadir 0.04 ng/ml vs 0.62 ng/ml (SS), which predicted higher EBRT treatment failure rate. Low risk 94% vs 88% (SS); intermediate risk 100% vs. 78%
**Toicity: Late Grade 3 GI/GU at 2 years BT 1% vs. EBRT 6%, at 5 years 5% vs. 2%. Late urinary worse with BT, late rectal/bowel worse with EBRT. Catheterization 15% (42% &gt; 1 month) vs. 0% (SS)
**Conclusion: Brachytherapy for low-risk and selected intermediate-risk exceptional cure rate that will be hard to match for EBRT, even with dose escalation

*'''Geneva; 2007''' (1989-1998) {{PMID|17923593}} -- &quot;Short- and Long-term Mortality With Localized Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Merglen A, Arch Intern Med. 2007 Oct 8;167(18):1944-50.)
**Cohort study. All 844 patients with localized PCA diagnosed 1989-1998. Prostatectomy (19%), RT (24%), watchful waiting (45%), hormones (9%), other (4%). Survival curve comparison
**Outcome: 5-year DSS no difference. 10-year DSS: surgery 83% vs. RT 75% vs. watchful waiting 72% (SS). Increased mortality primarily in patients &lt;70 and GS &gt;=7
**Conclusion: Surgery offers best chance of long-term PCA-specific survival
**Critique ({{PMID|18775078}}, [http://www.ro-journal.com/content/3/1/23 Full Text]): No primary end-point definition, imbalances in PSA and GS, clinical vs pathological staging, no info on RT dose which was likely low in that time period

*'''University of Virginia; 2006''' (1988-2000) {{PMID|16965872}} -- &quot;Case-matched comparison of contemporary radiation therapy to surgery in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer.&quot; (Fletcher SG, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 15;66(4):1092-9. Epub 2006 Sep 11.)
**Retrospective, matched cohort. 409 men with high-risk PCA (Stage &gt;= T2b or PSA &gt;=10 or GS 7-10). Treated with RP, brachytherapy  alone, or EBRT+BT boost + ADT. 208 matched
**Outcome: 4-year bPFS EBRT+BT 72% vs. brachy 25% vs. RP 53% (SS). RR of relapse for EBRT+BT 0.56, RP 1.0, and brachy alone 0.44 (SS) 
**Conclusion: High risk PCA patients receiving multimodality therapy display superior outcome to surgery or brachytherapy alone

*'''Columbia''' [http://www.asco.org/ac/1,1003,_12-002636-00_18-0037-00_19-0020291,00.asp 2005 ASCO Abstract] -- ''Intermediate-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer in the PSA Era:Radiotherapeutic Alternatives and the Effects of Biochemical Failure Definition and Year of Treatment on Outcome'' (Ennis RD, ASCO)
**347 patients with intermediate cancer treated 8/89-6/01 with standard EBRT (SD-EBRT), high dose &gt;72 Gy EBRT (HD-EBRT), brachytherapy, or brachytherapy+EBRT. AST analyzed also. Median follow-up 36 months
**All treatments were comparable to each other except brachytherapy-based vs. SD-EBRT (p=0.0003)
**AS+SD-EBRT better than SD-EBRT (p=0.0001) ''only'' if failure definition PSA &gt; 1.5 is used
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;For intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients, brachytherapy-based treatment results in an excellent outcome that is significantly better than SD-EBRT. AD+SD-EBRT may also result in improve outcome compared to SD-EBRT, but this conclusion is dependent on the definition of biochemical failure. Year of treatment is an important prognostic factor in patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated in the PSA era.&quot;

*'''Cleveland Clinic,''' 2002 (1990-98) {{PMID|12177097}} [http://www.jco.org/cgi/reprint/20/16/3376 Full Article] -- &quot;Comparison of the efficacy of local therapies for localized prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen era: a large single-institution experience with radical prostatectomy and external-beam radiotherapy.&quot; (Kupelian PA,  J Clin Oncol.)
**Retrospective, single-institution. 1682 pts with clinical stage T1-T2, treated during the PSA era. Treated with prostatectomy (n=1,054) or RT (n=628) to 68-78 Gy (median 70.2 Gy). Excluded pts with adjuvant androgen deprivation. Allowed neoadjuvant androgen deprivation if less than 6 months (19%). End-point was biochemical relapse free survival. Used ASTRO definition for PSA failure after RT. For RP failure was two consecutive PSA &gt; 0.2; defined failure at time of first detectable level. Median follow-up 51 months
**8-year overall PSA-DFS: RP 72% vs. RT 70% (p=0.01) but RP patients significantly more favorable profile
**8-year PSA-DFS for favorable tumors (T1-T2a, GS&lt;=6, PSA&lt;=10): RP 86% vs. RT 90% (NS)
**8-year PSA-DFS for unfavorable tumors: RP 62% vs. RT 59% (NS) but dose dependent:
***8-year PSA-DFS for unfavorable tumors at RT &lt;72Gy: RP 70% vs. RT 50% (p&lt;0.001)
***8-year PSA-DFS for unfavorable tumors at RT &gt;72Gy: RP 70% vs. RT 82% (p=0.004)

*'''Harvard/UPenn''' {{PMID|12124827}} [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/96516013/PDFSTART Full Article] -- ''Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy for patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma in the prostate specific antigen era.'' ('''2002 D'Amico''', Cancer)
**A retrospective study of 2635 men treated with RP (n = 2254) or conventional-dose RT (n = 381) between 1988-2000. ASTRO definition for both RP and RT. Median follow-up 48 months)
**8-year PSA-DFS for low risk (T1c-T2a and PSA &lt;=10 and GS &lt;=6): RP 88% vs RT 78% (p&lt;0.01)
**8-year PSA-DFS for intermediate-risk (T2b or GS=7 or PSA 10-20) with &lt;34% positive bx: RP 79% vs. RT 65% (p=0.05)
**8-year PSA-DFS in intermediate-risk with &gt;34% positive bx: RP 36% vs RT 35% (p=NS)
**8-year PSA-DFS in high risk (T2c or PSA&gt;20 or GS 8-10):  RP 33% vs RT 40% (p=NS)
**Original paper, 1998 - {{PMID|9749478}} - see above under section [[#Definitions of Risk Groups|Definitions of Risk Groups]]

* '''M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Orlando''', 2004 (1990-98) - {{PMID|14697417}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy &lt;72 Gy, external beam radiotherapy &gt; or =72 Gy, permanent seed implantation, or combined seeds/external beam radiotherapy for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer.&quot; Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jan 1;58(1):25-33 Kupelian et al.
**Retrospective. Comparison of biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) for various methods.
**CONCLUSION: The biochemical failure rates were similar among PI, high-dose (&gt; or =72 Gy) EBRT, COMB, and RP for localized prostate cancer. The outcomes were significantly worse for low-dose (&lt;72 Gy) EBRT.

* '''Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center at Mercy Medical Center''', 2004 (1992-98) - {{PMID|15066293}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Monotherapy for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer: radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, or permanent seed implantation&quot; Radiother Oncol. 2004 Apr;71(1):29-33 Potters L et Al.
**Retrospective. 1819 pts, clinical stage T1-T2 (AJCC 1997). Compared freedom from biochemical recurrence (FBR) for various methods. EBRT dose was &gt;= 70 Gy. All received monotherapy without adjuvant therapy. 
**7-year FBR for PPB vs EBRT vs RP were 74, 77, and 79%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified iPSA and bGS as prognostic factors of relapse. Treatment modality, age, clinical T-stage, and race were not independent predictors of failure. 
** CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment PSA levels, and biopsy Gleason score determined outcome in this study cohort. Biochemical failure rates in this study cohort are similar between PPB, RT, and RP as monotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer.

*'''Wake Forest; 2001''' (1998-1999) {{PMID|11597800}} -- &quot;A prospective quality-of-life study in men with clinically localized prostate carcinoma treated with radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, or interstitial brachytherapy.&quot; (Lee WR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Nov 1;51(3):614-23.)
**Prospective. 90 men with T1-T2, treated with curative intent. Brachytherapy (50%), EBRT (25%), RP (25%). Completed QoL questionnaire prior and at 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months
**Outcome: Scores not significantly different at 12 months amongh the 3 groups
**Conclusion: Health-related QoL is treatment-specific

===Review===
*'''Harvard; 2009''' {{PMID|19417179}} -- &quot;A 64-year-old man with low-risk prostate cancer: review of prostate cancer treatment.&quot; (Sanda MG, JAMA. 2009 May 27;301(20):2141-51. Epub 2009 May 5.)

===Point-Counterpoint===
*'''Journal of Urology 2009'''
**'''AS''' {{PMID|19836767}} -- &quot;Active surveillance for favorable risk prostate cancer. Pro.&quot; (Klotz L, J Urol. 2009 Dec;182(6):2565-6. Epub 2009 Oct 17.)
**'''AS risks''' {{PMID|19836809}} -- &quot;Active surveillance for favorable risk prostate cancer. Beware the risks.&quot; (Parekh DJ., J Urol. 2009 Dec;182(6):2566-8. Epub 2009 Oct 17.)

*'''Oncology 2009'''
**'''RP''' {{PMID|19839427}} -- &quot;Radical prostatectomy reigns supreme.&quot; (Rayala HJ, Oncology (Williston Park). 2009 Sep;23(10):863-7.)
**'''RT''' {{PMID|19839425}} -- &quot;Radical radiotherapy for prostate cancer is the 'only way to go'.&quot; (Sandler HM, Oncology (Williston Park). 2009 Sep;23(10):840-3.)

*'''Urology 2008'''
**'''EBRT''' {{PMID|19022492}} -- &quot;Why External Beam Radiotherapy Is Treatment of Choice for Most Men With Early-stage Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Horwitz EM, Urology. 2008 Nov 19. [Epub ahead of print])
**'''Brachytherapy''' {{PMID|19038423}} -- &quot;Brachytherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Ciezki JP, Urology. 2008 Nov 25. [Epub ahead of print])

*'''Urological Oncology 2008'''
**'''Active treatment''' {{PMID|18774465}} -- &quot;Screen detected, low volume prostate cancer: the case for active treatment.&quot; (Montie JE., Urol Oncol. 2008 Sep-Oct;26(5):511-5.)
**'''Observation''' {{PMID|18774462}} -- &quot;What is the best approach for screen-detected low volume cancers?--The case for observation.&quot; (Klotz L, Urol Oncol. 2008 Sep-Oct;26(5):495-9.)

===Patient Decision-Making===
*'''US Multi-Institutional''' -- Patient intervention vs Patient + Support intervention vs Control
**Randomized, 3 arms. 6 US sites. 256 patients with T1-T2b, GS &lt;10, PSA &lt;20. Arm 1) treatment direct (patient receives intervention) vs. Arm 2) treatment supplemented (patient and primary support person receive intervention) vs. Arm 3) control. Intervention was designed to improve communication strategies when meeting with their physician.
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19819096}} -- &quot;Managing uncertainty about treatment decision making in early stage prostate cancer: a randomized clinical trial.&quot; (Mishel MH, Patient Educ Couns. 2009 Dec;77(3):349-59. Epub 2009 Oct 9.)
***Outcome: Improvement in cancer knowledge at 4 weeks and 3 months in both intervention arms; significantly lower rate of decision regret
***Conclusion: Intervention was effective in preparing patients for uncertainty management in prostate cancer

*'''UCSF; 2009''' {{PMID|19841280}} -- &quot;Patient decision aids for prostate cancer treatment: a systematic review of the literature.&quot; (Lin GA, CA Cancer J Clin. 2009 Nov-Dec;59(6):379-90. Epub 2009 Oct 19.)
**Systematic review. 13 studies of decision aids for patients with low-risk prostate cancer
**Outcome: Use of DA's can improve knowledge, encourage active patient involvement, and decrease anxiety. Impact on treatment choice less clear

*'''Fred Hutchinson''' 
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19589564}} -- &quot;Access to information sources and treatment considerations among men with local stage prostate cancer.&quot; (Ramsey SD, Urology. 2009 Sep;74(3):509-15. Epub 2009 Jul 9.)
***Prospective survey of men with local prostate cancer, prior to starting therapy
***Outcome: On average, ~5 sources of info consulted. Physician (97%), lay literature (76%), other health professionals (71%), friends with PCA (67%), internet (58%)
***Conclusion: Men consult wide range of information sources
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16568450}} -- &quot;Why do men choose one treatment over another?: a review of patient decision making for localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Zeliadt SB, Cancer. 2006 May 1;106(9):1865-74.)
***Literature review.
***Outcome: Conflicting evidence on how men make decisions

==Incidentally detected prostate cancer (T1a-b)==
*U.New Mexico, 1988 - {{PMID|3193495}} - &quot;Incidental carcinoma of the prostate: an analysis of the predictors of progression.&quot; Lowe BA et al. J Urol. 1988 Dec;140(6):1340-4.
**Constructed probability tables for progression based on Gleason score and volume of disease.

*Cantrell, 1981 - {{PMID|7218450}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Pathological factors that influence prognosis in stage A prostatic cancer: the influence of extent versus grade.&quot; Cantrell BB et al. J Urol. 1981 Apr;125(4):516-20.
**117 pts. No pt with Gleason 2-4 had progression. Only 2% with Stage T1a (&lt;5% cancer) had progression. Of Stage T1b (&gt;5% cancer), 32% had progression, and for Gleason 5 and above, 17% progressed. 
**No additional treatment needed for Stage T1a with Gleason 2-4.


==Organ-confined (T1-T2) cancers==
===EBRT===
*Conventional (2D) RT can safely deliver maximum 65-70 Gy before causing significant GI and GU toxicity. Some subpopulations of tumor clonogens appear resistant to this dose.
*3D-CRT allows delivery of significantly higher doses, and is currently the standard of care
*IMRT permits further dose escalation while providing lower GI toxicity. Its role is under evaluation


===EBRT Outcomes===
*'''Multi-institutional''' {{PMID|15667961}} -- ''Improved biochemical relapse-free survival with increased external radiation doses in patients with localized prostate cancer: the combined experience of nine institutions in patients treated in 1994 and 1995.'' ('''2005 Kupelian P''', Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Feb)
**1325 patients with T1-T2 treated in 1994 and 1995; 1061 were treated with &lt;72 Gy (median dose 68.4 Gy, median follow-up 5.8 years) and 264 with &gt; or =72 Gy (median dose 75.6 Gy, median follow-up 5.7 years).
**PSA-DFS estimates were 64% at 5-years and 62% at 8-years. 
**The 5-year PSA-DFS estimates for &lt;72 Gy vs. &gt; or =72 Gy were 63% vs. 69% (p = 0.046).

*'''Multi-institutional''' {{PMID|14575822}} -- ''Long-term multi-institutional analysis of stage T1-T2 prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy in the PSA era.'' ('''2003 Kuban DA''', Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003)
**4839 patients with T1b, T1c, and T2; no hormones; median follow-up 6.3 years
**PSA-DFS was 59% at 5 years and 53% at 8 years after treatment
**Of the 4839 patients, 1582 (33%) had PSA failure, 416 (9%) had local failure, and 329 (7%) had distant failure.

*'''Multi-institutional''' {{PMID|10235152}} -- ''Radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: a multi-institutional pooled analysis.'' ('''1999 Shipley WU''', JAMA. 1999)
**Retrospective, nonrandomized, multi-institutional pooled analysis of patients treated with EBRT alone between 1988 and 1995 at 6 US medical centers. Conventional + 3D-CRT techniques
**1765 men with stage T1b, T1c, and T2 tumors
**5-year OS 85%, DFS 95%, bNED 66%
**''for more info:'' see at page [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Prostate_Overview#Definitions_of_Risk_Groups | Prostate Overview]]

*'''MGH''' {{PMID|7751173}}  -- ''The treatment of prostate cancer by conventional radiation therapy: an analysis of long-term outcome.'' ('''1995 Zietman AL''', Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995)
**Retrospective, single institution (MGH) review. PSA failure defined &gt;4ng/ml
**1044 total patients, 504 with T1/T2;median follow-up 49 months
**5-year bNED: 60%
**10-year bNED: 40%

*'''RTOG''' {{PMID|8270458}} -- ''Patterns of Care and RTOG [75-06 and RTOG 77-06] studies in prostate cancer: long-term survival, hazard rate observations, and possibilities of cure.'' ('''1994 Hanks''' GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994)
**10-year clinical DFS: 85-96%

*'''Stanford''' {{PMID|3173503}} -- ''Status of radiation treatment of prostate cancer at Stanford University.'' ('''1988 Bagshaw''' MA, NCI Monogr. 1988;(7):47-60.)
**900 patients (T0-T4) treated in 30-year Stanford review
**15-year OS: T0 was 45%, T1 was 35%, and T2 was 33%
**15-year clinical DFS: T0 was 85%, T1 was 64%, and T2 was 45%

==Dose escalation vs ADT==
*''See also:'' [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Hormones/Adjuvant ADT#Intermediate Risk Disease | Adjuvant ADT]]
*''See also:'' [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/External Beam RT/Dose Escalation#Dose Escalation and ADT | Dose Escalation]] (Dose Escalation and ADT)

*'''UCSF; 2007''' {{PMID|18167004}} -- &quot;Dose escalated external beam radiotherapy versus neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and conventional dose external beam radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: do we need both?&quot; (Roach M 3rd, Strahlenther Onkol. 2007 Dec;183 Spec No 2:26-8.)
**Review. 4 RCT comparing EBRT +/- short-term neoadjuvant ADT. 4 RCTs comparing dose escalation to 74-79 Gy
**Conclusion: Quality of evidence supporting NADT with EBRT is stronger than evidence supporting dose escalation. However, with low cure rates, higher dose EBRT combined with NADT and whole pelvic RT may be indicated

*{{PMID|16007687}} -- &quot;Optimal treatment of intermediate-risk prostate carcinoma with radiotherapy.&quot; (Nichol AM, Cancer. 2005 Jul 8;104(5):891-905)
**There is Level I evidence that patients with intermediate-risk prostate carcinoma benefit from dose-escalated EBRT &lt;u&gt;or&lt;/u&gt; AD plus conventional-dose EBRT. However, clinical evidence is lacking to support the uniform use of AD plus dose-escalated EBRT.

==Locally advanced or higher-risk cancer (T3, select T1/2)==
Please also see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Hormones|Hormones]] section for in-depth discussion 


*'''Oslo; 2007''' (Norway)(1989-1996) {{PMID|17703896}} -- &quot;10-year survival and quality of life in patients with high-risk (p)n(0) prostate cancer following definitive radiotherapy.&quot; (Berg A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 15;69(4):1074-83. Epub 2007 Aug 20.)
**Retrospective. 164/203 patients with T3-4N0 or GS&gt;=7B, treated with 3D-CRT to 65-70 Gy and no hormones
**Outcome: 10-year OS 52%, CSS 66%, cPFS 39% 
**Conclusion: RT &lt;=70 Gy as monotherapy insufficient to control T3-4N0 or GS &gt;=7B

*'''EORTC trial''' {{PMID|20933466}} -- ''External irradiation with or without long-term androgen suppression for prostate cancer with high metastatic risk: 10-year results of an EORTC randomised study.'' ('''2010 Bolla''' M,  Lancet Oncol. 2010 Nov;11(9327):1066-73.)
**Randomised PIII trial of 415 patients (90% T3-4, 10% T1-2 G3) to EBRT alone (50Gy pelvis + 20Gy boost) vs. EBRT + AST x 3 years; median follow-up 9.1 years
**10-year OS: 39·8% in patients receiving radiotherapy alone and 58·1% for combined treatment (p=0.0004)
**10-year clinical DFS: 22·7% in the radiotherapy-alone group and 47·7% in the combined treatment group (p&lt;0.0001)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The combination of radiotherapy and 3 years of androgen suppression improved long-term overall survival, without increasing late cardiovascular mortality, and should be regarded as standard of care for treatment of men with prostate cancer who are at high metastatic risk, with a WHO performance status of 0–2, and who have no contraindicating coexisting conditions.&quot;

*'''MDACC''' {{PMID|10386637}} -- ''Conventional external-beam radiation therapy alone or with androgen ablation for clinical stage III (T3, NX/N0, M0) adenocarcinoma of the prostate.'' ('''1999 Zagars''', Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999; 44:809-19.)
**Retrospective review; 344 men with T3 N0/Nx who received RT alone (260; median follow-up 68 months) or with androgen ablation (84; median follow-up 44 months)
**RT (&lt;68Gy) alone: bNED &lt;50%
**RT (68-70Gy) alone: PSA &gt;10 had 6-year bNED &lt;50%; PSA &lt;10 had 6-year bNED 76%
**RT + AST: 6-year bNED 78%
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Conventional radiation alone has little curative potential for Stage III disease. Doses &lt; 68 Gy are particularly ineffective. Patients with PSA &lt; or = 10 ng/ml may be candidates for conventional radiation to a dose of 70 Gy. Other patients are probably best served by combined radiation-androgen ablation or high-dose conformal radiation.&quot;

*'''Stanford''' {{PMID|3173503}} -- ''Status of radiation treatment of prostate cancer at Stanford University.'' ('''1988 Bagshaw''' MA, NCI Monogr. 1988;(7):47-60.)
**900 patients (T0-T4) treated in 30-year Stanford review
**15-year OS was 20% for T3 and 10% for T4 (lymph node status was unknown).
**15-year DFS was 33% for T3 and 15% for T4 for same patients

==Bone Marrow Status==
*'''Oslo; 2007''' {{PMID|17230512}} -- &quot;Impact of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow at diagnosis in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer treated by definitive radiotherapy.&quot; (Berg A, Int J Cancer. 2007 Apr 15;120(8):1603-9.)
**Prospective. 131/272 patients with cT1-4pN0 disease with bone marrow aspirates with 1+ unfavorable feature (cT3-4, GS &gt;=7B, PSA &gt;=10). Definitive treatment with RT 66-72 Gy +/- hormones
**Disseminated tumor cells in 18% (with pN0)
**Outcome: 7-year risk of DM: BM- 6% vs. BM+ 21% (p=0.07); if no AST 9% vs. 28% (SS). No difference if GS &lt;7B, or if long-term AST
**Conclusion: Presence of tumor cells in bone marrow increases risk of DM after RT


==Outcome Prediction==
*[http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/10088.cfm MSKCC Nomogram] 

'''''Outcome: Disease-specific mortality'''''
*'''Harvard''', 2005 (1989-2002) - {{PMID|16046650}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Pretreatment PSA velocity and risk of death from prostate cancer following external beam radiation therapy.&quot; D'Amico AV et al. JAMA. 2005 Jul 27;294(4):440-7.
**358 men treated with RT alone
**PSA velocity &gt;2 ng/mL/year (i.e. more than 2 pts per yr) associated with increased all-cause and cancer-related mortality. 7-yr cancer-specific mortality for velocity &gt;2 vs velocity &lt; 2 is 19% vs 0% for low risk, and 24% vs 4% for high risk pts.
**Conclusion: pts with high PSA velocity before treatment may need more aggressive treatment (i.e. should be treated like high risk pts)

'''''Outcome: Distant Metastases'''''
*'''UT Southwestern, 2007''' {{PMID|17264329}} -- &quot;Association of the circulating levels of the urokinase system of plasminogen activation with the presence of prostate cancer and invasion, progression, and metastasis.&quot; (Shariat SF, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Feb 1;25(4):349-55.)
**Prospective. Measured plasma levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR), in patients s/p RP for localized CaP (429 preop, 76 postop), in patients with LN+ (19) and with DM (10)
**Conclusion: elevation associated with biologically aggressive CaP, disease progression, and DM

*'''MSKCC/Cleveland Clinic, 2003''' {{PMID|14673043}} -- ''Pretreatment nomogram that predicts 5-year probability of metastasis following three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer.'' (Kattan MW, J Clin Oncol.)
**Retrospective, nonrandomized analysis of 1,677 patients with stage T1c-T3 treated with 3D-CRT at MSKCC to develop the nomogram, validated with 1,626 patients at the Cleveland Clinic; median follow-up 38 months
**At 5 years, 11% of patients experienced DM
**'''Nomogram was developed, and is available at [http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/10088.cfm MSKCC's web site]'''. Concordance was 0.81
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;A nomogram with reasonable accuracy and discrimination has been constructed and validated using an external data set to predict the probability that a patient will experience metastasis within 5 years after three-dimensional CRT.&quot;

'''''Outcome: Biochemical Failure'''''
*'''MSKCC, 2000''' (1988-98) {{PMID|11013275}} -- &quot;Pretreatment nomogram for predicting the outcome of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer.&quot; (Kattan MW, J Clin Oncol. 2000 Oct 1;18(19):3352-9.)
**Retrospective, 1042 pts. 

*'''Multi-institutional, 1999''' {{PMID|10235152}} -- ''Radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: a multi-institutional pooled analysis.'' (Shipley WU, JAMA)
**Retrospective, nonrandomized, multi-institutional pooled analysis of 1765 men with stage T1b, T1c, and T2
**At 5-years OS was 85%, DFS was 95%, and PSA-DFS was 66%
**'''Risk groups were established''' by RPA with 5-year PSA-DFS:
***(1) PSA &lt;10: 81%
***(2) PSA 10-20: 69%
***(3) PSA 20+ and GS 2-6: 47%
***(4) PSA 20+ and GS 7-10: 29%
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;These rates indicate the probability of success for subsets of patients with tumors of several prognostic category groupings. These results represent a multi-institutional benchmark for evidence-based counseling of prostate cancer patients about radiation treatment.&quot;

*'''Mayo, 1997''' {{PMID|9179062}} -- ''An enhanced prognostic system for clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate.'' (Pisansky TM, Cancer)
**500 patients with stage T1-4, NO or NX, MO
**'''Risk score = (1.07 x tumor stage risk) + (1.21 x Gleason Score risk) + (1.2 x ln PSA)'''
**Tumor risk (T1-2=0, T3-T4=1), GS risk (2-6=0, 7-10=1), 
**Risk groups with 5-year PSA-DFS:
***(low) risk score &lt;3.1: 92%
***(intermediate) risk score 3.1-4.9: 67%
***(high) risk score &gt;4.9: 24%

==Quality of life==
*''Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Toxicity/Erectile_dysfunction|Erectile dysfunction]] page for further information''

===Evaluation Scales===
*[http://roadrunner.cancer.med.umich.edu/epic/EPIC-2.2002.pdf EPIC]

===Exercise===
*'''Perth, Australia''' (2007-2008) -- exercise x12 weeks vs control
**Randomized. 57 patients with CaP, undergoing AST. Arm 1) resistance and aerobic exercise x12 weeks vs. Arm 2) usual care. Primary endpoint lean mass
**'''2010''' {{PMID|19949016}} -- &quot;Combined resistance and aerobic exercise program reverses muscle loss in men undergoing androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer without bone metastases: a randomized controlled trial.&quot; (Galvao DA, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jan 10;28(2):340-7. Epub 2009 Nov 30.)
***Outcome: Patients undergoing exercise improved lean mass (SS), muscle strength (SS), improved walk time (SS), QoL (SS), fatigue (SS), and CRP levels (SS)
***Conclusion: Relatively brief exposure to exercise significantly improved AST-related adverse effects

*'''Rochester''' -- exercise x4 weeks vs. control
**Randomized. 38 breast or prostate cancer patients. Arm 1) Home-based aerobic and progressive resistance exercise x4 weeks at start of RT vs. Arm 2) control.
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19831159}} -- &quot;A 4-week home-based aerobic and resistance exercise program during radiation therapy: a pilot randomized clinical trial.&quot; (Mustian KM, J Support Oncol. 2009 Sep-Oct;7(5):158-67.)
***Outcome: Good adherence to intervention. At 3 months, significantly more daily steps walked, daily minutes of resistance exercise, number of resistance exercise days. Also significantly higher QoL and significantly lower cancer-related fatigue
***Conclusion: Exercise during RT may be beneficial for cancer patients

*'''Houston VA''' -- exercise x8 weeks vs. control
**Randomized. 21 patients with localized PCA, undergoing therapy. Arm 1) RT + aerobic exercise 3x/week x8 weeks vs. Arm 2) RT only
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17964881}} -- &quot;Exercise prevents fatigue and improves quality of life in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.&quot; (Monga U, Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 Nov;88(11):1416-22.)
***Outcome: Significant benefit in fatigue, cardiac fitness, strength, flexibility, FACT-P, physical well-being, social well-being, and functional well-being
***Conclusion: 8-week cardiovascular program during RT improves fatigues, well-being, and fitness

===Quality of Life===
'''Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study''' (1994-95)
*[http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pcos NCI Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study website]. '''Main publication:''' {{PMID|10528021}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/lofref.fcgi?PrId=3051&amp;uid=10528021&amp;db=pubmed&amp;url=http://jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/jnci;91/20/1719 Free full text]
*Project of the NCI, based on the SEER population. 3500 men. All men were diagnosed from 1994-95 with positive biopsies. 88% had clinically localized disease. 42% treated with prostatectomy, 24 with RT, 13 with hormonal therapy, and 22 were not treated.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emergency Medicine/PIOPED References</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="863" sha1="hbena1zmh42xyfla8651xhx0hrth55s" xml:space="preserve">=PIOPED References=

Kline JA, Johns KL, Colucciello SA, Israel EG. New diagnostic tests for pulmonary embolism.
Ann Emerg Med. 2000 Feb;35(2):168-80. Review. 
{{PMID|10650235}}

Stein PD, Henry JW. Acute Pulmonary Embolism Presenting as Pulmonary Hemorrhage/Infarction Syndrome in the Elderly.
Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 1998 May;7(3):36-42. 
{{PMID|11416457}}

Stein PD, Henry JW, Relyea B, Gottschalk A. Elderly Patients With no Prior Cardiopulmonary Disease Show Ventilation/Perfusion Lung Scan Characteristics That Are Sensitive and Specific for Pulmonary Embolism.
Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 1996 Nov;5(6):36-40. 
{{PMID|11416400}}

Stein PD, Hull RD, Raskob GE. Withholding treatment in patients with acute pulmonary embolism who have a high risk of bleeding and negative serial noninvasive leg tests.
Am J Med. 2000 Sep;109(4):301-6. 
{{PMID|10996581}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Prostate/IMRT</title>
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==Ongoing Trials==
*'''[[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/0126|RTOG 01-26]]''' -- ''A Phase III Randomized Study of High Dose 3D-CRT/IMRT vs. Standard Dose 3D-CRT/IMRT in Patients Treated for Localized Prostate Cance''

==Outcomes - Toxicity==
Toxicity appears to be comparable or better to 3D-CRT, at higher doses

*'''MSKCC''' {{PMID|18164858}} -- ''Ultra-High Dose (86.4 Gy) IMRT for Localized Prostate Cancer: Toxicity and Biochemical Outcomes.'' ('''2008 Cahlon O''', Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jun 1;71(2):330-7.)
**478 pts (50 as part of dose-escalation trial), retrospective. 86.4 Gy / 48 fx / 180 cGy. Planning: prescribed dose 86.4 Gy to PTV covers 87% of PTV; 95% of PTV covered by 83.1 Gy (96%); Dmax 110% of prescription dose. PTV = P + SV + 1&amp;nbsp;cm (0.6&amp;nbsp;cm at prostate-rectum interface). Rectum max dose limited to 99%=85.5 Gy. No image guidance used (weekly port films only).
**Median f/u 53 mo. Acute GU toxicity: 59% Gr 1, 22% Gr 2, &lt;1% Gr 3. Acute GI toxicity: 34% Gr 1, 8% Gr 2, no Gr 3+. Late GU: 16% Gr 1, 13% Gr 2, &lt;3% Gr 3. Late GI: 13% Gr 1, 3% Gr 2, 0.4% Gr 3.
**5-yr PSA relapse free survival: 99% low risk, 79% int risk, 72% high risk - original ASTRO definition (vs 98%,85%,70% for Phoenix def)
**Conclusion: ultra-high dose RT for prostate cancer is well-tolerated

*'''William Beaumont''' {{PMID|15667959}} -- ''A dose-escalation trial with the adaptive radiotherapy process as a delivery system in localized prostate cancer: analysis of chronic toxicity.'' ('''2005 Brabbins D''', Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.)
**3 dose groups: 70.2-72 Gy, &gt;72-75.6 Gy, and &gt;75.6-79.2 Gy
**Constraints: &lt;5% of the rectal wall has a dose &gt;82 Gy, &lt;30% of the rectal wall has a dose &gt;75.6 Gy, &lt;50% of the bladder volume has a dose &gt;75.6 Gy, and the maximum bladder dose is 85 Gy.
**280 patients, mean follow-up 29 months
**Toxicity at the high dose level was not different from toxicity at the intermediate or lower dose levels. No significant difference was observed in any of the individual toxicity categories.

*'''MDACC''' {{PMID|15990025}} -- ''The calculated risk of fatal secondary malignancies from intensity-modulated radiation therapy.'' ('''2005 Kry SF''', Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.)
**IMRT required 3.5-4.9 times as many monitor units as did the conventional treatment
**Maximum risk of fatal second malignancy was 1.7% for conventional radiation, 2.1% for IMRT using 10-MV X-rays, and 5.1% for IMRT using 18-MV X-rays.

*'''Centre Alexis-Vautrin''' {{PMID|15679257}} -- ''Preliminary results of the assessment of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for prostatic and head and neck tumors (STIC 2001)'' ('''2004 Marchal C''', Cancer Radiother.)
**88 patients (39 3D-CRT and 49 IMRT) with a mean dose of 78 Gy at the ICRU point at 2 Gy/fx; mean follow-up 11.5 months
**Clinical study: Acute reactions do not show any difference between groups, but we want to point out the short follow-up and the relatively high dose delivered to cancers of the prostate.
**Physics study: IMRT is technically feasible in good clinical conditions with high quality assurance, a good reproducibility and precision.
**Cost study: The direct costs of &quot;routine&quot; treatments for the prostatic cancers were 4911 euros for IMRT versus 2357 for 3D-CRT.

*'''Ghent University Hospital''' {{PMID|15465194}} -- ''Intensity-modulated radiotherapy as primary treatment for prostate cancer: acute toxicity in 114 patients.'' ('''2004 De Meerleer G''', Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.)
**114 patients, follow-up unclear
**GI toxicity: None 34%, Grade 1 39%, Grade 2 27%, no Grade 3
**GU toxicity: None 10%, Grade 1 47%, Grade 2 36%, Grade 3 7%
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: Anatomy-based IMRT to treat prostate cancer is incorporated into our daily routine without any problem. Acute toxicity is very low. Most of the recorded symptoms decrease over time, except for GI urgency and incontinence.

*'''Val-d'Aurelle-Paul-Lamarque''' {{PMID|15063872}} -- ''Pilot study of conformal intensity modulated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer'' ('''2004 Ailleres N''', Cancer Radiother.)
**16 patients treated to 78Gy, follow-up unclear
**95% of PTV1 received 5 Gy more using IMRT (compared to theoretical 3D-CRT) with protection of the bladder and the rectum walls.
**GI toxicity: Grade 2 25%, no Grade 3
**GU toxicity: Grade 2 31%, no Grade 3
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Dose escalation with IMRT is feasible with no grade 3 or higher acute GI or GU toxicity. Examination of a larger cohort and longer-term follow-up are warranted in the future.&quot;

*'''MSKCC''' {{PMID|12128109}} -- ''High-dose intensity modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer: early toxicity and biochemical outcome in 772 patients.'' ('''2002 Zelefsky MJ''', Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.)
**772 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with IMRT (698 patients (90%) treated to 81.0 Gy, and 74 patients (10%) treated to 86.4 Gy); median follow-up 24 months
**3-year actuarial rectal Grade 2+ toxicity: 4%
**3-year actuarial urinary Grade 2+ toxicity: 15%
**3-year actuarial PSA FFS: 92% favorable, 86% intermediate, 81% unfavorable
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;These data demonstrate the feasibility of high-dose IMRT in a large number of patients. Acute and late rectal toxicities seem to be significantly reduced compared with what has been observed with conventional three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy techniques. Short-term PSA control rates seem to be at least comparable to those achieved with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy at similar dose levels. Based on this favorable risk:benefit ratio, IMRT has become the standard mode of conformal treatment delivery for localized prostate cancer at our institution.&quot;

*'''MSKCC''' {{PMID|10869739}} -- ''Clinical experience with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in prostate cancer.'' ('''2000 Zelefsky MJ''', Radiother Oncol.)
**132 patients with T1c- T3 (61 with 3D-CRT and 171 with IMRT) treated to a prescribed dose of 81 Gy
**IMRT improved the coverage of the clinical target volume (CTV) by the prescription dose and reduced the volumes of the rectal and bladder walls carried to high dose levels (P&lt;0.01)
**2-year actuarial risk of grade 2 rectal bleeding was 2% for IMRT and 10% for conventional 3D-CRT (P&lt;0.001)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The data demonstrate the feasibility and safety of high-dose IMRT for patients with localized prostate cancer and provide a proof-of-principle that this method improves dose conformality relative to tumor coverage and exposure to normal tissues.&quot;

==Dosimetry==
*{{PMID|15922172}} -- '''IMRT versus conventional 3DCRT on prostate and normal tissue dosimetry using an endorectal balloon for prostate immobilization.''' (Vlachaki MT, Med Dosim. 2005)
**Insignificant differences in tumor control probability (TCP) values between IMRT and 3DCRT were calculated for prostate (p = 0.320) and seminal vesicles (p = 0.289).
**Compared to 3DCRT, IMRT resulted in significantly reduced normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) only for upper rectum (p = 0.025) and femurs (p = 0.021).
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;IMRT achieves superior normal tissue avoidance, especially for rectum and femurs compared to 3DCRT, with comparable target dose escalation.&quot;

*'''MSKCC''' - {{PMID|15913914}} -- '''Whole pelvic radiotherapy for prostate cancer using 3D conformal and intensity modulated radiotherapy.''' (Ashman JB, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005)
**Sequential IMRT plans: 45 Gy to pelvic LN, then boost to prostate / SVs (75.6-81 Gy).
**Bowel: 3D-CRT resulted in 40% relative reduction ( p &lt; 0.001) in the volume of bowel receiving 45 Gy compared with 2D, and IMRT provided a further 60% reduction relative to 3D-CRT (p &lt; 0.001).
**Rectum: IMRT reduced the volume of rectum receiving 45 Gy by 90% (p &lt; 0.001) compared with either 2D or 3D-CRT
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Compared to conventional 2D planning, conformal planning for WPRT resulted in significant reductions in the doses delivered to the bowel, rectum, and bladder. IMRT was superior to 3D-CRT in limiting the volume of bowel and rectum within high-dose regions. These dosimetric findings correlated with low rates of acute and late GI morbidity.&quot;

*{{PMID|15010385}} -- '''Sparing of the penile bulb and proximal penile structures with intensity-modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer.''' (Kao J, Br J Radiol. 2004)
**10 consecutive patients with clinically organ confined prostate cancer were planned with IMRT to dose of 74 Gy without specifically constraining the plans to spare the penile bulb.
** IMRT reduced the mean penile bulb doses compared with 3D-CRT (33.2 Gy vs 48.9 Gy, p&lt;0.001), the percentage of penile bulb receiving over 40 Gy (37.7% vs 67.2%, p&lt;0.001) and the dose received by &gt;95% of penile bulb (5.3 Gy vs 11.7 Gy, p=0.003). Maximum penile bulb doses were higher with IMRT (81.2 Gy vs 73.1 Gy, p&lt;0.001) although the volume of this high dose region was small.
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;IMRT may potentially reduce long term sexual morbidity by reducing the dose to the majority of the penile bulb.&quot;

==Pelvic nodal IMRT==
*''See below:'' [[#Dosimetry|Ashman et al. 2005]]
*'''Surrey, UK''', 2000 - {{PMID|11020560}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Reduction of small and large bowel irradiation using an optimized intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy technique in patients with prostate cancer.&quot; Nutting CM et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Oct 1;48(3):649-56.
**10 pts. CTV included prostate and pelvic nodes (obturator, hypogastric, internal &amp; external iliac, presciatic, and presacral nodes to S2).
**Planning goals: LN + prostate 50 Gy, bowel 35 Gy (max 45 Gy), bladder and rectum 40 Gy (max 50 Gy)

==Treatment Planning==
*{{PMID|15214533}} -- '''Automatic beam angle selection in IMRT planning using genetic algorithm.''' (Li Y, Phys Med Biol. 2004)
**The results show that ABAS (automatic beam angle selection algorithm) is valid and efficient and can improve the dose distributions within a clinically acceptable computation time.

==Field Size==
*{{PMID|14740973}} -- '''Predictors of extracapsular extension and its radial distance in prostate cancer: implications for prostate IMRT, brachytherapy, and surgery.''' (Teh BS, Cancer J. 2003)
**712 RP specimens
**Measurable ECE in 26% (median 2.00mm, range 0.5-12.00&amp;nbsp;mm)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;This is the largest series in the literature thus far that quantitatively assesses radial extracapsular extension. Coverage of subclinical disease must be addressed carefully before successful implementation of intensity-modulated radiation therapy, brachytherapy, or prostatectomy in order to avoid geographical miss.&quot;

==Hypofractionation==
*{{PMID|15890583}} -- '''Individualized planning target volumes for intrafraction motion during hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy boost for prostate cancer.''' (Cheung P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: PTV margins can be reduced significantly with daily online correction of prostate position. &quot;Delivering a hypofractionated boost with this high-precision IMRT technique resulted in acceptable acute toxicity.&quot;

==Dose Constraints==
*'''[[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/0126|RTOG 0126]]'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Volume !! Constraint
|-
| GTV (Prostate) || 100% to 79.2 Gy
|-
| PTV2 (GTV + 0.5&amp;nbsp;cm) || 98% to 79.2 Gy
|-
| CTV (Prostate/SV) || 100% to 50.4 Gy
|-
| PTV1 (CTV + 0.5&amp;nbsp;cm) || 98% to 50.4 Gy
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Rectum 
| &lt;50% to 60 Gy
|-
| &lt;35% to 65 Gy
|-
| &lt;25% to 70 Gy
|-
| &lt;15% to 75 Gy
|-
| Dmax 84.7 Gy
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Bladder
| &lt;50% to 65 Gy
|-
| &lt;35% to 70 Gy
|-
| &lt;25% to 75 Gy
|-
| &lt;15% to 80 Gy
|-
| Dmax 84.7 Gy
|-
| Femoral head || Dmax 50 Gy
|-
| Penile bulb || Mean &lt;52.5 Gy
|}

* Rectum = from the anus (at the level of the ischial tuberosities) for a length of 15&amp;nbsp;cm or to the rectosigmoid flexure. This generally is below the bottom of the sacroiliac joints.
* Bladder = contoured from its base to the dome</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Node Positive</title>
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==Long-term outcomes==
*'''RTOG 75-06''' - {{PMID|9531359}} &amp;mdash; Ten-year outcomes for pathologic node-positive patients treated in RTOG 75-06. (Hanks GE, IJRBOP 1998). 
**Conclusion: A small fraction of node-positive patients are cured at 10-year follow-up by radiation therapy (2 of 90 with PSA +3 of 90 by clinical endpoints). Innovative treatment programs should be directed at node-positive patients in an effort to improve the fraction cured.

==Local Therapy vs No Local Therapy==
*'''SEER/U. Colorado''' {{PMID|24661660}} - &quot;The Impact of Definitive Local Therapy for Lymph Node–Positive Prostate Cancer: A Population-Based Study &quot; (Rusthoven CG, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 88 (5); 1064-1073. )
**1995-2005, 796 clinically node positive (cN+), 2991 pathologically node positive (pN+), analyzed as separate cohorts. 
***For cN+ patients, 43% had EBRT vs 57% had No Local Therapy (NLT). 10-yr OS 45% vs 29% (P&lt;.001) (median OS 9.6 vs 5.9 yr)
***For pN+ patients, 78% had local therapy (radical prostatectomy (RP) 57%, EBRT 10%, or both 11%) vs 22% had NLT. 10-yr OS 65% vs 42% (P&lt;.001) (median OS 13.6 vs 8.3 years)
***Local therapy beneficial across subgroups, including age &gt;=70 years and multiple +lymph nodes
**Secondary comparisons of RP vs EBRT and RP +/- Adjuvant EBRT: no significant differences between modalities. +Trend toward improved OS with RP + Adjuvant EBRT over RP alone (p=.08).
**Conclusion: &quot;RP and EBRT were associated with substantial improvements in OS and PCSS. The best available evidence suggests that patients with N1M0 PCa can achieve improved long-term survival outcomes with definitive local therapy and these strategies should be considered in appropriate candidates.&quot;
**'''&quot;Mixed Population Model&quot;''' {{PMID|25680608}} - authors propose a model to account for potential &quot;under-ascertainment&quot; of radiation data (ie, coding &quot;no radiation&quot; in observational databases [SEER, etc] when radiation was actually delivered to the patient [Jagsi Cancer 2012;118:333-341, Walker IJROBP 2013;86:686-693, Jagsi IJROBP 2014;90(1):11-24]):

==Prostatectomy vs Radiotherapy==
*'''Ulm, Germany / U. Michigan''' {{PMID|15356680}} -- ''Comparison of external radiation therapy vs radical prostatectomy in lymph node positive prostate cancer patients.'' ('''2004 Kuefer''', Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2004;7(4):343-9.)
**Retrospective.  102 pts RPX, 44 pts ERT. Adjuvant androgen ablation was given in 76 of 102 RPX, 21 of 44 ERT. 
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;In case of positive lymph nodes, RPX and ERT might be considered and need to be explained to the patient. For future treatment decisions, the presented findings and a potential survival benefit need to be evaluated in a larger prospective setting.&quot;

==Radiotherapy alone==
'''''Dose for positive nodes:'''''
*''From Fletcher, Texbook of Radiotherapy, 3rd ed. (1980)'' - For lymphangiogram positive pelvic nodes, extend field to L4-L5 interspace, 45 Gy to pelvis + boost positive nodes to a total of 55-60 Gy.

==After prostatectomy==
===Hormonal therapy after prostatectomy===
'''''Randomized data:'''''
*'''Messing / ECOG EST-3886''' (1988 - 93)
**'''7 years, 1999''' {{PMID|10588962}} [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/341/24/1781 Full text] &amp;mdash; &quot;Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with node-positive prostate cancer.&quot; (Messing EM, N Engl J Med. 1999 Dec 9;341(24):1781-8.)
***98 pts. Pts were found to have node-positive disease after radical prostatectomy + pelvic lymphadenectomy.  Randomized to adjuvant goserelin (or bilateral orchiectomy) vs observation until disease progression (based on local or distant disease progression, not PSA). 
***Median 7.1 yrs f/u. 77% (antiandrogen) vs 18% (obs) were alive with no evidence of recurrent disease and undetectable PSA. Death from any cause in 7 of 47 men (antiandrogen) vs 18 of 51 (obs), S.S. 
***Conclusion: survival benefit for immediate hormonal therapy. RT not used.
**'''12 years, 2006''' {{PMID|16750497}} -- &quot;Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy.&quot; (Messing EM, Lancet Oncol. 2006 Jun;7(6):472-9.)
***Median f/u 11.9 yr. Improved OS (HR=1.84), PCSS (HR=4.09) , and PFS (HR=3.42).

'''''Retrospective:'''''
*'''SEER/Medicare; 2009''' (1991-1999) {{PMID|19047295}} -- &quot;Role of androgen deprivation therapy for node-positive prostate cancer.&quot; (Wong YN, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jan 1;27(1):100-5.)
**731 pts treated with RP with positive regional LNs. 209 men received ADT within 120 days of RP. Compared men receiving adjuvant ADT vs those without adjuvant ADT.
**OS: no sig difference between adjuvant ADT and non-ADT groups (HR 0.97).
**CONCLUSION: &quot;Deferring immediate ADT in men with positive lymph nodes after RP may not significantly compromise survival.&quot;

===Adjuvant hormonal therapy plus RT===
See also: '''[[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Adjuvant RT#Node Positive|Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Adjuvant RT]]''' page
*'''Multicenter; 2014''' (1988-2010) - Retrospective
**{{PMID|25245445}} -- &quot;Impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on survival of patients with node-positive prostate cancer.&quot; (Abdollah F, J Clin Oncol. 2014 Dec 10;32(35):3939-47.)
**1107 pts, all N+ after radical prostatectomy with extended LN dissection (obturator, ext iliac, and hypogastric); median 15 nodes removed. Treated at Mayo Clinic or San Raffaele (Milan). All received lifelong adjuvant hormonal therapy; adjuvant RT in 34.9%. RT median dose to prostate bed: 66.6 - 70.2 Gy; whole pelvis treated in 70-85% to median dose 45-50.4 Gy.
***Developed stratification into 5 risk groups based on 4 parameters (number of positive nodes, pathologic Gleason score, tumor stage, surgical margin status). Validated using SEER database.
***Adjuvant RT associated with more favorable CSM (HR 0.37). Only 2 risk groups benefitted from RT: intermediate risk (1-2 LN, G 7-10, pT3b/pT4 or +SM) and high risk (3-4 LN). 
***Conclusion: &quot;The beneficial impact of aRT on survival in patients with pN1 prostate cancer is highly influenced by tumor characteristics. Men with low-volume nodal disease (≤ two PLNs) in the presence of intermediate- to high-grade, non-specimen-confined disease and those with intermediate-volume nodal disease (three to four PLNs) represent the ideal candidates for aRT after surgery.&quot;
***Comment: {{PMID|25847937}} -- &quot;External Validation of the Benefit of Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Pathologic N1M0 Prostate Cancer&quot; (Rusthoven, Carlson, Kavanagh. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jun 10;33(17):1987-8). Authors report a re-analysis of Abdollah et al's SEER external validation cohort using identical RPA risk stratification groups to the primary analysis by Abdollah et al. The re-analysis with identical risk stratifications validates an OS benefit in 'intermediate-risk' patients (1-2 +LNs , G 7-10, pT3b/pT4 or +SM) (multivariate HR 0.63, p=0.048), but unable to validate benefit in 'high-risk' patients (3-4 +LNs) (multivariate HR 1.17, p=0.729).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Risk Group 
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Criteria 
!colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 8-yr CSM-Free Survival (%)
|-
!Entire Cohort 
!aHT alone 
!aHT + aRT
|-
| Very low risk
| 1-2 LN
| G 2-6
| align=center|-
| 98.6
| 98.4
| 100 (p=0.7)
|-
| Low risk
| 1-2 LN
| G 7-10
| pT2/pT3a and SM-
| 96.6
| 96.8
| 96.3 (p=0.4)
|-
| Int risk
| 1-2 LN
| G 7-10
| pT3b/pT4 or SM+
| 86.7
| 84.2
| 93.1 (p=0.03 *)
|-
| High risk
| 3-4 LN
| align=center|-
| align=center|-
| 85.3
| 78.8
| 96.5 (p=0.02 *)
|-
| Very high risk
| &gt;4 LN
| align=center|-
| align=center|-
| 72.2
| 72.0
| 74.7 (p=0.9)
|-
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;small&gt;* denotes statistically significant difference&lt;br&gt;Abdollah, J Clin Oncol 2014. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

*'''Italy, 2011''' (1986-2002) - Retrospective, multi-center
**364 pts (of a series of 703 pts), pLN+ treated with RP. Matched analysis comparing 117 pts treated with HT + RT vs 247 pts treated with HT alone.
**'''2011''' {{PMID|21354694}} -- &quot;Combination of adjuvant hormonal and radiation therapy significantly prolongs survival of patients with pT2-4 pN+ prostate cancer: results of a matched analysis.&quot; (Briganti A, Eur Urol. 2011 May;59(5):832-40.)
***Median f/u 95 mo. (7.9 yr).  5/8-year CSS 90%/82%, OS 85%/70%. Pts treated with RT+HT had higher CSS and OS rates (5/8-year CSS: 95%/91% vs 88%/78%, OS: 90%/84% vs 82%/65%).
***Conclusion: &quot;Adjuvant RT plus HT significantly improved CSS and OS of pT2-4 pN1 patients, regardless of the extent of nodal invasion. These results reinforce the need for a multimodal approach in the treatment of node-positive prostate cancer.&quot;

*'''Italy, 2009''' (1988-2002) - Retrospective
**Retrospective review of 250 consecutive pLN+ patients treated with RP, followed by HT alone (48%) or HT and RT (52%). Seventy-four percent of patients received pelvic and prostate bed RT. Median dose 66.6 Gy. 
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19211184}} -- &quot;Long-term follow-up of patients with prostate cancer and nodal metastases treated by pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy: the positive impact of adjuvant radiotherapy.&quot; (Da Pozzo LF, Eur Urol. 2009 May;55(5):1003-11.)
***5/8-year bRFS 72/61%, CSS 89/83%. In multivariate analysis, adjuvant RT and # of positive LN predicted bRFS and CSS. Patients treated with aHT alone had 2.6× risk of prostate cancer mortality vs. HT and RT after accounting for other predictors.

==Hormonal therapy and radiotherapy==
*'''MD Anderson, 2001''' (1984-1998) {{PMID|11489709}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Addition of radiation therapy to androgen ablation improves outcome for subclinically node-positive prostate cancer.&quot;   Zagars GK, Pollack A, von Eschenbach AC. Urology. 2001 Aug;58(2):233-9.
**Retrospective. 255 pts N+ found on lymphadenectomy treated with early androgen ablation alone (n=188) or with 70 Gy EBRT (n=72). Median F/U 9.4 years for ablation alone, 6.2 years for ablation + RT
**10 year outcome: Adding EBRT improved OS from 46 to 67%. Freedom from relapse improved from 25% to 80%
**Conclusion: Early androgen ablation alone not helpful. Addition of RT offers substantial and significant improvement

*'''[[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/8531|RTOG 85-31]]: Subset Analysis''', {{PMID|15681524}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Androgen suppression plus radiation versus radiation alone for patients with stage D1/pathologic node-positive adenocarcinoma of the prostate: updated results based on national prospective randomized trial Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 85-31.&quot; Lawton CA et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 1;23(4):800-7.
**Updated analysis of pN+ pts (median f/u on all pts (6.5 yrs) and all living pts (9.5 yrs))
**98 pts XRT + immediate adjuvant goserelin, 75 pts XRT alone w/ delayed goserelin @ time of failure.
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: Multivariant analysis shows XRT + immediate adj goserelin have SS benefit in all four end points analyzed-- biochem control, met failure, DSF, absolute survival.  Need prospective randomized trial to confirm, but until then, pN+ pts should be considered for XRT + immediate hormonal manipulation rather than XRT alone with hormone manipulation at the time of relapse.

*'''(closed due to poor accrual ) [[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/9608|RTOG 96-08]]''' (1997-98)
**Randomized node-positive pts to indefinite total androgen ablation vs total androgen ablation plus RT to the pelvis + prostate. 50.4 Gy to the pelvis (to L4/5 interspace) with boost to 68.4 - 70.2 Gy.


==Hormonal Therapy Alone==
*'''EORTC 30846''' - Randomized to immediate ADT vs delayed ADT; no treatment of the primary tumor
**234 pts with prostate cancer and nodal metastases. No treatment to the primary tumor was given. Pts randomized to early ADT vs delayed ADT. Non-inferiority trial
**'''2009''' {{PMID|18823693}} -- &quot;Early versus delayed endocrine treatment of T2-T3 pN1-3 M0 prostate cancer without local treatment of the primary tumour: final results of European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer protocol 30846 after 13 years of follow-up (a randomised controlled trial).&quot; (Schröder FH, Eur Urol. 2009 Jan;55(1):14-22.)
***Median f/u 13 yr. Median duration of protocol ADT 2.7 yr (delayed) vs 3.2 yr (immediate).
***59.4% of pts died from PCa; 82.5% died overall. Median OS 6.1 yr (delayed) vs 7.6 yr (immediate) (HR 1.22), not significant (non-inferiority not proven). 
***Conclusion: &quot;After 13 years of follow-up, survival or PCa-specific survival between immediate and delayed ET appear similar, but the trial is underpowered to reach its goal of showing non-inferiority.&quot;</text>
      <sha1>hne43ku5hruv04jjm5zr6k9c1si08a1</sha1>
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  </page>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Primary CNS Lymphoma</title>
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==Epidemiology==
* Median age of presentation for non-HIV related primary CNS lymphoma is 6th decade.  HIV related presentation is related to stage of HIV.
* Incidence has increased 10-fold in past 30 years, and the increase cannot be totally explained by the advent of HIV.
* Has traditionally accounted for 1% of intracranial neoplasms in immunocompetent patients.  The fraction now is estimated at 4%.
* Impacts two distinct populations:
** Immunocompromised (HIV, organ transplantation, immunodeficiency syndromes) - arise from EBV infection of B-cell lymphocytes
** Immunocompetent - no known etiology. B-cells have no normal role in the brain
** if HIV+ &amp; surviving longer than 4 years, the frequency may be as high as 10% to 20% - though decreasing with HAART (Perez 2007)
* PCNSL frequently CSF+ (16% to 47% reported) 
* Ocular involvement in 15% to 20%  (vs Primary intraocular lymphoma spreads to the brain in 80%)

==Pathology==
* Usually B-cell histology
* T-cell variants account for &lt;5% of PCNSL in developed countries; their behavior is very similar to B-cells
* 85% are either aggressive or highly aggressive variants of NHL


*'''PCNSL Collaborative Group; 2005''' {{PMID|15800313}} -- &quot;Primary CNS lymphoma of T-cell origin: a descriptive analysis from the international primary CNS lymphoma collaborative group.&quot; (Shenkier TN, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Apr 1;23(10):2233-9.)
**Retrospective. 12 centers in 7 countries. 45 patients. Median age 60 years, 44% ECOG 0-1, 58% cerebral hemispheres, 26% deep lesions. LDH elevated in 32%, CSF elevated in 79%
**Outcome: DSS 2-year 51%, 5-year 17%
**Positive predictors: ECOG 0-1, MTX use
**Conclusion: Presentation and outcome similar to B-cell PCNSL

==Anatomy==
&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Primary CNS Lymphoma&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
Image:Tumor_PrimaryCNSLymphoma_T1Axial.JPG|MRI T1 Axial
Image:Tumor_PrimaryCNSLymphoma_T1Coronal.JPG|MRI T1 Coronal
Image:Tumor_PrimaryCNSLymphoma_T1Saggital.JPG|MRI T1 Sagittal
Image:Tumor_PrimaryCNSLymphoma_T2.JPG|MRI T2 Axial
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{clr}}

*Restricted to brain, CSF, eyes, or rarely spinal cord
*Clinicopathologic variants include intracranial lesions, diffuse leptomeningeal or periventricular, vitreous, and spinal lesions.
*Intracranial primary CNS lymphoma are generally 75% supratentorial and 25% infratentorial.
*Primary CNS lymphoma is multifocal in 50% of AIDS-related variants, and multifocal in 25% of immunocompetent variants.
*MRI significantly underestimates extent of involvement; May appear focal on CT or MRI but &lt;b&gt;parenchyma is typically diffusely involved&lt;/b&gt;. 
*Intensely enhancing on MRI; may have a diffuse or “cotton wool” appearance on imaging. 
*Classified as Stage IE NHL, because they are typically restricted to a single extranodal site

==Prognostic Factors==
*Multiple factors for poor prognosis: Age &gt;60, ECOG PS &gt;1, elevated LDH, elevated CSF protein, deep regions of the brain
*European Stratification: 5 variables above. Risk groups: 0-1 factors, 2-3 factors, 4-5 factors
*MSKCC Stratification: 2 variables, age and KPS
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''MSKCC RPA Classification'''
|-
|  || '''Variables''' || '''Median OS'''
|-
| RPA Class I || Age &lt;=50 || 8.5 years 
|-
| RPA Class II || Age &gt;=50 &amp; KPS &gt;=70 || 3.2 years
|-
| RPA Class III || Age &gt;=50 &amp; KPS &lt;70 || 1.1 years
|-
|}


*'''MSKCC; 2006''' (1983-2003) {{PMID|17116938}} -- &quot;Primary central nervous system lymphoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center prognostic model.&quot; (Abrey LE, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Dec 20;24(36):5711-5.)
**338 patients analyzed. RPA analysis. External validation from 3 RTOG prospective trials
**RPA: Class I (patients &lt;=50), Class II (patients &gt;=50 and KPS &gt;=70), Class III (&gt;50 and KPS &lt;70)
**MSKCC data: median OS 8.5 years vs. 3.2 years vs. 1.1 years
**Validation with RTOG data: median OS 5.2 years vs. 2.1 years vs. 0.8 years
**Conclusion: Simple, universally applicable

*'''International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group; 2003''' {{PMID|12525518}} -- &quot;Prognostic scoring system for primary CNS lymphomas: the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group experience.&quot; (Ferreri AJ, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jan 15;21(2):266-72.)
**378 patients analyzed. Five variables developed for prognostic score: 1) age &gt;60, ECOG &gt;1, elevated LDH, high CSF protein, deep regions of the brain.
**2-year OS: Score 0-1: 80%; Score 2-3: 48%; Score 4-5: 15%
**Conclusion: Prognostic score developed

*'''France; 1993''' (1982-1991) {{PMID|8494713}} -- &quot;Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in patients with non HIV-related primary cerebral lymphoma. A proposal for a prognostic scoring.&quot; (Blay JY, Br J Cancer. 1993 May;67(5):1136-41.)
**Retrospective. 41 patients with non-HIV PCNSL.
**Multivariate predictors: CSF protein &gt;0.6 g/l, ECOG &gt;2, Age &gt;60
**Prognostic risk groups: median OS: good 54 months, intermediate 20 months, poor 4 months
**Conclusion: heterogenous disease, can be stratified

==Treatment==
===Overview===
*Debulking surgery typically does not play a role, unless patients have masses that threaten impending herniation
*Steroids should not be given, unless necessary to prevent herniation, since they can induce significant tumor regression and mask pathology. However, if steroids are given, immunostaining may still be possible even on dead cells
*Treatment for CNS lymphoma traditionally consisted of whole brain radiation therapy.  The results were generally dismal. Although there is a high initial response rate to radiation, the vast majority of patients relapsed within the brain, and died of their disease. Median survival was 1 - 1.5 years, with 5-year OS ~5%
*Due to rarity of this disease, most studies are Phase II trials
*RTOG 8315 attempted to dose escalate brain treatment, but ultimately found unacceptably high rates of late side effects without significant improvement in overall survival. Ideal dose appears to be somewhere between 40 and 50 Gy; less than 40 Gy leads to worse survival, more than 50 Gy to worse neurotoxicity 
*Even though CHOP is very effective in systemic NHL, its results in PCNSL have been disappointing
*Phase II single arm RTOG 9310 showed that chemo followed by RT consolidation had better outcomes than RT alone compared to historical controls. However, there was high neurotoxicity in patients &gt;60 with combined modality therapy 
*High dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) based chemo has become the backbone of primary treatment. Consolidative WBRT is too toxic for older patients (&gt;60) and should be deferred. The role of consolidative WBRT in young patients (&lt;60) is unclear, but appears to improve outcome. Median survival with sequential chemo-RT, as well as high dose chemo alone is now ~4 years
*Going forward, attempts are to optimize chemo regimens to defer neurotoxicity from consolidative WBRT


Current NCCN guidelines for treatment:
* For patient with KPS &gt;40 and creatinine clearance &gt;50, high dose MTX based chemotherapy is considered the standard treatment.
* If CSF cytology is positive, consider intrathecal chemotherapy.
* For patient with KPS &lt;40 or creatinine clearance &lt;50, WBRT to 45 Gy.

Current indications for radiation therapy:
* Consider as post-chemotherapy treatment in initial management of select younger patients (see RTOG 9310).
* Recurrent disease resistant to MTX based chemotherapy.
* Radiation should be avoided in patients &gt;60 when possible.

===Chemo+/-WBRT===
*'''G-PCNSL-SG-1'''
**Multicenter, phase III noninferiority trial, 551 patients Non-AIDS randomized to received HD-MTX +/- WBRT. 318 pts treated per protocol included in analysis.
**WBRT : 45Gy/30F, 1.5Gy daily fraction
**Chemo: Initially MTX 4g/m2, but protocol amended in 2006 to give MTX 4g/m2 on day 1 and ifosfamide 1.5g/m2 on day 3-5
**Primary endpoint: overall survival, defined non-inferior as lower 95% CI not below 0.9. Designed to have 60% power.
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20970380}} -- &quot;High-dose methotrexate with or without whole brain radiotherapy for primary CNS lymphoma (G-PCNSL-SG-1): a phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority trial.&quot; (Thiel E, Lancet Oncol. 2010 Nov;11(11):1036-47.)
***Results: Median f/u: 4.2 years, included only 318/551 treated per protocol
****Per protocol analysis: median overall survival was 32.4mo(WBRT) vs 37.1mo, HR 1.06 (95% CI= 0.80-1.40, P=0.71). Median PFS was 18.3 mo(WBRT) vs 11·9 mo (P=0.15). 
****Intent to treat analysis: no difference in OS, but WBRT improved PFS (HR=0.79, P=0.041). On subgroup analysis, WBRT improved PFS in patients without CR (HR=0.69, P=0.011), but not with CR (HR=0.79, P=0.21) after chemo.
****Toxicity: In 79 pt with sustained CR, more radiologic neurotoxicity 76% vs 46%, clinical neurotoxicity 49% vs 26%, in WBRT group 
****66 patients died after chemotherapy alone (all excluded from results analysis).
***Conclusion: No significant difference in OS. The PFS benefit of WBRT has to be weighed against the increased toxicity.
***Criticism: Ferrari Lancet Oncol 2011: {{PMID|21277546}}
****Did NOT meet preset primary endpoint that omitting WBRT had not inferior OS to giving WBRT. 
****Used a per-protocol analysis, rather than intent to treat, which allows for selection biases.
****Extraordinarily high mortality with HD-MTX alone (12.5%), but all of these patients were excluded from analysis, making the results look better than they are
****Overall, many major protocol violations, and excluded 42% of the patients originally enrolled 
*****66 pt died during chemo, 49 pt assigned do WBRT who did not get WBRT, 44 pt did not get salvage Ara-C in chemo-only arm with PR, 27 low to f/u, 22 did not have response criteria, 14 pt ineligible
****Only evaluated neurotoxicity outcomes in 79 patients, and clinical neurotoxicity endpoint not well defined. MMSE planned, but not done for most patients.

===Sequential Chemo-WBRT===
*'''ANOCEF-GOELAMS PRECIS Study; 2019''' (2008-2014) {{PMID|30785830}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy or Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Primary CNS Lymphoma in Patients 60 Years of Age and Younger: Results of the Intergroup ANOCEF-GOELAMS Randomized Phase II PRECIS Study.&quot; (Houillier C, J Clin Oncol. 2019 Apr 1;37(10):823-833. doi: 10.1200/JCO.18.00306. Epub 2019 Feb 20.)
**Prospective, Phase II. 140 patients, 23 French centers. Untreated primary CNS lymphoma, age &lt;=60. Induction R-MBVP / R-AraC, followed by randomization to Arm 1) Thiotepa / busulfan / cyclophosphamide vs Arm 2) WBRT 40/20.
**Outcome: 2-year PFS chemo 87% vs WBRT 63%, both exceeded threshold for efficacy, no p-value given
**Toxicity: Cognitive toxicity worse after WBRT (p = 0.004)
**Conclusion: Both consolidative chemo and WBRT are effective for patients &lt;=60; efficacy favors chemotherapy. Specific risks should be considered.

*'''International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG), 2009''' {{PMID|19767089}} &amp;mdash; &quot;High-dose cytarabine plus high-dose methotrexate versus high-dose methotrexate alone in patients with primary CNS lymphoma: a randomised phase 2 trial.&quot; (Ferreri AJ, Lancet. 2009 Sep 18. [Epub ahead of print])
**Multicenter phase 2, randomized. 79 pts, age &lt;=75. Randomized to 4 courses of MTX vs MTX + cytarabine. Following chemo, whole brain RT was given.
**CR in 18% (MTX) vs 46% (MTX+C); overall response rate 40% and 69%. Increased g3-4 heme toxicity, 15% vs 92%; treatment-related death in 1 pt vs 3 pts.
**Conclusion: The addition of high-dose cytarabine to high-dose methotrexate improved outcome with acceptable toxicity in pts 75 yrs and younger.

*'''RTOG 0227''' [http://www.rtog.org/members/protocols/0227/0227.pdf Protocol] -- &quot;Phase I/II Study of Pre-Irradiation Chemotherapy with Methotrexate, Rituximab, and Temozolomide and Post-Irradiation Temozolomide for Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma&quot;
**''Opened protocol'': Rituximab + Temozolomide + Methotrexate -&gt; WBRT 36/30 in 1.2 Gy BID -&gt; Temozolomide

* '''EORTC 20962''' (1997-2002)
**Phase II. 52 patients. Non-AIDS-related. [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MBVP|MBVP]] (methotrexate (MTX) teniposide carmustine methylprednisolone)  x 2 cycles with 2x IT-MTX, ara-C, and HC. Followed by 40 Gy WBRT. 
**'''2003''' {{PMID|14597741}} &amp;mdash; &quot;High-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy followed by consolidating radiotherapy in non-AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Group Phase II Trial 20962.&quot; Poortmans PM et al. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Dec 15;21(24):4483-8. Median F/U 2.2 years. 
***Outcome: median OS 3.8 years. 3-yr OS 58%.
***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 neutropenia 78%; 10% deaths treatment-related
***Conclusion: MBVP followed by WBRT has a high response rate, but is very toxic

* '''RTOG 9310''' (1994-1997)
**Phase II prospective single arm trial. 98 patients. HIV-. Pre-radiation chemotherapy included MTX, vincristine, procarbazine and intraventricular MTX. RT was WBRT to 45 Gy; if ocular lymphoma then eyes 36/20. During study, protocol modified such that if CR after chemo, WBRT 36/30 BID. After RT, patients received hi-dose cytarabine.
**'''Primary outcome; 2002''' {{PMID|12488408}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 93-10.&quot; DeAngelis LM et al. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Dec 15;20(24):4643-8. 
***Outcome: Median OS 50.4 months in patients &lt;60, and 21.8 months in patients &gt;60 (overall 36.9 months); 5-year OS 32%, no difference if CR after chemo or not
***Toxicity: 15% patients experienced severe delayed neurologic toxicity.
***Conclusions: HD-MTX based regimen combined with consolidative RT is superior to RT alone when the overall survival data are compared to historical data.  However, patients over age 60 had significant risk of late toxicity from the combined treatment.
**'''HFX-RT; 2005''' {{PMID|16193393}} -- &quot;Secondary analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study (RTOG) 9310: an intergroup phase II combined modality treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma.&quot; (Fisher B, J Neurooncol. 2005 Sep;74(2):201-5.)
***Retrospective. 82 patients, 66 standard WBRT (45/25) and 16 HFX (36/30)
***Neurotoxicity: Grade 5 (fatal): 10%, HFX 13% vs. RT 9% (NS); leukoencephalopathy later in HFX group. None of CR to chemo developed Grade 5 neurotoxicity
***Outcome: no difference
***Conclusion: HFX 25% lower BED dose, but no difference on PFS and OS. It delayed but not eliminate severe neurotoxicity

*'''MSKCC; 2006''' (1992-1998) {{PMID|17008697}} -- &quot;Long-term follow-up of high-dose methotrexate-based therapy with and without whole brain irradiation for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma.&quot; (Gavrilovic IT, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Oct 1;24(28):4570-4.)
**Retrospective. 57 patients, average 65 years old, median KPS 70. Treated with HD-MTX x5 cycles + vincristine. Intra-Ommaya MTX, procarbazine. Then WBRT 45 Gy, followed by Ara-C 2 cycles. WBRT deferred for 68% patients &gt;60. Median F/U 9.6 years for surviving patients
**Outcome: median OS 4.2 years, median PFS 10.7 years. Median OS for age &gt;60 was 2.4 years, regardless of RT. Median OS for age &lt;60 (most chemo-WBRT) not reached yet 
**Conclusion: Excellent survival. For older patients, defer WBRT. For younger patients, deferring WBRT may significantly compromise disease control

*'''Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group, TROG''', (1991-97)
**Phase II. 46 pts. IV MTX (1 g/m2; days 1,8) + leucovorin. Pts with positive CSF received intrathecal Ara-C 60 mg twice/wk x 3 weeks, continued weekly x 3 after clearance of CSF. WBRT began on day 15, 45 Gy in 25 fx (180 cGy/d) with a boost to 50.4 Gy if localized involvement or whole brain dose to 50.4 Gy if diffuse.
**'''2000''' {{PMID|10653867}}, 2000 &amp;mdash; &quot;Phase II multicenter study of brief single-agent methotrexate followed by irradiation in primary CNS lymphoma.&quot; O'Brien P et al. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Feb;18(3):519-26. 
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16198065}}, 2006 &amp;mdash; &quot;Combined-modality therapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma: Long-term data from a Phase II multicenter study.&quot; O'Brien PC et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Feb 1;64(2):408-13. 
***5-yr OS 37%, MS 36m. 30% actuarial risk of neurotoxicity.
***Conclusion: combined modality treatment results in improved outcome compared to historical controls.

*'''CHOD-BVAM I/II''' (1990-1995)
**2 simultaneous phase II prospective trials to evaluate reduced WBRT. 57 patients. Initial chemotherapy [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|CHOD/BVAM]]. CR after chemo would place the patient into the BVAM II study (WBRT 30.6 Gy). A non-CR after chemo would place the patient into BVAM I (WBRT 45 Gy + 10 Gy boost to single lesion).
**'''2002''' {{PMID|11773174}} -- &quot;Importance of radiotherapy in the outcome of patients with primary CNS lymphoma: an analysis of the CHOD/BVAM regimen followed by two different radiotherapy treatments.&quot; (Bessell EM, J Clin Oncol. 2002 Jan 1;20(1):231-6.)
***Outcome: Reduced WBRT only predictor of relapse: standard WBRT 29% vs. reduced WBRT 70%. Age &gt;60 only predictor for OS (RR 2.1). In young patients (&lt;60), WBRT dose only predictor for OS: standard WBRT 92% vs. reduced WBRT 60% (SS)
***Toxicity: Incidence of RT-induced dementia rare in patients &lt;60 years
***Conclusion: Reduction in WBRT dose in young patients after HD-MTX chemo results in increased risk of relapse and lower OS

===Sequential WBRT-chemo===
* '''NCCTG 96-73-51; 2006''' (1998-2003) - {{PMID|16863926}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Whole-brain radiotherapy and high-dose methylprednisolone for elderly patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma: Results of North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) 96-73-51.&quot; Laack NN et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Aug 1;65(5):1429-39.
**19 pts 70 years and older. After WBRT, 1 gram of methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) daily x 5 days, 30 days after RT. Then 1 g q28d until progression.
**6 month OS of 33% at interim analysis; trial closed. Final results, longer OS 12.1 m and EFS 11.7 m in comparison to previous NCCTG trial of CHOP + high-dose ara-C + WBRT (OS 7.0m, EFS 4.0m).
**Conclusion: high dose methylprednisolone warrants further study

===WBRT +/- CHOP===
*'''MRC''' (1988-95)
**Phase III ''Closed early due to poor accrual, short of target population of 90 pts.'' 53 pts, treated with surgery, then randomized 2:1 to RT-&gt;CHOP vs RT alone. RT dose 40/20 WBRT + 14 Gy boost to 2cm margin. In RT-CHOP arm, RT was followed by CHOPx6. 
**'''2000''' {{PMID|11002232}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A medical research council randomized trial in patients with primary cerebral non-Hodgkin lymphoma: cerebral radiotherapy with and without cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy.&quot; Mead GM et al. Cancer. 2000 Sep 15;89(6):1359-70. Median F/U 5 yrs.
***Outcome: No difference in OS adjusted for age/KPS
**Conclusion: inconclusive study due to poor accrual, but CHOP no clear role

===WBRT alone===
* '''RTOG 8315''' (1983-87)
**Phase II prospective single arm trial; dose escalation. 41 patients. RT 40 Gy WBRT + 20 Gy boost to the tumor bed + 2cm margins
**'''1992''' {{PMID|1572835}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the brain: can high dose, large volume radiation therapy improve survival? Report on a prospective trial by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG): RTOG 8315.&quot; Nelson DF et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;23(1):9-17.
***Outcome: median OS 12.2 months from diagnosis, 2-year OS 28%; Disease recurrence in the brain was 61% 
***Prognostic factors: KPS &gt;=70 median OS 23 months vs. 6 months (SS); age &lt;60 23 months vs. 8 months (SS)
***Conclusion: Unreasonably high loco-regional recurrence, at the cost of significant leukoencephalopathy and cognitive impairment.

===Chemotherapy alone===
*'''German PCNSL-SG; 2005''' {{PMID|15653703}} -- &quot;High-dose methotrexate toxicity in elderly patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma.&quot; (Jahnke K, Ann Oncol. 2005 Mar;16(3):445-9. Epub 2005 Jan 14.)
**Phase IV prospective. 154 patients, 619 HD-MTX cycles, 4 g/m2 unless adjusted for decreased GFR, followed by LV rescue
**Toxicity: Grade &gt;=3 was &lt;10%; no difference if &lt;60 or &gt;=60 
**Dose reduction: &lt;60 18% vs. &gt;60 44% (SS)
**Conclusion: HD-MTX safe treatment, regardless of age

* '''German deferred WBRT; 2003''' (1995-2001) {{PMID|14597744}} -- &quot;Primary central nervous system lymphoma: results of a pilot and phase II study of systemic and intraventricular chemotherapy with deferred radiotherapy.&quot; (Pels H, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Dec 15;21(24):4489-95.)
**Phase II single arm. 65 patients. High dose MTX and Ara-C based chemotherapy (other chemo agents used include dexamethasone, vinca-alkaloids, ifosfamide, CTX).  Intraventricular MTX, prednisolone, and Ara-C were also administered. Median F/U 2.2 years
**Outcome: Median TTF 1.7 years, median OS 4.2 years. If &gt;60 years, median OS 2.8 years; not reached for &lt;60 years
**Toxicity: 9% died of treatment related complications.  3% had permanent cognitive dysfunction.
**Conclusion: Primary chemo with HD-MTX and ARA-C is highly efficient, and outcomes comparable to chemo + RT

'''''Intra-Arterial MTX-based chemo''''' 
*'''Multi-Institutional; 2009''' (1982-2005) {{PMID|19451444}} -- &quot;Primary central nervous system lymphoma: results of a pilot and phase II study of systemic and intraventricular chemotherapy with deferred radiotherapy.&quot; (Angelov L, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jul 20;27(21):3503-9. Epub 2009 May 18.)
**Phase II single arm. 4 institutions. 149 patients treated with Osmotic BBBD and IA infusion of methrotraxate + etoposide and cyclophosphamide or procarbazine.  46% age &gt; 60, KPS &lt; 70 in 42 %, CSF + in 7.4%
**Outcome: Overall response rate 81.9%, Median PFS was 1.8 years (95% CI, 1.3 to 2.8 years); 5-year PFS was 31%, 7-year PFS was 25%, Median OS was 3.1 years, 41% estimated 5-year survival, 25% estimated 8.5-year survival, Patients &lt; 60 years median OS = 5.2 yrs and a 5-year survival = 52%, Patients &gt; 60 years had median OS of 2.2 years and a 5-year survival = 30% 
**Toxicity: Peri-procedural seizures in ~10%, Clinical strokes in 7.4% (Risk of permanent damage ~0.2%/BBBD-IA), Limited neurocognitive effects (per paper discussion, no data presented)
**Conclusion: BBBD and IA chemo results in excellent response and OS with minimal toxicity and allows for delay of WBRT.  (Caution to use only in centers with experience in this technique)

===Rituxan===
*'''MSKCC; 2007''' {{PMID|17947720}} -- &quot;Combined immunochemotherapy with reduced whole-brain radiotherapy for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma.&quot; (Shah GD, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 20;25(30):4730-5.)
**Prospective. 30 patients (mean age 57, KPS 70). Treated with 5-7 cycles of induction chemo ([[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#R-MPV|R-MPV)]]. If CR, dose-reduced WBRT 23.4 Gy; if PR, standard WBRT 45 Gy. Then 2 cycles Ara-C. Median F/U 3 years
**Outcome: 2-year OS 67%, PFS 57%. CR in 78% after 7 cycles, 44% after &lt;=5 cycles
**Toxicity: Grade 3-4 neutropenia 43%, thrombocytopenia 36%, leukopenia 23%. Reduced WBRT in ~2/3 patients
**Conclusion: Immunochemotherapy is a promising approach; dose-reduced WBRT appears to eliminate risk of neurotoxicity without compromising control

*ASCO 2004: [http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO/menuitem.34d60f5624ba07fd506fe310ee37a01d/?vgnextoid=76f8201eb61a7010VgnVCM100000ed730ad1RCRD&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=26&amp;abstractID=1097 Abstract 1518] (2002-3) &amp;mdash; &quot;Combined immunochemotherapy with reduced dose whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for newly diagnosed patients with primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL).&quot; El Kamar FG.
**Phase II. 14 pts (of planned 30). Rituxan plus Methotrexate, Procarbazine and Vincristine (MPV). 23.4 Gy if CR after 5-7 cycles. 45 Gy if less than CR.

===Salvage===
*'''MGH; 2005''' {{PMID|15735126}} -- &quot;Results of whole-brain radiation as salvage of methotrexate failure for immunocompetent patients with primary CNS lymphoma.&quot; (Nguyen PL, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 1;23(7):1507-13.)
**Salvage whole brain RT: median 36 Gy (median 2 Gy/fx, most common 1.5 Gy/fx)
**74% overall response rate (37% CR, 37% PR). Improved performance status in 44%. MS 10.9 mo.
**Conclusion: &quot;For patients with PCNSL who experience treatment failure with methotrexate, WBRT provides high response rates (74%) and a median survival of 10.9 months. Age less than 60 years and response to WBRT predict post-WBRT survival. Modest rates of late neurotoxicity (15%) were seen and were associated with a total dose greater than 36 Gy.&quot;

==Presentations==
*'''ASCO 2004''' - [http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO/menuitem.d3934b88626d03a781d54d10ee37a01d/?vgnextoid=8a7ca1f903878010VgnVCM100000f2730ad1RCRD&amp;type=vm&amp;confID=26&amp;personalID=76&amp;epdAbst=N&amp;epdVM=Y&amp;epdJCO=N&amp;epdPubMed=N&amp;epdEdBook=N&amp;index=n Video] De Angelis LM - &quot;Primary CNS Lymphoma: Update 2004&quot;

==Reviews==
*'''MSKCC; 2007''' - {{PMID|17591569}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Primary central nervous system lymphoma.&quot; (Mohile NA, Semin Radiat Oncol. 2007 Jul;17(3):223-9.)
*'''MGH; 2006''' - {{PMID|16525183}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Primary CNS Lymphoma.&quot; (Batchelor T et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Vol 24, No 8 (March 10), 2006: pp. 1281-1288.)
*'''Yale; 2006''' - {{PMID|16613654}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Primary lymphoma of the nervous system.&quot; (Baehring JM et al. Cancer J. 2006 Jan;12(1):1.)</text>
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This page is for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.

:''See also:'' [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Chemotherapy]]
:''See also:'' [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Hormones]] for other aspects of hormonal therapy, such as [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Hormones#Combined androgen blockade vs GnRH agonist alone|the use of combined androgen blockade vs GnRH agonist alone]]

==Guidelines==
'''ASCO Practice Guideline: Initial Hormonal Management of Androgen-Sensitive Metastatic, Recurrent, or Progressive Prostate Cancer'''
*'''2006''' - {{PMID|17404365}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Initial Hormonal Management of Androgen-Sensitive Metastatic, Recurrent, or Progressive Prostate Cancer: 2006 Update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology Practice Guideline.&quot; Loblaw DA et al. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Apr 20;25(12):1596-605.
**1) Standard treatment options: bilateral orchiectomy or LHRH agonists
**2) Non-steroidal anti-androgens (NSAA) may be discussed as an alternative; steroidal anti-androgens should not be offered
**3) Combined androgen blockade should be offered
**4) Early androgen deprivation compared to symptomatic initiation shows moderate (17%) decrease in relative risk of PCA-specific mortality, but moderate (15%) increase in relative risk of non-PCA-specific mortality. There is no overall survival difference. Some prognostic factors (PSAdt, GS, PSA response to ADT, age) may be considered in treatment decisions
**5) There is insufficient data for intermittent androgen blockade, and it should not be used outside of clinical trials
*'''2004:''' - {{PMID|15184404}}, 2004 &amp;mdash; &quot;American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations for the initial hormonal management of androgen-sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer.&quot; Loblaw DA et al. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jul 15;22(14):2927-41.

==Hormonal Therapy +/- Prostate Radiation==
*'''STAMPEDE''' (2013-2016) - multicenter trial in Switzerland and UK
**Randomized. 2061 patients, newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer. Arm 1) lifelong ADT  Arm 2) lifelong ADT plus radiation (trial later amended to allow upfront docetaxel in either arm)
**'''2018''' {{PMID|30355464}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy to the Primary Tumour for Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Prostate Cancer (STAMPEDE): a Randomized Controlled Phase 3 Trial&quot; (Parker CC, et al, Lancet. 2018;392:2353-66)
***Methods: Radiation was either 55 Gy in 20 fractions or 36 Gy in 6 weekly fractions. 
***Outcome: Radiation improved failure free survival (HR 0.76 CI 0.68-0.84) but not overall survival for the entire group. For patients with low metastatic burden (&lt;4 bone mets, no visceral mets) 3-year OS control 73% vs. RT 81% (SS)
***Conclusion: No benefit for unselected patients. Low metastatic burden patients may benefit from addition of radiation (but not primary endpoint of trial). 


*'''National Cancer Database''' (2004-2012) (Rusthoven, et al, &quot;Improved Survival With Prostate Radiation in Addition to Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Men With Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Prostate Cancer&quot; J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun 20. pii: JCO67478) {{PMID|27325855}}
**6,382 men with metastatic PCa at diagnosis, all treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) +/- prostate RT (8.4%).
**Prostate RT associated with improved OS on univariate (p&lt;.001) and multivariate analyses (hazard ratio, 0.624; 95% CI, 0.551 to 0.706; P &lt; .001) adjusted for age, year, race, comorbidity score, PSA level, Gleason score, T stage, N stage, chemotherapy administration, treating facility, and insurance status)
**Propensity score analysis with matched baseline characteristics demonstrated superior median (55 v 37 months) and 5-year OS (49% v 33%) with prostate RT plus ADT compared with ADT alone (P &lt; .001). 
**Patients receiving higher-dose RT (≥ 65Gy) had improved OS compared to lower-dose RT.
*Conclusion: &quot;In this large contemporary analysis, men with mPCa receiving prostate RT and ADT lived substantially longer than men treated with ADT alone.&quot;


*'''HORRAD Trial''' (2004-2014) Multicenter randomized trial in The Netherlands.
**432 patients with bone metastatic prostate cancer and PSA &gt; 20 were randomized to lifelong androgen deprivation with or without radiation therapy to the prostate.
**Radiation dose was either 70 Gy in 35 fractions or 57.76 Gy in 19 fractions delivered 3 fractions per week.
**'''2018''' Boevé et al, &quot;Effect on survival of androgen deprivation therapy alone compared to androgen deprivation therapy combined with concurrent radiation therapy to the prostate in patients with primary bone metastatic prostate cancer in a prospective randomised clinical trial: data from the HORRAD trial&quot; Eur Urol. 2018; {{PMID|30266309}}
***Conclusion: There was no difference in overall survival. However, an unplanned subgroup analysis suggested a survival benefit for patients with &lt;4 bone metastases. (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.42-1.10)

==Hormonal Therapy==
*''Also please see [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Hormones]] section''

===Dose===
*'''CALGB 9181''' (1992-1994) -- low-dose vs. high-dose Megace
**Randomized. 149 ment with HRPC, with progressive metastatic or LN carcinoma; only 1 prior hormonal therapy allowed. Arm 1) oral megestrol acetate 160 mg/day (low dose) vs. Arm 2) oral megestrol acetate 640 mg/day (high dose). Primary endpoint tumor response
**'''2000''' {{PMID|10679652}} -- &quot;A randomized study comparing standard versus moderately high dose megestrol acetate for patients with advanced prostate carcinoma: cancer and leukemia group B study 9181.&quot; (Dawson NA, Cancer. 2000 Feb 15;88(4):825-34.)
***Outcome: Tumor response comparable. Median OS low dose 11.2 months vs. high dose 12.1 months (NS). Most (91%) died of prostate cancer
***Toxicity: comparable, but 7% had acute pain flare
***Conclusion: Megestrol acetate has limited activity in HRPC; there is no apparent dose-response correlation


===Immediate vs delayed hormonal therapy===
:See also: [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Hormones/Primary_ADT#Primary ADT vs. Deferred ADT|Primary ADT vs. Deferred ADT]] in the hormonal therapy chapter (mostly patients with localized prostate cancer)

&lt;br&gt;
*'''EORTC 30846''' - Phase III
**302 pts with positive lymph nodes (N1-3, M0) without local treatment of the primary tumor. Of these, 234 were randomized.
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15310999}} -- &quot;Early versus delayed endocrine treatment of pN1-3 M0 prostate cancer without local treatment of the primary tumor: results of European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer 30846--a phase III study.&quot; (Schroder FH, J Urol. 2004 Sep;172(3):923-7.)
***Median f/u 9.6 yr, 190 pts (62.9%) died, including 76% from prostate ca. HR for survival for delayed vs immediate treatment was 1.23 (NS)
***Median time off treatment on the DET arm: 18 months [http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org/content/14/1/1.full]
***Conclusion: &quot;While this study suggests an advantage for early treatment, it is under powered to show equivalence or superiority for the early or delayed approach. When dealing with individual patients, the potential survival advantage on early treatment must be balanced against potential advantages in quality of life on delayed treatment.&quot;


*'''Medical Research Council''' (-1993)
**934 pts. Locally advanced or metastatic (and asymptomatic) prostate cancer. Randomized to immediate hormonal therapy (orchidectomy or LHRH agonist) or the same treatment delayed until the patient became symptomatic (from local progression or metastasis)
**'''2000''' (Abstract only) -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.0860s3218.x/pdf PDF] (appears as MP6.1.07 on page 3) -- &quot;Immediate vs. deferred hormone treatment for prostate cancer: How safe is androgen deprivation?&quot; (Kirk D, Br J Urol 86(suppl 3):S220, 2000) 
***815 pts (85%) have died (399 - immediate, 416 deferred). 
***Improved disease-specific survival with immediate treatment. Overall survival is less.
***277 died from other causes (147 immediate, 129 deferred)
***Cancer deaths (other than prostate cancer): 27 vs 15. Cardiovascular deaths: 77 vs 91. 
***TURPs performed: 74 vs 149. Ureteric obstruction: 43 vs 59. Spinal cord compression: 10 vs 23. 
***Conclusion: &quot;Immediate hormone treatment has an impact on advanced prostate cancer, reducing complications and improving disease specific survival.&quot; ... &quot;However, the reduction in an overall survival difference seen on long-term follow-up suggests an adverse effect of prolonged hormone treatment in increasing mortality from other causes. An excess of cardiovascular disease is not apparent in immediate patients, but more died from nonprostate cancer.&quot;
**'''1997''' - {{PMID|9052476}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Immediate versus deferred treatment for advanced prostatic cancer: initial results of the Medical Research Council Trial. The Medical Research Council Prostate Cancer Working Party Investigators Group.&quot; Br J Urol. 1997 Feb;79(2):235-46.
***Immediate treatment resulted in fewer pts progressing to metastatic disease, fewer needed TURP, fewer pathologic fractures, spinal cord compressions, ureteral obstructions, and extra-skeletal metastases.  257 deaths from prostate cancer in deferred arm vs 203 in immediate arm (S.S.).
**Conclusion: Immediate treatment improves DSS but there is no impact on OS with long-term follow-up.

===Total Androgen Suppression===
*'''Scandinavian SPCG-5''' (1992-1997) -- parenteral estrogen vs. total androgen blockade
**Randomized. 910 patients, metastatic prostate cancer. Arm 1) parenteral estrogen 240 mg/month vs. Arm 2) flutamide 250 mg TID + triptorelin 3.75 mg or bilateral orchidectomy
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18432528}} -- &quot;Parenteral estrogen versus combined androgen deprivation in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer: part 2. Final evaluation of the Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group (SPCG) Study No. 5.&quot; (Hedlund PO, Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2008;42(3):220-9.
***Outcome: No difference in bPFS, cPFS, DSS, or OS
***Toxicity: No difference in CV mortality, but increased cardiovascular events in parenteral estrogen arm. Increased skeletal events/osteoporosis in androgen arm
***Conclusion: No difference in outcome. Toxicity profiles different

*'''Scandinavian SPCG-2''' (1984-1989) -- bilateral orchiectomy +/- cyproterone
**Randomized. 294 patients, metastatic PCA, Grade 1-2. Arm 1) bilateral orchiectomy vs. Arm 2) bilateral orchiectomy + cyproterone
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8287887}} -- &quot;Total androgen suppression: experience from the Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group Study No. 2.&quot; (Jorgensen T, Eur Urol. 1993;24(4):466-70.)
***Outcome: No difference in disease progression, or overall survival
***Conclusion: Total androgen blockade with cyproterone not superior to orchiectomy

*Abstract not available &amp;mdash; Denis L et al. Overview of phase III trials on combined androgen treatment in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer 1993;72:Suppl:3888-3895.

*{{PMID|8367920}}, 1993 &amp;mdash; &quot;Goserelin acetate and flutamide versus bilateral orchiectomy: a phase III EORTC trial (30853).&quot; Denis LJ et al. Urology 1993;42:119-129.
**327 pts. Improved survival for combined arm.

*{{PMID|7678043}}, 1993 &amp;mdash; &quot;Orchiectomy and nilutamide or placebo as treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer in a multinational double-blind randomized trial.&quot; Janknegt RA et al. J Urol 1993;149:77-82.
**Improvement in several outcome measures (not survival) for combined group.

*{{PMID|2503724}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma.&quot; Crawford ED et al. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 17;321(7):419-24.
**603 pts. Randomized, double blind. Randomized to leuprolide vs leuprolide + flutamide. 
**Longer progression-free survival (16.5 vs 13.9 months) and median survival (35.6 vs 28.3) for the combined group.

*{{PMID|9761805}} [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/339/15/1036 Full text] &amp;mdash; &quot;Bilateral orchiectomy with or without flutamide for metastatic prostate cancer.&quot; Eisenberger MA et al. N Engl J Med. 1998 Oct 8;339(15):1036-42.
**1387 pts. Randomized to bilateral orchiectomy vs orchiectomy + flutamide. 
**No difference in overall survival or PFS.  Better PSA response in combined treatment group.

*'''Meta-analysis:''' Prostate Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group, 1995 - {{PMID|7630245}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: an overview of 22 randomised trials with 3283 deaths in 5710 patients.&quot; Lancet 1995;346:265-269.
**Compared castration (surgical or medical) vs MAB. Median f/u 40 months. Crude mortality rate 58% for castration alone vs 56%. 5-year OS difference 3.5%, non-significant. 

*'''Meta-analysis:''' {{PMID|9000189}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials using nonsteroidal antiandrogens.&quot; Caubet JF et al. Urology 1997;49:71-78
**Compared antiandrogen combined with orchiectomy or LHRH agonist vs orchiectomy/LHRH alone. Nine studies. RR was 0.78 to 0.84 in favor of combined arm.

==PSA-only recurrence==
'''''Early vs delayed hormonal therapy for PSA-only recurrence:'''''
*'''Multicenter; 2004''' (1988-2002) {{PMID|14767288}} -- &quot;Early versus delayed hormonal therapy for prostate specific antigen only recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy.&quot; (Moul JW, J Urol. 2004 Mar;171(3):1141-7.)
**Retrospective. Of 4967 pts undergoing RP, 1352 had PSA-only recurrence (&gt; 0.2 ng/ml). Early HT group (n=355) = received HT before clinical metastases. Late HT group (n=997) = received no HT before clinical metastasis or by current follow-up. 
**Clinical metastases developed in 103 (7.6%). Early HT associated with delayed metastasis in pts with Gleason &gt; 7 or PSA-DT &lt;= 12 months.  
**Conclusion: &quot;The retrospective observational multicenter database analysis demonstrated that early HT administered for PSAR after prior RP was an independent predictor of delayed clinical metastases only for high-risk cases at the current followup. Further study with longer followup and randomized trials are needed to address this important issue.&quot;

==Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer==
*'''ARTO Trial''' (2019 - 2022) - Abiraterone acetate with prednisone +/- SBRT
**Randomized. 157 patients, oligometastatic (1-3 nonvisceral metastases), castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Arm 1) Abitarone acetate and prednisone (AAP) vs Arm 2) Addition of SBRT with BED &gt;100 Gy. Primary endpoint biochemical response (BR) as PSA decrease &gt;=50% from baseline after 6 months. Complete BR is PSA &lt;0.2 ng/ml at 6 months. 
**'''Outcome; 2023''' {{PMID|37733977}} -- &quot;Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and Abiraterone Acetate for Patients Affected by Oligometastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Phase II Trial (ARTO)&quot; (Grancolini G, J Clin Oncol. 2023 Dec 20;41(36):5561-5568. doi: 10.1200/JCO.23.00985. Epub 2023 Sep 21.)
***Outcome: BR control 68% vs SBRT 92% (SS). Complete BR 23% vs 56% (SS). Significant PFS (HR 0.35, SS)
***Conclusion: SBRT improves biochemical control and progression free survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

==Chemotherapy==
*Historically, prostate cancer which became refractory to hormonal treatment was considered resistant to chemotherapy
*In 1996, mitoxantrone with prednisone was shown to have a role in palliation of pain (Canada trial); the study was not powered for survival. The benefit was confirmed in the CALGB 9182 study
*In 2004, two studies (TAX 327 and SWOG 9916) showed a survival benefit for docetaxel-based therapy compared with mitoxantrone
*In HRPC patients, docetaxel every 3 weeks with prednisone is currently the preferred treatment


*'''Atrasentan''' - endothelin-A receptor antagonist
**Randomized. 809 men with HRPC. Arm 1) atrasentan 10 mg vs. Arm 2) placebo. Endpoint TTP
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17886253}} -- &quot;A phase 3 randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of atrasentan in men with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer.&quot; (Carducci MA, Cancer. 2007 Nov 1;110(9):1959-66.)
***Outcome: No difference in time-to-progression; most progressed radiographically within 12 weeks; no difference in PSA progression
***Toxicity: Well tolerated 
***Conclusion: No difference in delay of disease progression

*'''TAX 327''' (2000-2002) -- Docetaxel + prednisone vs. mitoxantrone + prednisone
**Randomized. 1006 patients with HRPC. Arm 1) docetaxel q3 weeks + prednisone (D3P) vs. Arm 2) docetaxel q1 week + prednisone (D1P) vs. Arm 3) mitoxantrone + prednisone (MP).
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15470213}} -- &quot;Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer.&quot; (Tannock IF, N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 7;351(15):1502-12.)
***Outcome: median OS D3P 18.9 months vs. D1P 17.4 months vs. MP 16.5 months (SS). Improved QoL: 23% vs. 22% vs. 13% (SS)
***Conclusion: Docetaxel q3 weeks + prednisone led to improved survival and quality of life
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18182665}} -- &quot;Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer: updated survival in the TAX 327 study.&quot; (Berthold DR, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 10;26(2):242-5.)
***Outcome: median OS: D3P 19.2 months vs. D1P 17.8 months vs. MP 16.3 months (SS); 3-year OS 18.6% vs. 16.6% vs. 13.5%. Similar outcome regardless of age, pain, or baseline PSA
***Conclusion: Survival longer after docetaxel q3 weeks with prednisone

*'''SWOG 9916''' (1999-2003) -- Docetaxel + estramustine + dexamethasone vs. mitoxantrone + prednisone
**Randomized. 674 men with HRPC. Arm 1) docetaxel + estramustine + dexamethasone q3 weeks vs. Arm 2) mitoxantrone + prednisone q3 weeks
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15470214}} -- &quot;Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer.&quot; (Petrylak DP, N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 7;351(15):1513-20.)
***Outcome: median OS DED 17.5 months vs. MP 15.6 months (SS). Median TTP 6.3 months vs. 3.2 months (SS). Pain relief comparable
***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 neutropenic fever, N/V, and CV events more common in docetaxel group
***Outcome: Improved median survival with docetaxel + estramustine

*'''CALGB 9182''' -- Mitoxantrone + hydrocortisone vs. hydrocortisone alone
**Randomized. 242 patients with HRPC. Arm 1) mitoxantrone + hydrocortisone (MH) vs. Arm 2) hydrocortisone alone (H).
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10561316}} -- &quot;Hydrocortisone with or without mitoxantrone in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: results of the cancer and leukemia group B 9182 study.&quot; (Kantoff PW, J Clin Oncol. 1999 Aug;17(8):2506-13.)
***Outcome: MH better in TTTF, response rate, pain control, and QoL. No difference in survival (12.3 months vs. 12.6 months, NS)
***Conclusion: Mitoxantrone with hydrocortisone had more frequent response, delay to progression, and pain control than hydrocortisone alone

*'''Canada''' -- Mitoxantrone + prednisone vs. prednisone alone
**Randomized. 161 HRPC with pain. Arm 1) mitoxantrone + prednisone vs. Arm 2) prednisone alone. Primary end point palliative response (1/3 pain decrease)
**'''1996''' {{PMID|8656243}} -- &quot;Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer: a Canadian randomized trial with palliative end points.&quot; (Tannock IF, J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jun;14(6):1756-64.)
***Outcome: Palliative response MP 29% vs. P 12% (SS). Duration of palliation MP 9.9 months vs. P 4.1 months (SS)
***Conclusion: Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone and prednisone provides palliation for some patients with symptomatic HRPC

*'''Scandinavian SPCG-1''' (1984-1989) -- diethylstilbestrol vs. estramustine
**Randomized. 197 patients with high grade metastatic PCA (M1, G2-3). Arm 1) estramustine 560 mg vs Arm 2) diethylstilbestrol (DES) 3 mg
**'''1997''' {{PMID|9165581}} -- &quot;Treatment of high-grade, high-stage prostate cancer with estramustine phosphate or diethylstilbestrol. A double-blind study. The SPCG-1 Study Group. Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group.&quot; (Hedlund PO, Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1997 Apr;31(2):167-72.)
***Outcome: DES better for time-to-progression (p=0.05), treatment failure (SS), CSS (p=0.07), and OS (SS)
***Conclusion: Treatment with DES had relatively good effect

*'''Orebro, Sweden''' -- medroxyprogesterone vs. estramustine
**Randomized. 105 patients, metastatic HRPC. Arm 1) medroxyprogesterone 1000 mg vs. Arm 2) estramustine 280 mg
**'''1991''' {{PMID|1831397}} -- &quot;High-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate versus estramustine in therapy-resistant prostatic cancer: a randomised study.&quot; (Johannson JE, Br J Urol. 1991 Jul;68(1):67-73.)
***Outcome: Response rate better with MPA. No difference in PFS or OS 
***Conclusion: Response rate better with MPA, with fewer side effects

==Role of Prostate Biopsy?==
*'''SEER/U. Colorado''' - &quot;The prognostic significance of Gleason scores in metastatic prostate cancer&quot; (Rusthoven CG. Urol Oncol. 2014. Epub ahead of print. {{PMID|24629494}})
**4,654 patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis or within 4 months of presentation
**For Gleason 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10:
***4-year OS rates 51%, 45%, 34%, 25%, and 15%
***4-year CSS rates 69%, 57%, 44%, 33%, and 21%
**Differences between Gleason 7 vs 8, 8 v 9, 9 vs 10 significant on univariate/multivariate analyses (all p&lt;.001)
**Gleason pattern 5 was an independent prognostic factor, both overall for patients with GS 6 to 10 and on primary-secondary Gleason pattern comparisons within the GS 8 (4+4 vs. 3+5 and 5+3) and GS 9 (4+5 vs. 5+4) subgroups
**Gleason was the strongest prognostic factor for CSS (more important than PSA and age)
**Conclusion: &quot;Stratified survival outcomes were observed for GS 6 to 10, with sequential comparisons of GS 7 to 10, and the presence and extent of Gleason pattern 5 representing independent prognostic factors in the metastatic setting&quot;

==SBRT in Oligometastatic Disease==
*'''ARTO Trial, 2024''' (2019-2022) {{PMID|37733977}} -- Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and Abiraterone Acetate for Patients Affected by Oligometastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Phase II Trial (ARTO)&quot; (Francolini G, J Clin Oncol. 2023 Dec 20;41(36):5561-5568. doi: 10.1200/JCO.23.00985. Epub 2023 Sep 21.)
**Randomized Phase II. 157 patients, oligometastatic (&lt;=3 nonvisceral metastases). Arm 1) Abiraterone Acetate alone vs Arm 2) AAP + SBRT to all sites of disease. SBRT physician choice, with BED &gt;100 Gy using a/b = 3. AAP 100 mg daily + prednisone 5 mg twice daily. Concomitant ADT.
**Outcome: Biochemical response control 68% vs SBRT 80% (SS). Complete BR 23% vs 56% (SS). PFS HR 0.35 (SS)
**Conclusion: SBRT improved biochemical control and PFS</text>
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== Clinical and Pathologic Factors predicting recurrence ==
:''See also:'' [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Prostatectomy#Natural history after RP|Natural history after RP]] section at [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Prostatectomy|Prostatectomy]]
The ''prognostic factors'' that most consistently predict for disease recurrence and overall survival are: 
* 1 penetration through the prostatic capsule (pT3a),
* 2 the presence of tumor at the inked surgical margins, 
* 3 high preoperative PSA, and 
* 4 unfavorable surgical Gleason score.
* 5 invasion of the seminal vesicles
* 6 Nodal involvement
* 7 PSADT &lt;=10 mo
* 8 PSA velocity (Annual PSA velocity of more than 2.0 ng per milliliter and PSADT &lt;= 3 mo) 
&lt;br /&gt;
* {{PMID|15247353}}, 2004 — D'amico AV et al: &quot;Preoperative PSA velocity and the risk of death from prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy N Engl J Med.&quot; 2004 Jul 8;351(2):125-35.
** RESULTS: As compared with an annual PSA velocity of 2.0 ng per milliliter or less, '''''an annual PSA velocity of more than 2.0 ng per milliliter was associated with a significantly shorter time to death from prostate cancer (P&lt;0.001) and death from any cause (P=0.01)'''''. An increasing PSA level at diagnosis (P=0.01), a Gleason score of 8, 9, or 10 (P=0.02), and a clinical tumor stage of T2 (P&lt;0.001) also predicted the time to death from prostate cancer. For men with an annual PSA velocity of more than 2.0 ng per milliliter, estimates of the risk of death from prostate cancer and death from any cause seven years after radical prostatectomy were also influenced by the PSA level, tumor stage, and Gleason score at diagnosis. 
** CONCLUSIONS: Men whose PSA level increases by more than 2.0 ng per milliliter during the year before the diagnosis of prostate cancer may have a relatively high risk of death from prostate cancer despite undergoing radical prostatectomy.

* {{PMID|15535442}}, 2004 — D'Amico AV et al.: &quot;Prostate specific antigen doubling time as a surrogate end point for prostate cancer specific mortality following radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy J Urol.&quot; 2004 Nov;172(5 Pt 2):S42-6
** PURPOSE: A short posttreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA)-doubling time (DT) following radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy was evaluated as a surrogate end point for prostate cancer specific mortality (PCSM).
** CONCLUSIONS: Posttreatment PSA-DT appears to be a surrogate end point for PCSM following surgery or radiation therapy. We recommend that consideration should be given to enrollment onto a clinical trial and/or initiating androgen suppression therapy at the time of PSA defined recurrence '''''when PSA-DT is less than 3 months''''' to delay the imminent sequelae of metastatic bone disease. 

* '''Indiana University''', 2001 (1988-2001)
** {{PMID|11696735}} — &quot;Accuracy of predicting long-term prostate specific antigen outcome based on early prostate specific antigen recurrence results after radical prostatectomy.&quot; Soergel TM et al. J Urol. 2001 Dec;166(6):2198-201. 
** 60 pts. Analyzed how PSA doubling time (DT) changes over time -- eventual DT vs early DT. 
** DT did not accelerate. Distant mets developed in 60% of pts with eventual DT &lt; 6 m. For DT of 6-12 mo, DM in 20%. 


* {{PMID|10737489}}, 2000 — Grossfeld GD, Chang JJ, Broering JM, et al: Impact of positive surgical margins on prostate cancer recurrence and the use of secondary cancer treatment: Data from the CaPSURE database. J Urol 163:1171-1177, 2000
** Results and Conclusions: surgical margin status was an important independent predictor of PSA recurrence and secondary treatment (p = 0.06 and 0.0011, respectively). ''The number of positive margins and positive margin location had little impact on the outcomes measured''. 

* {{PMID|9817331}}, 1998 — D’Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al: The combination of preoperative prostate specific antigen and postoperative pathological findings to predict prostate specific antigen outcome in clinically localized prostate cancer. J. Urol 160:2096-2101, 1998.
** RESULTS: Preoperative PSA, pathological stage, margin status and prostatectomy Gleason score were independent predictors of time to postoperative PSA failure.
** CONCLUSIONS: Pts who are high risk for early PSA failure can be identified and can be selected for adjuvant therapy trials. ''Unfortunately, the use of this endpoint does not allow one to identify the source of recurrence with a high degree of accuracy.''

* {{PMID|9302141}}, 1997 — Lowe BA, Lieberman SF: Disease recurrence and progression in untreated pathologic stage T3 prostate cancer: Selecting the patient for adjuvant therapy. J Urol 158:1452-1456, 1997.
** Prospectively followed untreated pT3 pts.
** Poor prognostic factors were number of surgical margins involved by tumor, pathologic Gleason score and pre-prostatectomy PSA level. PSA recurrence in 20.8% of pts with 1 surgical margin involved, 40.9% with 2 margins, and 50% with 3 or more margins; in 20.3% with Gleason score &lt; 7, 33.9% with Gleason score 7, and 74.2% with &gt; 7; in 17.3% with PSA &lt; 10, 45.4% with PSA &gt; 10. 
** High risk (Gleason 7-10, PSA &gt; 10, 2 or more positive margins) or low risk (the others). Risk of recurrence 8.5% for low risk and 44.8% for high risk.

== Radical Prostatectomy +/- Adjuvant RT ==
'''Meta-Analysis'''
* '''Loyola Meta-Analysis; 2017''' {{PMID|28225445}} -- &quot;Adjuvant Radiotherapy Versus Wait-and-See Strategy for Pathologic T3 or Margin-Positive Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.&quot; (Shaikh MP, Alite F, Wu MJ, Solanki AA, Harkenrider MM, Am J Clin Oncol. 2017 Feb 20. doi: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000358. [Epub ahead of print])
** Meta-analysis. 3 RCTs pooled, 1737 patients with pT3 or margin-positive prostate cancer
** Outcome: 
*** ART resulted in improved biochemical PFS (BPFS, HR=0.48, SS) including benefit in all subsets:  SM+, ECE, SV invasion, pre-op PSA&lt;=10, pre-op PSA&gt;10, post-op PSA&lt;=0.2,  post-op PSA&gt;0.2, GS&lt;=6 as well as in GS&gt;6. 
*** Greater clinical PFS (CPFS, HR=0.73, SS) including benefit in subsets with SM+ or SV invasion.
*** Greater hormone-free survival (HFS, HR=0.64, SS). 
*** Improved 10-year metastasis-free survival with ART (10-yr MFS, OR=0.77, SS). 
*** There was no OS benefit (HR=0.97, NS). 
** Toxicity: Statistically significant but small absolute increase in moderate/severe toxicity with ART:  Grade 2+ GU toxicity (17.1% vs. 10.3%), Grade 2+ GI toxicity (2.5% vs. 1.1%), urinary stricture rates (11.1% vs. 5.7%) and, urinary incontinence (6.9% vs. 2.7%).
** Conclusion: 10-yr MFS, BPFS, CPFS, and HFS were improved with ART. Small absolute increase in Grade 2+ GI &amp; GU toxicities, urinary strictures and urinary incontinence with ART. Therefore, ART should be offered to patients with these high-risk features.


* '''Ontario; 2008''' {{PMID|18501455}} -- &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy for pathologic T3 or margin-positive prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.&quot; (Morgan SC, Radiother Oncol. 2008 May 21. [Epub ahead of print])
** Meta-analysis. 3 randomized trials, 1743 patients with pT3 or R1
** Outcome: No benefit for OS. Significant benefit for bPFS (HR 0.47, SS)
** Toxicity: No significant different in Grade 3+ GI or GU toxicity at 5 years
** Conclusion: No OS benefit over active surveillance, but significant improvement in bPFS without excess severe late toxicity


* '''German {{H:title|Arbeitsgemeinschaft Radiologische Onkologie und Urologische Onkologie|ARO 96-02 / AUO AP 09/95}}''' (1997-2004) -- Adjuvant RT vs. observation 
** Randomized. 388 men randomized, radical prostatectomy (open RP and PLND, nerve sparing allowed) pT3-4 pN0, age &lt;76 years.  Randomization was prior to determination of post-op PSA. If undetectable PSA was not achieved, pts were removed from protocol and scored as having progressive disease. Pts with undetectable post-op PSA (&lt;0.1) assigned treatment(n=80%). Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) RT 60/30 Gy. RT 3D plan prostatic fossa + SV + 1cm. Start 6-12 weeks after RP. Primary endpoint PSA control (PSA relapse defined as undetectable to detectable, followed by another increase). Patients not reaching undetectable PSA (20%) treated with 66.6 Gy. LR not investigated because DRE often false positive
**Randomization:
***Eligible (n=385): 192 arm 1(observation), 193 arm 2(RT).
***78 pts excluded (20%) -- arm 1:33, arm 2:45 -- for persistent PSA
***Treatment (n=307): 159 assigned arm 1. 148 assigned arm 2. 
***Per protocol (n=268): Given wait and see: 154. Given RT per protocol: 114.
** '''2005''' [http://www.asco.org/ac/1,1003,_12-002643-00_18-0034-00_19-0032546,00.asp ASCO Abstract] - &quot;Phase III results of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) versus wait and see (WS) in patients with pT3 prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy (RP)(ARO 96-02 / AUO AP 09/95).&quot; (Wiegel T, Proc ASCO 2005; 4513.) Median F/U 3.1 years
*** Outcome: Patients treated per protocol bNED 81% vs. 60% (SS). Greatest benefit SM+, PSA &gt;10, GS &lt;7
*** Late toxicity: GU grade 3 2%, GI no grade 3
*** Conclusion: Adjuvant RT significantly improves risk of PSA progression after RP
** '''2009''' {{PMID|19433689}} [http://urology.iupui.edu/papers/prostate/adjxrtprostateARO96-02.pdf Full text] -- &quot;Phase III Postoperative Adjuvant Radiotherapy After Radical Prostatectomy Compared With Radical Prostatectomy Alone in pT3 Prostate Cancer With Postoperative Undetectable Prostate-Specific Antigen: ARO 96-02/AUO AP 09/95.&quot; (Wiegel T, J Clin Oncol. 2009 May 26.) Median F/U 4.5 years
*** Outcome: 5-year bPFS observation 54% vs. RT 72% (HR 0.53, SS). DM 3% vs. 2%. Negative predictors preop PSA &gt;10, stage pT3c
*** Toxicity: No Grade 4, 1 patient with Grade 3 bladder, Grade 2 in 3%
*** Conclusion: Patients with pT3 PCA who achieve undetectable PSA after surgery benefit from adjuvant RT
** '''2013''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=134&amp;abstractID=107383 ASCO Abstract] (Genitourinary Cancers Symposium) -- &quot;Phase III results of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) versus wait-and-see (WS) in patients with pT3 prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy (RP)(ARO 96-02/AUO AP 09/95): Ten years follow-up.&quot; (Wiegel T, J Clin Oncol 31, 2013 (suppl 6; abstr 4))
*** Median f/u 111 months (9.2 yr). 
*** Outcome: bNED at 10-yrs: 35% (no RT) vs 56% (RT); HR=0.51 (SS). No sig difference in DMFS or OS.
*** Toxicity: 2 pts with Grade 2 late rectal toxicity, 4 pts with Grade 2+ bladder toxicity. No grade 4 events.
*** Conclusion: &quot;With only one grade 3 case of late toxicity, ART was safe in pT3 prostate cancer. At 10 years median follow up, it reduced the risk of bNED by 49%. The study was not powered to detect differences in OS.&quot;
** '''2014''' {{PMID|24680359}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Adjuvant+Radiotherapy+Versus+Wait-and-see+After+Radical+Prostatectomy%3A+10-year+Follow-up+of+the+ARO+96%E2%80%9302%2FAUO+AP+09%2F95+Trial] -- &quot;Adjuvant Radiotherapy Versus Wait-and-See After Radical Prostatectomy: 10-year Follow-up of the ARO 96-02/AUO AP 09/95 Trial.&quot;
** '''2015''' {{PMID|25445556}} &quot;Prostate-Specific Antigen Persistence After Radical Prostatectomy as a Predictive Factor of Clinical Relapse-Free Survival and Overall Survival: 10-Year Data of the ARO 96-02 Trial&quot; (Wiegel et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015 Feb 1;91(2):288-94.)
***Persistent PSA post-prostatectomy poor prognostic indicator with 10 yr metastasis-free survival of 67% vs. 83% (in pT3-4 pts with undetectable PSA) and OS of 68% vs. 84% p=SS
***Gleason score &gt;= 8, pT &gt;= 3c and ECE &gt;= 2 mm unfavorable risk factors


* '''EORTC 22911''' (1992-2001) [http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/EORTC-22911#PublishedResults_CDR0000078080 Protocol] -- Adjuvant RT vs. observation
** Randomized. 1005 patients. Radical prostatectomy pT2-3N0, ilio-obturator LND, with extracapsular disease (ECE, SV+, SM+). Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) RT 60/30, start within 16 weeks of RP. RT technique conventional (non-3D), 50/25 + 10/5 boost with smaller margins. Borders surgical limits SV to apex. No Gleason scoring (used WHO grade). Biochemical failure increase of 0.2 from postop nadir measured on 3 occasions at least 2 weeks apart and is dated from first day of rise. After biochemical or clinical failure, could get salvage RT. By risk: 43% had one RF only, 43% had two RFs, 12% had all three RFs. Primary endpoint clinical PFS, amended to bNED in 2003
** '''QA; 2002''' {{PMID|12208577}} - Quality assurance of the EORTC trial 22911. A phase III study of post-operative external radiotherapy in pathological stage T3N0 prostatic carcinoma: the dummy run. Davis JB, Reiner B, Dusserre A, Giraud JY, Bolla M; EORTC.Radiother Oncol. 2002 Jul;64(1):65-73. 
** '''5-years; 2005''' {{PMID|16099293}}, 2005 — &quot;Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911).&quot; (Bolla M, Lancet. 2005 Aug 13-19;366(9485):572-8.) Median F/U 5 years
*** Outcome: 5-year bNED RT 74% vs observation 53% (SS), regardless of risk factors. Most failures loco-regional. Clinical PFS 85% vs. 78% (SS). OS 91-92% (NS).
*** Late toxicity: Grade 3 RT 4% vs. observation 3% (p=0.07)
*** Conclusion: Post-operative radiotherapy results in improved biochemical and clinical PFS, but its benefit should be weighed against the risk of increased toxicity.
** '''Subset analysis; 2007''' {{PMID|17878474}} -- &quot;Identification of patients with prostate cancer who benefit from immediate postoperative radiotherapy: EORTC 22911.&quot; (Van der Kwast TH, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 20;25(27):4178-86.)
*** Pathology data review. 552 patients
*** Surgical margin impact: if SM+, RT prevents 291 events/1000 patients (SS); need to treat 3 patients to prevent 1 recurrence. If SM-, RT prevents 88 events/1000 patients (NS). 
*** Conclusion: After careful central path review, RT beneficial only for patients with positive margins (this effect was not seen when using the local pathology data), no benefit if negative margins
** '''10-years; 2012''' {{PMID|23084481}}, 2012 - &quot;Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer: long-term results of a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911).&quot; (Bolla M, Lancet 2012 Dec 8;380(9858):2018-27.) Median F/U 10.6 years
***Outcome: Post-op RT improved 10 yr bPFS 61% vs. 41% (SS). 10 yr LRR 7.3% (RT) vs 16.6% (obs) (SS). No difference in DM, OS or CSS.
*** Conclusion: Postop RT improves bPFS and local control vs. observation, consistent with 5-yr results. However, improvements in clinical PFS were not maintained. 

* '''SWOG-8794 / [[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/9019|RTOG 90-19]] / INT-0086''' (1988-95) -- Adjuvant RT vs. observation
** Randomized. 473 patients, radical prostatectomy with extraprostatic disease (ECE, SV+, or SM+). Pelvic LND required until 1995, when very low risk patients (T1a or T2a GS2-6 PSA &lt;10, T1b-c GS2-5 PSA &lt;10, T2b GS2-6 PSA &lt;6, T2c GS2-6 PSA &lt;4) were exempt. Randomized (within 16 weeks of RP) to Arm 1) Prostatic fossa RT 60-64 Gy vs Arm 2) observation. No concurrent hormones . RT field non-3D, 4-field, 9x9 or 10x10 cm. Primary endpoint mets-free survival
** '''2005''' ASTRO Abstract Plenary #1 [http://progressive.playstream.com/astro/progressive/index.html Webcast] - &quot;Phase III Randomized Study of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy versus Observation in Patients with Pathologic T3 Prostate Cancer (SWOG 8794)&quot; Swanson GP et al. IJROBP Volume 63, Supplement 1 , 1 October 2005, Page S1.
*** Median f/u 9.7 yrs. RT improved bDFS 10-yr 47% vs 23%, metastasis free survival 83% vs 61%, OS 74% v 63%.
** '''10-years; 2006''' {{PMID|17105795}} — &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologically advanced prostate cancer: a randomized clinical trial.&quot; (Thompson IM Jr, JAMA. 2006 Nov 15;296(19):2329-35.) Median F/U 10.6 years
*** Outcome: Mets-free survival RT 65% vs. observation 57% (p=0.06), median 14.7 years vs. 13.2 years. However, 33% of observation group received salvage RT for disease relapse instead of observation alone. Biochemical progression (defined as PSA &gt;=0.4) RT 35% vs. 64% (SS), median TTF 10.3 yrs vs observation 3.1 yrs (SS). Recurrence free survival 61% vs. 47% (SS). Hormones initiated in 10% vs 21%(SS). No difference in OS. 
*** Rectal complications 3% vs 0%, urethral strictures 18% vs 9%, total urinary incontinence 6% vs 3%.
*** Conclusion: Adjuvant RT decreases PSA and clinical recurrence by ~50%.   However, while ~ 70% of pts have biochemical relapse, after censoring for death without mets, mets free survival ~ 78% at 13.2 years (rate of events was lower than anticipated).
** '''Failure analysis; 2007''' {{PMID|17538167}} -- &quot;Predominant treatment failure in postprostatectomy patients is local: analysis of patterns of treatment failure in SWOG 8794.&quot; (Swanson GP, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 1;25(16):2225-9.)
*** Biochemical progression defined as PSA &gt;= 0.4
*** 10-year PSA failure: 
**** Postsurgical PSA &lt;0.2: Biochemical Progression: Obs 72% vs. RT 42%; local failure 20% vs. 7%; DM 12% vs. 4%
**** Postsurgical PSA 0.2-1.0:  Biochemical Progression: Obs 80% vs. RT 72%; local failure 25% vs. 9%; DM 16% vs. 12%
**** Postsurgical PSA &gt;1.0:  Biochemical Progression: Obs 100% vs. RT 94%; local failure 28% vs. 9%; DM 44% vs. 18%
*** Conclusion: Failure in high risk patients predominately local; adjuvant RT reduces risk of failure
** '''QOL; 2008''' {{PMID|18165645}} -- &quot;Health-related quality of life results in pathologic stage C prostate cancer from a Southwest Oncology Group trial comparing radical prostatectomy alone with radical prostatectomy plus radiation therapy.&quot; (Moinpour CM, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 1;26(1):112-20.)
*** 217 patients registered on HRQL study. Questionnaire for GI/GU symptoms, and physical/emotional function
*** Outcome: Global QOL initially worse for RP+RT, but improved over time and eventually exceeded RP alone (SS). RP+RT worse bowel function through 2 years, and worse GU function. No difference on ED
*** Conclusion: Adding RT to surgery resulted in more frequent urination, and early bowel dysfunction, but long-term QoL better
** '''SVI; 2008''' {{PMID|18930488}} -- &quot;The Prognostic Impact of Seminal Vesicle Involvement Found at Prostatectomy and the Effects of Adjuvant Radiation: Data From Southwest Oncology Group 8794.&quot; (Swanson GP, J Urol. 2008 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print])
*** Subset analysis. 139 patients with SVI, regardless of ECE or SM. Compared with SVI-, SVI+ had worse 10-year bFFS (22% vs 33%, SS), mets-free survival (56% vs. 70%, SS), and overall survival (61% vs. 74%, SS)
*** Outcome: Adjuvant RT improved 10-year bFFS (12% to 36%, SS), with trend for mets-free survival (47% to 66%, NS), and overall survival (51% to 71%, p=0.08)
*** Conclusion: SVI involvement is a negative prognostic factor, but long term control possible with adjuvant RT
** '''2008 ASTRO''' &quot;Update of SWOG 8794: Adjuvant Radiotherapy for pT3 Prostate Cancer Improves Metastasis Free Survival&quot; Swanson GP et al. IJROBP Volume 72, Issue 1, Supplement 1, 1 September 2008, Page S31. Confirmed 15 year metastasis-free survival advantage (46% vs. 38%, p=0.036) and suggested an overall survival advantage (47% vs. 37%, p=0.053) favoring adjuvant RT.
** '''15 year update; 2009''' {{PMID|19167731}} [http://www.richardhaddadurology.com.au/Uploads/News/900%20Prostate/(8).pdf Full text] -- &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: long-term followup of a randomized clinical trial.&quot; (Thompson, J Urol 2009)
*** RT improved metastasis free survival (HR 0.71, 93/214 vs. 114/211) 
*** RT improved overall survival: HR 0.72, 59% vs 48%, p=0.023. # of Deaths 88/214 vs 110/211.
*** Median f/u of ~12.5y in both arms
*** 70 of 211 pts on observation arm ultimately received RT.

== Adjuvant RT Retrospective studies ==
* {{PMID|15708249}}, 2005 — Improved biochemical outcome with adjuvant radiotherapy (EBRT)after radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer with poor pathologic features. Vargas C, Kestin LL, Weed DW, Krauss D, Vicini FA, Martinez AA. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Mar 1;61(3):714-24
** 617 pts, retrospective. Clinical stage T1-T2N0. 34 pts with undetectable post-op PSA and poor pathologic features underwent post-op RT. Median dose 59.4 Gy (range: 50.4-66.6 Gy).
** ''Adjuvant RT:'' Median f/u 8.2 yrs. Despite worse pathologic features for the RT group, 5-year biochemical control rate was 57% for RT group vs 47% for RP alone group (N.S.). For extracapsular extension, 52% vs 30%; for seminal vesicle invasion, 60% vs 18%; for positive margins, 64% vs 27% (All S.S.). 
** ''Salvage RT:'' 99 pts (17% of 585 RP alone pts) required RT salvage for palpable or biochemical recurrence. Median dose 59.4 Gy, median interval 1.3 years, median PSA before salvage 0.8. 5-yr and 8-yr BC rate (PSA &lt;0.1), 41% and 35%. 8-yr LR rate after salvage RT was 4%. 
** Conclusion: Adjuvant RT is efficacious for those with poor pathologic factors. 

* '''Italian''' - {{PMID|15183470}}, 2004 (1986-98) — &quot;Role of postoperative radiotherapy after pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy: a single institute experience of 415 patients.&quot; Cozzarini C et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jul 1;59(3):674-83. 
** 415 pts. Retrospective. pT2b-pT4, pN0-pN1. Of the 415 pts, 237 pts underwent early adjuvant RT (within 6 months) and 178 had either no RT or salvage RT. 
** Median f/u 62 months. 8-yr freedom from biochemical failure was 69% vs 31%, freedom from local failure 93% vs 63%, f.f. systemic failure 88% vs 75%, and cause-specific survival 93% vs. 80%. All were S.S. Subgroup analysis showed improvement in CSS for those with positive margins, extracapsular extension, Gleason 7 or above, and positive lymph nodes. 

* '''Virginia Commonwealth University / University of Florida''' - {{PMID|15145145}}, 2004 — &quot;Comparison Of Adjuvant Versus Salvage Radiotherapy Policies For Postprostatectomy Radiotherapy.&quot; Hagan et al. Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 329–340, 2004.
** The Authors compared the long-term results of postprostatectomy radiotherapy (RT) from two institutions, one adapting a prospective policy of adjuvant RT (69 patients) and the other salvage RT (88 patients). The salvage group underwent RT after longer postoperative intervals (median, 40.3 vs. 2.9 months; S.S.) and had higher prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values before starting RT (4.5 vs. 0.86 ng/mL; S.S.). Both groups were routinely treated to a minimal total dose of 60 Gy. 
** &lt;u&gt;Results:&lt;/u&gt; Of the 69 patients referred for adjuvant RT, 22 (32%) had nonzero PSA values before RT. Multivariable modeling of BRFS found only the PSA value before RT to be statistically significant (p &lt;0.0001). RT after prostatectomy was equally effective in either setting when the pre-RT PSA level was &lt;1 ng/mL. When the PSA value before RT was &gt;1 ng/mL, the 5-year BRFS for each group was inferior.
** &lt;u&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/u&gt; Although the adjuvant treatment policy was associated with significantly improved BRFS, this was attributable to low pre-RT PSA values. When the treatment groups were stratified for pre-RT PSA level, the differences in BRFS were not statistically significant. Patients with a rising PSA level after prostatectomy, regardless of their initial risk, should receive prompt referral for RT.

* {{PMID|10737490}}, 2000 — Leibovich BC, Engen DE, Patterson DE, et al: Benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer with a positive surgical margin. J Urol 163:1178-1182, 2000.
** PURPOSE: The Authors' study was limited to men with organ confined cancer and a single positive margin. 
** MATERIALS AND METHODS: They retrospectively evaluated the records of a nested matched cohort of 76 patients with pathological stage T2N0 prostate cancer and ''a single positive margin'' who underwent adjuvant radiation therapy within 3 months of radical prostatectomy. ''There was a positive margin at the prostatic apex in 35 cases'', prostatic base in 18, posterior prostate in 11, urethra in 7, and prostatic apex and urethra in 5. These patients were matched 1:1 with 76 controls who did not receive adjuvant radiation therapy. Neither group received androgen deprivation therapy. Patients and controls were matched exactly for the margin positive site, age at surgery, preoperative serum prostate specific antigen, Gleason score and DNA ploidy. Biochemical relapse was defined as posttreatment PSA greater than 0.2 ng./ml 
** RESULTS: Overall there was significant estimated improvement plus or minus standard error in 5-year clinical and biochemical progression-free survival in 88% vs 59% (S.S.) of patients treated with adjuvant radiation therapy versus no radiation therapy. No patient who received radiation therapy had local or distant recurrence, while 16% of controls had recurrence (S.S.). 
** CONCLUSIONS: Patients with localized prostate cancer and a single positive surgical margin appear to have a lower rate of biochemical relapse at 5 years when adjuvant radiation therapy is administered. Definitive evidence of the beneficial effect of adjuvant radiation therapy for patients with involved surgical margins awaits conclusion of randomized clinical trials.

* {{PMID|10477006}}, 1999 — Valicenti RK, Gomella LG, Ismail M, et al: The efficacy of early adjuvant radiation therapy for pT3N0 prostate cancer: a matched-pair analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45:53-58, 1999.
** 149 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were found to have pT3N0 prostate cancer, had an undetectable postoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and had no immediate hormonal therapy. Fifty-two patients received adjuvant RT within 3 to 6 months of surgery. Ninety-seven underwent radical prostatectomy alone and were observed until PSA failure. From these two cohorts, we matched patients 1:1 according to preoperative PSA (&lt;10 ng/ml vs. &gt;10 ng/ml), Gleason score (&lt;7 vs. &gt; or =7), seminal vesicle invasion, and surgical margin status. Seventy-two patients (36 pairs) were included in the analysis. Median follow-up time was 41 months. We calculated a matched-pairs risk ratio for cumulative risk of PSA relapse (a rise above 0.2 ng/ml). 
** RESULTS: After controlling for the prognostic factors by matching, there was an 88% reduction (95% confidence interval [CI]: 78-93%) in the risk of PSA relapse associated with adjuvant RT. The 5-year freedom from PSA relapse rate was 89% (95% CI: 76-100%) for patients receiving adjuvant RT as compared to 55% (95% CI: 34-79%) for those undergoing radical prostatectomy alone. 
** CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that adjuvant RT for pT3N0 prostate cancer may significantly reduce the risk of PSA failure as compared to radical prostatectomy alone. Its effect on clinical outcome awaits further follow-up.

* {{PMID|9587124}}, 1998 (1989-95) — Valicenti RK, Gomella LG, Ismail M, et al: Pathologic seminal vesicle invasion after radical prostatectomy for patients with prostate carcinoma: Effect of early adjuvant radiation therapy on biochemical control. Cancer 82:1909-1914, 1998
** 53 pts. RT for pathologic seminal vesicle invasion and negative pelvic lymph node dissection (pT3cN0). 
** 18 men had an elevated PSA immediately after surgery and received salvage RT. For this group, 3-yr bNED rate was 38%. The other 35 men had undetectable PSA at 3 months. 15 received RT and 20 were observed. 3-yr bNED was 86% for immediate adjuvant RT vs 48% for observation group.
** Conclusion: adjuvant RT reduces risk of biochemical failure for men with pT3b disease and undetectable PSA after surgery. 

* {{PMID|7543893}}, 1995 — Anscher MS, Robertson CN, Prosnitz LR: Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologic stage T3/4 adenocarcinoma of the prostate: Ten-year update. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 33:37-43, 1995.
** Between 1970 and 1983, 159 patients underwent RP for newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of the prostate and were found to have pathologic Stage T3/4. Forty-six received adjuvant RT and 113 did not. Radiotherapy usually consisted of 45-50 Gy to the whole pelvis followed by a boost to the prostate bed of 10-15 Gy, to a total dose of 55-65 Gy.
** RESULTS: 
*** The actuarial survival at 10 and 15 years was 62% and 62% for the RT group compared to 52% and 37%, respectively, for the RP group (N.S.). 
*** The disease-free survival for the RT group was 55% and 48% at 10 and 15 years, respectively, compared to 37% and 33% for the RP group (N.S.). 
*** Similarly, there was no difference in the rate of distant metastases between the two groups. 
*** In contrast, the local relapse rate was significantly reduced by the addition of postoperative radiotherapy. The actuarial local control rate at 10 and 15 years was 92% and 82%, respectively, for the RT group vs 60% and 53% for the RP group (S.S.). 
** CONCLUSIONS: While postoperative pelvic RT significantly improves local control compared to RP alone for pathologic Stage T3/4 prostate cancer, it has no impact on distant metastases and consequently does not improve survival. These data are consistent with the conclusion that many patients with pathologic Stage T3/4 prostate cancer have occult metastases at presentation and will not be cured by local therapies alone. The optimal treatment for this patient population remains to be established.


== Timing of RT ==
* '''MRC/NCIC &quot;RADICALS&quot;''' [http://www.ctu.mrc.ac.uk/studies/PR10.asp Protocol] (ongoing)
** Randomized. 2x3 design evaluating timing of RT and duration of ADT. First randomization: Arm 1) Early adjuvant RT vs. Arm 2) Salvage RT with PSA rise. Second randomization: Arm 1) No ADT vs. Arm 2) Short-term (4 months) ADT vs. Arm 3) Long-term (2 years) ADT


== RT + Hormones ==
* '''Analysis of [[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/8531|RTOG 85-31]]''' (1987-92)
** {{PMID|10475361}}, 1999 — &quot;Does androgen suppression enhance the efficacy of postoperative irradiation? A secondary analysis of RTOG 85-31.&quot; Corn BW et al. Urology. 1999 Sep;54(3):495-502.
** Of the pts treated on 85-31, 139 were s/p prostatectomy, 71 with RT + immediate androgen suppression and 68 with RT alone (and hormones reserved for relapse). 
** At a median f/u of 5 yrs, PFS (failure defined at PSA of &gt; 0.5) was 65% vs 42%; for different endpoints, 71% vs 46% (PSA of 1-3.9) or 76% vs 55% (PSA &gt; 4). No differences in distant failure or overall survival.
** Conclusion: pts with indications for post-op RT should be considered for RT + hormones. No overall survival difference.

== Node Positive ==
See also: '''[[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Node Positive]]'''

Above studies:
*{{PMID|15183470}}, Cozzarini C


== Technical Considerations ==
=== CTV ===
* '''Princess Margaret; 2007''' {{PMID|17967303}} -- &quot;Anatomic boundaries of the clinical target volume (prostate bed) after radical prostatectomy.&quot; (Wiltshire KL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 15;69(4):1090-9.)
** Anatomic boundaries described for CTV (prostate bed)
** &lt;u&gt;Inferior border&lt;/u&gt;: penile bulb or 8mm below vesico-urethral anastomosis (whichever is more superior)
** &lt;u&gt;Anterior border&lt;/u&gt;: posterior edge of symphysis pubis, up to top of symphysis pubis. Then 1.5cm anteriorly to posterior bladder wall (to account for bladder deformation)
** &lt;u&gt;Posterior border&lt;/u&gt;: anterior rectal wall and levator ani; superiorly mesorectal fascia
** &lt;u&gt;Lateral border&lt;/u&gt;: medial border of levator ani and obturator internus; superiorly the sacrorectogenitopubic fascia
** &lt;u&gt;Superior border&lt;/u&gt;: surgical clips (excluding high lymphadenectomy clips) or 5mm above inferior edge of vas deferens. Include retained SVs when pathologically involved
** Borders extended 1 cm beyond gross recurrent disease

=== Organ motion ===
''See also:'' [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/External Beam RT#Prostate Localization]]

* '''Italy''', 2005 - {{PMID|15734207}} — &quot;Rectal and bladder motion during conformal radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy.&quot; Fiorino C et al. Radiother Oncol. 2005 Feb;74(2):187-95.
** Conclusion: &quot;Rectal motion (and consequent shifts of CTV) was large at the half cranial portion of the rectum while it was very small below the flexure.&quot;

=== Dose ===
* '''Milan, Italy; 2009''' {{PMID|19619960}} -- &quot;Need for High Radiation Dose (&gt;/=70 Gy) in Early Postoperative Irradiation After Radical Prostatectomy: A Single-Institution Analysis of 334 High-Risk, Node-Negative Patients.&quot; (Cozzarini C, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print])
** Retrospective. 334 high risk patients (pT3-T4 and/or SM+, N0), s/p RP and adjuvant RT. Dose &lt;70.2 Gy (median 66.6 Gy, n=153) vs &gt;=70.2 Gy (median 70.2 Gy, n=181). Median F/U 10 and 7 years
** Outcome: Median TTF 36 vs 38 months (NS), but 5-year bPFS &lt;70.2 Gy 71% vs. 70.2 Gy 83% (SS), 5-year DFS 88% vs 94% (SS)
** Conclusion: Strong support for adjuvant EBRT dose &gt;= 70.2 Gy after RP

* '''Stanford''' (1984-2004)
** '''Dose Modeling; 2008''' {{PMID|18234451}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy After Prostatectomy: Is The Evidence for Dose Escalation Out There?&quot; (King CR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jan 28 [Epub ahead of print])
*** ''Salvage RT'': TCP consistent with radical RT TCP, suggesting macroscopic disease. Radical RT TD50 65.9 Gy, slope 2.6%/Gy; salvage RT TD50 66.8 Gy, slope 3.8%/Gy
*** ''Adjuvant RT'': TD50 60 Gy
*** Conclusion: Both adjuvant and RT salvage doses still on steep part of dose-response curve.
** '''Salvage dose; 2008''' {{PMID|18207668}} -- &quot;Improved outcomes with higher doses for salvage radiotherapy after prostatectomy.&quot; (King CR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 May 1;71(1):23-7. Epub 2008 Jan 22.)
*** Retrospective. 122 patients, pN0, salvage RT. Median prostate bed 60 Gy (n=38) or 70 Gy (n=84). Median F/U &gt;5 years
*** Outcome: 5-year bNED 60 Gy 25% vs. 70 Gy 58% (SS). Prognostic factors: dose 70 Gy, post RP PSA &lt;=1 ng/ml, no SV+
*** Conclusion: Significant dose response; recommend salvage dose 70 Gy to prostate bed

== Hypofractionation ==
* '''Milan; 2008''' (Italy)(2005-2006) {{PMID|18455253}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated adjuvant radiotherapy with helical Tomotherapy after radical prostatectomy: Planning data and toxicity results of a Phase I-II study.&quot; (Cozzarini C, Radiother Oncol. 2008 Apr 30. [Epub ahead of print])
** Phase I-II. 50 patients, after RP and PLND with pT2R1/pT3a-bN0. RT 58/20 @ 2.9 Gy/fx. Median F/U 2.1 years
** Toxicity: Late GI G2+ 0%, GU G2+ 12%
** Conclusion: Acute toxicity and early late toxicity post-RP excellent</text>
      <sha1>9m39aao6jyuqlh1h9eby2q23c5cy5m9</sha1>
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    <title>LaTeX/Tables</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-12T03:23:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SneaselxLv94</username>
        <id>3189883</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Fixed LaTeX table</comment>
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      <text bytes="58022" sha1="re2t6iyzhldjqyfxemva2e2315jdv99" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{LaTeX/Top}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

Tables are a common feature in academic writing, often used to summarize research results. Mastering the art of table construction in LaTeX is therefore necessary to produce quality papers and with sufficient practice one can print beautiful tables of any kind.

Keeping in mind that LaTeX is not a spreadsheet; it makes sense to use a dedicated tool to build tables and then to export these tables into the document. Basic tables are not too taxing, but anything more advanced can take a fair bit of construction; in these cases, more advanced packages can be very useful. However, first it is important to know the basics. Once you are comfortable with basic LaTeX tables, you might have a look at more advanced packages or the [[#Using spreadsheets and data analysis tools|export options of your favorite spreadsheet]]. Thanks to the modular nature of LaTeX, the whole process can be automated in a fairly comfortable way.

== Introduction ==
LaTeX has built-in support to typeset tables and provides two environments: {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} and {{LaTeX/Environment|table}}. To typeset material in rows and columns, the {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} environment is needed; the optional {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} environment is a container for floating material similar to {{LaTeX/Environment|figure}}, into which a {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} environment may be included.

The {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} environment contains the caption and defines the float for the table, i.e., where in the document the table should be positioned and whether we want it to be displayed centered. The {{LaTeX/Inline|code=\caption}} and {{LaTeX/Inline|code=\label}} commands can be used in the same way as for pictures. For more information about the {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} environment, see the [[#Floating with table|Floating with ''table'']] section.

In any case, the actual content of the table is contained within the {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} environment.

== The ''tabular'' environment ==

The {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} environment can be used to typeset tables with optional horizontal and vertical lines. LaTeX determines the width of the columns automatically.

The first line of the environment has the form:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{tabular}[pos]{table spec}
}}

The {{LaTeX/Parameter|table spec}} argument tells LaTeX the alignment to be used in each column and the vertical lines to insert.

The number of columns does not need to be specified as it is inferred by looking at the number of arguments provided. It is also possible to add vertical lines between the columns here. The following symbols are available to describe the table columns (some of them require that the package {{LaTeX/Package|array}} has been loaded):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|l}}
| left-justified column
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|c}}
| centered column
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|r}}
| right-justified column
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|p{'width'}&lt;!----&gt;}}
| paragraph column with text vertically aligned at the top
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|m{'width'}&lt;!----&gt;}}
| paragraph column with text vertically aligned in the middle (requires array package)
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|b{'width'}&lt;!----&gt;}}
| paragraph column with text vertically aligned at the bottom (requires array package)
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| vertical line
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;||&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| double vertical line
|}

By default, if the text in a column is too wide for the page, LaTeX won’t automatically wrap it. Using {{LaTeX/Parameter|p{'width'}&lt;!----&gt;}} you can define a special type of column which will wrap-around the text as in a normal paragraph. You can pass the width using any unit supported by LaTeX, such as 'pt' and 'cm', or ''command lengths'', such as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textwidth&lt;!----&gt;}}. You can find a list in chapter [[LaTeX/Lengths|Lengths]].

The optional parameter {{LaTeX/Parameter|pos}} can be used to specify the vertical position of the table relative to the baseline of the surrounding text. In most cases, you will not need this option. It becomes relevant only if your table is not in a paragraph of its own. You can use the following letters:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|b}}
| bottom
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|c}}
| center (default)
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|t}}
| top
|-
|}

To specify a font format (such as bold, italic, etc.) for an entire column, you can add {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&gt;{\format}&lt;!----&gt;}} before you declare the alignment. For example {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\begin{tabular}{ &gt;{\bfseries}l c &gt;{\itshape}r }&lt;!----&gt;}} will indicate a three column table with the first one aligned to the left and in bold font, the second one aligned in the center and with normal font, and the third aligned to the right and in italic. The &quot;array&quot; package needs to be activated in the preamble for this to work.

In the first line you have pointed out how many columns you want, their alignment and the vertical lines to separate them. Once in the environment, you have to introduce the text you want, separating between cells and introducing new lines. The commands you have to use are the following:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&amp;&lt;!----&gt;}}
| column separator
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\&lt;!----&gt;}}
| start new row (additional space may be specified after {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\&lt;!----&gt;}} using square brackets, such as {{LaTeX/Parameter|\\[6pt]}})
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hline&lt;!----&gt;}}
| horizontal line
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newline&lt;!----&gt;}}
| start a new line within a cell (in a paragraph column)
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cline{i-j}&lt;!----&gt;}}
| partial horizontal line beginning in column ''i'' and ending in column ''j''
|}

Note, any white space inserted between these commands is purely down to one's preferences. I personally add spaces between to make it easier to read.

=== Basic examples ===

This example shows how to create a simple table in LaTeX. It is a three-by-three table, but without any lines.

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular}{ l c r }
  1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\
  4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\
  7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\
\end{tabular}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{lcr} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\ 4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\ 7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\ \end{array}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Expanding upon that by including some vertical lines:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular}{ l {{!}} c {{!}} r }
  1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\
  4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\
  7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\
\end{tabular}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{l|c||r} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\ 4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\ 7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\ \end{array}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

To add horizontal lines to the very top and bottom edges of the table:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular}{ l {{!}} c {{!}} r }
  \hline			
  1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\
  4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\
  7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\
  \hline  
\end{tabular}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{l|c||r}\hline 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\ 4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\ 7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\ \hline \end{array}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

And finally, to add lines between all rows, as well as centering (notice the use of the center environment - of course, the result of this is not obvious from the preview on this web page):

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{ l {{!}} c {{!}} r }
    \hline
    1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\ \hline
    4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\ \hline
    7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{l|c|r}\hline 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\ \hline  4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\ \hline  7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\ \hline \end{array}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{ {{!}} l {{!}} c {{!}} r {{!}} }
    \hline
    1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\ \hline
    4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\ \hline
    7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{|l|c|r|}\hline 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\ \hline  4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\ \hline  7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\ \hline \end{array}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular}{{{!}}r{{!}}l{{!}}}
  \hline
  7C0 &amp; hexadecimal \\
  3700 &amp; octal \\ \cline{2-2}
  11111000000 &amp; binary \\
  \hline \hline
  1984 &amp; decimal \\
  \hline
\end{tabular}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:Latex example tabular cline.svg|250px]]}}
}}

=== Text wrapping in tables ===

LaTeX's algorithms for formatting tables have a few shortcomings. One is that it will not automatically wrap text in cells, even if it overruns the width of the page. For columns that will contain text whose length exceeds the column's desired width, it is recommended that you use the {{LaTeX/Parameter|p}} attribute and specify the desired width of the column (although it may take some trial-and-error to get the result you want). For a more convenient method, have a look at [[#The tabularx package|The tabularx package]], or [[#The tabulary package|The tabulary package]].

Instead of {{LaTeX/Parameter|p}}, use the {{LaTeX/Parameter|m}} attribute to have the lines aligned toward the middle of the box or the {{LaTeX/Parameter|b}} attribute to align along the bottom of the box.

Here is a simple example. The following code creates two tables with the same code; the only difference is that the last column of the second one has a defined width of 5 centimeters, while in the first one we didn't specify any width. Compiling this code:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\documentclass{article} 
\usepackage[english]{babel}

\begin{document}

Without specifying width for last column:
\begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{{{!}} l {{!}} l {{!}} l {{!}} l {{!}}}
    \hline
    Day &amp; Min Temp &amp; Max Temp &amp; Summary \\ \hline
    Monday &amp; 11C &amp; 22C &amp; A clear day with lots of sunshine.
    However, the strong breeze will bring down the temperatures. \\ \hline
    Tuesday &amp; 9C &amp; 19C &amp; Cloudy with rain, across many northern regions. Clear spells 
    across most of Scotland and Northern Ireland, 
    but rain reaching the far northwest. \\ \hline
    Wednesday &amp; 10C &amp; 21C &amp; Rain will still linger for the morning. 
    Conditions will improve by early afternoon and continue 
    throughout the evening. \\
    \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{center}

With width specified:
\begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{ {{!}} l {{!}} l {{!}} l {{!}} p{5cm} {{!}}}
    \hline
    Day &amp; Min Temp &amp; Max Temp &amp; Summary \\ \hline
    Monday &amp; 11C &amp; 22C &amp; A clear day with lots of sunshine.  
    However, the strong breeze will bring down the temperatures. \\ \hline
    Tuesday &amp; 9C &amp; 19C &amp; Cloudy with rain, across many northern regions. Clear spells 
    across most of Scotland and Northern Ireland, 
    but rain reaching the far northwest. \\ \hline
    Wednesday &amp; 10C &amp; 21C &amp; Rain will still linger for the morning. 
    Conditions will improve by early afternoon and continue 
    throughout the evening. \\
    \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{center}

\end{document}
}}

You get the following output:

{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:Latex example wrapped table.svg|800px|center]]}}

Note that the first table has been cropped, since the output is wider than the page width.

=== Manually broken paragraphs in table cells ===
Sometimes it is necessary to not rely on the breaking algorithm when using the {{LaTeX/Parameter|p}} specifier, but rather specify the line breaks by hand. In this case it is easiest to use a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\parbox&lt;!----&gt;}}:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{tabular}{cc}
  boring cell content &amp; \parbox[t]{5cm}{rather long par\\new par}
\end{tabular}
}}

Here the {{LaTeX/Parameter|t}} argument controls the placement of the text inside the box. Other allowed values are {{LaTeX/Parameter|c}} for center and {{LaTeX/Parameter|b}} for bottom.

=== Space between columns ===

To tweak the space between columns (LaTeX will by default choose very tight columns), one can alter the column separation: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\setlength{\tabcolsep}{5pt}&lt;!----&gt;}}.
The default value is 6pt.

One can also introduce a horizontal space with hspace like this: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\begin{tabular}{r@{\hspace{1in}&lt;!----&gt;}&lt;!----&gt;rr}&lt;!----&gt;}} There are different options for the hspace [[LaTeX/Lengths|length]].

=== Space between rows ===

Re-define the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\arraystretch&lt;!----&gt;}} command to set the space between rows:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}
}}
Default value is 1.0.

An alternative way to adjust the rule spacing is to add {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\noalign{\smallskip}&lt;!----&gt;}} before or after the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hline&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cline{i-j}&lt;!----&gt;}} commands:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{tabular}{ {{!}} l {{!}} l {{!}} r {{!}} }
  \hline\noalign{\smallskip}
  \multicolumn{2}{c}{Item} \\
  \cline{1-2}\noalign{\smallskip}
  Animal &amp; Description &amp; Price (\$) \\
  \noalign{\smallskip}\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
  Gnat  &amp; per gram &amp; 13.65 \\
        &amp; each     &amp;  0.01 \\
  Gnu   &amp; stuffed  &amp; 92.50 \\
  Emu   &amp; stuffed  &amp; 33.33 \\
  Armadillo &amp; frozen &amp; 8.99 \\
  \noalign{\smallskip}\hline
\end{tabular}
}}

You may also specify the skip after a line explicitly using glue after the line terminator

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\hline
Mineral &amp; Color \\[1cm]
Ruby &amp; red \\
Sapphire &amp; blue \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}}

=== Other environments inside tables ===

If you use some LaTeX environments inside table cells, like {{LaTeX/Environment|verbatim}} or {{LaTeX/Environment|enumerate}}:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{tabular}{c c}
	\hline
	\begin{verbatim}
	code
	\end{verbatim}
	&amp; description
 	\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}}

you might encounter errors similar to
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;output&quot;&gt;
! LaTeX Error: Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
To solve this problem, change [[#The tabular environment|column specifier]] to &quot;paragraph&quot; ({{LaTeX/Parameter|p}}, {{LaTeX/Parameter|m}} or {{LaTeX/Parameter|b}}).

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{tabular}{m{5cm} c}
}}

=== Defining multiple columns ===

It is possible to define many identically aligned columns at once using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=*{num}{str}&lt;!----&gt;}} syntax. This is particularly useful when your table has many columns.

Here is a table with six centered columns flanked by a single column on each side:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular}{l*{6}{c}r}
Team              &amp; P &amp; W &amp; D &amp; L &amp; F  &amp; A &amp; Pts \\
\hline
Manchester United &amp; 6 &amp; 4 &amp; 0 &amp; 2 &amp; 10 &amp; 5 &amp; 12  \\
Celtic            &amp; 6 &amp; 3 &amp; 0 &amp; 3 &amp;  8 &amp; 9 &amp;  9  \\
Benfica           &amp; 6 &amp; 2 &amp; 1 &amp; 3 &amp;  7 &amp; 8 &amp;  7  \\
FC Copenhagen     &amp; 6 &amp; 2 &amp; 1 &amp; 3 &amp;  5 &amp; 8 &amp;  7  \\
\end{tabular}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:Latex example defining multiple columns.svg|450px]]}}
}}

=== Column specification using &lt;code&gt;&gt;{\cmd}&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;{\cmd}&lt;/code&gt; ===

The column specification can be altered using the {{LaTeX/Package|array}} package.  This is done in the 
argument of the tabular environment using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&gt;{\command}}} for commands executed right 
''before'' each column element and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&lt;{\command}}} for commands to be executed right
''after'' each column element. 
As an example: to get a column in math mode enter: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;tex&quot; inline&gt;\begin{tabular}{&gt;{$}c&lt;{$}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. 
Another example is changing the font: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\begin{tabular}{&gt;{\small}c}|}} to print the column in a small font.

The argument of the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&gt;|}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&lt;|}} specifications must be correctly balanced when it comes to {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code={|}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=}|}} characters. This means that {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&gt;{\bfseries}|}} is valid, while {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&gt;{\textbf}|}} will not work and &lt;code&gt;{\textbf{}}&lt;/code&gt; is not valid. If there is the need to use the text of the table as an argument (for instance, using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textbf|}} to produce bold text), one should use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bgroup|}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\egroup|}} commands: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&gt;{\textbf\bgroup}c&lt;{\egroup}|}} produces the intended effect. This works only for some basic LaTeX commands. For other commands, such as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\underline|}} to underline text, it is necessary to temporarily store the column text in a box using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=lrbox|}}. First, you must define such a box with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newsavebox{\boxname}|}} and then you can define:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
&gt;{\begin{lrbox}{\boxname} }%
l%
&lt;{\end{lrbox}%
  \underline{\unhbox\boxname} }%
 }
}}

This stores the text in a box and afterwards, takes the text out of the box with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\unhbox|}} (this destroys the box, if the box is needed again one should use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\unhcopy|}} instead) and passing it to {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\underline|}}. (For LaTeX2e, you may want to use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usebox{\boxname}|}} instead of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\unhbox\boxname|}}.)

This same trick done with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\raisebox|}} instead of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\underline|}} can force all lines in a table to have equal height, instead of the natural varying height that can occur when e.g. math terms or superscripts occur in the text.

Here is an example showing the use of both {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=p{...}|}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&gt;{\centering}|}} :
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;tex&quot;&gt;
\begin{tabular}{&gt;{\centering}p{3.5cm}&gt;{\centering}p{3.5cm} }
Geometry  &amp; Algebra
\tabularnewline
\hline
 Points &amp; Addition 
\tabularnewline
 Spheres &amp; Multiplication 
\end{tabular}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note the use of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tabularnewline|}} instead of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\|}} to avoid a &lt;samp&gt;Misplaced \noalign&lt;/samp&gt; error.

=== @ and ! expressions ===

The column separator can be specified with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=@{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=!{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} constructs. 

It typically takes some text as its argument, and when appended to a column, it will automatically insert that text into each cell in that column before the actual data for that cell. The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=@{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} command kills the inter-column space and replaces it with whatever is between the curly braces. To keep the initial space, use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=!{...}&lt;!----&gt;}}. To add space, use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=@{\hspace{''width''}&lt;!----&gt;}&lt;!----&gt;}}.

Admittedly, this is not that clear, and so will require a few examples to clarify. Sometimes, it is desirable in scientific tables to have the numbers aligned on the decimal point. This can be achieved by doing the following:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular}{r@{.}l}
  3   &amp; 14159 \\
  16  &amp; 2     \\
  123 &amp; 456   \\
\end{tabular}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}3&amp;.14159\\16&amp;.2\\123&amp;.456\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The space-suppressing qualities of the @-expression actually make it quite useful for manipulating the horizontal spacing between columns. Given a basic table, and varying the column descriptions:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{tabular}{ {{!}}l{{!}}l{{!}} }
  \hline
  stuff &amp; stuff \\ \hline
  stuff &amp; stuff \\
  \hline
\end{tabular}
}}

{|
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; | &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{|l|l|}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; |
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:specifier1.svg]]}}
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; | &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{|@{}l|l@{}|}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; |
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:specifier2.svg]]}}
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; | &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{|@{}l@{}|l@{}|}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; |
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:specifier3.svg]]}}
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; | &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{|@{}l@{}|@{}l@{}|}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; |
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:specifier4.svg]]}}
|}

=== Aligning columns at decimal points using dcolumn ===
Instead of using @-expressions to build columns of decimals aligned to the decimal point (or equivalent symbol), it is possible to center a column on the decimal separator using the {{LaTeX/Package|dcolumn}} package, which provides a new column specifier for floating point data. See the [http://anorien.csc.warwick.ac.uk/mirrors/CTAN/macros/latex/required/tools/dcolumn.pdf dcolumn package documentation] for more information, but a simple way to use {{LaTeX/Package|dcolumn}} is as follows.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\usepackage{dcolumn}
\ldots
\newcolumntype{d}[1]{D{.}{\cdot}{#1} }
%the argument for d specifies the maximum number of decimal places
\begin{tabular}{l r c d{1} }
Left&amp;Right&amp;Center&amp;\mathrm{Decimal}\\
1&amp;2&amp;3&amp;4\\
11&amp;22&amp;33&amp;44\\
1.1&amp;2.2&amp;3.3&amp;4.4\\
\end{tabular}
|render={{Dark mode invert|[[File:LaTeX_example_dcolumn.png|200px]]}}
}}
A negative argument provided for the number of decimal places in the new column type allows unlimited decimal places, but may result in rather wide columns.  Rounding is not applied, so the data to be tabulated should be adjusted to the number of decimal places specified.  Note that a decimal aligned column is typeset in math mode, hence the use of \mathrm for the column heading in the example above.  Also, text in a decimal aligned column (for example the header) will be right-aligned before the decimal separator (assuming there's no decimal separator in the text).  While this may be fine for very short text, or numeric column headings, it looks cumbersome in the example above.  A solution to this is to use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\multicolumn}} command described below, specifying a single column and its alignment. For example to center the header ''Decimal'' over its column in the above example, the first line of the table itself would be {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=Left&amp;Right&amp;Center&amp;\multicolumn{1}{c}{Decimal}\\}}

====Bold text and dcolumn====
To draw attention to particular entries in a table, it may be nice to use bold text.  Ordinarily this is easy, but as dcolumn needs to ''see'' the decimal point it is rather harder to do.  In addition, the usual bold characters are wider than their normal counterparts, meaning that although the decimals may align nicely, the figures (for more than 2--3 digits on one side of the decimal point) will be visibly misaligned.  It is however possible to use normal width bold characters and define a new bold column type, as shown below.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/118458/decimals-in-table-dont-align-with-dcolumn-when-bolded|title=Decimals in table don't align with dcolumn when bolded|author=D Carlisle|publisher=Stackexchange}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\usepackage{dcolumn}
%here we're setting up a version of the math fonts with normal x-width
\DeclareMathVersion{nxbold} 
\SetSymbolFont{operators}{nxbold}{OT1}{cmr} {b}{n}
\SetSymbolFont{letters}  {nxbold}{OML}{cmm} {b}{it}
\SetSymbolFont{symbols}  {nxbold}{OMS}{cmsy}{b}{n}

\begin{document}
\makeatletter
\newcolumntype{d}{D{.}{.}{-1} } %decimal column as before
%wide bold decimal column
\newcolumntype{B}[3]{&gt;{\boldmath\DC@{#1}{#2}{#3} }c&lt;{\DC@end} } 
%normal width bold decimal column
\newcolumntype{Z}[3]{&gt;{\mathversion{nxbold}\DC@{#1}{#2}{#3} }c&lt;{\DC@end} } 
\makeatother
\begin{tabular}{l l d}
    Type &amp;M &amp; \multicolumn{1}{c}{N} \\
    Normal &amp; 1 &amp; 22222.222 \\
    Bold (standard)&amp;10 &amp; \multicolumn{1}{B{.}{.}{-1} }{22222.222}\\
    Bold (nxbold)&amp;100 &amp; \multicolumn{1}{Z{.}{.}{-1} }{22222.222}\\
\end{tabular}
\end{document}
|render={{Dark mode invert|[[file:LaTeX example dcolumn bold.png|200px]]}}
}}

== Row specification == 

It might be convenient to apply the same command over every cell of a row, just as for column. Unfortunately the {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} environment cannot do that by default.
We will need {{LaTeX/Package|tabu}} instead, which provides the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rowfont&lt;!----&gt;}} option.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{tabu}{XX}
\rowfont{\bfseries\itshape\large} Header1 &amp; Header2 \\
\hline
Cell2 &amp; Cell2
\end{tabu}
}}

== Spanning ==

To complete this tutorial, we take a quick look at how to generate slightly more complex tables. Unsurprisingly, the commands necessary have to be embedded within the table data itself.

=== Rows spanning multiple columns ===

The command for this looks like this: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\multicolumn{num_cols}{alignment}{contents}&lt;!----&gt;}}. {{LaTeX/Parameter|num_cols}} is the number of subsequent columns to merge; {{LaTeX/Parameter|alignment}} is either {{LaTeX/Parameter|l}}, {{LaTeX/Parameter|c}}, {{LaTeX/Parameter|r}}, or to have text wrapping specify a width {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=p{5.0cm}&lt;!----&gt;}} . And {{LaTeX/Parameter|contents}} is simply the actual data you want to be contained within that cell. You can also use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\multicolumn{1}{alignment}{contents}&lt;!----&gt;}} for a single column. In this simple example, the name David Batty is an exception, shifted to the right:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular}{ {{!}}l{{!}}l{{!}} }
  \hline
  \multicolumn{2}{{{!}}c{{!}}}{Team sheet} \\
  \hline
  GK &amp; Paul Robinson \\
  LB &amp; Lucas Radebe \\
  DC &amp; Michael Duberry \\
  DC &amp; Dominic Matteo \\
  RB &amp; Dider Domi \\
  MC &amp; \multicolumn{1}{r{{!}}}{David Batty} \\
  MC &amp; Eirik Bakke \\
  MC &amp; Jody Morris \\
  FW &amp; Jamie McMaster \\
  ST &amp; Alan Smith \\
  ST &amp; Mark Viduka \\
  \hline
\end{tabular}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:multicolumn.svg]]}}
}}

=== Columns spanning multiple rows ===

The first thing you need to do is add {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{multirow}|}} to the preamble&lt;ref name=&quot;multirow&quot;&gt;Package multirow [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/multirow/ on CTAN]&lt;/ref&gt;. This then provides the command needed for spanning rows: &lt;code&gt;\multirow{''num_rows''}{''width''}{''contents''}&lt;/code&gt;. The arguments are pretty simple to deduce ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=*&lt;!----&gt;}} for the ''width'' means the content's natural width).

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
...
\usepackage{multirow}
...

\begin{tabular}{ {{!}}l{{!}}l{{!}}l{{!}} }
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{ {{!}}c{{!}} }{Team sheet} \\
\hline
Goalkeeper &amp; GK &amp; Paul Robinson \\ \hline
\multirow{4}{*}{Defenders} &amp; LB &amp; Lucas Radebe \\
 &amp; DC &amp; Michael Duburry \\
 &amp; DC &amp; Dominic Matteo \\
 &amp; RB &amp; Didier Domi \\ \hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Midfielders} &amp; MC &amp; David Batty \\
 &amp; MC &amp; Eirik Bakke \\
 &amp; MC &amp; Jody Morris \\ \hline
Forward &amp; FW &amp; Jamie McMaster \\ \hline
\multirow{2}{*}{Strikers} &amp; ST &amp; Alan Smith \\
 &amp; ST &amp; Mark Viduka \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:multirow.svg]]}}
}}

The main thing to note when using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\multirow&lt;!----&gt;}} is that a blank entry must be inserted for each appropriate cell in each subsequent row to be spanned.

If there is no data for a cell, just don't type anything, but you still need the &quot;&amp;&quot; separating it from the next column's data. The astute reader will already have deduced that for a table of &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; columns, there must always be &lt;math&gt;n-1&lt;/math&gt; ampersands in each row (unless {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\multicolumn&lt;!----&gt;}} is also used).

=== Spanning in both directions simultaneously ===

Here is a nontrivial example of how to use spanning in both directions simultaneously and have the borders of the cells drawn correctly:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\usepackage{multirow}

\begin{tabular}{cc{{!}}c{{!}}c{{!}}c{{!}}c{{!}}l}
\cline{3-6}
&amp; &amp; \multicolumn{4}{ c{{!}} }{Primes} \\ \cline{3-6}
&amp; &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 5 &amp; 7 \\ \cline{1-6}
\multicolumn{1}{ {{!}}c  }{\multirow{2}{*}{Powers} } &amp;
\multicolumn{1}{ {{!}}c{{!}} }{504} &amp; 3 &amp; 2 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp;     \\ \cline{2-6}
\multicolumn{1}{ {{!}}c  }{}                        &amp;
\multicolumn{1}{ {{!}}c{{!}} }{540} &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp;     \\ \cline{1-6}
\multicolumn{1}{ {{!}}c  }{\multirow{2}{*}{Powers} } &amp;
\multicolumn{1}{ {{!}}c{{!}} }{gcd} &amp; 2 &amp; 2 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; min \\ \cline{2-6}
\multicolumn{1}{ {{!}}c  }{}                        &amp;
\multicolumn{1}{ {{!}}c{{!}} }{lcm} &amp; 3 &amp; 3 &amp; 1 &amp; 1 &amp; max \\ \cline{1-6}
\end{tabular}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:multirowandcolumnexample.svg|300px]]}}
}}

The command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} is just used to draw vertical borders both on the left and on the right of the cell. Even when combined with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\multirow{2}{*}{...}&lt;!----&gt;}}, it still draws vertical borders that only span the first row. To compensate for that, we add {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} in the following rows spanned by the multirow. Note that we cannot just use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hline&lt;!----&gt;}} to draw horizontal lines, since we do not want the line to be drawn over the text that spans several rows. Instead we use the command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cline{2-6}&lt;!----&gt;}} and opt out the first column that contains the text &quot;Powers&quot;.

Here is another example exploiting the same ideas to make
the familiar and popular &quot;2x2&quot; or double dichotomy:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular}{ r{{!}}c{{!}}c{{!}} }
\multicolumn{1}{r}{}
 &amp;  \multicolumn{1}{c}{noninteractive}
 &amp; \multicolumn{1}{c}{interactive} \\
\cline{2-3}
massively multiple &amp; Library &amp; University \\
\cline{2-3}
one-to-one &amp; Book &amp; Tutor \\
\cline{2-3}
\end{tabular}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:Latex-tables-double-dichotomy-example.svg|400px]]}}
}}

==Controlling table size==

=== Resize tables ===

The {{LaTeX/Package|graphicx}} packages features the command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\resizebox{width}{height}{object}&lt;!----&gt;}} which can be used with {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} to specify the height and width of a table. The following example shows how to resize a table to 8cm width while maintaining the original width/height ratio.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{graphicx}
% ...

\resizebox{8cm}{!} {
  \begin{tabular}...
  \end{tabular}
}
}}

Resizing table including the caption

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{table}[h]
\resizebox{1.4\textwidth}{!}{\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{r{{!}}c{{!}}c{{!}}}
&amp; \multicolumn{1}{c}{noninteractive}
&amp; \multicolumn{1}{c}{interactive} \\
\cline{2-3}
massively multiple &amp; Library &amp; University \\
\cline{2-3}
one-to-one &amp; Book &amp; Tutor \\
\cline{2-3}
\end{tabular}
\caption[Table caption text]{Table taken from \cite[p.10]{refid} }
\label{table:name}
\end{minipage} }
\end{table}
}}

Alternatively you can use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\scalebox{ratio}{object}&lt;!----&gt;}} in the same way but with ratios rather than fixed sizes:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{graphicx}
% ...

\scalebox{0.7}{
  \begin{tabular}...
  \end{tabular}
}
}}

=== Changing font size ===
A table can be globally switched to a different font size by simply adding the desired size command (here: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\footnotesize&lt;!----&gt;}}) in the table scope, which may be after the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\begin{table}&lt;!----&gt;}} statement if you use floats, otherwise you need to add a group delimiter.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
{\footnotesize
  \begin{tabular}{{{!}} r {{!}} r {{!}}{{!}} c {{!}} c {{!}} c {{!}}}
      % ...
  \end{tabular}
}
}}

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{table}[h]\footnotesize
  \caption{Performance at peak F-measure}
  \begin{tabular}{{{!}} r {{!}} r {{!}}{{!}} c {{!}} c {{!}} c {{!}}}
      % ...
  \end{tabular}
\end{table}
}}

Alternatively, you can change the default font for all the tables in your document by placing the following code in the preamble:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\let\oldtabular\tabular 
\renewcommand{\tabular}{\footnotesize\oldtabular} 
}}

See [[LaTeX/Fonts#Sizing_text|Fonts]] for named font sizes.  The table caption font size is not affected. To control the caption font size, see [[LaTeX/Floats,_Figures_and_Captions#Caption_Styles|Caption Styles]].

It is also possible to change the vertical space between rows using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.8}&lt;!----&gt;}} before {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\begin{tabular}&lt;!----&gt;}}. 

== Colors ==
=== Alternate row colors in tables ===

The {{LaTeX/Package|xcolor}} package provides the necessary commands to produce tables with alternate row colors, when loaded with the {{LaTeX/Parameter|table}} option.
The command &lt;code&gt;\rowcolors{&lt;''starting row''&gt;}{&lt;''odd color''&gt;}{&lt;''even color''&gt;}&lt;/code&gt; has to be specified right before the {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} environment starts.

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\documentclass{article}

\usepackage[table]{xcolor}

\begin{document}

\begin{center}
\rowcolors{1}{green}{pink}

\begin{tabular}{lll}
odd 	&amp; odd 	&amp; odd \\
even 	&amp; even 	&amp; even\\
odd 	&amp; odd 	&amp; odd \\
even 	&amp; even 	&amp; even\\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\end{document}
|render=
[[File:LaTeXAlternateRowTable.svg|right]]
}}

The command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hiderowcolors&lt;!----&gt;}} is available to deactivate highlighting from a specified row until the end of the table.
Highlighting can be reactivated within the table via the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\showrowcolors&lt;!----&gt;}} command. If while using these commands you experience &lt;samp&gt;misplaced \noalign errors&lt;/samp&gt; then use the commands at the very beginning or end of a row in your tabular.
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=\hiderowcolors odd &amp; odd &amp; odd \\&lt;!----&gt;}}
or
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=odd &amp; odd &amp; odd \\ \showrowcolors&lt;!----&gt;}}

=== Colors of individual cells ===

As above this uses the {{LaTeX/Package|xcolor&lt;!----&gt;}} package.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
% Include this somewhere in your document
\usepackage[table]{xcolor}

% Enter this in the cell you wish to color a light grey.
% NB: the word 'gray' here denotes the grayscale color scheme, not the color grey. '0.9' denotes how dark the grey is.
\cellcolor[gray]{0.9}
% The following will color the cell red.
\cellcolor{red}
}}

== Width and stretching ==

We keep providing documentation for {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular*}} and {{LaTeX/Environment|tabularx}}.

=== The ''tabular*'' environment===

This is basically a slight extension on the original tabular version, although it requires an extra argument (before the column descriptions) to specify the preferred width of the table.

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular*}{0.75\textwidth}{ {{!}} c {{!}} c {{!}} c {{!}} r {{!}} }
  \hline
  label 1 &amp; label 2 &amp; label 3 &amp; label 4 \\
  \hline 
  item 1  &amp; item 2  &amp; item 3  &amp; item 4  \\
  \hline
\end{tabular*}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:LaTeX TabWidth1.svg|right]]}}
}}

However, that may not look quite as intended. The columns are still at their natural width (just wide enough to fit their contents) while the rows are as wide as the table width specified. If you do not like this default, you must also explicitly insert extra column space. LaTeX has ''rubber lengths'', which, unlike others, are not fixed. LaTeX can dynamically decide how long the lengths should be. So, an example of this is the following.

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular*}{0.75\textwidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill} } {{!}} c {{!}} c {{!}} c {{!}} r {{!}} }
  \hline
  label 1 &amp; label 2 &amp; label 3 &amp; label 4 \\
  \hline 
  item 1  &amp; item 2  &amp; item 3  &amp; item 4  \\
  \hline
\end{tabular*}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:LaTeX TabWidth2.svg|right]]}}
}}

You will notice the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=@{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} construct added at the beginning of the column description. Within it is the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\extracolsep&lt;!----&gt;}} command, which requires a width. A fixed width could have been used. However, by using a rubber length, such as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fill&lt;!----&gt;}}, the columns are automatically spaced evenly.

=== The ''tabularx'' package ===

This package provides a table environment called {{LaTeX/Environment|tabularx}}, which is similar to the {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular*}} environment except that it has a new column specifier {{LaTeX/Parameter|X}} (in uppercase). The column(s) specified with this specifier will be stretched to make the table as wide as specified, greatly simplifying the creation of tables.

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\usepackage{tabularx}
% ...

\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{ {{!}}X{{!}}X{{!}}X{{!}}X{{!}} }
  \hline
  label 1 &amp; label 2 &amp; label 3 &amp; label 4 \\
  \hline 
  item 1  &amp; item 2  &amp; item 3  &amp; item 4  \\
  \hline
\end{tabularx}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:LaTeX TabXWidth1.svg|450px|right]]}}
}}

The content provided for the boxes is treated as for a {{LaTeX/Parameter|p}} column, except that the width is calculated automatically. If you use the package {{LaTeX/Package|array}}, you may also apply any {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&gt;{\cmd}|}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&lt;{\cmd}|}} command to achieve specific behavior (like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\centering&lt;!----&gt;}}, or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\raggedright\arraybackslash&lt;!----&gt;}}) as described previously.

Another option is to use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newcolumntype&lt;!----&gt;}} to format selected columns in a different way. It defines a new column specifier, e.g. {{LaTeX/Parameter|R}} (in uppercase). In this example, the second and fourth column is adjusted in a different way ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\raggedleft&lt;!----&gt;}}):

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\usepackage{tabularx}
% ...

\newcolumntype{R}{&gt;{\raggedleft\arraybackslash}X}%
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{ {{!}}l{{!}}R{{!}}l{{!}}R{{!}} }
  \hline
  label 1 &amp; label 2 &amp; label 3 &amp; label 4 \\
  \hline 
  item 1  &amp; item 2  &amp; item 3  &amp; item 4  \\
  \hline
\end{tabularx}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:LaTeX TabXWidth2.svg|450px|right]]}}
}}

Tabularx with rows spanning multiple columns using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\multicolumn&lt;!----&gt;}}. The two central columns are posing as one by using the {{LaTeX/Parameter|X@{}}} option. Note that the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\multicolumn&lt;!----&gt;}} width (which in this example is 2) should equal the (in this example 1+1) width of the spanned columns:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\usepackage{tabularx}
% ...

\begin{tabularx}{1\textwidth}{ {{!}}&gt;{\setlength\hsize{1\hsize}\centering}X{{!}}&gt;{\setlength\hsize{1\hsize}\raggedleft}X@{} &gt;{\setlength\hsize{1\hsize}\raggedright}X{{!}}&gt;{\setlength\hsize{1\hsize}\centering}X{{!}} } 
  \hline
Label 1 &amp; \multicolumn{2}{&gt;{\centering\setlength\hsize{2\hsize} }X{{!}}}{Label 2} &amp; Label 3\tabularnewline
\hline 
  123  &amp; 123  &amp; 456  &amp; 123  \tabularnewline
  \hline
  123  &amp; 123  &amp; 456  &amp; 123  \tabularnewline
  \hline
\end{tabularx}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:LaTeX tabularx_multi.svg|450px|right]]}}
}}

In a way analogous to how new commands with arguments can be created with {{code|\newcommand}}, new column types with arguments can be created with {{code|\newcolumntype}} as follows:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage[table]{xcolor} %Used to color the last column
% ...

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{&gt;{\hsize=#1\hsize\raggedright\arraybackslash}X}%
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{&gt;{\hsize=#1\hsize\raggedleft\arraybackslash}X}%
\newcolumntype{C}[2]{&gt;{\hsize=#1\hsize\columncolor{#2}\centering\arraybackslash}X}%

\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{ {{!}} L{1} {{!}} R{0.5} {{!}} R{0.5} {{!}} C{2}{gray} {{!}} }
  \hline
  label 1 &amp; label 2 &amp; label 3 &amp; label 4 \\
  \hline
  item 1  &amp; item 2  &amp; item 3  &amp; item 4  \\
  \hline
\end{tabularx}
}}

where since there are 4 columns, the sum of the {{code|\hsize}}'s (1 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 2) must be equal to 4. The default value used by tabularx for {{code|\hsize}} is 1.

=== The ''tabulary'' package ===

[http://www.ctan.org/pkg/tabulary &lt;code&gt;tabulary&lt;/code&gt;] is a modified {{LaTeX/Package|tabular*}} allowing width of columns set for equal heights.
{{LaTeX/Package|tabulary}} allows easy and convenient writing of well balanced tables. 

The problem with {{LaTeX/Package|tabularx}} is that it leaves much blank if your cells are almost empty. Besides, it is not easy to have different column sizes.

{{LaTeX/Package|tabulary}} tries to balance the column widths so that each column has at least its natural width, without exceeding the maximum length.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{tabulary}
...

\begin{center}
  \begin{tabulary}{0.7\textwidth}{LCL}
    Short sentences      &amp; \#  &amp; Long sentences                                                 \\
    \hline
    This is short.       &amp; 173 &amp; This is much loooooooonger, because there are many more words.  \\
    This is not shorter. &amp; 317 &amp; This is still loooooooonger, because there are many more words. \\
  \end{tabulary}  
\end{center}
}}

The first parameter is the maximum width. {{LaTeX/Package|tabulary}} will try not to exceed it, but it will not stretch to it if there is not enough content, contrary to {{LaTeX/Package|tabularx}}.

The second parameter is the column disposition. Possible values are those from the {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} environment, plus

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|L}}
| left-justified balanced column
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|C}}
| centered balanced column
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|R}}
| right-justified balanced column
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|J}}
| left-right-justified balanced column
|}

These are all capitals.

=== The ''tabu'' environment ===

It works pretty much like {{LaTeX/Environment|tabularx}}.

Note:  ''tabu'' is currently [https://github.com/tabu-issues-for-future-maintainer/tabu/blob/master/README.md broken and unmaintained]

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=

\begin{tabu} to \linewidth {llX[2]lllXl}
% ...
\end{tabu}
}}

{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=to \linewidth&lt;!----&gt;}} specifies the target width.
The {{LaTeX/Parameter|X}} parameter can have an optional span factor.

== Table across several pages ==

Long tables are natively supported by LaTeX thanks to the {{LaTeX/Environment|longtable}} environment, which replaces both the {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} and {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} environments or rather combines them into a single environment. Unfortunately, this environment does not support stretching (X columns).

The {{LaTeX/Package|tabu}} package (which is [https://github.com/tabu-issues-for-future-maintainer/tabu/blob/main/README.md no longer maintained]) provides the {{LaTeX/Environment|longtabu}} environment. It has most of the features of {{LaTeX/Environment|tabu}}, with the additional capability to span multiple pages.

LaTeX can do well with long tables: you can specify a header that will repeat on every page, a header for the first page only, and the same for the footer.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{longtabu} to \linewidth {lX[2]lXl}

\rowfont\bfseries H1 &amp; H2 &amp; H3 &amp; H4 &amp; H5 \\ \hline 
\endhead

\\ \hline
\multicolumn{5}{r}{There is more to come} \\
\endfoot

\\ \hline
\endlastfoot

% Content ...

}}

It uses syntax similar to {{LaTeX/Environment|longtable}}, so you should have a look at its documentation if you want to know more.

Alternatively you can try one of the following packages [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/supertabular &lt;code&gt;supertabular&lt;/code&gt;] or [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/xtab &lt;code&gt;xtab&lt;/code&gt;], an extended and somewhat improved version of {{LaTeX/Package|supertabular}}.

== Partial vertical lines ==

Adding a partial vertical line to an individual cell:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular}{ l c r }
  \hline
  1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\ \hline
  4 &amp; 5 &amp; \multicolumn{1}{r{{!}}}{6}  \\ \hline
  7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:Partial-vertical-line-add.svg]]}}
}}

Removing part of a vertical line in a particular cell:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular}{ {{!}} l {{!}} c {{!}} r {{!}} }
  \hline
  1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\ \hline
  4 &amp; 5 &amp; \multicolumn{1}{r}{6} \\ \hline
  7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
|render=
{{Dark mode invert|[[Image:Partial-vertical-line-remove.svg]]}}
}}

== Vertically centered images ==

Inserting images into a table row will align it at the top of the cell.
By using the {{LaTeX/Package|array}} package this problem can be solved.
Defining a new columntype will keep the image vertically centered.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\newcolumntype{V}{&gt;{\centering\arraybackslash} m{.4\linewidth} }
}}

Or use a parbox to center the image.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\parbox[c]{1em}{\includegraphics{image.png} }
}}

A raisebox works as well, also allowing to manually fine-tune the alignment with its first parameter.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\raisebox{-.5\height}{\includegraphics{image.png} }
}}

== Footnotes in tables ==

The {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} environment does not handle footnotes properly. The {{LaTeX/Environment|longtable}} fixes that.

== Professional tables ==

Many professionally typeset books and journals feature simple tables, which have appropriate spacing above and below lines, and almost ''never'' use vertical rules. Many examples of LaTeX tables (including this Wikibook) showcase the use of vertical rules (using &quot;|&quot;), and double-rules (using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hline\hline&lt;!----&gt;}} or &quot;||&quot;), which are regarded as unnecessary and distracting in a professionally published form.  The [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/booktabs/ booktabs] package is useful for easily providing this professionalism in LaTeX tables, and the [http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/booktabs/booktabs.pdf documentation] also provides guidelines on what constitutes a &quot;good&quot; table.

In brief, the package uses {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\toprule&lt;!----&gt;}} for the uppermost rule (or line), {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\midrule&lt;!----&gt;}} for the rules appearing in the middle of the table (such as under the header), and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bottomrule&lt;!----&gt;}} for the lowermost rule. This ensures that the rule weight and spacing are acceptable. In addition, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cmidrule&lt;!----&gt;}} can be used for mid-rules that span specified columns. The following example contrasts the use of booktabs and  two equivalent normal LaTeX implementations (the second example requires {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{array}&lt;!----&gt;}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{dcolumn}&lt;!----&gt;}}, and the third example requires {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{booktabs}&lt;!----&gt;}} in the preamble).

=== Normal LaTeX ===
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{tabular}{llr}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Item} \\
\cline{1-2}
Animal    &amp; Description &amp; Price (\$) \\
\hline
Gnat      &amp; per gram    &amp; 13.65      \\
          &amp; each        &amp; 0.01       \\
Gnu       &amp; stuffed     &amp; 92.50      \\
Emu       &amp; stuffed     &amp; 33.33      \\
Armadillo &amp; frozen      &amp; 8.99       \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
|render={{Dark mode invert|[[Image:LaTeX animal table.svg]]}}}}

=== Using {{LaTeX/Package|array}} ===


{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\usepackage{array} 
%or \usepackage{dcolumn}
...
\begin{tabular}{llr}
\firsthline
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Item} \\
\cline{1-2}
Animal    &amp; Description &amp; Price (\$) \\
\hline
Gnat      &amp; per gram    &amp; 13.65      \\
          &amp; each        &amp; 0.01       \\
Gnu       &amp; stuffed     &amp; 92.50      \\
Emu       &amp; stuffed     &amp; 33.33      \\
Armadillo &amp; frozen      &amp; 8.99       \\
\lasthline
\end{tabular}
|render={{Dark mode invert|[[Image:LaTeX animal table with array.svg]]}}}}

=== Using {{LaTeX/Package|booktabs}} ===


{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\usepackage{booktabs}
\begin{tabular}{llr}
\toprule
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Item} \\
\cmidrule(r){1-2}
Animal    &amp; Description &amp; Price (\$) \\
\midrule
Gnat      &amp; per gram    &amp; 13.65      \\
          &amp; each        &amp; 0.01       \\
Gnu       &amp; stuffed     &amp; 92.50      \\
Emu       &amp; stuffed     &amp; 33.33      \\
Armadillo &amp; frozen      &amp; 8.99       \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
|render={{Dark mode invert|[[Image:LaTeX animal table with booktabs.svg]]}}}}

Usually the need arises for footnotes under a table (and not at the bottom of the page), with a caption properly spaced above the table. These are addressed by the [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ctable/ ctable] package. It provides the option of a short caption given to be inserted in the list of tables, instead of the actual caption (which may be quite long and inappropriate for the list of tables). The {{LaTeX/Package|ctable}} uses the {{LaTeX/Package|booktabs}} package.

== Sideways tables ==

Tables can also be put on their side within a document using the {{LaTeX/Package|rotating}} or the {{LaTeX/Package|rotfloat}} package. See the [[LaTeX/Rotations|Rotations]] chapter.

== Table with legend ==

To add a legend to a table the [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/ caption] package can be used. With the caption package a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\caption*{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} statement can be added besides the 
normal {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\caption{...}&lt;!----&gt;}}. Example:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{table}
  \begin{tabular}{{{!}} r {{!}} r {{!}}{{!}} c {{!}} c {{!}} c {{!}}}

      ...

  \end{tabular}
  \caption{A normal caption}
  \caption*{
    A legend, even a table can be used
    \begin{tabular}{l l}
      item 1 &amp; explanation 1 \\
    \end{tabular}
  }
\end{table}
}}

The normal caption is needed for labels and references.

== The ''eqparbox'' package ==

On rare occasions, it might be necessary to stretch every row in a table to the natural width of its longest line, for instance when one has the same text in two languages and wishes to present these next to each other with lines synching up. A tabular environment helps control where lines should break, but cannot justify the text, which leads to ragged right edges. The {{LaTeX/Package|eqparbox}} package provides the command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\eqmakebox&lt;!----&gt;}} which is like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\makebox&lt;!----&gt;}} but instead of a {{LaTeX/Parameter|width}} argument, it takes a tag. During compilation it bookkeeps which {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\eqmakebox&lt;!----&gt;}} with a certain tag contains the widest text and can stretch all {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\eqmakebox&lt;!----&gt;}}es with the same tag to that width. Combined with the {{LaTeX/Package|array}} package, one can define a column specifier that justifies the text in all lines:comand

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\newsavebox{\tstretchbox}
\newcolumntype{S}[1]{%
  &gt;{\begin{lrbox}{\tstretchbox} }%
  l%
  &lt;{\end{lrbox}%
  \eqmakebox[#1][s]{\unhcopy\tstretchbox} }%
}
}}

See the documentation of the {{LaTeX/Package|eqparbox}} package for more details.

== The ''paracol'' package ==

The various tabular environments available for LaTeX are feature rich; however, they lack the ability to '''automatically page break large rows'''. The paracol package provides automatic page breaks in between rows and in certain cases can replace the tabular environment. Such situations could be common in documents that require translations and definitions, which may also includes lists.

For further detail see the documentation of the {{LaTeX/Package|paracol}} package.


== Floating with ''table'' ==

In WYSIWYG document processors, it is common to put tables in the middle of the text. This is what we have been doing until now.
Professional documents, however, often make it a point to print tables on a dedicated page so that they do not disrupt the flow. From the point of view of the source code, one has no idea on which page the current text is going to lie, so it is hardly possible to guess which page may be appropriate for our table. LaTeX can automate this task by abstracting objects such as tables, pictures, etc., and deciding for us where they might fit best. This abstraction is called a ''float''. Generally, an object that is floated will appear in the vicinity of its introduction in the source file, but one can choose to control its position also.

To tell LaTeX we want to use our table as a float, we need to put a {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} environment around the {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} environment, which is able to float and add a label and caption.

{{Warning|
Please understand: you do not ''have to'' use floating tables. If you want to place your tables where they lie in your source code and you do not need any label, do not use {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} at all! This is a very common misunderstanding among newcomers.
}}

The {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} environment initiates a type of float just as the environment {{LaTeX/Environment|figure}}. In fact, the two bear a lot of similarities (positioning, captions, etc.). More information about floating environments, captions etc. can be found in [[LaTeX/Floats,_Figures_and_Captions|Floats, Figures and Captions]].

The environment names may now seem quite confusing. Let's sum it up:
* {{LaTeX/Environment|tabular}} is for the content itself (columns, lines, etc.).
* {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} is for the location of the table on the document, plus caption and label support.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{table}[position specifier]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{{{!}}l{{!}}}
    ... your table ...
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{This table shows some data}
  \label{tab:myfirsttable}
\end{table}
}}

In the table, we used a label, so now we can refer to it just like any other reference:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\ref{tab:myfirsttable}
}}

The {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} environment is also useful when you want to have a
list of tables at the beginning or end of your document with the command

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\listoftables
}}
The captions now show up in the list of tables, if displayed.

You can set the optional parameter {{LaTeX/Parameter|position specifier}} to define the position of the table, where it should be placed. The following characters are all possible placements. Using sequences of it define your &quot;wishlist&quot; to LaTeX.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|h}}
| where the table is declared ('''h'''ere)
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|t}}
| at the '''t'''op of the page
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|b}}
| at the '''b'''ottom of the page
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|p}}
| on a dedicated '''p'''age of floats
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|!}}
|override the default float restrictions. E.g., the maximum size allowed of a {{LaTeX/Parameter|b}} float is normally quite small; if you want a large one, you need this {{LaTeX/Parameter|!}} parameter as well.
|-
|}

Default is {{LaTeX/Parameter|tbp}}, which means that it is by default placed on the top of the page. If that's not possible, it's placed at the bottom if possible, or finally with other floating environments on an extra page.

You can force LaTeX to use one given position. E.g. {{LaTeX/Parameter|[!h]}} forces LaTeX to place it exactly where you place it (Except when it's really impossible, e.g you place a table ''here'' and this place would be the last line on a page). Again, understand it correctly: it urges LaTeX to put the table at a specific place, but it will not be placed there if LaTeX thinks it will not look great. If you really want to place your table manually, do not use the {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} environment.

Centering the table horizontally works like everything else, using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\centering&lt;!----&gt;}} command just after opening the {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} environment, or by enclosing it with a {{LaTeX/Environment|center}} environment.

== Using spreadsheets and data analysis tools ==

For complex or dynamic tables, you may want to use a spreadsheet. You might save lots of time by building tables using specialized software and exporting them in LaTeX format. The following plugins and libraries are available for some popular software:
* [http://calc2latex.sourceforge.net/ calc2latex]: for LibreOffice and OpenOffice.org Calc spreadsheets,
* [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/support/excel2latex/ excel2latex]: for Microsoft Office Excel,
* [https://github.com/TheChymera/matrix2latex matrix2latex]: for Python and MATLAB,
* [http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.DataFrame.to_latex.html pandas]: pandas DataFrame's have a method to convert data they contain to latex,
* [http://rubygems.org/gems/latex-tools latex-tools]: a Ruby library,
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/xtable/index.html xtable]: a library for R,
* [http://orgmode.org/ org-mode]: for Emacs users, org-mode tables can be used inline in LaTeX documents, see [https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/org/A-LaTeX-example.html] for a tutorial.
* [http://emacswiki.org/emacs/AlignCommands Emacs align commands]: the align commands can clean up a messy LaTeX table.
* [http://truben.no/latex/table/ Online Table generator for LATeX]: An online tool for creating simple tables within the browser. LaTeX format is directly generated as you type.
* [http://www.tablesgenerator.com/ Create LaTeX tables online ]: Online tool.

However, copying the generated source code to your document is not convenient at all. For maximum flexibility, generate the source code to a separate file which you can input from your main document file with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\input&lt;!----&gt;}} command.
If your spreadsheet supports command-line, you can generate your complete document (table included) in one command, using a Makefile for example.

See [[LaTeX/Modular Documents|Modular Documents]] for more details.

== Need more features? ==

Have a look at one of the following packages:

* [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/hhline &lt;code&gt;hhline&lt;/code&gt;]:   do whatever you want with horizontal lines
* [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/array &lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;]:    gives you more freedom on how to define columns
* [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/colortbl &lt;code&gt;colortbl&lt;/code&gt;]: make your table more colorful
* &lt;code&gt;[https://ctan.org/pkg/threeparttable threeparttable]&lt;/code&gt; makes it possible to put footnotes both within the table and its caption
* [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/arydshln &lt;code&gt;arydshln&lt;/code&gt;]: creates dashed horizontal and vertical lines
* [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/ctable &lt;code&gt;ctable&lt;/code&gt;]: allows for footnotes under table and properly spaced caption above (incorporates booktabs package)
* [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/slashbox &lt;code&gt;slashbox&lt;/code&gt;]: create 2D tables with the first cell containing a description for both axes. Not available in Tex Live 2011 or later. 
* &lt;code&gt;[https://ctan.org/pkg/diagbox diagbox]&lt;/code&gt;: compatible to &lt;code&gt;slashbox&lt;/code&gt;, come with Tex Live 2011 or later
* [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/dcolumn &lt;code&gt;dcolumn&lt;/code&gt;]: decimal point alignment of numeric cells
* [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/rccol &lt;code&gt;rccol&lt;/code&gt;]: advanced decimal point alignment of numeric cells with rounding
* [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/numprint &lt;code&gt;numprint&lt;/code&gt;]: print numbers, in the current mode (text or math) in order to use the correct font, with separators, exponent and/or rounded to a given number of digits. tabular(*), array, tabularx, and longtable environments are supported using all features of numprint
* [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/spreadtab &lt;code&gt;spreadtab&lt;/code&gt;]: spread sheets allowing the use of formulae
* [http://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/siunitx &lt;code&gt;siunitx&lt;/code&gt;]: alignment of tabular entries
* &lt;code&gt;[https://www.ctan.org/pkg/pgfplotstable pgfplotstable]&lt;/code&gt;: loads, rounds, formats and postprocesses numerical tables, e.g. by importing the data directly from .csv (comma-separated value) files instead of manually writing the whole tables in LaTeX code. Programs such as Excel, LibreOffice Calc etc. can export data sheets as .csv files.

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{LaTeX/Bottom|Rotations|Title Creation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[fr:LaTeX/Faire_des_tableaux]]
[[nl:LaTeX/Tabellen]]
[[pl:LaTeX/Tabele]]</text>
      <sha1>re2t6iyzhldjqyfxemva2e2315jdv99</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>LaTeX/Mathematics</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>42442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675512</id>
      <parentid>4675443</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T13:50:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-54509-55</username>
        <id>3628163</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Roots */</comment>
      <origin>4675512</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="64659" sha1="dqs8hme68fenw75ac0yg6h3knu16ppu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{LaTeX/Top}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

One of the greatest motivating forces for Donald Knuth when he began developing the original TeX system was to create something that allowed simple construction of mathematical formulas, while looking professional when printed. The fact that he succeeded was most probably why TeX (and later on, LaTeX) became so popular within the scientific community. Typesetting mathematics is one of LaTeX's greatest strengths. It is also a large topic due to the existence of so much mathematical notation.

If your document requires only a few simple mathematical formulas, plain LaTeX has most of the tools that you will ever need. If you are writing a scientific document that contains numerous complex formulas, the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ams.org/publications/authors/tex/amslatex&lt;/ref&gt; introduces several new commands that are more powerful and flexible than the ones provided by basic LaTeX. The {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} package fixes some {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} quirks and adds some useful settings, symbols, and environments to amsmath.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mathtools/mathtools.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; To use either package, include:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\usepackage{amsmath}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
or
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\usepackage{mathtools}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
in the preamble of the document. The {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} package loads the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package and hence there is no need to &lt;code&gt;\usepackage{amsmath}&lt;/code&gt; in the preamble if {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} is used.

== Mathematics environments ==

LaTeX needs to know when the text is mathematical. This is because LaTeX typesets math notation differently from normal text. Therefore, special environments have been declared for this purpose. They can be distinguished into two categories depending on how they are presented:

* ''text'' &amp;mdash; text formulas are displayed inline, that is, within the body of text where it is declared, for example, I can say that &lt;math&gt;a+a=2a&lt;/math&gt; within this sentence.
* ''displayed'' &amp;mdash; displayed formulas are on a line by themselves.

As math requires special environments, there are naturally the appropriate environment names you can use in the standard way. Unlike most other environments, however, there are some handy shorthands for declaring your formulas. The following table summarizes them:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
!width=&quot;15%&quot;|Type
!Inline (within text) formulas
!Displayed equations
!Displayed and automatically numbered equations
|-
!Environment
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=math}}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=displaymath}}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=equation}}
|-
! width=&quot;15%&quot;|LaTeX shorthand
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\(...\) }}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\[...\]}}
|
|-
!width=&quot;15%&quot;|TeX shorthand
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$...$}}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$$...$$ }}
|
|-
!width=&quot;20%&quot;|Comment
|
|
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=equation*}} (starred version) suppresses numbering, but requires amsmath
|}
'''Suggestion''': Using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$$...$$}} should be avoided, as it may cause problems, particularly with the AMS-LaTeX macros. Furthermore, should a problem occur, the error messages may not be helpful.

The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=equation*}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=displaymath}} environments are functionally equivalent.

If you are typing text normally, you are said to be in ''text mode'', but while you are typing within one of those mathematical environments, you are said to be in ''math mode'', that has some differences compared to the ''text mode'':
# Most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance, as all spaces are either derived logically from the mathematical expressions or have to be specified with special commands such as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}}
# Empty lines are not allowed. Only one paragraph per formula.
# Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as such. If you want to typeset normal text within a formula (normal upright font with normal spacing), then you have to enter the text using [[#Adding text to equations|dedicated commands.]]

=== Inserting &quot;Displayed&quot; maths inside blocks of text === 
In order for some operators, such as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\lim}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sum}}, to be displayed correctly inside some math environments (read {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$......$}}), it might be convenient to write the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\displaystyle}} class inside the environment. Doing so might cause the line to be taller, but will cause exponents and indices to be displayed correctly for some math operators. For example, the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$\sum$}} will print a smaller Σ and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$\displaystyle \sum$}} will print a bigger one &lt;math&gt;\displaystyle \sum&lt;/math&gt;, like in equations.{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} It is possible to force this behaviour for all math environments by declaring {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\everymath{\displaystyle} }} in the preamble (i.e. before {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\begin{document} }}).

== Symbols ==

Mathematics has many symbols! The following is a set of symbols that can be accessed directly from the keyboard:
 + - = ! / ( ) [ ] &lt; &gt; | ' : *

Beyond those listed above, distinct commands must be issued in order to display the desired symbols. There are many examples such as Greek letters, set and relations symbols, arrows, binary operators, etc.

For example: 

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \forall x \in X, \quad \exists y \leq \epsilon

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\forall x \in X, \quad \exists y \leq \epsilon
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

Fortunately, there's a tool that can greatly simplify the search for the command for a specific symbol. Look for &quot;Detexify&quot; in the [[#External links|external links]] section below. Another option would be to look in &quot;The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List&quot; in the [[#External links|external links]] section below.

==Greek letters==

Greek letters are commonly used in mathematics, and they are very easy to type in ''math mode''. You just have to type the name of the letter after a backslash: if the first letter is lowercase, you will get a lowercase Greek letter, if the first letter is uppercase (and only the first letter), then you will get an uppercase letter. Note that some uppercase Greek letters look like Latin ones, so they are not provided by LaTeX (e.g. uppercase ''Alpha'' and ''Beta'' are just &quot;A&quot; and &quot;B&quot;, respectively).
Lowercase epsilon, theta, kappa, phi, pi, rho, and sigma are provided in two different versions. The alternate, or ''var''iant, version is created by adding &quot;var&quot; before the name of the letter:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\alpha, \Alpha, \beta, \Beta, \gamma, \Gamma, \pi, \Pi, \phi, \varphi, \mu, \Phi   


|render=&lt;math&gt;\alpha, \Alpha, \beta, \Beta, \gamma, \Gamma, \pi, \Pi, \phi, \varphi, \mu, \Phi&lt;/math&gt;}}

Scroll down to [[#List of mathematical symbols]] for a complete list of Greek symbols.

== Operators ==
An operator is a function that is written as a word: e.g. trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan), logarithms and exponentials (log, exp), limits (lim), as well as trace and determinant (tr, det). LaTeX has many of these defined as commands:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \cos (2\theta) = \cos^2 \theta - \sin^2 \theta

|render=&lt;math&gt;\cos (2\theta) = \cos^2 \theta - \sin^2 \theta \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

For certain operators such as [[w:Limit (mathematics)|limits]], the subscript is placed underneath the operator:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \lim\limits_{x \to \infty} \exp(-x) = 0

|render=&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \exp(-x) = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the [[w:Modular arithmetic|modular operator]] there are two commands: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bmod}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pmod}}:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 a \bmod b

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 a \, \bmod \, b
\,&lt;/math&gt;}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 x \equiv a \pmod{b}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 x \equiv a \pmod b
\,&lt;/math&gt;}}

To use operators that are not pre-defined, such as [[w:argmax|argmax]], see [[../Advanced Mathematics#Custom operators|custom operators]]

== Powers and indices ==
Powers and indices are equivalent to superscripts and subscripts in normal text mode. The caret (&lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;; [[w:Caret|also known as the circumflex accent]]) character is used to raise something, and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;) is for lowering. If an expression containing more than one character is raised or lowered, it should be grouped using curly braces (&lt;code&gt;{&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt;).
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 k_{n+1} = n^2 + k_n^2 - k_{n-1}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
k_{n+1} = n^2 + k_n^2 - k_{n-1}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

For powers with more than one digit, surround the power with {}.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 x^{1.01}
|render=&lt;math&gt;
x^{1.01}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

An underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;) can be used with a vertical bar (&lt;math&gt; | &lt;/math&gt;) to denote evaluation using subscript notation in mathematics:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 f(n) = n^5 + 4n^2 + 2 {{!}}_{n=17}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 f(n) = n^5 + 4n^2 + 2 |_{n=17}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

== Fractions and Binomials ==
A fraction is created using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\frac{numerator}{denominator}&lt;!----&gt;}} command (for those who need their memories refreshed, that's the ''top'' and ''bottom'' respectively!). Likewise, the [[w:Binomial coefficient|binomial coefficient]] (a.k.a, the Choose function) may be written using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\binom}} command:{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = \binom{n}{k}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = \binom{n}{k}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}


You can embed fractions within fractions:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}&lt;!----&gt;}{y-z}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
\frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}}{y-z}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Note that when appearing inside another fraction, or in inline text &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{a}{b}&lt;/math&gt;, a fraction is noticeably smaller than in displayed mathematics. The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tfrac}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dfrac}} commands{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} force the use of the respective styles, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textstyle}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\displaystyle}}. Similarly, the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tbinom}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dbinom}} commands typeset the binomial coefficient.

For relatively simple fractions, especially within the text, it may be more aesthetically pleasing to use [[#Powers and indices|powers and indices]] instead:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 ^3/_7

|render=&lt;math&gt;
^3/_7
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If this looks a little &quot;loose&quot; (i.e., overspaced), a tightened version can be defined by inserting some negative space
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

%running fraction with slash - requires math mode.
\newcommand*\rfrac[2]{{}^{#1}\!/_{#2}}

\rfrac{3}{7}
|render=&lt;math&gt;
{{}^{3}\!/_{7}}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If you use them throughout the document, usage of {{LaTeX/Package|xfrac}} package is recommended.
This package provides {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sfrac}} command to create slanted fractions. Usage:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
Take $\sfrac{1}{2}$ cup of sugar, \dots
 
  3\times\sfrac{1}{2}=1\sfrac{1}{2}
 

Take ${}^1/_2$ cup of sugar, \dots
 
  3\times{}^1/_2=1{}^1/_2
 
|render=[[Image:LaTeX-xfrac-example.png|400px]]}}

If fractions are used as an exponent, curly braces have to be used around the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sfrac}} command:

  $x^\frac{1}{2}$ % no error
  $x^\sfrac{1}{2}$ % error
  $x^{\sfrac{1}{2}}$ % no error

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
  $x^\frac{1}{2}$ % no error
|render=
&lt;math&gt;
t^\frac{1}{2}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

In some cases, using the package alone will result in errors about certain font shapes not being available. In that case, the {{LaTeX/Package|lmodern}} and {{LaTeX/Package|fix-cm}} packages need to be added as well.

Alternatively, the {{LaTeX/Package|nicefrac}} package provides the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\nicefrac}} command, whose usage is similar to {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sfrac}}.

=== Continued fractions ===
Continued fractions should be written using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cfrac}} command:{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{equation}
  x = a_0 + \cfrac{1}{a_1 
          + \cfrac{1}{a_2 
          + \cfrac{1}{a_3 + \cfrac{1}{a_4} } } }
\end{equation}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;   x = a_0 + \cfrac{1}{a_1 
           + \cfrac{1}{a_2 
           + \cfrac{1}{a_3 + \cfrac{1}{a_4}}}}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

=== Multiplication of two numbers ===
To make multiplication visually similar to a fraction, a nested array can be used. For example, multiplication of numbers written one below the other can be typeset as follows:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{equation}
\frac{
    \begin{array}[b]{r}
      \left( x_4.12 x_217 \right)\\
      \times \left( x'_1 x'_2 \right)
    \end{array}
  }{
    \left( y_1y_2y_3y_4 \right)
  }
\end{equation}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\frac{
    \begin{array}[b]{r}
      \left( x_1 x_2 \right)\\
      \times \left( x'_1 x'_2 \right)
    \end{array}
  }{
    \left( y_1y_2y_3y_4 \right)
  }
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

== Roots ==
ThѷѴe {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt}} command creates a square root surrounding an expression. It accepts an optional argument specified in square brackets (&lt;code&gt;[&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;]&lt;/code&gt;) to change magnitude:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}&lt;!----&gt;}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\sqrt[n]{1+x+x^2+x^3+\dots+x^n}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\sqrt[n]{1+x+x^2+x^3+\dots+x^n}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Some people prefer writing the square root &quot;closing&quot; it over its content. This method arguably makes it more clear what is in the scope of the root sign. This habit is not normally used while writing with the computer, but if you still want to change the output of the square root, LaTeX gives you this possibility. Just add the following code in the preamble of your document:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
% New definition of square root:
% it renames \sqrt as \oldsqrt
\let\oldsqrt\sqrt
% it defines the new \sqrt in terms of the old one
\def\sqrt{\mathpalette\DHLhksqrt}
\def\DHLhksqrt#1#2{%
\setbox0=\hbox{$#1\oldsqrt{#2\,}$}\dimen0=\ht0
\advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0
\setbox2=\hbox{\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0}%
{\box0\lower0.4pt\box2}&lt;!----&gt;}
|render=[[Image:Latex_new_squareroot.png|thumb|right|250px|The new style is on left, the old one on right]]
}}
This TeX code first renames the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt}} command as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\oldsqrt}}, then redefines {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt}} in terms of the old one, adding something more. The new square root can be seen in the picture on the left, compared to the old one on the right. Unfortunately this code won't work if you want to use multiple roots: if you try to write &lt;math&gt;\sqrt[b]{a}&lt;/math&gt; as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt[b]{a}&lt;!----&gt;}} after you used the code above, you'll just get a wrong output. In other words, you can redefine the square root this way only if you are not going to use multiple roots in the whole document.

An alternative piece of TeX code that does allow multiple roots is
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\usepackage{letltxmacro}
\makeatletter
\let\oldr@@t\r@@t
\def\r@@t#1#2{%
\setbox0=\hbox{$\oldr@@t#1{#2\,}$}\dimen0=\ht0
\advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0
\setbox2=\hbox{\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0}%
{\box0\lower0.4pt\box2}&lt;!----&gt;}
\LetLtxMacro{\oldsqrt}{\sqrt}
\renewcommand*{\sqrt}[2][\ ]{\oldsqrt[#1]{#2} &lt;!----&gt;}
\makeatother


$\sqrt[a]{b} \quad \oldsqrt[a]{b}$

|render=[[Image:LaTeX example sqrt.png]]
}}
However, this requires the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{letltxmacro}&lt;!----&gt;}} package.

== Sums and integrals ==
The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sum}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int}} commands insert the sum and integral symbols respectively, with limits specified using the caret (&lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;) and underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). The typical notation for sums is:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i 

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\textstyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i 
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
or
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i 

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The limits for the integrals follow the same notation. It's also important to represent the integration variables with an upright &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{d}&lt;/math&gt;, which in math mode is obtained through the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathrm{}|}} command, and with a small space separating it from the integrand, which is attained with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\,}} command.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \int_0^\infty \mathrm{e}^{-x}\,\mathrm{d}x

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\int_0^\infty \mathrm{e}^{-x}\,\mathrm{d}x
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

There are many other &quot;big&quot; commands which operate in a similar manner:
{|
| &lt;code&gt;\sum&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;5%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;\sum \,&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\prod&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;5%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;\prod&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\coprod&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;5%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;\coprod&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\bigoplus&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigoplus&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigotimes&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigotimes&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigodot&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigodot&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\bigcup&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigcup&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigcap&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigcap&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\biguplus&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\biguplus&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\bigsqcup&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigsqcup&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigvee&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigvee&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigwedge&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigwedge&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\int&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\int&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\oint&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\oint&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\iint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\iint&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\iiint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\iiint&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\iiiint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\iiiint&lt;/math&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\idotsint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\int \! \cdots \! \int&lt;/math&gt;
|}

For more integral symbols, including those not included by default in the Computer Modern font, try the {{LaTeX/Package|esint}} package.

The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\substack}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} allows the use of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\}} to write the limits over multiple lines:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \sum_{\substack{
   0&lt;i&lt;m \\
   0&lt;j&lt;n
  }&lt;!----&gt;} 
 P(i,j)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\sum_{\overset{\scriptstyle 0&lt;i&lt;m} {\scriptstyle 0&lt;j&lt;n}} P(i,j)
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If you want the limits of an integral to be specified above and below the symbol (like the sum), use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\limits}} command:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \int\limits_a^b

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\int\limits_b^c
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
However, if you want this to apply to all integrals, it is preferable to specify the {{LaTeX/Parameter|intlimits}} option when loading the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage[intlimits]{amsmath}
}}

Subscripts and superscripts in other contexts, as well as other parameters to {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package related to them, are described in [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#Advanced_formatting|Advanced Mathematics]] chapter.

For bigger integrals, you may use personal declarations, or the {{LaTeX/Package|bigints}} package &lt;ref name=LM&gt; http://hdl.handle.net/2268/6219&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Brackets, braces and delimiters ==
&lt;small&gt;''How to use braces in multi line equations is described in the [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#Braces_spanning_multiple_lines|Advanced Mathematics]] chapter.''&lt;/small&gt;

The use of delimiters such as brackets soon becomes important when dealing with anything but the most trivial equations. Without them, formulas can become ambiguous. Also, special types of mathematical structures, such as matrices, typically rely on delimiters to enclose them.

There are a variety of delimiters available for use in LaTeX:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

( a ), [ b ], \{ c \}, {{!}} d {{!}}, \{{!}} e \{{!}},
\langle f \rangle, \lfloor g \rfloor,
\lceil h \rceil, \ulcorner i \urcorner,
/ j \backslash

|render=&lt;math&gt;
( a ), [ b ], \{ c \}, | d |, \| e \|, \langle f \rangle, \lfloor g \rfloor, \lceil h \rceil, \ulcorner i \urcorner,
/ j \backslash
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
where {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\lbrack}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rbrack}} may be used in place of [ and ]. 


=== Automatic sizing ===
Very often, mathematical features will differ in size, in which case the delimiters surrounding the expression should vary accordingly. This can be done automatically using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right}}, and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\middle}} commands. Any of the previous delimiters may be used in combination with these:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \left(\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\left(\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right)
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 P\left(A=2\middle{{!}}\frac{A^2}{B}&gt;4\right)

|
render=[[Image:Latex_example_middle.png|150px]]
}}
Curly braces are defined differently by using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left\{}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right\} }},

{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \left\{\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right\}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\left\{\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right\}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
 
If a delimiter on only one side of an expression is required, then an invisible delimiter on the other side may be denoted using a period (&lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt;).
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \left.\frac{x^3}{3}\right{{!}}_0^1

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 \left.\frac{x^3}{3}\right|_0^1
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

=== Manual sizing ===
In certain cases, the sizing produced by the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right}} commands may not be desirable, or you may simply want finer control over the delimiter sizes. In this case, the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\big}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\Big}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bigg}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\Bigg}} modifier commands may be used:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 ( \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( 

|render=&lt;math&gt;
( \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( 
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
These commands are primarily useful when dealing with nested delimiters. For example, when typesetting
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \left( k g(x) \right)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \left( k g(x) \right)
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
we notice that the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right}} commands produce the same size delimiters as those nested within it. This can be difficult to read. To fix this, we write
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \big( k g(x) \big)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \big( k g(x) \big)
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Manual sizing can also be useful when an equation is too large, trails off the end of the page, and must be separated into two lines using an align command. Although the commands {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left.}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right.}} can be used to balance the delimiters on each line, this may lead to wrong delimiter sizes. Furthermore, manual sizing can be used to avoid overly large delimiters — if an {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\underbrace}} or a similar command appears between the delimiters.

== Matrices and arrays ==
A basic matrix may be created using the {{LaTeX/Environment|matrix}} environment{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}: in common with other table-like structures, entries are specified by row, with columns separated using an ampersand ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&amp;}}) and new rows separated with a double backslash ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\}})
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\[
 \begin{matrix}
  a &amp; b &amp; c \\
  d &amp; e &amp; f \\
  g &amp; h &amp; i
 \end{matrix}
\]
|render=&lt;math&gt;
\begin{matrix}
a &amp; b &amp; c \\
d &amp; e &amp; f \\
g &amp; h &amp; i
\end{matrix}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

To specify alignment of columns in the table, use starred version{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \begin{matrix}
  -1 &amp; 3 \\
  2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix}
 =
 \begin{matrix*}[r]
  -1 &amp; 3 \\
  2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix*}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 \begin{matrix}
  -1 &amp; 3 \\
  2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix}
 =
 \begin{matrix}
  -1 &amp; \,\;\;3 \\
  \,\;\;2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The alignment by default is {{LaTeX/Parameter|c}}, but it can be any column type valid in {{LaTeX/Environment|array}} environment.

However matrices are usually enclosed in delimiters of some kind, and while it is possible to use the [[#Automatic sizing|&lt;code&gt;\left&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\right&lt;/code&gt; commands]], there are various other predefined environments which automatically include delimiters:
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Environment name
! Surrounding delimiter
! Notes
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|pmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;( \, ) &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|pmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;( \, ) &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|bmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;[ \, ] &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|bmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;[ \, ] &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Bmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\{ \, \} &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Bmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\{ \, \} &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|vmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;| \, | &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|vmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;| \, | &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Vmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\| \, \| &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Vmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\| \, \| &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|}

When writing down arbitrary sized matrices, it is common to use horizontal, vertical and diagonal triplets of dots (known as [[w:ellipsis|ellipses]]) to fill in certain columns and rows. These can be specified using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\vdots}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ddots}} respectively:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 A_{m,n} = 
 \begin{pmatrix}
  a_{1,1} &amp; a_{1,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{1,n} \\
  a_{2,1} &amp; a_{2,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{2,n} \\
  \vdots  &amp; \vdots  &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots  \\
  a_{m,1} &amp; a_{m,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{m,n} 
 \end{pmatrix}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
A_{m,n} = 
\begin{pmatrix}
a_{1,1} &amp; a_{1,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{1,n} \\
a_{2,1} &amp; a_{2,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{2,n} \\
\vdots  &amp; \vdots  &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots  \\
a_{m,1} &amp; a_{m,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{m,n} 
\end{pmatrix}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
In some cases, you may want to have finer control of the alignment within each column, or to insert lines between columns or rows. This can be achieved using the {{LaTeX/Environment|array}} environment, which is essentially a math-mode version of the [[../Tables#The tabular environment|&lt;code&gt;tabular&lt;/code&gt; environment]], which requires that the columns be pre-specified:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \begin{array}{c{{!}}c}
  1 &amp; 2 \\ 
  \hline
  3 &amp; 4
 \end{array}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\begin{array}{c|c}
1 &amp; 2 \\ 
\hline
3 &amp; 4
\end{array}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

You may see that the AMS matrix class of environments doesn't leave enough space when used together with fractions resulting in output similar to this:

&lt;math&gt;
 M = \begin{bmatrix}
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6} &amp; 0\\
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; 0           &amp; \frac{1}{6}\\
       0           &amp; \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6}
     \end{bmatrix}
&lt;/math&gt;

To counteract this problem, add additional leading space with the optional parameter to the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\}} command:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 M = \begin{bmatrix}
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6} &amp; 0           \\[0.3em]
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; 0           &amp; \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em]
       0           &amp; \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6}
     \end{bmatrix}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 M = \begin{bmatrix}
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6} &amp; 0           \\[0.3em]
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; 0           &amp; \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em]
       0           &amp; \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6}
     \end{bmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If you need &quot;border&quot; or &quot;indexes&quot; on your matrix, plain TeX provides the macro {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bordermatrix}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

M = \bordermatrix{~ &amp; x &amp; y \cr
                  A &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \cr
                  B &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \cr}

|render=[[Image:bordermatrix.png|150px]]
}}


=== Matrices in running text ===
To insert a small matrix without increasing leading in the line containing it, use {{LaTeX/Environment|smallmatrix}} environment:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
A matrix in text must be set smaller:
$\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix}
a&amp;b \\ c&amp;d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)$
to not increase leading in a portion of text.
|render=[[Image:LaTeX-smallmatrix.png]]
}}

== Adding text to equations ==

The math environment differs from the text environment in the representation of text. Here is an example of trying to represent text within the math environment:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 50 apples \times 100 apples = lots of apples^2

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 50 apples \times 100 apples = lots of apples^2
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

There are two noticeable problems: there are no spaces between words or numbers, and the letters are italicized and more spaced out than normal. Both issues are simply artifacts of the maths mode, in that it treats it as a mathematical expression: spaces are ignored (LaTeX spaces mathematics according to its own rules), and each character is a separate element (so are not positioned as closely as normal text).

There are a number of ways that text can be added properly. The typical way is to wrap the text with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\text{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} (a similar command is {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mbox{...}&lt;!----&gt;}}, though this causes problems with subscripts, and has a less descriptive name). Let's see what happens when the above equation code is adapted:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 50 \text{apples} \times 100 \text{apples} 
 = \text{lots of apples}^2

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 50 \text{apples} \times 100 \text{apples} = \text{lots of apples}^2
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The text looks better. However, there are no gaps between the numbers and the words. Unfortunately, you are required to explicitly add these. There are many ways to add spaces between math elements, but for the sake of simplicity we may simply insert space characters into the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\text}} commands.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 50 \text{ apples} \times 100 \text{ apples}
 = \text{lots of apples}^2

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 50 \text{ apples} \times 100 \text{ apples} = \text{lots of apples}^2
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
== Formatting mathematics symbols ==
:''See also: [[w:Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols]], [[w:Help:Displaying a formula#Alphabets and typefaces]] and [[w:Wikipedia:LaTeX symbols#Fonts]]''
We can now format text; what about formatting mathematical expressions? There are a set of formatting commands very similar to the font formatting ones just used, except that they are specifically aimed at text in math mode (requires {{LaTeX/Package|amsfonts}})
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot;|LaTeX command
! width=&quot;35%&quot;|Sample
! Description
! Common use
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathnormal{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(or simply omit any command)&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;ABCDEF~abcdef~123456\,&lt;/math&gt;
| The default math font
| Most mathematical notation
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathrm{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| This is the default or normal font, unitalicised
| Units of measurement, one word functions
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathit{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathit{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| Italicised font
| Multi-letter function or variable names. Compared to &lt;code&gt;\mathnormal&lt;/code&gt;, words are spaced more naturally and numbers are italicized as well.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathbf{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| Bold font
| Vectors
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathsf{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathsf{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:sans-serif|Sans-serif]]
| Categories
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathtt{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathtt{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:Monospace font|Monospace (fixed-width) font]]
|
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathfrak{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(requires the {{LaTeX/Package|amsfonts}} or {{LaTeX/Package|amssymb}} package{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathfrak{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:Fraktur (script)|Fraktur]]
| Almost canonical font for Lie algebras, [[w:Ideal (ring theory)|ideals]] in ring theory
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathcal{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{ABCDEF}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| Calligraphy (uppercase only{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})
| Often used for sheaves/schemes and categories, used to denote [[w:en:Cryptography|cryptological]] concepts like an ''alphabet of definition'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{A}&lt;/math&gt;), ''message space'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{M}&lt;/math&gt;), ''ciphertext space'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;) and ''[[w:key space|key space]]'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{K}&lt;/math&gt;); [[w:Kleene's O|Kleene's &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;]]; [[w:Description logic#Naming Convention|naming convention in description logic]]; [[w:Laplace transform|Laplace transform]] (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}&lt;/math&gt;) and [[w:Fourier transform|Fourier transform]] (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{F}&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathbb{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(requires the {{LaTeX/Package|amsfonts}} or {{LaTeX/Package|amssymb}} package{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{ABCDEF}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:Blackboard bold|Blackboard bold]] (uppercase only{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})
| Used to denote special sets (e.g. real numbers)
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathscr{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(requires the {{LaTeX/Package|mathrsfs}} package{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})&lt;/small&gt;
| [[File:Mathscr (A-F).png]]
| [[w:Script (typefaces)|Script]] (uppercase only{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})
| An alternative font for categories and sheaves.
|}

These formatting commands can be wrapped around the entire equation, and not just on the textual elements: they only format letters, numbers, and uppercase Greek, and other math commands are unaffected. 

To bold lowercase Greek or other symbols use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\boldsymbol}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}; this will only work if there exists a bold version of the symbol in the current font. As a last resort there is the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pmb}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} (poor man's bold): this prints multiple versions of the character slightly offset against each other.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \boldsymbol{\beta} = (\beta_1,\beta_2,\dotsc,\beta_n)

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 \boldsymbol{\beta} = (\beta_1,\beta_2,\dotsc,\beta_n)
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
To change the size of the fonts in math mode, see [[../Advanced Mathematics#Changing font size|Changing font size]].

=== Accents ===
So what to do when you run out of symbols and fonts? Well, the next step is to use accents:

{| 
| &lt;code&gt;a'&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;a^{\prime}&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;15%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;a'\,&lt;/math&gt;
|  style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;a''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;a''\,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\hat{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\hat{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\bar{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bar{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\grave{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\grave{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\acute{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\acute{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\dot{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dot{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\ddot{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\ddot{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\not{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\not{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\mathring{a}&lt;/code&gt; || å
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\overrightarrow{AB}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\overrightarrow{AB} \,&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;\overleftarrow{AB}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\overleftarrow{AB} \,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;a'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;a'''\,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;a''''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;a''''\,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\overline{aaa}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\overline{aaa} \,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\check{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\check{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\breve{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\breve{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\vec{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\vec{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\dddot{a}&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\ddddot{a}&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\widehat{AAA}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\widehat{AAA} \,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\widetilde{AAA}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{AAA}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\stackrel\frown{AAA}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\stackrel\frown{AAA}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\tilde{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tilde{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\underline{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\underline{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Color ==
The package {{LaTeX/Package|xcolor}}, described in [[../Colors#Adding_the_color_package|Colors]], allows us to add color to our equations. For example,
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
k = {\color{red}x} \mathbin{\color{blue}-} 2
|render=&lt;math&gt;
k = {\color{red}x} \mathbin{\color{blue}-} 2
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
The only problem is that this disrupts the default {{LaTeX}} formatting around the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=-}} operator. To fix this, we enclose it in a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathbin}} environment, since {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=-}} is a binary operator. This process is described [http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/21598/how-to-color-math-symbols here].

==Plus and minus signs==

LaTeX deals with the + and − signs in two possible ways. The most common is as a binary operator. When two maths elements appear on either side of the sign, it is assumed to be a binary operator, and as such, allocates some space to either side of the sign. The alternative way is a sign designation. This is when you state whether a mathematical quantity is either positive or negative. This is common for the latter, as in math, such elements are assumed to be positive unless a − is prefixed to it. In this instance, you want the sign to appear close to the appropriate element to show their association. If you put a + or a − with nothing before it but you want it to be handled like a binary operator you can add an ''invisible'' character before the operator using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code={}&lt;!----&gt;}}. This can be useful if you are writing multiple-line formulas, and a new line could start with a − or +, for example, then you can fix some strange alignments adding the invisible character where necessary.

A plus-minus sign is written as:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \pm

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\pm
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Similarly, there exists also a minus-plus sign:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \mp

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\mp
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

== Controlling horizontal spacing ==

LaTeX is obviously pretty good at typesetting maths—it was one of the chief aims of the core TeX system that LaTeX extends. However, it can't always be relied upon to accurately interpret formulas in the way you did. It has to make certain assumptions when there are ambiguous expressions. The result tends to be slightly incorrect horizontal spacing. In these events, the output is still satisfactory, yet any perfectionists will no doubt wish to ''fine-tune'' their formulas to ensure spacing is correct. These are generally very subtle adjustments.

There are other occasions where LaTeX has done its job correctly, but you just want to add some space, maybe to add a comment of some kind. For example, in the following equation, it is preferable to ensure there is a decent amount of space between the maths and the text.

{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\[ f(n) =
  \begin{cases}
    n/2       &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\
    -(n+1)/2  &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd}
  \end{cases}
\]


|render=
&lt;math&gt;
f(n) =
  \begin{cases}
    n/2       &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\
    -(n+1)/2  &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd}
  \end{cases}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

This code produces errors with Miktex 2.9 and does not yield the results seen on the right.
Use \mathrm instead of just \text.


(Note that this particular example can be expressed in more elegant code by the {{LaTeX/Environment|cases}} construct provided by the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package described in [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#The_cases_environment|Advanced Mathematics]] chapter.)

LaTeX has defined two commands that can be used anywhere in documents (not just maths) to insert some horizontal space. They are {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\qquad}}

A {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} is a space equal to the current font size. So, if you are using an 11pt font, then the space provided by {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} will also be 11pt (horizontally, of course.) The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\qquad}} gives twice that amount. As you can see from the code from the above example, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}}s were used to add some separation between the maths and the text.

OK, so back to the fine tuning as mentioned at the beginning of the document. A good example would be displaying the simple equation for the indefinite integral of ''y'' with respect to ''x'':

&lt;math&gt;\int y\, \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;

If you were to try this, you may write:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}

However, this doesn't give the correct result. LaTeX doesn't respect the white-space left in the code to signify that the ''y'' and the d''x'' are independent entities. Instead, it lumps them altogether. A {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} would clearly be overkill in this situation—what is needed are some small spaces to be utilized in this type of instance, and that's what LaTeX provides:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Command
! Description
! Size
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\,}}
| small space
| 3/18 of a quad
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\:}}
| medium space
| 4/18 of a quad
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\;}}
| large space
| 5/18 of a quad
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\!}}
| negative space
| -3/18 of a quad
|}

NB you can use more than one command in a sequence to achieve a greater space if necessary.

So, to rectify the current problem:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y\, \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y\, \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y\: \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y\;\;\!\! \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y\; \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y\; \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The negative space may seem like an odd thing to use, however, it wouldn't be there if it didn't have ''some'' use! Take the following example:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=\partial\frac{x-y}z|render=&lt;math&gt;\partial\frac{x-y}z&lt;/math&gt;}}
X and Y are like rotations.{{LaTeX/Example|code=

  \left(
    \begin{array}{c}
      n \\
      r
    \end{array}
  \right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;\left(
   \begin{matrix}
     n \\
     r
   \end{matrix}
   \right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}&lt;/math&gt;
}}


The matrix-like expression for representing binomial coefficients is too padded. There is too much space between the brackets and the actual contents within. This can easily be corrected by adding a few negative spaces after the left bracket and before the right bracket.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=\Re|render=&lt;math&gt;\Re&lt;/math&gt;}}{{LaTeX/Example|code=

  \left(\!
    \begin{array}{c}
      n \\
      r
    \end{array}
  \!\right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;\left(\!
   \begin{matrix}
     n \\
     r
   \end{matrix}
   \!\right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

In any case, adding some spaces manually should be avoided whenever possible: it makes the source code more complex and it's against the basic principles of a What You See is What You Mean approach. The best thing to do is to define some commands using all the spaces you want and then, when you use your command, you don't have to add any other space. Later, if you change your mind about the length of the horizontal space, you can easily change it modifying only the command you defined before. Let us use an example: you want the ''d'' of a ''dx'' in an integral to be in roman font and a small space away from the rest. If you want to type an integral like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int x \, \mathrm{d} x}}, you can define a command like this:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\newcommand{\dd}{\mathop{}\,\mathrm{d}&lt;!----&gt;}
}}
in the preamble of your document. We have chosen {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dd}} just because it reminds the &quot;d&quot; it replaces and it is fast to type. Doing so, the code for your integral becomes {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int x \dd x}}. Now, whenever you write an integral, you just have to use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dd}} instead of the &quot;d&quot;, and all your integrals will have the same style. If you change your mind, you just have to change the definition in the preamble, and all your integrals will be changed accordingly.

== Manually Specifying Formula Style ==
To manually display a fragment of a formula using text style, surround the fragment with curly braces and prefix the fragment with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textstyle}}. The braces are required because the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textstyle}} macro changes the state of the renderer, rendering all subsequent mathematics in text style. The braces limit this change of state to just the fragment enclosed within. For example, to use text style for just the summation symbol in a sum, one would enter
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{equation}
   C^i_j = {\textstyle \sum_k} A^i_k B^k_j
\end{equation}
}}
The same thing as a command would look like this:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\newcommand{\tsum}[1]{{\textstyle \sum_{#1}}}
}}
Note the extra braces. Just one set around the expression won't be enough. That would cause all math after {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tsum k}} to be displayed using text style.

To display part of a formula using display style, do the same thing, but use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\displaystyle}} instead.

==Advanced Mathematics: AMS Math package==

The AMS ([[Wikipedia:American Mathematical Society|American Mathematical Society]]) mathematics package is a powerful package that creates a higher layer of abstraction over mathematical LaTeX language; if you use it it will make your life easier. Some commands {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} introduces will make other plain LaTeX commands obsolete: in order to keep consistency in the final output you'd better use {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} commands whenever possible. If you do so, you will get an elegant output without worrying about alignment and other details, keeping your source code readable. If you want to use it, you have to add this in the preamble:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{amsmath}
}}

===Introducing dots in formulas===
{{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} defines also the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dots}} command, that is a generalization of the existing {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}}. You can use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dots}} in both text and math mode and LaTeX will replace it with three dots &quot;…&quot; but it will decide according to the context whether to put it on the bottom (like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}}) or centered (like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}}).

===Dots===

LaTeX gives you several commands to insert dots (ellipses) in your formulae. This can be particularly useful if you have to type big matrices omitting elements. First of all, here are the main dots-related commands LaTeX provides:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Code !! Output !! Comment
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dots}} || &lt;math&gt;\dots&lt;/math&gt;|| generic dots (ellipsis), to be used in text (outside formulae as well). It automatically manages whitespaces before and after itself according to the context, it's a higher level command.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}}|| &lt;math&gt;\ldots&lt;/math&gt;|| the output is similar to the previous one, but there is no automatic whitespace management; it works at a lower level.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}} || &lt;math&gt;\cdots&lt;/math&gt;|| These dots are centered relative to the height of a letter. There is also the binary multiplication operator, &lt;code&gt;\cdot&lt;/code&gt;, mentioned below.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\vdots}} || &lt;math&gt;\vdots&lt;/math&gt;|| vertical dots
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ddots}} || &lt;math&gt;\ddots&lt;/math&gt;|| diagonal dots
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\iddots}} ||  || inverse diagonal dots (requires the {{LaTeX/Package|mathdots}} package)
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hdotsfor{n}&lt;!----&gt;}} || &lt;math&gt;\ldots \ldots&lt;/math&gt;|| to be used in matrices, it creates a row of dots spanning ''n'' columns. 
|}

Instead of using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}}, you should use the semantically oriented commands. It makes it possible to adapt your document to different conventions on the fly, in case (for example) you have to submit it to a publisher who insists on following house tradition in this respect. The default treatment for the various kinds follows American Mathematical Society conventions.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Code !! Output !! Comment
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1,A_2,\dotsc,}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsc.png]] || for &quot;dots with commas&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1+\dotsb+A_N}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsb.png]] || for &quot;dots with binary operators/relations&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1 \dotsm A_N}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsm.png]] || for &quot;multiplication dots&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int_a^b \dotsi}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsi.png]] || for &quot;dots with integrals&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1\dotso A_N}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotso.png]] || for &quot;other dots&quot; (none of the above)
|}

===Write an equation with the align environment===
How to write an equation with the align environment with the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package is described in [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#align_and_align.2A|Advanced Mathematics]].

==List of mathematical symbols==
All the pre-defined mathematical symbols from the \TeX\ package are listed below. More symbols are available from extra packages.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Relation Symbols
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;11&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;&lt;\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;&lt;&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;&gt;\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;=\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\parallel\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\parallel&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\nparallel\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\nparallel&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\leq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\leq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\geq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\geq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\doteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\doteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\asymp\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\asymp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bowtie\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\bowtie&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ll\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\ll&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\gg\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\gg&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\equiv\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\equiv&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\vdash&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\dashv\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\dashv&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\subset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\subset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\supset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\supset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\approx\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\approx&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\in\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\in&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\ni\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\ni&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\subseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\subseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\supseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\supseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cong\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\cong&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\smile\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\smile&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frown\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\frown&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\nsubseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\nsubseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\nsupseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\nsupseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\simeq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\simeq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\models\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\models&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\notin\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\notin&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsubset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsubset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsupset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsupset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sim\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sim&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\perp\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\perp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mid\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\mid&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsubseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsubseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsupseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsupseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\propto\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\propto&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\prec\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\prec&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\succ\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\succ&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\preceq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\preceq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\succeq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\succeq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\neq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\neq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sphericalangle\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sphericalangle&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\measuredangle\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\measuredangle&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\therefore\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\therefore&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\because\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\because&lt;/code&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Binary Operations
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\pm\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\pm&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cap\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\cap&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\diamond\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\diamond&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\oplus\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\oplus&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\mp\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\mp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cup\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\cup&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bigtriangleup\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\bigtriangleup&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\ominus\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\ominus&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\times\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\times&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\uplus\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\uplus&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bigtriangledown\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\bigtriangledown&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\otimes\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\otimes&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\div\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\div&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqcap\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\sqcap&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\triangleleft\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\triangleleft&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\oslash\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\oslash&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ast\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\ast&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqcup\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\sqcup&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\triangleright\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\triangleright&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\odot\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\odot&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\star\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\star&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\vee\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\vee&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bigcirc\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\bigcirc&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\circ\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\circ&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\dagger\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\dagger&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\wedge\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\wedge&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bullet\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\bullet&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\setminus\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\setminus&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ddagger\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\ddagger&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cdot\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\cdot&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\wr\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\wr&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\amalg\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\amalg&lt;/code&gt; 
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Set and/or Logic Notation
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
| rowspan=&quot;16&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\exists\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\exists&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\rightarrow&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\to&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\nexists\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\nexists&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\leftarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\leftarrow&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\gets&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\forall\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\forall&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mapsto\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\mapsto&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\neg\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\neg&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\implies\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\implies&lt;/code&gt;
|-
|&lt;math&gt;\cap&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;\cap&lt;/code&gt;
|
|
|-
|&lt;math&gt;\cup&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;\cup&lt;/code&gt;
|
|
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\subset\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\subset&lt;/code&gt;
|⟸
|&lt;code&gt;\impliedby&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\supset\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\supset&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\Rightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\Rightarrow&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\implies&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\in&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\in&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\leftrightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\leftrightarrow&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\notin\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\notin&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\iff\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\iff&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ni\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\ni&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\Leftrightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\Leftrightarrow&lt;/code&gt; (preferred for equivalence (iff))
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\land\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\land&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\top\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\top&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\lor\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\lor&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\bot\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\bot&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\angle\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\angle&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\emptyset\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varnothing\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\emptyset&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varnothing&lt;/code&gt;{{ref|symbolpackage}}
|-
|
|
|&lt;math&gt;\rightleftharpoons\,&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;\rightleftharpoons&lt;/code&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Delimiters
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;|\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\mid&lt;/code&gt; (difference in spacing)
| &lt;math&gt;\|\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;/\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\backslash\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\backslash&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\{\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\{&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\}\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\}&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\langle\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\langle&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rangle\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\rangle&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\uparrow\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\uparrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Uparrow\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Uparrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\lceil\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\lceil&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rceil\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\rceil&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\downarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\downarrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Downarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Downarrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\lfloor\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\lfloor&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rfloor\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\rfloor&lt;/code&gt;
|}

Note: To use the Greek Letters in LaTeX that have the same appearance in the Latin alphabet, just use Latin: e.g., A instead of Alpha, B instead of Beta, etc.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Greek Letters
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;13&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Alpha\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\alpha\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\alpha&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Nu\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\nu\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\nu&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Beta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\beta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\beta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Xi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\xi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Xi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\xi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Gamma\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\gamma\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Gamma&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\gamma&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Omicron\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\omicron\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;O&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Delta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\delta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Delta&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\delta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Pi\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\pi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varpi&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\pi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varpi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Epsilon\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\epsilon\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varepsilon\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;E&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\epsilon&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varepsilon&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Rho\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\rho\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varrho\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;P&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\rho&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varrho&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Zeta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\zeta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;Z&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\zeta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Sigma\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\sigma\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varsigma\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Sigma&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\sigma&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varsigma&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Eta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\eta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;H&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\eta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Tau\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tau\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;T&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\tau&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Theta\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\theta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\vartheta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Theta&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\theta&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\vartheta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mbox{Y}\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\Upsilon\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\upsilon\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\Upsilon&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\upsilon&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Iota\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\iota\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;I&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\iota&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Phi\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\phi\,&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;\varphi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Phi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\phi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varphi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Kappa\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\kappa\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varkappa\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;K&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\kappa&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varkappa&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Chi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\chi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\chi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Lambda\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Lambda&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\lambda&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Psi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\psi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Psi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\psi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Mu\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mu\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;M&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\mu&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Omega\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\omega\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Omega&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\omega&lt;/code&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Other symbols
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\partial\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\partial&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\imath\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\imath&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Re\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Re&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\nabla\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\nabla&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\aleph\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\aleph&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\eth\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\eth&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\jmath\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\jmath&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Im\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Im&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Box\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Box&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\beth\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\beth&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\hbar\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\hbar&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\ell\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\ell&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\wp\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\wp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\infty\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\infty&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\gimel\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\gimel&lt;/code&gt;
|}
{{note|symbolpackage}}Not predefined in LATEX 2. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+Trigonometric Functions
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sin\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\sin&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arcsin\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\arcsin&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sinh\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\sinh&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sec\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\sec&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\cos\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\cos&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arccos\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\arccos&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cosh\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\cosh&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\csc\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\csc&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\tan\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\tan&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arctan\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\arctan&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\tanh\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\tanh&lt;/code&gt;
| ||
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\cot\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\cot&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arccot\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\arccot&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\coth\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\coth&lt;/code&gt;
| ||
|}

If LaTeX does not include a command for the mathematical operator you want to use, for example &lt;code&gt;\cis&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;c&lt;/strong&gt;osine plus &lt;strong&gt;i&lt;/strong&gt; times &lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;ine), add to your preamble:
 \DeclareMathOperator\cis{cis}

You can then use &lt;code&gt;\cis&lt;/code&gt; in the document just like &lt;code&gt;\cos&lt;/code&gt; or any other mathematical operator.

&lt;!-- Sections remaining: Table 3 onwards from symbols.pdf --&gt;

{{clear}}

== Summary ==

As you begin to see, typesetting math can be tricky at times. However, because LaTeX provides so much control, you can get professional quality mathematics typesetting with relatively little effort (once you've had a bit of practice, of course!). It is possible to elaborate further on the nitty-gritty of mathematics because the possibilities seem endless. However, with this tutorial, you should be able to get along with it sufficiently.

{{TODO|
* introduce symbols from [http://www.andy-roberts.net/res/writing/latex/symbols.pdf]
* add symbols from [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/wasysym.pdf]
* consider adding symbols from [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf] -- the list of nearly all symbols available for LaTeX
* Consider, instead of using the symbols from the above mentioned, using what has already been introduced in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_markup] instead of retyping the tables
* How to box an equation within an align environment
* Color in equations
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;|requires the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package}}
{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;|requires the {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} package}}
{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;|1=The {{LaTeX/Package|mathalpha}} package allows for specifying a broader variety of fonts to be used in the &lt;code&gt;\mathfrak{}&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\mathbb{}&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\mathcal{}&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\mathscr{}&lt;/code&gt; commands. For example, the command &lt;code&gt;\usepackage[bb=pazo]{mathalpha}&lt;/code&gt; makes it so &lt;code&gt;\mathbb{}&lt;/code&gt; uses the &quot;pazo&quot; font. {{LaTeX/Package|mathalpha}}'s [http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/mathalpha/doc/mathalpha-doc.pdf documentation] gives a comparison of the different font options; some have lowercase letters, Greek letters or numerals where the default does not.}}
}}

==Further reading==
* [[meta:Help:Displaying a formula]]: Wikimedia uses a subset of LaTeX commands.

==External links==
* [http://detexify.kirelabs.org detexify]: applet for looking up LaTeX symbols by drawing them
* [http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/amsmath/amsmath.pdf &lt;code&gt;amsmath&lt;/code&gt; documentation]
* [http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/LaTeX LaTeX - The Student Room]
* [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List]
* [https://mathvault.ca/wp-content/uploads/Comprehensive-List-of-Mathematical-Symbols.pdf Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols]

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== Examples ==
&lt;math&gt;\Re&lt;/math&gt;=\Re &lt;math&gt;\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}&lt;/math&gt;=\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots }^{5050}{{LaTeX/Bottom|Rules and Struts|Advanced Mathematics}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Templates ==
LaTeX/Example                                              LaTeX/LaTeX

{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=ABC}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=ABC…|render=ABC…}}

E(θ)=cos2θ</text>
      <sha1>dqs8hme68fenw75ac0yg6h3knu16ppu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675513</id>
      <parentid>4675512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T13:50:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Veritas Sapientiae</username>
        <id>3399623</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-54509-55|~2026-54509-55]] ([[User talk:~2026-54509-55|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-54403-66: reverting vandalism</comment>
      <origin>4675443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="64781" sha1="21y3mb9tsytws6mrt1qj1hrbijffbqh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{LaTeX/Top}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

One of the greatest motivating forces for Donald Knuth when he began developing the original TeX system was to create something that allowed simple construction of mathematical formulas, while looking professional when printed. The fact that he succeeded was most probably why TeX (and later on, LaTeX) became so popular within the scientific community. Typesetting mathematics is one of LaTeX's greatest strengths. It is also a large topic due to the existence of so much mathematical notation.

If your document requires only a few simple mathematical formulas, plain LaTeX has most of the tools that you will ever need. If you are writing a scientific document that contains numerous complex formulas, the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ams.org/publications/authors/tex/amslatex&lt;/ref&gt; introduces several new commands that are more powerful and flexible than the ones provided by basic LaTeX. The {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} package fixes some {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} quirks and adds some useful settings, symbols, and environments to amsmath.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mathtools/mathtools.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; To use either package, include:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\usepackage{amsmath}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
or
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\usepackage{mathtools}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
in the preamble of the document. The {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} package loads the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package and hence there is no need to &lt;code&gt;\usepackage{amsmath}&lt;/code&gt; in the preamble if {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} is used.

== Mathematics environments ==

LaTeX needs to know when the text is mathematical. This is because LaTeX typesets math notation differently from normal text. Therefore, special environments have been declared for this purpose. They can be distinguished into two categories depending on how they are presented:

* ''text'' &amp;mdash; text formulas are displayed inline, that is, within the body of text where it is declared, for example, I can say that &lt;math&gt;a+a=2a&lt;/math&gt; within this sentence.
* ''displayed'' &amp;mdash; displayed formulas are on a line by themselves.

As math requires special environments, there are naturally the appropriate environment names you can use in the standard way. Unlike most other environments, however, there are some handy shorthands for declaring your formulas. The following table summarizes them:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
!width=&quot;15%&quot;|Type
!Inline (within text) formulas
!Displayed equations
!Displayed and automatically numbered equations
|-
!Environment
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=math}}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=displaymath}}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=equation}}
|-
! width=&quot;15%&quot;|LaTeX shorthand
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\(...\) }}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\[...\]}}
|
|-
!width=&quot;15%&quot;|TeX shorthand
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$...$}}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$$...$$ }}
|
|-
!width=&quot;20%&quot;|Comment
|
|
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=equation*}} (starred version) suppresses numbering, but requires amsmath
|}
'''Suggestion''': Using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$$...$$}} should be avoided, as it may cause problems, particularly with the AMS-LaTeX macros. Furthermore, should a problem occur, the error messages may not be helpful.

The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=equation*}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=displaymath}} environments are functionally equivalent.

If you are typing text normally, you are said to be in ''text mode'', but while you are typing within one of those mathematical environments, you are said to be in ''math mode'', that has some differences compared to the ''text mode'':
# Most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance, as all spaces are either derived logically from the mathematical expressions or have to be specified with special commands such as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}}
# Empty lines are not allowed. Only one paragraph per formula.
# Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as such. If you want to typeset normal text within a formula (normal upright font with normal spacing), then you have to enter the text using [[#Adding text to equations|dedicated commands.]]

=== Inserting &quot;Displayed&quot; maths inside blocks of text === 
In order for some operators, such as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\lim}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sum}}, to be displayed correctly inside some math environments (read {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$......$}}), it might be convenient to write the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\displaystyle}} class inside the environment. Doing so might cause the line to be taller, but will cause exponents and indices to be displayed correctly for some math operators. For example, the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$\sum$}} will print a smaller Σ and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$\displaystyle \sum$}} will print a bigger one &lt;math&gt;\displaystyle \sum&lt;/math&gt;, like in equations.{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} It is possible to force this behaviour for all math environments by declaring {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\everymath{\displaystyle} }} in the preamble (i.e. before {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\begin{document} }}).

== Symbols ==

Mathematics has many symbols! The following is a set of symbols that can be accessed directly from the keyboard:
 + - = ! / ( ) [ ] &lt; &gt; | ' : *

Beyond those listed above, distinct commands must be issued in order to display the desired symbols. There are many examples such as Greek letters, set and relations symbols, arrows, binary operators, etc.

For example: 

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \forall x \in X, \quad \exists y \leq \epsilon

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\forall x \in X, \quad \exists y \leq \epsilon
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

Fortunately, there's a tool that can greatly simplify the search for the command for a specific symbol. Look for &quot;Detexify&quot; in the [[#External links|external links]] section below. Another option would be to look in &quot;The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List&quot; in the [[#External links|external links]] section below.

==Greek letters==

Greek letters are commonly used in mathematics, and they are very easy to type in ''math mode''. You just have to type the name of the letter after a backslash: if the first letter is lowercase, you will get a lowercase Greek letter, if the first letter is uppercase (and only the first letter), then you will get an uppercase letter. Note that some uppercase Greek letters look like Latin ones, so they are not provided by LaTeX (e.g. uppercase ''Alpha'' and ''Beta'' are just &quot;A&quot; and &quot;B&quot;, respectively).
Lowercase epsilon, theta, kappa, phi, pi, rho, and sigma are provided in two different versions. The alternate, or ''var''iant, version is created by adding &quot;var&quot; before the name of the letter:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\alpha, \Alpha, \beta, \Beta, \gamma, \Gamma, \pi, \Pi, \phi, \varphi, \mu, \Phi   


|render=&lt;math&gt;\alpha, \Alpha, \beta, \Beta, \gamma, \Gamma, \pi, \Pi, \phi, \varphi, \mu, \Phi&lt;/math&gt;}}

Scroll down to [[#List of mathematical symbols]] for a complete list of Greek symbols.

== Operators ==
An operator is a function that is written as a word: e.g. trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan), logarithms and exponentials (log, exp), limits (lim), as well as trace and determinant (tr, det). LaTeX has many of these defined as commands:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \cos (2\theta) = \cos^2 \theta - \sin^2 \theta

|render=&lt;math&gt;\cos (2\theta) = \cos^2 \theta - \sin^2 \theta \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

For certain operators such as [[w:Limit (mathematics)|limits]], the subscript is placed underneath the operator:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \lim\limits_{x \to \infty} \exp(-x) = 0

|render=&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \exp(-x) = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the [[w:Modular arithmetic|modular operator]] there are two commands: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bmod}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pmod}}:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 a \bmod b

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 a \, \bmod \, b
\,&lt;/math&gt;}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 x \equiv a \pmod{b}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 x \equiv a \pmod b
\,&lt;/math&gt;}}

To use operators that are not pre-defined, such as [[w:argmax|argmax]], see [[../Advanced Mathematics#Custom operators|custom operators]]

== Powers and indices ==
Powers and indices are equivalent to superscripts and subscripts in normal text mode. The caret (&lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;; [[w:Caret|also known as the circumflex accent]]) character is used to raise something, and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;) is for lowering. If an expression containing more than one character is raised or lowered, it should be grouped using curly braces (&lt;code&gt;{&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt;).
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 k_{n+1} = n^2 + k_n^2 - k_{n-1}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
k_{n+1} = n^2 + k_n^2 - k_{n-1}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

For powers with more than one digit, surround the power with {}.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 x^{1.01}
|render=&lt;math&gt;
x^{1.01}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

An underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;) can be used with a vertical bar (&lt;math&gt; | &lt;/math&gt;) to denote evaluation using subscript notation in mathematics:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 f(n) = n^5 + 4n^2 + 2 {{!}}_{n=17}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 f(n) = n^5 + 4n^2 + 2 |_{n=17}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

== Fractions and Binomials ==
A fraction is created using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\frac{numerator}{denominator}&lt;!----&gt;}} command (for those who need their memories refreshed, that's the ''top'' and ''bottom'' respectively!). Likewise, the [[w:Binomial coefficient|binomial coefficient]] (a.k.a, the Choose function) may be written using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\binom}} command:{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = \binom{n}{k}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = \binom{n}{k}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}


You can embed fractions within fractions:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}&lt;!----&gt;}{y-z}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
\frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}}{y-z}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Note that when appearing inside another fraction, or in inline text &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{a}{b}&lt;/math&gt;, a fraction is noticeably smaller than in displayed mathematics. The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tfrac}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dfrac}} commands{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} force the use of the respective styles, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textstyle}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\displaystyle}}. Similarly, the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tbinom}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dbinom}} commands typeset the binomial coefficient.

For relatively simple fractions, especially within the text, it may be more aesthetically pleasing to use [[#Powers and indices|powers and indices]] instead:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 ^3/_7

|render=&lt;math&gt;
^3/_7
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If this looks a little &quot;loose&quot; (i.e., overspaced), a tightened version can be defined by inserting some negative space
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

%running fraction with slash - requires math mode.
\newcommand*\rfrac[2]{{}^{#1}\!/_{#2}}

\rfrac{3}{7}
|render=&lt;math&gt;
{{}^{3}\!/_{7}}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If you use them throughout the document, usage of {{LaTeX/Package|xfrac}} package is recommended.
This package provides {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sfrac}} command to create slanted fractions. Usage:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
Take $\sfrac{1}{2}$ cup of sugar, \dots
 
  3\times\sfrac{1}{2}=1\sfrac{1}{2}
 

Take ${}^1/_2$ cup of sugar, \dots
 
  3\times{}^1/_2=1{}^1/_2
 
|render=[[Image:LaTeX-xfrac-example.png|400px]]}}

If fractions are used as an exponent, curly braces have to be used around the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sfrac}} command:

  $x^\frac{1}{2}$ % no error
  $x^\sfrac{1}{2}$ % error
  $x^{\sfrac{1}{2}}$ % no error

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
  $x^\frac{1}{2}$ % no error
|render=
&lt;math&gt;
t^\frac{1}{2}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

In some cases, using the package alone will result in errors about certain font shapes not being available. In that case, the {{LaTeX/Package|lmodern}} and {{LaTeX/Package|fix-cm}} packages need to be added as well.

Alternatively, the {{LaTeX/Package|nicefrac}} package provides the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\nicefrac}} command, whose usage is similar to {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sfrac}}.

=== Continued fractions ===
Continued fractions should be written using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cfrac}} command:{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{equation}
  x = a_0 + \cfrac{1}{a_1 
          + \cfrac{1}{a_2 
          + \cfrac{1}{a_3 + \cfrac{1}{a_4} } } }
\end{equation}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;   x = a_0 + \cfrac{1}{a_1 
           + \cfrac{1}{a_2 
           + \cfrac{1}{a_3 + \cfrac{1}{a_4}}}}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

=== Multiplication of two numbers ===
To make multiplication visually similar to a fraction, a nested array can be used. For example, multiplication of numbers written one below the other can be typeset as follows:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{equation}
\frac{
    \begin{array}[b]{r}
      \left( x_4.12 x_217 \right)\\
      \times \left( x'_1 x'_2 \right)
    \end{array}
  }{
    \left( y_1y_2y_3y_4 \right)
  }
\end{equation}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\frac{
    \begin{array}[b]{r}
      \left( x_1 x_2 \right)\\
      \times \left( x'_1 x'_2 \right)
    \end{array}
  }{
    \left( y_1y_2y_3y_4 \right)
  }
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

== Roots ==
The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt}} command creates a square root surrounding an expression. It accepts an optional argument specified in square brackets (&lt;code&gt;[&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;]&lt;/code&gt;) to change magnitude:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}&lt;!----&gt;}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\sqrt[n]{1+x+x^2+x^3+\dots+x^n}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\sqrt[n]{1+x+x^2+x^3+\dots+x^n}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Some people prefer writing the square root &quot;closing&quot; it over its content. This method arguably makes it more clear what is in the scope of the root sign. This habit is not normally used while writing with the computer, but if you still want to change the output of the square root, LaTeX gives you this possibility. Just add the following code in the preamble of your document:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
% New definition of square root:
% it renames \sqrt as \oldsqrt
\let\oldsqrt\sqrt
% it defines the new \sqrt in terms of the old one
\def\sqrt{\mathpalette\DHLhksqrt}
\def\DHLhksqrt#1#2{%
\setbox0=\hbox{$#1\oldsqrt{#2\,}$}\dimen0=\ht0
\advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0
\setbox2=\hbox{\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0}%
{\box0\lower0.4pt\box2}&lt;!----&gt;}
|render=[[Image:Latex_new_squareroot.png|thumb|right|250px|The new style is on left, the old one on right]]
}}
This TeX code first renames the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt}} command as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\oldsqrt}}, then redefines {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt}} in terms of the old one, adding something more. The new square root can be seen in the picture on the left, compared to the old one on the right. Unfortunately this code won't work if you want to use multiple roots: if you try to write &lt;math&gt;\sqrt[b]{a}&lt;/math&gt; as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt[b]{a}&lt;!----&gt;}} after you used the code above, you'll just get a wrong output. In other words, you can redefine the square root this way only if you are not going to use multiple roots in the whole document.

An alternative piece of TeX code that does allow multiple roots is
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\usepackage{letltxmacro}
\makeatletter
\let\oldr@@t\r@@t
\def\r@@t#1#2{%
\setbox0=\hbox{$\oldr@@t#1{#2\,}$}\dimen0=\ht0
\advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0
\setbox2=\hbox{\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0}%
{\box0\lower0.4pt\box2}&lt;!----&gt;}
\LetLtxMacro{\oldsqrt}{\sqrt}
\renewcommand*{\sqrt}[2][\ ]{\oldsqrt[#1]{#2} &lt;!----&gt;}
\makeatother


$\sqrt[a]{b} \quad \oldsqrt[a]{b}$

|render=[[Image:LaTeX example sqrt.png]]
}}
However, this requires the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{letltxmacro}&lt;!----&gt;}} package.

== Sums and integrals ==
The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sum}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int}} commands insert the sum and integral symbols respectively, with limits specified using the caret (&lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;) and underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). The typical notation for sums is:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i 

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\textstyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i 
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
or
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i 

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The limits for the integrals follow the same notation. It's also important to represent the integration variables with an upright &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{d}&lt;/math&gt;, which in math mode is obtained through the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathrm{}|}} command, and with a small space separating it from the integrand, which is attained with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\,}} command.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \int_0^\infty \mathrm{e}^{-x}\,\mathrm{d}x

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\int_0^\infty \mathrm{e}^{-x}\,\mathrm{d}x
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

There are many other &quot;big&quot; commands which operate in a similar manner:
{|
| &lt;code&gt;\sum&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;5%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;\sum \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\prod&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;5%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;\prod&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\coprod&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;5%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;\coprod&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\bigoplus&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigoplus&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigotimes&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigotimes&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigodot&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigodot&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\bigcup&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigcup&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigcap&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigcap&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\biguplus&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\biguplus&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\bigsqcup&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigsqcup&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigvee&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigvee&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigwedge&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigwedge&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\int&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\int&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\oint&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\oint&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\iint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\iint&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\iiint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\iiint&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\iiiint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\iiiint&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\idotsint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\int \! \cdots \! \int&lt;/math&gt; 
|}

For more integral symbols, including those not included by default in the Computer Modern font, try the {{LaTeX/Package|esint}} package.

The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\substack}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} allows the use of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\}} to write the limits over multiple lines:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \sum_{\substack{
   0&lt;i&lt;m \\
   0&lt;j&lt;n
  }&lt;!----&gt;} 
 P(i,j)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\sum_{\overset{\scriptstyle 0&lt;i&lt;m} {\scriptstyle 0&lt;j&lt;n}} P(i,j)
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If you want the limits of an integral to be specified above and below the symbol (like the sum), use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\limits}} command:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \int\limits_a^b

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\int\limits_b^c
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
However, if you want this to apply to all integrals, it is preferable to specify the {{LaTeX/Parameter|intlimits}} option when loading the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage[intlimits]{amsmath}
}}

Subscripts and superscripts in other contexts, as well as other parameters to {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package related to them, are described in [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#Advanced_formatting|Advanced Mathematics]] chapter.

For bigger integrals, you may use personal declarations, or the {{LaTeX/Package|bigints}} package &lt;ref name=LM&gt; http://hdl.handle.net/2268/6219&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Brackets, braces and delimiters ==
&lt;small&gt;''How to use braces in multi line equations is described in the [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#Braces_spanning_multiple_lines|Advanced Mathematics]] chapter.''&lt;/small&gt;

The use of delimiters such as brackets soon becomes important when dealing with anything but the most trivial equations. Without them, formulas can become ambiguous. Also, special types of mathematical structures, such as matrices, typically rely on delimiters to enclose them.

There are a variety of delimiters available for use in LaTeX:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

( a ), [ b ], \{ c \}, {{!}} d {{!}}, \{{!}} e \{{!}},
\langle f \rangle, \lfloor g \rfloor,
\lceil h \rceil, \ulcorner i \urcorner,
/ j \backslash

|render=&lt;math&gt;
( a ), [ b ], \{ c \}, | d |, \| e \|, \langle f \rangle, \lfloor g \rfloor, \lceil h \rceil, \ulcorner i \urcorner,
/ j \backslash
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
where {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\lbrack}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rbrack}} may be used in place of [ and ]. 


=== Automatic sizing ===
Very often, mathematical features will differ in size, in which case the delimiters surrounding the expression should vary accordingly. This can be done automatically using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right}}, and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\middle}} commands. Any of the previous delimiters may be used in combination with these:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \left(\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\left(\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right)
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 P\left(A=2\middle{{!}}\frac{A^2}{B}&gt;4\right)

|
render=[[Image:Latex_example_middle.png|150px]]
}}
Curly braces are defined differently by using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left\{}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right\} }},

{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \left\{\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right\}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\left\{\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right\}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
 
If a delimiter on only one side of an expression is required, then an invisible delimiter on the other side may be denoted using a period (&lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt;).
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \left.\frac{x^3}{3}\right{{!}}_0^1

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 \left.\frac{x^3}{3}\right|_0^1
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

=== Manual sizing ===
In certain cases, the sizing produced by the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right}} commands may not be desirable, or you may simply want finer control over the delimiter sizes. In this case, the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\big}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\Big}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bigg}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\Bigg}} modifier commands may be used:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 ( \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( 

|render=&lt;math&gt;
( \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( 
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
These commands are primarily useful when dealing with nested delimiters. For example, when typesetting
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \left( k g(x) \right)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \left( k g(x) \right)
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
we notice that the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right}} commands produce the same size delimiters as those nested within it. This can be difficult to read. To fix this, we write
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \big( k g(x) \big)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \big( k g(x) \big)
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Manual sizing can also be useful when an equation is too large, trails off the end of the page, and must be separated into two lines using an align command. Although the commands {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left.}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right.}} can be used to balance the delimiters on each line, this may lead to wrong delimiter sizes. Furthermore, manual sizing can be used to avoid overly large delimiters — if an {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\underbrace}} or a similar command appears between the delimiters.

== Matrices and arrays ==
A basic matrix may be created using the {{LaTeX/Environment|matrix}} environment{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}: in common with other table-like structures, entries are specified by row, with columns separated using an ampersand ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&amp;}}) and new rows separated with a double backslash ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\}})
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\[
 \begin{matrix}
  a &amp; b &amp; c \\
  d &amp; e &amp; f \\
  g &amp; h &amp; i
 \end{matrix}
\]
|render=&lt;math&gt;
\begin{matrix}
a &amp; b &amp; c \\
d &amp; e &amp; f \\
g &amp; h &amp; i
\end{matrix}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

To specify alignment of columns in the table, use starred version{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \begin{matrix}
  -1 &amp; 3 \\
  2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix}
 =
 \begin{matrix*}[r]
  -1 &amp; 3 \\
  2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix*}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 \begin{matrix}
  -1 &amp; 3 \\
  2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix}
 =
 \begin{matrix}
  -1 &amp; \,\;\;3 \\
  \,\;\;2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The alignment by default is {{LaTeX/Parameter|c}}, but it can be any column type valid in {{LaTeX/Environment|array}} environment.

However matrices are usually enclosed in delimiters of some kind, and while it is possible to use the [[#Automatic sizing|&lt;code&gt;\left&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\right&lt;/code&gt; commands]], there are various other predefined environments which automatically include delimiters:
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Environment name
! Surrounding delimiter
! Notes
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|pmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;( \, ) &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|pmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;( \, ) &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|bmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;[ \, ] &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|bmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;[ \, ] &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Bmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\{ \, \} &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Bmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\{ \, \} &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|vmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;| \, | &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|vmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;| \, | &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Vmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\| \, \| &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Vmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\| \, \| &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|}

When writing down arbitrary sized matrices, it is common to use horizontal, vertical and diagonal triplets of dots (known as [[w:ellipsis|ellipses]]) to fill in certain columns and rows. These can be specified using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\vdots}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ddots}} respectively:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 A_{m,n} = 
 \begin{pmatrix}
  a_{1,1} &amp; a_{1,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{1,n} \\
  a_{2,1} &amp; a_{2,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{2,n} \\
  \vdots  &amp; \vdots  &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots  \\
  a_{m,1} &amp; a_{m,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{m,n} 
 \end{pmatrix}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
A_{m,n} = 
\begin{pmatrix}
a_{1,1} &amp; a_{1,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{1,n} \\
a_{2,1} &amp; a_{2,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{2,n} \\
\vdots  &amp; \vdots  &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots  \\
a_{m,1} &amp; a_{m,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{m,n} 
\end{pmatrix}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
In some cases, you may want to have finer control of the alignment within each column, or to insert lines between columns or rows. This can be achieved using the {{LaTeX/Environment|array}} environment, which is essentially a math-mode version of the [[../Tables#The tabular environment|&lt;code&gt;tabular&lt;/code&gt; environment]], which requires that the columns be pre-specified:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \begin{array}{c{{!}}c}
  1 &amp; 2 \\ 
  \hline
  3 &amp; 4
 \end{array}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\begin{array}{c|c}
1 &amp; 2 \\ 
\hline
3 &amp; 4
\end{array}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

You may see that the AMS matrix class of environments doesn't leave enough space when used together with fractions resulting in output similar to this:

&lt;math&gt;
 M = \begin{bmatrix}
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6} &amp; 0\\
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; 0           &amp; \frac{1}{6}\\
       0           &amp; \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6}
     \end{bmatrix}
&lt;/math&gt;

To counteract this problem, add additional leading space with the optional parameter to the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\}} command:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 M = \begin{bmatrix}
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6} &amp; 0           \\[0.3em]
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; 0           &amp; \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em]
       0           &amp; \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6}
     \end{bmatrix}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 M = \begin{bmatrix}
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6} &amp; 0           \\[0.3em]
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; 0           &amp; \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em]
       0           &amp; \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6}
     \end{bmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If you need &quot;border&quot; or &quot;indexes&quot; on your matrix, plain TeX provides the macro {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bordermatrix}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

M = \bordermatrix{~ &amp; x &amp; y \cr
                  A &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \cr
                  B &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \cr}

|render=[[Image:bordermatrix.png|150px]]
}}


=== Matrices in running text ===
To insert a small matrix without increasing leading in the line containing it, use {{LaTeX/Environment|smallmatrix}} environment:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
A matrix in text must be set smaller:
$\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix}
a&amp;b \\ c&amp;d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)$
to not increase leading in a portion of text.
|render=[[Image:LaTeX-smallmatrix.png]]
}}

== Adding text to equations ==

The math environment differs from the text environment in the representation of text. Here is an example of trying to represent text within the math environment:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 50 apples \times 100 apples = lots of apples^2

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 50 apples \times 100 apples = lots of apples^2
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

There are two noticeable problems: there are no spaces between words or numbers, and the letters are italicized and more spaced out than normal. Both issues are simply artifacts of the maths mode, in that it treats it as a mathematical expression: spaces are ignored (LaTeX spaces mathematics according to its own rules), and each character is a separate element (so are not positioned as closely as normal text).

There are a number of ways that text can be added properly. The typical way is to wrap the text with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\text{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} (a similar command is {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mbox{...}&lt;!----&gt;}}, though this causes problems with subscripts, and has a less descriptive name). Let's see what happens when the above equation code is adapted:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 50 \text{apples} \times 100 \text{apples} 
 = \text{lots of apples}^2

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 50 \text{apples} \times 100 \text{apples} = \text{lots of apples}^2
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The text looks better. However, there are no gaps between the numbers and the words. Unfortunately, you are required to explicitly add these. There are many ways to add spaces between math elements, but for the sake of simplicity we may simply insert space characters into the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\text}} commands.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 50 \text{ apples} \times 100 \text{ apples}
 = \text{lots of apples}^2

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 50 \text{ apples} \times 100 \text{ apples} = \text{lots of apples}^2
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
== Formatting mathematics symbols ==
:''See also: [[w:Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols]], [[w:Help:Displaying a formula#Alphabets and typefaces]] and [[w:Wikipedia:LaTeX symbols#Fonts]]''
We can now format text; what about formatting mathematical expressions? There are a set of formatting commands very similar to the font formatting ones just used, except that they are specifically aimed at text in math mode (requires {{LaTeX/Package|amsfonts}})
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot;|LaTeX command
! width=&quot;35%&quot;|Sample
! Description
! Common use
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathnormal{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(or simply omit any command)&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;ABCDEF~abcdef~123456\,&lt;/math&gt;
| The default math font
| Most mathematical notation
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathrm{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| This is the default or normal font, unitalicised
| Units of measurement, one word functions
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathit{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathit{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| Italicised font
| Multi-letter function or variable names. Compared to &lt;code&gt;\mathnormal&lt;/code&gt;, words are spaced more naturally and numbers are italicized as well.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathbf{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| Bold font
| Vectors
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathsf{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathsf{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:sans-serif|Sans-serif]]
| Categories
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathtt{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathtt{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:Monospace font|Monospace (fixed-width) font]]
|
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathfrak{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(requires the {{LaTeX/Package|amsfonts}} or {{LaTeX/Package|amssymb}} package{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathfrak{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:Fraktur (script)|Fraktur]]
| Almost canonical font for Lie algebras, [[w:Ideal (ring theory)|ideals]] in ring theory
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathcal{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{ABCDEF}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| Calligraphy (uppercase only{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})
| Often used for sheaves/schemes and categories, used to denote [[w:en:Cryptography|cryptological]] concepts like an ''alphabet of definition'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{A}&lt;/math&gt;), ''message space'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{M}&lt;/math&gt;), ''ciphertext space'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;) and ''[[w:key space|key space]]'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{K}&lt;/math&gt;); [[w:Kleene's O|Kleene's &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;]]; [[w:Description logic#Naming Convention|naming convention in description logic]]; [[w:Laplace transform|Laplace transform]] (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}&lt;/math&gt;) and [[w:Fourier transform|Fourier transform]] (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{F}&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathbb{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(requires the {{LaTeX/Package|amsfonts}} or {{LaTeX/Package|amssymb}} package{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{ABCDEF}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:Blackboard bold|Blackboard bold]] (uppercase only{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})
| Used to denote special sets (e.g. real numbers)
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathscr{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(requires the {{LaTeX/Package|mathrsfs}} package{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})&lt;/small&gt;
| [[File:Mathscr (A-F).png]]
| [[w:Script (typefaces)|Script]] (uppercase only{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})
| An alternative font for categories and sheaves.
|}

These formatting commands can be wrapped around the entire equation, and not just on the textual elements: they only format letters, numbers, and uppercase Greek, and other math commands are unaffected. 

To bold lowercase Greek or other symbols use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\boldsymbol}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}; this will only work if there exists a bold version of the symbol in the current font. As a last resort there is the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pmb}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} (poor man's bold): this prints multiple versions of the character slightly offset against each other.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \boldsymbol{\beta} = (\beta_1,\beta_2,\dotsc,\beta_n)

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 \boldsymbol{\beta} = (\beta_1,\beta_2,\dotsc,\beta_n)
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
To change the size of the fonts in math mode, see [[../Advanced Mathematics#Changing font size|Changing font size]].

=== Accents ===
So what to do when you run out of symbols and fonts? Well, the next step is to use accents:

{| 
| &lt;code&gt;a'&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;a^{\prime}&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;15%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;a'\,&lt;/math&gt; 
|  style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;a''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;a''\,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\hat{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\hat{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\bar{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bar{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\grave{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\grave{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\acute{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\acute{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\dot{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dot{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\ddot{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\ddot{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\not{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\not{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\mathring{a}&lt;/code&gt; || å
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\overrightarrow{AB}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\overrightarrow{AB} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;code&gt;\overleftarrow{AB}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\overleftarrow{AB} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;a'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;a'''\,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;a''''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;a''''\,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\overline{aaa}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\overline{aaa} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\check{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\check{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\breve{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\breve{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\vec{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\vec{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\dddot{a}&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\ddddot{a}&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\widehat{AAA}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\widehat{AAA} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\widetilde{AAA}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{AAA}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\stackrel\frown{AAA}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\stackrel\frown{AAA}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\tilde{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tilde{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\underline{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\underline{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|}

== Color ==
The package {{LaTeX/Package|xcolor}}, described in [[../Colors#Adding_the_color_package|Colors]], allows us to add color to our equations. For example,
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
k = {\color{red}x} \mathbin{\color{blue}-} 2
|render=&lt;math&gt;
k = {\color{red}x} \mathbin{\color{blue}-} 2
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
The only problem is that this disrupts the default {{LaTeX}} formatting around the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=-}} operator. To fix this, we enclose it in a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathbin}} environment, since {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=-}} is a binary operator. This process is described [http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/21598/how-to-color-math-symbols here].

==Plus and minus signs==

LaTeX deals with the + and − signs in two possible ways. The most common is as a binary operator. When two maths elements appear on either side of the sign, it is assumed to be a binary operator, and as such, allocates some space to either side of the sign. The alternative way is a sign designation. This is when you state whether a mathematical quantity is either positive or negative. This is common for the latter, as in math, such elements are assumed to be positive unless a − is prefixed to it. In this instance, you want the sign to appear close to the appropriate element to show their association. If you put a + or a − with nothing before it but you want it to be handled like a binary operator you can add an ''invisible'' character before the operator using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code={}&lt;!----&gt;}}. This can be useful if you are writing multiple-line formulas, and a new line could start with a − or +, for example, then you can fix some strange alignments adding the invisible character where necessary.

A plus-minus sign is written as:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \pm

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\pm
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Similarly, there exists also a minus-plus sign:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \mp

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\mp
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

== Controlling horizontal spacing ==

LaTeX is obviously pretty good at typesetting maths—it was one of the chief aims of the core TeX system that LaTeX extends. However, it can't always be relied upon to accurately interpret formulas in the way you did. It has to make certain assumptions when there are ambiguous expressions. The result tends to be slightly incorrect horizontal spacing. In these events, the output is still satisfactory, yet any perfectionists will no doubt wish to ''fine-tune'' their formulas to ensure spacing is correct. These are generally very subtle adjustments.

There are other occasions where LaTeX has done its job correctly, but you just want to add some space, maybe to add a comment of some kind. For example, in the following equation, it is preferable to ensure there is a decent amount of space between the maths and the text.

{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\[ f(n) =
  \begin{cases}
    n/2       &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\
    -(n+1)/2  &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd}
  \end{cases}
\]


|render=
&lt;math&gt;
f(n) =
  \begin{cases}
    n/2       &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\
    -(n+1)/2  &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd}
  \end{cases}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

This code produces errors with Miktex 2.9 and does not yield the results seen on the right.
Use \mathrm instead of just \text.


(Note that this particular example can be expressed in more elegant code by the {{LaTeX/Environment|cases}} construct provided by the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package described in [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#The_cases_environment|Advanced Mathematics]] chapter.)

LaTeX has defined two commands that can be used anywhere in documents (not just maths) to insert some horizontal space. They are {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\qquad}}

A {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} is a space equal to the current font size. So, if you are using an 11pt font, then the space provided by {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} will also be 11pt (horizontally, of course.) The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\qquad}} gives twice that amount. As you can see from the code from the above example, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}}s were used to add some separation between the maths and the text.

OK, so back to the fine tuning as mentioned at the beginning of the document. A good example would be displaying the simple equation for the indefinite integral of ''y'' with respect to ''x'':

&lt;math&gt;\int y\, \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;

If you were to try this, you may write:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}

However, this doesn't give the correct result. LaTeX doesn't respect the white-space left in the code to signify that the ''y'' and the d''x'' are independent entities. Instead, it lumps them altogether. A {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} would clearly be overkill in this situation—what is needed are some small spaces to be utilized in this type of instance, and that's what LaTeX provides:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Command
! Description
! Size
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\,}}
| small space
| 3/18 of a quad
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\:}}
| medium space
| 4/18 of a quad
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\;}}
| large space
| 5/18 of a quad
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\!}}
| negative space
| -3/18 of a quad
|}

NB you can use more than one command in a sequence to achieve a greater space if necessary.

So, to rectify the current problem:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y\, \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y\, \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y\: \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y\;\;\!\! \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y\; \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y\; \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The negative space may seem like an odd thing to use, however, it wouldn't be there if it didn't have ''some'' use! Take the following example:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=\partial\frac{x-y}z|render=&lt;math&gt;\partial\frac{x-y}z&lt;/math&gt;}}
X and Y are like rotations.{{LaTeX/Example|code=

  \left(
    \begin{array}{c}
      n \\
      r
    \end{array}
  \right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;\left(
   \begin{matrix}
     n \\
     r
   \end{matrix}
   \right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}&lt;/math&gt;
}}


The matrix-like expression for representing binomial coefficients is too padded. There is too much space between the brackets and the actual contents within. This can easily be corrected by adding a few negative spaces after the left bracket and before the right bracket.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=\Re|render=&lt;math&gt;\Re&lt;/math&gt;}}{{LaTeX/Example|code=

  \left(\!
    \begin{array}{c}
      n \\
      r
    \end{array}
  \!\right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;\left(\!
   \begin{matrix}
     n \\
     r
   \end{matrix}
   \!\right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

In any case, adding some spaces manually should be avoided whenever possible: it makes the source code more complex and it's against the basic principles of a What You See is What You Mean approach. The best thing to do is to define some commands using all the spaces you want and then, when you use your command, you don't have to add any other space. Later, if you change your mind about the length of the horizontal space, you can easily change it modifying only the command you defined before. Let us use an example: you want the ''d'' of a ''dx'' in an integral to be in roman font and a small space away from the rest. If you want to type an integral like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int x \, \mathrm{d} x}}, you can define a command like this:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\newcommand{\dd}{\mathop{}\,\mathrm{d}&lt;!----&gt;}
}}
in the preamble of your document. We have chosen {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dd}} just because it reminds the &quot;d&quot; it replaces and it is fast to type. Doing so, the code for your integral becomes {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int x \dd x}}. Now, whenever you write an integral, you just have to use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dd}} instead of the &quot;d&quot;, and all your integrals will have the same style. If you change your mind, you just have to change the definition in the preamble, and all your integrals will be changed accordingly.

== Manually Specifying Formula Style ==
To manually display a fragment of a formula using text style, surround the fragment with curly braces and prefix the fragment with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textstyle}}. The braces are required because the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textstyle}} macro changes the state of the renderer, rendering all subsequent mathematics in text style. The braces limit this change of state to just the fragment enclosed within. For example, to use text style for just the summation symbol in a sum, one would enter
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{equation}
   C^i_j = {\textstyle \sum_k} A^i_k B^k_j
\end{equation}
}}
The same thing as a command would look like this:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\newcommand{\tsum}[1]{{\textstyle \sum_{#1}}}
}}
Note the extra braces. Just one set around the expression won't be enough. That would cause all math after {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tsum k}} to be displayed using text style.

To display part of a formula using display style, do the same thing, but use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\displaystyle}} instead.

==Advanced Mathematics: AMS Math package==

The AMS ([[Wikipedia:American Mathematical Society|American Mathematical Society]]) mathematics package is a powerful package that creates a higher layer of abstraction over mathematical LaTeX language; if you use it it will make your life easier. Some commands {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} introduces will make other plain LaTeX commands obsolete: in order to keep consistency in the final output you'd better use {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} commands whenever possible. If you do so, you will get an elegant output without worrying about alignment and other details, keeping your source code readable. If you want to use it, you have to add this in the preamble:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{amsmath}
}}

===Introducing dots in formulas===
{{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} defines also the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dots}} command, that is a generalization of the existing {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}}. You can use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dots}} in both text and math mode and LaTeX will replace it with three dots &quot;…&quot; but it will decide according to the context whether to put it on the bottom (like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}}) or centered (like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}}).

===Dots===

LaTeX gives you several commands to insert dots (ellipses) in your formulae. This can be particularly useful if you have to type big matrices omitting elements. First of all, here are the main dots-related commands LaTeX provides:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Code !! Output !! Comment
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dots}} || &lt;math&gt;\dots&lt;/math&gt; || generic dots (ellipsis), to be used in text (outside formulae as well). It automatically manages whitespaces before and after itself according to the context, it's a higher level command.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}}|| &lt;math&gt;\ldots&lt;/math&gt; || the output is similar to the previous one, but there is no automatic whitespace management; it works at a lower level.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}} || &lt;math&gt;\cdots&lt;/math&gt; || These dots are centered relative to the height of a letter. There is also the binary multiplication operator, &lt;code&gt;\cdot&lt;/code&gt;, mentioned below.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\vdots}} || &lt;math&gt;\vdots&lt;/math&gt; || vertical dots
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ddots}} || &lt;math&gt;\ddots&lt;/math&gt; || diagonal dots
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\iddots}} ||  || inverse diagonal dots (requires the {{LaTeX/Package|mathdots}} package)
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hdotsfor{n}&lt;!----&gt;}} || &lt;math&gt;\ldots \ldots&lt;/math&gt;|| to be used in matrices, it creates a row of dots spanning ''n'' columns. 
|}

Instead of using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}}, you should use the semantically oriented commands. It makes it possible to adapt your document to different conventions on the fly, in case (for example) you have to submit it to a publisher who insists on following house tradition in this respect. The default treatment for the various kinds follows American Mathematical Society conventions.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Code !! Output !! Comment
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1,A_2,\dotsc,}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsc.png]] || for &quot;dots with commas&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1+\dotsb+A_N}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsb.png]] || for &quot;dots with binary operators/relations&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1 \dotsm A_N}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsm.png]] || for &quot;multiplication dots&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int_a^b \dotsi}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsi.png]] || for &quot;dots with integrals&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1\dotso A_N}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotso.png]] || for &quot;other dots&quot; (none of the above)
|}

===Write an equation with the align environment===
How to write an equation with the align environment with the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package is described in [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#align_and_align.2A|Advanced Mathematics]].

==List of mathematical symbols==
All the pre-defined mathematical symbols from the \TeX\ package are listed below. More symbols are available from extra packages.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Relation Symbols
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;11&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;&lt;\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;&lt;&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;&gt;\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;=\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\parallel\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\parallel&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\nparallel\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\nparallel&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\leq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\leq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\geq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\geq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\doteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\doteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\asymp\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\asymp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bowtie\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\bowtie&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ll\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\ll&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\gg\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\gg&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\equiv\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\equiv&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\vdash&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\dashv\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\dashv&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\subset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\subset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\supset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\supset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\approx\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\approx&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\in\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\in&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\ni\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\ni&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\subseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\subseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\supseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\supseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cong\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\cong&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\smile\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\smile&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frown\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\frown&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\nsubseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\nsubseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\nsupseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\nsupseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\simeq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\simeq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\models\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\models&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\notin\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\notin&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsubset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsubset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsupset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsupset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sim\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sim&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\perp\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\perp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mid\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\mid&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsubseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsubseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsupseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsupseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\propto\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\propto&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\prec\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\prec&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\succ\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\succ&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\preceq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\preceq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\succeq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\succeq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\neq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\neq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sphericalangle\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sphericalangle&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\measuredangle\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\measuredangle&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\therefore\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\therefore&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\because\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\because&lt;/code&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Binary Operations
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\pm\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\pm&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cap\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cap&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\diamond\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\diamond&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\oplus\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\oplus&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\mp\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\mp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cup\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cup&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bigtriangleup\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\bigtriangleup&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\ominus\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\ominus&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\times\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\times&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\uplus\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\uplus&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bigtriangledown\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\bigtriangledown&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\otimes\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\otimes&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\div\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\div&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqcap\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\sqcap&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\triangleleft\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\triangleleft&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\oslash\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\oslash&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ast\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\ast&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqcup\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\sqcup&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\triangleright\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\triangleright&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\odot\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\odot&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\star\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\star&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\vee\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\vee&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bigcirc\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\bigcirc&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\circ\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\circ&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\dagger\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\dagger&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\wedge\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\wedge&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bullet\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\bullet&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\setminus\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\setminus&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ddagger\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\ddagger&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cdot\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cdot&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\wr\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\wr&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\amalg\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\amalg&lt;/code&gt; 
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Set and/or Logic Notation
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
| rowspan=&quot;16&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\exists\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\exists&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\rightarrow&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\to&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\nexists\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\nexists&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\leftarrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\leftarrow&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\gets&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\forall\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\forall&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mapsto\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\mapsto&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\neg\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\neg&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\implies\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\implies&lt;/code&gt;
|-
|&lt;math&gt;\cap&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;\cap&lt;/code&gt;
|
|
|-
|&lt;math&gt;\cup&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;\cup&lt;/code&gt;
|
|
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\subset\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\subset&lt;/code&gt;
|⟸
|&lt;code&gt;\impliedby&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\supset\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\supset&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\Rightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\Rightarrow&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\implies&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\in&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\in&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\leftrightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\leftrightarrow&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\notin\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\notin&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\iff\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\iff&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ni\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\ni&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\Leftrightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\Leftrightarrow&lt;/code&gt; (preferred for equivalence (iff))
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\land\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\land&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\top\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\top&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\lor\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\lor&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\bot\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\bot&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\angle\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\angle&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\emptyset\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varnothing\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\emptyset&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varnothing&lt;/code&gt;{{ref|symbolpackage}}
|-
|
|
|&lt;math&gt;\rightleftharpoons\,&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;\rightleftharpoons&lt;/code&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Delimiters
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;|\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\mid&lt;/code&gt; (difference in spacing)
| &lt;math&gt;\|\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;/\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\backslash\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\backslash&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\{\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\{&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\}\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\}&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\langle\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\langle&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rangle\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\rangle&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\uparrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\uparrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Uparrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\Uparrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\lceil\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\lceil&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rceil\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\rceil&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\downarrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\downarrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Downarrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\Downarrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\lfloor\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\lfloor&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rfloor\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\rfloor&lt;/code&gt;
|}

Note: To use the Greek Letters in LaTeX that have the same appearance in the Latin alphabet, just use Latin: e.g., A instead of Alpha, B instead of Beta, etc.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Greek Letters
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;13&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Alpha\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\alpha\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\alpha&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Nu\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\nu\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\nu&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Beta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\beta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\beta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Xi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\xi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Xi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\xi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Gamma\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\gamma\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Gamma&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\gamma&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Omicron\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\omicron\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;O&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Delta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\delta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Delta&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\delta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Pi\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\pi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varpi&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\pi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varpi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Epsilon\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\epsilon\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varepsilon\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;E&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\epsilon&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varepsilon&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Rho\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\rho\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varrho\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;P&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\rho&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varrho&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Zeta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\zeta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;Z&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\zeta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Sigma\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\sigma\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varsigma\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Sigma&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\sigma&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varsigma&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Eta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\eta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;H&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\eta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Tau\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tau\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;T&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\tau&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Theta\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\theta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\vartheta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Theta&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\theta&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\vartheta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mbox{Y}\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\Upsilon\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\upsilon\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\Upsilon&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\upsilon&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Iota\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\iota\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;I&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\iota&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Phi\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\phi\,&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;\varphi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Phi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\phi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varphi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Kappa\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\kappa\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varkappa\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;K&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\kappa&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varkappa&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Chi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\chi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\chi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Lambda\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Lambda&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\lambda&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Psi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\psi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Psi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\psi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Mu\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mu\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;M&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\mu&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Omega\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\omega\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Omega&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\omega&lt;/code&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Other symbols
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\partial\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\partial&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\imath\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\imath&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Re\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\Re&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\nabla\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\nabla&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\aleph\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\aleph&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\eth\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\eth&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\jmath\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\jmath&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Im\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\Im&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Box\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\Box&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\beth\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\beth&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\hbar\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\hbar&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\ell\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\ell&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\wp\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\wp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\infty\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\infty&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\gimel\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\gimel&lt;/code&gt;
|}
{{note|symbolpackage}}Not predefined in LATEX 2. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+Trigonometric Functions
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sin\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\sin&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arcsin\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\arcsin&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sinh\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\sinh&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sec\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\sec&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\cos\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cos&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arccos\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\arccos&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cosh\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cosh&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\csc\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\csc&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\tan\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\tan&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arctan\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\arctan&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\tanh\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\tanh&lt;/code&gt;
| ||
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\cot\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cot&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arccot\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\arccot&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\coth\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\coth&lt;/code&gt;
| ||
|}

If LaTeX does not include a command for the mathematical operator you want to use, for example &lt;code&gt;\cis&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;c&lt;/strong&gt;osine plus &lt;strong&gt;i&lt;/strong&gt; times &lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;ine), add to your preamble:
 \DeclareMathOperator\cis{cis}

You can then use &lt;code&gt;\cis&lt;/code&gt; in the document just like &lt;code&gt;\cos&lt;/code&gt; or any other mathematical operator.

&lt;!-- Sections remaining: Table 3 onwards from symbols.pdf --&gt;

{{clear}}

== Summary ==

As you begin to see, typesetting math can be tricky at times. However, because LaTeX provides so much control, you can get professional quality mathematics typesetting with relatively little effort (once you've had a bit of practice, of course!). It is possible to elaborate further on the nitty-gritty of mathematics because the possibilities seem endless. However, with this tutorial, you should be able to get along with it sufficiently.

{{TODO|
* introduce symbols from [http://www.andy-roberts.net/res/writing/latex/symbols.pdf]
* add symbols from [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/wasysym.pdf]
* consider adding symbols from [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf] -- the list of nearly all symbols available for LaTeX
* Consider, instead of using the symbols from the above mentioned, using what has already been introduced in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_markup] instead of retyping the tables
* How to box an equation within an align environment
* Color in equations
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;|requires the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package}}
{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;|requires the {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} package}}
{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;|1=The {{LaTeX/Package|mathalpha}} package allows for specifying a broader variety of fonts to be used in the &lt;code&gt;\mathfrak{}&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\mathbb{}&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\mathcal{}&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\mathscr{}&lt;/code&gt; commands. For example, the command &lt;code&gt;\usepackage[bb=pazo]{mathalpha}&lt;/code&gt; makes it so &lt;code&gt;\mathbb{}&lt;/code&gt; uses the &quot;pazo&quot; font. {{LaTeX/Package|mathalpha}}'s [http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/mathalpha/doc/mathalpha-doc.pdf documentation] gives a comparison of the different font options; some have lowercase letters, Greek letters or numerals where the default does not.}}
}}

==Further reading==
* [[meta:Help:Displaying a formula]]: Wikimedia uses a subset of LaTeX commands.

==External links==
* [http://detexify.kirelabs.org detexify]: applet for looking up LaTeX symbols by drawing them
* [http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/amsmath/amsmath.pdf &lt;code&gt;amsmath&lt;/code&gt; documentation]
* [http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/LaTeX LaTeX - The Student Room]
* [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List]
* [https://mathvault.ca/wp-content/uploads/Comprehensive-List-of-Mathematical-Symbols.pdf Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols]

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== Examples ==
&lt;math&gt;\Re&lt;/math&gt;=\Re &lt;math&gt;\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}&lt;/math&gt;=\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots }^{5050}{{LaTeX/Bottom|Rules and Struts|Advanced Mathematics}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Templates ==
LaTeX/Example                                              LaTeX/LaTeX

{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=ABC}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=ABC…|render=ABC…}}

E(θ)=cos2θ</text>
      <sha1>21y3mb9tsytws6mrt1qj1hrbijffbqh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675517</id>
      <parentid>4675513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T14:27:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rejected the last 3 text changes (by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54403-66|~2026-54403-66]], [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54509-55|~2026-54509-55]] and [[Special:Contributions/Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]]) and restored revision 4641165 by NDG</comment>
      <origin>4675517</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="64862" sha1="16sitdqp0ah1g4xvfg96c1b9td1qvg3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{LaTeX/Top}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

One of the greatest motivating forces for Donald Knuth when he began developing the original TeX system was to create something that allowed simple construction of mathematical formulas, while looking professional when printed. The fact that he succeeded was most probably why TeX (and later on, LaTeX) became so popular within the scientific community. Typesetting mathematics is one of LaTeX's greatest strengths. It is also a large topic due to the existence of so much mathematical notation.

If your document requires only a few simple mathematical formulas, plain LaTeX has most of the tools that you will ever need. If you are writing a scientific document that contains numerous complex formulas, the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ams.org/publications/authors/tex/amslatex&lt;/ref&gt; introduces several new commands that are more powerful and flexible than the ones provided by basic LaTeX. The {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} package fixes some {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} quirks and adds some useful settings, symbols, and environments to amsmath.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mathtools/mathtools.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; To use either package, include:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\usepackage{amsmath}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
or
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\usepackage{mathtools}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
in the preamble of the document. The {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} package loads the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package and hence there is no need to &lt;code&gt;\usepackage{amsmath}&lt;/code&gt; in the preamble if {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} is used.

== Mathematics environments ==

LaTeX needs to know when the text is mathematical. This is because LaTeX typesets math notation differently from normal text. Therefore, special environments have been declared for this purpose. They can be distinguished into two categories depending on how they are presented:

* ''text'' &amp;mdash; text formulas are displayed inline, that is, within the body of text where it is declared, for example, I can say that &lt;math&gt;a+a=2a&lt;/math&gt; within this sentence.
* ''displayed'' &amp;mdash; displayed formulas are on a line by themselves.

As math requires special environments, there are naturally the appropriate environment names you can use in the standard way. Unlike most other environments, however, there are some handy shorthands for declaring your formulas. The following table summarizes them:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
!width=&quot;15%&quot;|Type
!Inline (within text) formulas
!Displayed equations
!Displayed and automatically numbered equations
|-
!Environment
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=math}}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=displaymath}}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=equation}}
|-
! width=&quot;15%&quot;|LaTeX shorthand
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\(...\) }}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\[...\]}}
|
|-
!width=&quot;15%&quot;|TeX shorthand
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$...$}}
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$$...$$ }}
|
|-
!width=&quot;20%&quot;|Comment
|
|
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=equation*}} (starred version) suppresses numbering, but requires amsmath
|}
'''Suggestion''': Using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$$...$$}} should be avoided, as it may cause problems, particularly with the AMS-LaTeX macros. Furthermore, should a problem occur, the error messages may not be helpful.

The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=equation*}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=displaymath}} environments are functionally equivalent.

If you are typing text normally, you are said to be in ''text mode'', but while you are typing within one of those mathematical environments, you are said to be in ''math mode'', that has some differences compared to the ''text mode'':
# Most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance, as all spaces are either derived logically from the mathematical expressions or have to be specified with special commands such as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}}
# Empty lines are not allowed. Only one paragraph per formula.
# Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as such. If you want to typeset normal text within a formula (normal upright font with normal spacing), then you have to enter the text using [[#Adding text to equations|dedicated commands.]]

=== Inserting &quot;Displayed&quot; maths inside blocks of text === 
In order for some operators, such as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\lim}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sum}}, to be displayed correctly inside some math environments (read {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$......$}}), it might be convenient to write the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\displaystyle}} class inside the environment. Doing so might cause the line to be taller, but will cause exponents and indices to be displayed correctly for some math operators. For example, the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$\sum$}} will print a smaller Σ and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$\displaystyle \sum$}} will print a bigger one &lt;math&gt;\displaystyle \sum&lt;/math&gt;, like in equations.{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} It is possible to force this behaviour for all math environments by declaring {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\everymath{\displaystyle} }} in the preamble (i.e. before {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\begin{document} }}).

== Symbols ==

Mathematics has many symbols! The following is a set of symbols that can be accessed directly from the keyboard:
 + - = ! / ( ) [ ] &lt; &gt; | ' : *

Beyond those listed above, distinct commands must be issued in order to display the desired symbols. There are many examples such as Greek letters, set and relations symbols, arrows, binary operators, etc.

For example: 

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \forall x \in X, \quad \exists y \leq \epsilon

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\forall x \in X, \quad \exists y \leq \epsilon
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

Fortunately, there's a tool that can greatly simplify the search for the command for a specific symbol. Look for &quot;Detexify&quot; in the [[#External links|external links]] section below. Another option would be to look in &quot;The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List&quot; in the [[#External links|external links]] section below.

==Greek letters==

Greek letters are commonly used in mathematics, and they are very easy to type in ''math mode''. You just have to type the name of the letter after a backslash: if the first letter is lowercase, you will get a lowercase Greek letter, if the first letter is uppercase (and only the first letter), then you will get an uppercase letter. Note that some uppercase Greek letters look like Latin ones, so they are not provided by LaTeX (e.g. uppercase ''Alpha'' and ''Beta'' are just &quot;A&quot; and &quot;B&quot;, respectively).
Lowercase epsilon, theta, kappa, phi, pi, rho, and sigma are provided in two different versions. The alternate, or ''var''iant, version is created by adding &quot;var&quot; before the name of the letter:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\alpha, \Alpha, \beta, \Beta, \gamma, \Gamma, \pi, \Pi, \phi, \varphi, \mu, \Phi   


|render=&lt;math&gt;\alpha, \Alpha, \beta, \Beta, \gamma, \Gamma, \pi, \Pi, \phi, \varphi, \mu, \Phi&lt;/math&gt;}}

Scroll down to [[#List of mathematical symbols]] for a complete list of Greek symbols.

== Operators ==
An operator is a function that is written as a word: e.g. trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan), logarithms and exponentials (log, exp), limits (lim), as well as trace and determinant (tr, det). LaTeX has many of these defined as commands:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \cos (2\theta) = \cos^2 \theta - \sin^2 \theta

|render=&lt;math&gt;\cos (2\theta) = \cos^2 \theta - \sin^2 \theta \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

For certain operators such as [[w:Limit (mathematics)|limits]], the subscript is placed underneath the operator:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \lim\limits_{x \to \infty} \exp(-x) = 0

|render=&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \exp(-x) = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the [[w:Modular arithmetic|modular operator]] there are two commands: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bmod}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pmod}}:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 a \bmod b

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 a \, \bmod \, b
\,&lt;/math&gt;}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 x \equiv a \pmod{b}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 x \equiv a \pmod b
\,&lt;/math&gt;}}

To use operators that are not pre-defined, such as [[w:argmax|argmax]], see [[../Advanced Mathematics#Custom operators|custom operators]]

== Powers and indices ==
Powers and indices are equivalent to superscripts and subscripts in normal text mode. The caret (&lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;; [[w:Caret|also known as the circumflex accent]]) character is used to raise something, and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;) is for lowering. If an expression containing more than one character is raised or lowered, it should be grouped using curly braces (&lt;code&gt;{&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt;).
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 k_{n+1} = n^2 + k_n^2 - k_{n-1}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
k_{n+1} = n^2 + k_n^2 - k_{n-1}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

For powers with more than one digit, surround the power with {}.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 x^{1.01}
|render=&lt;math&gt;
x^{1.01}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

An underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;) can be used with a vertical bar (&lt;math&gt; | &lt;/math&gt;) to denote evaluation using subscript notation in mathematics:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 f(n) = n^5 + 4n^2 + 2 {{!}}_{n=17}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 f(n) = n^5 + 4n^2 + 2 |_{n=17}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;}}

== Fractions and Binomials ==
A fraction is created using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\frac{numerator}{denominator}&lt;!----&gt;}} command (for those who need their memories refreshed, that's the ''top'' and ''bottom'' respectively!). Likewise, the [[w:Binomial coefficient|binomial coefficient]] (a.k.a, the Choose function) may be written using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\binom}} command:{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = \binom{n}{k}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = \binom{n}{k}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}


You can embed fractions within fractions:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}&lt;!----&gt;}{y-z}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
\frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}}{y-z}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Note that when appearing inside another fraction, or in inline text &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{a}{b}&lt;/math&gt;, a fraction is noticeably smaller than in displayed mathematics. The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tfrac}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dfrac}} commands{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} force the use of the respective styles, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textstyle}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\displaystyle}}. Similarly, the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tbinom}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dbinom}} commands typeset the binomial coefficient.

For relatively simple fractions, especially within the text, it may be more aesthetically pleasing to use [[#Powers and indices|powers and indices]] instead:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 ^3/_7

|render=&lt;math&gt;
^3/_7
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If this looks a little &quot;loose&quot; (i.e., overspaced), a tightened version can be defined by inserting some negative space
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

%running fraction with slash - requires math mode.
\newcommand*\rfrac[2]{{}^{#1}\!/_{#2}}

\rfrac{3}{7}
|render=&lt;math&gt;
{{}^{3}\!/_{7}}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If you use them throughout the document, usage of {{LaTeX/Package|xfrac}} package is recommended.
This package provides {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sfrac}} command to create slanted fractions. Usage:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
Take $\sfrac{1}{2}$ cup of sugar, \dots
 
  3\times\sfrac{1}{2}=1\sfrac{1}{2}
 

Take ${}^1/_2$ cup of sugar, \dots
 
  3\times{}^1/_2=1{}^1/_2
 
|render=[[Image:LaTeX-xfrac-example.png|400px]]}}

If fractions are used as an exponent, curly braces have to be used around the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sfrac}} command:

  $x^\frac{1}{2}$ % no error
  $x^\sfrac{1}{2}$ % error
  $x^{\sfrac{1}{2}}$ % no error

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
  $x^\frac{1}{2}$ % no error
|render=
&lt;math&gt;
t^\frac{1}{2}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

In some cases, using the package alone will result in errors about certain font shapes not being available. In that case, the {{LaTeX/Package|lmodern}} and {{LaTeX/Package|fix-cm}} packages need to be added as well.

Alternatively, the {{LaTeX/Package|nicefrac}} package provides the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\nicefrac}} command, whose usage is similar to {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sfrac}}.

=== Continued fractions ===
Continued fractions should be written using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cfrac}} command:{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{equation}
  x = a_0 + \cfrac{1}{a_1 
          + \cfrac{1}{a_2 
          + \cfrac{1}{a_3 + \cfrac{1}{a_4} } } }
\end{equation}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;   x = a_0 + \cfrac{1}{a_1 
           + \cfrac{1}{a_2 
           + \cfrac{1}{a_3 + \cfrac{1}{a_4}}}}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

=== Multiplication of two numbers ===
To make multiplication visually similar to a fraction, a nested array can be used. For example, multiplication of numbers written one below the other can be typeset as follows:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\begin{equation}
\frac{
    \begin{array}[b]{r}
      \left( x_4.12 x_217 \right)\\
      \times \left( x'_1 x'_2 \right)
    \end{array}
  }{
    \left( y_1y_2y_3y_4 \right)
  }
\end{equation}
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\frac{
    \begin{array}[b]{r}
      \left( x_1 x_2 \right)\\
      \times \left( x'_1 x'_2 \right)
    \end{array}
  }{
    \left( y_1y_2y_3y_4 \right)
  }
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

== Roots ==
The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt}} command creates a square root surrounding an expression. It accepts an optional argument specified in square brackets (&lt;code&gt;[&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;]&lt;/code&gt;) to change magnitude:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}&lt;!----&gt;}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\sqrt[n]{1+x+x^2+x^3+\dots+x^n}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\sqrt[n]{1+x+x^2+x^3+\dots+x^n}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Some people prefer writing the square root &quot;closing&quot; it over its content. This method arguably makes it more clear what is in the scope of the root sign. This habit is not normally used while writing with the computer, but if you still want to change the output of the square root, LaTeX gives you this possibility. Just add the following code in the preamble of your document:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
% New definition of square root:
% it renames \sqrt as \oldsqrt
\let\oldsqrt\sqrt
% it defines the new \sqrt in terms of the old one
\def\sqrt{\mathpalette\DHLhksqrt}
\def\DHLhksqrt#1#2{%
\setbox0=\hbox{$#1\oldsqrt{#2\,}$}\dimen0=\ht0
\advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0
\setbox2=\hbox{\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0}%
{\box0\lower0.4pt\box2}&lt;!----&gt;}
|render=[[Image:Latex_new_squareroot.png|thumb|right|250px|The new style is on left, the old one on right]]
}}
This TeX code first renames the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt}} command as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\oldsqrt}}, then redefines {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt}} in terms of the old one, adding something more. The new square root can be seen in the picture on the left, compared to the old one on the right. Unfortunately this code won't work if you want to use multiple roots: if you try to write &lt;math&gt;\sqrt[b]{a}&lt;/math&gt; as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sqrt[b]{a}&lt;!----&gt;}} after you used the code above, you'll just get a wrong output. In other words, you can redefine the square root this way only if you are not going to use multiple roots in the whole document.

An alternative piece of TeX code that does allow multiple roots is
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\usepackage{letltxmacro}
\makeatletter
\let\oldr@@t\r@@t
\def\r@@t#1#2{%
\setbox0=\hbox{$\oldr@@t#1{#2\,}$}\dimen0=\ht0
\advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0
\setbox2=\hbox{\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0}%
{\box0\lower0.4pt\box2}&lt;!----&gt;}
\LetLtxMacro{\oldsqrt}{\sqrt}
\renewcommand*{\sqrt}[2][\ ]{\oldsqrt[#1]{#2} &lt;!----&gt;}
\makeatother


$\sqrt[a]{b} \quad \oldsqrt[a]{b}$

|render=[[Image:LaTeX example sqrt.png]]
}}
However, this requires the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{letltxmacro}&lt;!----&gt;}} package.

== Sums and integrals ==
The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sum}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int}} commands insert the sum and integral symbols respectively, with limits specified using the caret (&lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;) and underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). The typical notation for sums is:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i 

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\textstyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i 
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
or
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i 

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The limits for the integrals follow the same notation. It's also important to represent the integration variables with an upright &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{d}&lt;/math&gt;, which in math mode is obtained through the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathrm{}|}} command, and with a small space separating it from the integrand, which is attained with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\,}} command.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \int_0^\infty \mathrm{e}^{-x}\,\mathrm{d}x

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\int_0^\infty \mathrm{e}^{-x}\,\mathrm{d}x
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

There are many other &quot;big&quot; commands which operate in a similar manner:
{|
| &lt;code&gt;\sum&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;5%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;\sum \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\prod&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;5%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;\prod&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\coprod&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;5%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;\coprod&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\bigoplus&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigoplus&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigotimes&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigotimes&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigodot&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigodot&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\bigcup&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigcup&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigcap&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigcap&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\biguplus&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\biguplus&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\bigsqcup&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigsqcup&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigvee&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigvee&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\bigwedge&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bigwedge&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\int&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\int&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\oint&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\oint&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\iint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\iint&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\iiint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\iiint&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\iiiint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\iiiint&lt;/math&gt; 
|style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot;|
| &lt;code&gt;\idotsint&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || &lt;math&gt;\int \! \cdots \! \int&lt;/math&gt; 
|}

For more integral symbols, including those not included by default in the Computer Modern font, try the {{LaTeX/Package|esint}} package.

The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\substack}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} allows the use of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\}} to write the limits over multiple lines:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \sum_{\substack{
   0&lt;i&lt;m \\
   0&lt;j&lt;n
  }&lt;!----&gt;} 
 P(i,j)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\sum_{\overset{\scriptstyle 0&lt;i&lt;m} {\scriptstyle 0&lt;j&lt;n}} P(i,j)
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If you want the limits of an integral to be specified above and below the symbol (like the sum), use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\limits}} command:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \int\limits_a^b

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\int\limits_b^c
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
However, if you want this to apply to all integrals, it is preferable to specify the {{LaTeX/Parameter|intlimits}} option when loading the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage[intlimits]{amsmath}
}}

Subscripts and superscripts in other contexts, as well as other parameters to {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package related to them, are described in [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#Advanced_formatting|Advanced Mathematics]] chapter.

For bigger integrals, you may use personal declarations, or the {{LaTeX/Package|bigints}} package &lt;ref name=LM&gt; http://hdl.handle.net/2268/6219&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Brackets, braces and delimiters ==
&lt;small&gt;''How to use braces in multi line equations is described in the [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#Braces_spanning_multiple_lines|Advanced Mathematics]] chapter.''&lt;/small&gt;

The use of delimiters such as brackets soon becomes important when dealing with anything but the most trivial equations. Without them, formulas can become ambiguous. Also, special types of mathematical structures, such as matrices, typically rely on delimiters to enclose them.

There are a variety of delimiters available for use in LaTeX:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

( a ), [ b ], \{ c \}, {{!}} d {{!}}, \{{!}} e \{{!}},
\langle f \rangle, \lfloor g \rfloor,
\lceil h \rceil, \ulcorner i \urcorner,
/ j \backslash

|render=&lt;math&gt;
( a ), [ b ], \{ c \}, | d |, \| e \|, \langle f \rangle, \lfloor g \rfloor, \lceil h \rceil, \ulcorner i \urcorner,
/ j \backslash
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
where {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\lbrack}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rbrack}} may be used in place of [ and ]. 


=== Automatic sizing ===
Very often, mathematical features will differ in size, in which case the delimiters surrounding the expression should vary accordingly. This can be done automatically using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right}}, and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\middle}} commands. Any of the previous delimiters may be used in combination with these:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \left(\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\left(\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right)
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 P\left(A=2\middle{{!}}\frac{A^2}{B}&gt;4\right)

|
render=[[Image:Latex_example_middle.png|150px]]
}}
Curly braces are defined differently by using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left\{}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right\} }},

{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \left\{\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right\}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\left\{\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right\}
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
 
If a delimiter on only one side of an expression is required, then an invisible delimiter on the other side may be denoted using a period (&lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt;).
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \left.\frac{x^3}{3}\right{{!}}_0^1

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 \left.\frac{x^3}{3}\right|_0^1
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

=== Manual sizing ===
In certain cases, the sizing produced by the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right}} commands may not be desirable, or you may simply want finer control over the delimiter sizes. In this case, the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\big}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\Big}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bigg}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\Bigg}} modifier commands may be used:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 ( \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( 

|render=&lt;math&gt;
( \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( 
 \,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
These commands are primarily useful when dealing with nested delimiters. For example, when typesetting
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \left( k g(x) \right)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \left( k g(x) \right)
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
we notice that the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right}} commands produce the same size delimiters as those nested within it. This can be difficult to read. To fix this, we write
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \big( k g(x) \big)

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \big( k g(x) \big)
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Manual sizing can also be useful when an equation is too large, trails off the end of the page, and must be separated into two lines using an align command. Although the commands {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\left.}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\right.}} can be used to balance the delimiters on each line, this may lead to wrong delimiter sizes. Furthermore, manual sizing can be used to avoid overly large delimiters — if an {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\underbrace}} or a similar command appears between the delimiters.

== Matrices and arrays ==
A basic matrix may be created using the {{LaTeX/Environment|matrix}} environment{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}: in common with other table-like structures, entries are specified by row, with columns separated using an ampersand ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&amp;}}) and new rows separated with a double backslash ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\}})
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\[
 \begin{matrix}
  a &amp; b &amp; c \\
  d &amp; e &amp; f \\
  g &amp; h &amp; i
 \end{matrix}
\]
|render=&lt;math&gt;
\begin{matrix}
a &amp; b &amp; c \\
d &amp; e &amp; f \\
g &amp; h &amp; i
\end{matrix}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

To specify alignment of columns in the table, use starred version{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \begin{matrix}
  -1 &amp; 3 \\
  2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix}
 =
 \begin{matrix*}[r]
  -1 &amp; 3 \\
  2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix*}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 \begin{matrix}
  -1 &amp; 3 \\
  2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix}
 =
 \begin{matrix}
  -1 &amp; \,\;\;3 \\
  \,\;\;2 &amp; -4
 \end{matrix}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The alignment by default is {{LaTeX/Parameter|c}}, but it can be any column type valid in {{LaTeX/Environment|array}} environment.

However matrices are usually enclosed in delimiters of some kind, and while it is possible to use the [[#Automatic sizing|&lt;code&gt;\left&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\right&lt;/code&gt; commands]], there are various other predefined environments which automatically include delimiters:
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Environment name
! Surrounding delimiter
! Notes
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|pmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;( \, ) &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|pmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;( \, ) &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|bmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;[ \, ] &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|bmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;[ \, ] &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Bmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\{ \, \} &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Bmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\{ \, \} &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|vmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;| \, | &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|vmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;| \, | &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Vmatrix}}{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\| \, \| &lt;/math&gt;
| centers columns by default
|-
| {{LaTeX/Environment|Vmatrix*}}{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;}}
| &lt;math&gt;\| \, \| &lt;/math&gt;
| allows to specify alignment of columns in optional parameter
|}

When writing down arbitrary sized matrices, it is common to use horizontal, vertical and diagonal triplets of dots (known as [[w:ellipsis|ellipses]]) to fill in certain columns and rows. These can be specified using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\vdots}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ddots}} respectively:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 A_{m,n} = 
 \begin{pmatrix}
  a_{1,1} &amp; a_{1,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{1,n} \\
  a_{2,1} &amp; a_{2,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{2,n} \\
  \vdots  &amp; \vdots  &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots  \\
  a_{m,1} &amp; a_{m,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{m,n} 
 \end{pmatrix}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
A_{m,n} = 
\begin{pmatrix}
a_{1,1} &amp; a_{1,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{1,n} \\
a_{2,1} &amp; a_{2,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{2,n} \\
\vdots  &amp; \vdots  &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots  \\
a_{m,1} &amp; a_{m,2} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{m,n} 
\end{pmatrix}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
In some cases, you may want to have finer control of the alignment within each column, or to insert lines between columns or rows. This can be achieved using the {{LaTeX/Environment|array}} environment, which is essentially a math-mode version of the [[../Tables#The tabular environment|&lt;code&gt;tabular&lt;/code&gt; environment]], which requires that the columns be pre-specified:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \begin{array}{c{{!}}c}
  1 &amp; 2 \\ 
  \hline
  3 &amp; 4
 \end{array}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\begin{array}{c|c}
1 &amp; 2 \\ 
\hline
3 &amp; 4
\end{array}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

You may see that the AMS matrix class of environments doesn't leave enough space when used together with fractions resulting in output similar to this:

&lt;math&gt;
 M = \begin{bmatrix}
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6} &amp; 0\\
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; 0           &amp; \frac{1}{6}\\
       0           &amp; \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6}
     \end{bmatrix}
&lt;/math&gt;

To counteract this problem, add additional leading space with the optional parameter to the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\\}} command:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 M = \begin{bmatrix}
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6} &amp; 0           \\[0.3em]
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; 0           &amp; \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em]
       0           &amp; \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6}
     \end{bmatrix}

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 M = \begin{bmatrix}
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6} &amp; 0           \\[0.3em]
       \frac{5}{6} &amp; 0           &amp; \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em]
       0           &amp; \frac{5}{6} &amp; \frac{1}{6}
     \end{bmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

If you need &quot;border&quot; or &quot;indexes&quot; on your matrix, plain TeX provides the macro {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bordermatrix}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

M = \bordermatrix{~ &amp; x &amp; y \cr
                  A &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \cr
                  B &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \cr}

|render=[[Image:bordermatrix.png|150px]]
}}


=== Matrices in running text ===
To insert a small matrix without increasing leading in the line containing it, use {{LaTeX/Environment|smallmatrix}} environment:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
A matrix in text must be set smaller:
$\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix}
a&amp;b \\ c&amp;d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)$
to not increase leading in a portion of text.
|render=[[Image:LaTeX-smallmatrix.png]]
}}

== Adding text to equations ==

The math environment differs from the text environment in the representation of text. Here is an example of trying to represent text within the math environment:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 50 apples \times 100 apples = lots of apples^2

|render=&lt;math&gt;
 50 apples \times 100 apples = lots of apples^2
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

There are two noticeable problems: there are no spaces between words or numbers, and the letters are italicized and more spaced out than normal. Both issues are simply artifacts of the maths mode, in that it treats it as a mathematical expression: spaces are ignored (LaTeX spaces mathematics according to its own rules), and each character is a separate element (so are not positioned as closely as normal text).

There are a number of ways that text can be added properly. The typical way is to wrap the text with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\text{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} (a similar command is {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mbox{...}&lt;!----&gt;}}, though this causes problems with subscripts, and has a less descriptive name). Let's see what happens when the above equation code is adapted:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 50 \text{apples} \times 100 \text{apples} 
 = \text{lots of apples}^2

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 50 \text{apples} \times 100 \text{apples} = \text{lots of apples}^2
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The text looks better. However, there are no gaps between the numbers and the words. Unfortunately, you are required to explicitly add these. There are many ways to add spaces between math elements, but for the sake of simplicity we may simply insert space characters into the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\text}} commands.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 50 \text{ apples} \times 100 \text{ apples}
 = \text{lots of apples}^2

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 50 \text{ apples} \times 100 \text{ apples} = \text{lots of apples}^2
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
== Formatting mathematics symbols ==
:''See also: [[w:Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols]], [[w:Help:Displaying a formula#Alphabets and typefaces]] and [[w:Wikipedia:LaTeX symbols#Fonts]]''
We can now format text; what about formatting mathematical expressions? There are a set of formatting commands very similar to the font formatting ones just used, except that they are specifically aimed at text in math mode (requires {{LaTeX/Package|amsfonts}})
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot;|LaTeX command
! width=&quot;35%&quot;|Sample
! Description
! Common use
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathnormal{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(or simply omit any command)&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;ABCDEF~abcdef~123456\,&lt;/math&gt;
| The default math font
| Most mathematical notation
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathrm{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| This is the default or normal font, unitalicised
| Units of measurement, one word functions
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathit{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathit{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| Italicised font
| Multi-letter function or variable names. Compared to &lt;code&gt;\mathnormal&lt;/code&gt;, words are spaced more naturally and numbers are italicized as well.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathbf{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| Bold font
| Vectors
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathsf{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathsf{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:sans-serif|Sans-serif]]
| Categories
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathtt{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathtt{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:Monospace font|Monospace (fixed-width) font]]
|
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathfrak{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(requires the {{LaTeX/Package|amsfonts}} or {{LaTeX/Package|amssymb}} package{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathfrak{ABCDEF~abcdef~123456}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:Fraktur (script)|Fraktur]]
| Almost canonical font for Lie algebras, [[w:Ideal (ring theory)|ideals]] in ring theory
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathcal{…} }}
| &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{ABCDEF}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| Calligraphy (uppercase only{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})
| Often used for sheaves/schemes and categories, used to denote [[w:en:Cryptography|cryptological]] concepts like an ''alphabet of definition'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{A}&lt;/math&gt;), ''message space'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{M}&lt;/math&gt;), ''ciphertext space'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;) and ''[[w:key space|key space]]'' (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{K}&lt;/math&gt;); [[w:Kleene's O|Kleene's &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;]]; [[w:Description logic#Naming Convention|naming convention in description logic]]; [[w:Laplace transform|Laplace transform]] (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}&lt;/math&gt;) and [[w:Fourier transform|Fourier transform]] (&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{F}&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathbb{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(requires the {{LaTeX/Package|amsfonts}} or {{LaTeX/Package|amssymb}} package{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{ABCDEF}\,&lt;/math&gt;
| [[w:Blackboard bold|Blackboard bold]] (uppercase only{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})
| Used to denote special sets (e.g. real numbers)
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathscr{…} }}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(requires the {{LaTeX/Package|mathrsfs}} package{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})&lt;/small&gt;
| [[File:Mathscr (A-F).png]]
| [[w:Script (typefaces)|Script]] (uppercase only{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;}})
| An alternative font for categories and sheaves.
|}

These formatting commands can be wrapped around the entire equation, and not just on the textual elements: they only format letters, numbers, and uppercase Greek, and other math commands are unaffected. 

To bold lowercase Greek or other symbols use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\boldsymbol}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}}; this will only work if there exists a bold version of the symbol in the current font. As a last resort there is the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pmb}} command{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} (poor man's bold): this prints multiple versions of the character slightly offset against each other.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \boldsymbol{\beta} = (\beta_1,\beta_2,\dotsc,\beta_n)

|render=
&lt;math&gt;
 \boldsymbol{\beta} = (\beta_1,\beta_2,\dotsc,\beta_n)
\,&lt;/math&gt;
}}
To change the size of the fonts in math mode, see [[../Advanced Mathematics#Changing font size|Changing font size]].

=== Accents ===
So what to do when you run out of symbols and fonts? Well, the next step is to use accents:

{| 
| &lt;code&gt;a'&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;a^{\prime}&lt;/code&gt; ||width=&quot;15%&quot;| &lt;math&gt;a'\,&lt;/math&gt; 
|  style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;a''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;a''\,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\hat{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\hat{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\bar{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\bar{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\grave{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\grave{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\acute{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\acute{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\dot{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dot{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\ddot{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\ddot{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\not{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\not{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\mathring{a}&lt;/code&gt; || å
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\overrightarrow{AB}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\overrightarrow{AB} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;code&gt;\overleftarrow{AB}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\overleftarrow{AB} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;a'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;a'''\,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;a''''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;a''''\,&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\overline{aaa}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\overline{aaa} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\check{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\check{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\breve{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\breve{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\vec{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\vec{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\dddot{a}&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\ddddot{a}&lt;/code&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;}} || 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\widehat{AAA}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\widehat{AAA} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\widetilde{AAA}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{AAA}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\stackrel\frown{AAA}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\stackrel\frown{AAA}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;\tilde{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tilde{a} \,&lt;/math&gt;
| style=&quot;padding-left:20px&quot; | &lt;code&gt;\underline{a}&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\underline{a} \,&lt;/math&gt; 
|}

== Color ==
The package {{LaTeX/Package|xcolor}}, described in [[../Colors#Adding_the_color_package|Colors]], allows us to add color to our equations. For example,
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
k = {\color{red}x} \mathbin{\color{blue}-} 2
|render=&lt;math&gt;
k = {\color{red}x} \mathbin{\color{blue}-} 2
&lt;/math&gt;
}}
The only problem is that this disrupts the default {{LaTeX}} formatting around the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=-}} operator. To fix this, we enclose it in a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\mathbin}} environment, since {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=-}} is a binary operator. This process is described [http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/21598/how-to-color-math-symbols here].

==Plus and minus signs==

LaTeX deals with the + and − signs in two possible ways. The most common is as a binary operator. When two maths elements appear on either side of the sign, it is assumed to be a binary operator, and as such, allocates some space to either side of the sign. The alternative way is a sign designation. This is when you state whether a mathematical quantity is either positive or negative. This is common for the latter, as in math, such elements are assumed to be positive unless a − is prefixed to it. In this instance, you want the sign to appear close to the appropriate element to show their association. If you put a + or a − with nothing before it but you want it to be handled like a binary operator you can add an ''invisible'' character before the operator using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code={}&lt;!----&gt;}}. This can be useful if you are writing multiple-line formulas, and a new line could start with a − or +, for example, then you can fix some strange alignments adding the invisible character where necessary.

A plus-minus sign is written as:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \pm

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\pm
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Similarly, there exists also a minus-plus sign:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=

 \mp

|render=&lt;math&gt;
\mp
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

== Controlling horizontal spacing ==

LaTeX is obviously pretty good at typesetting maths—it was one of the chief aims of the core TeX system that LaTeX extends. However, it can't always be relied upon to accurately interpret formulas in the way you did. It has to make certain assumptions when there are ambiguous expressions. The result tends to be slightly incorrect horizontal spacing. In these events, the output is still satisfactory, yet any perfectionists will no doubt wish to ''fine-tune'' their formulas to ensure spacing is correct. These are generally very subtle adjustments.

There are other occasions where LaTeX has done its job correctly, but you just want to add some space, maybe to add a comment of some kind. For example, in the following equation, it is preferable to ensure there is a decent amount of space between the maths and the text.

{{LaTeX/Example|code=

\[ f(n) =
  \begin{cases}
    n/2       &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\
    -(n+1)/2  &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd}
  \end{cases}
\]


|render=
&lt;math&gt;
f(n) =
  \begin{cases}
    n/2       &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\
    -(n+1)/2  &amp; \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd}
  \end{cases}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

This code produces errors with Miktex 2.9 and does not yield the results seen on the right.
Use \mathrm instead of just \text.


(Note that this particular example can be expressed in more elegant code by the {{LaTeX/Environment|cases}} construct provided by the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package described in [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#The_cases_environment|Advanced Mathematics]] chapter.)

LaTeX has defined two commands that can be used anywhere in documents (not just maths) to insert some horizontal space. They are {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\qquad}}

A {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} is a space equal to the current font size. So, if you are using an 11pt font, then the space provided by {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} will also be 11pt (horizontally, of course.) The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\qquad}} gives twice that amount. As you can see from the code from the above example, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}}s were used to add some separation between the maths and the text.

OK, so back to the fine tuning as mentioned at the beginning of the document. A good example would be displaying the simple equation for the indefinite integral of ''y'' with respect to ''x'':

&lt;math&gt;\int y\, \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;

If you were to try this, you may write:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}

However, this doesn't give the correct result. LaTeX doesn't respect the white-space left in the code to signify that the ''y'' and the d''x'' are independent entities. Instead, it lumps them altogether. A {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\quad}} would clearly be overkill in this situation—what is needed are some small spaces to be utilized in this type of instance, and that's what LaTeX provides:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Command
! Description
! Size
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\,}}
| small space
| 3/18 of a quad
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\:}}
| medium space
| 4/18 of a quad
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\;}}
| large space
| 5/18 of a quad
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\!}}
| negative space
| -3/18 of a quad
|}

NB you can use more than one command in a sequence to achieve a greater space if necessary.

So, to rectify the current problem:

{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y\, \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y\, \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y\: \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y\;\;\!\! \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=
 \int y\; \mathrm{d}x 
|render=
&lt;math&gt;\int y\; \mathrm{d}x&lt;/math&gt;
}}

The negative space may seem like an odd thing to use, however, it wouldn't be there if it didn't have ''some'' use! Take the following example:
{{LaTeX/Example|code=\partial\frac{x-y}z|render=&lt;math&gt;\partial\frac{x-y}z&lt;/math&gt;}}
X and Y are like rotations.{{LaTeX/Example|code=

  \left(
    \begin{array}{c}
      n \\
      r
    \end{array}
  \right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;\left(
   \begin{matrix}
     n \\
     r
   \end{matrix}
   \right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}&lt;/math&gt;
}}


The matrix-like expression for representing binomial coefficients is too padded. There is too much space between the brackets and the actual contents within. This can easily be corrected by adding a few negative spaces after the left bracket and before the right bracket.
{{LaTeX/Example|code=\Re|render=&lt;math&gt;\Re&lt;/math&gt;}}{{LaTeX/Example|code=

  \left(\!
    \begin{array}{c}
      n \\
      r
    \end{array}
  \!\right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}

|render=
&lt;math&gt;\left(\!
   \begin{matrix}
     n \\
     r
   \end{matrix}
   \!\right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}
&lt;/math&gt;
}}

In any case, adding some spaces manually should be avoided whenever possible: it makes the source code more complex and it's against the basic principles of a What You See is What You Mean approach. The best thing to do is to define some commands using all the spaces you want and then, when you use your command, you don't have to add any other space. Later, if you change your mind about the length of the horizontal space, you can easily change it modifying only the command you defined before. Let us use an example: you want the ''d'' of a ''dx'' in an integral to be in roman font and a small space away from the rest. If you want to type an integral like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int x \, \mathrm{d} x}}, you can define a command like this:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\newcommand{\dd}{\mathop{}\,\mathrm{d}&lt;!----&gt;}
}}
in the preamble of your document. We have chosen {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dd}} just because it reminds the &quot;d&quot; it replaces and it is fast to type. Doing so, the code for your integral becomes {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int x \dd x}}. Now, whenever you write an integral, you just have to use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dd}} instead of the &quot;d&quot;, and all your integrals will have the same style. If you change your mind, you just have to change the definition in the preamble, and all your integrals will be changed accordingly.

== Manually Specifying Formula Style ==
To manually display a fragment of a formula using text style, surround the fragment with curly braces and prefix the fragment with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textstyle}}. The braces are required because the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textstyle}} macro changes the state of the renderer, rendering all subsequent mathematics in text style. The braces limit this change of state to just the fragment enclosed within. For example, to use text style for just the summation symbol in a sum, one would enter
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\begin{equation}
   C^i_j = {\textstyle \sum_k} A^i_k B^k_j
\end{equation}
}}
The same thing as a command would look like this:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\newcommand{\tsum}[1]{{\textstyle \sum_{#1}}}
}}
Note the extra braces. Just one set around the expression won't be enough. That would cause all math after {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tsum k}} to be displayed using text style.

To display part of a formula using display style, do the same thing, but use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\displaystyle}} instead.

==Advanced Mathematics: AMS Math package==

The AMS ([[Wikipedia:American Mathematical Society|American Mathematical Society]]) mathematics package is a powerful package that creates a higher layer of abstraction over mathematical LaTeX language; if you use it it will make your life easier. Some commands {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} introduces will make other plain LaTeX commands obsolete: in order to keep consistency in the final output you'd better use {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} commands whenever possible. If you do so, you will get an elegant output without worrying about alignment and other details, keeping your source code readable. If you want to use it, you have to add this in the preamble:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{amsmath}
}}

===Introducing dots in formulas===
{{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} defines also the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dots}} command, that is a generalization of the existing {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}}. You can use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dots}} in both text and math mode and LaTeX will replace it with three dots &quot;…&quot; but it will decide according to the context whether to put it on the bottom (like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}}) or centered (like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}}).

===Dots===

LaTeX gives you several commands to insert dots (ellipses) in your formulae. This can be particularly useful if you have to type big matrices omitting elements. First of all, here are the main dots-related commands LaTeX provides:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Code !! Output !! Comment
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dots}} || &lt;math&gt;\dots&lt;/math&gt; || generic dots (ellipsis), to be used in text (outside formulae as well). It automatically manages whitespaces before and after itself according to the context, it's a higher level command.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}}|| &lt;math&gt;\ldots&lt;/math&gt; || the output is similar to the previous one, but there is no automatic whitespace management; it works at a lower level.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}} || &lt;math&gt;\cdots&lt;/math&gt; || These dots are centered relative to the height of a letter. There is also the binary multiplication operator, &lt;code&gt;\cdot&lt;/code&gt;, mentioned below.
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\vdots}} || &lt;math&gt;\vdots&lt;/math&gt; || vertical dots
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ddots}} || &lt;math&gt;\ddots&lt;/math&gt; || diagonal dots
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\iddots}} ||  || inverse diagonal dots (requires the {{LaTeX/Package|mathdots}} package)
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hdotsfor{n}&lt;!----&gt;}} || &lt;math&gt;\ldots \ldots&lt;/math&gt;|| to be used in matrices, it creates a row of dots spanning ''n'' columns. 
|}

Instead of using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ldots}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\cdots}}, you should use the semantically oriented commands. It makes it possible to adapt your document to different conventions on the fly, in case (for example) you have to submit it to a publisher who insists on following house tradition in this respect. The default treatment for the various kinds follows American Mathematical Society conventions.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Code !! Output !! Comment
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1,A_2,\dotsc,}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsc.png]] || for &quot;dots with commas&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1+\dotsb+A_N}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsb.png]] || for &quot;dots with binary operators/relations&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1 \dotsm A_N}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsm.png]] || for &quot;multiplication dots&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\int_a^b \dotsi}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotsi.png]] || for &quot;dots with integrals&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A_1\dotso A_N}} || [[File:LaTeX Dotso.png]] || for &quot;other dots&quot; (none of the above)
|}

===Write an equation with the align environment===
How to write an equation with the align environment with the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package is described in [[LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics#align_and_align.2A|Advanced Mathematics]].

==List of mathematical symbols==
All the pre-defined mathematical symbols from the \TeX\ package are listed below. More symbols are available from extra packages.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Relation Symbols
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;11&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;&lt;\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;&lt;&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;&gt;\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;=\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\parallel\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\parallel&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\nparallel\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\nparallel&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\leq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\leq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\geq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\geq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\doteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\doteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\asymp\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\asymp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bowtie\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\bowtie&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ll\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\ll&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\gg\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\gg&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\equiv\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\equiv&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\vdash&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\dashv\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\dashv&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\subset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\subset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\supset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\supset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\approx\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\approx&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\in\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\in&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\ni\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\ni&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\subseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\subseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\supseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\supseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cong\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\cong&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\smile\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\smile&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frown\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\frown&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\nsubseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\nsubseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\nsupseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\nsupseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\simeq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\simeq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\models\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\models&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\notin\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\notin&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsubset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsubset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsupset\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsupset&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sim\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sim&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\perp\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\perp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mid\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\mid&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsubseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsubseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqsupseteq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sqsupseteq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\propto\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\propto&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\prec\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\prec&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\succ\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\succ&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\preceq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\preceq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\succeq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\succeq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\neq\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\neq&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sphericalangle\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\sphericalangle&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\measuredangle\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\measuredangle&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\therefore\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\therefore&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\because\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\because&lt;/code&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Binary Operations
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\pm\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\pm&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cap\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cap&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\diamond\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\diamond&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\oplus\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\oplus&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\mp\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\mp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cup\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cup&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bigtriangleup\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\bigtriangleup&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\ominus\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\ominus&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\times\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\times&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\uplus\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\uplus&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bigtriangledown\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\bigtriangledown&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\otimes\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\otimes&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\div\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\div&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqcap\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\sqcap&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\triangleleft\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\triangleleft&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\oslash\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\oslash&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ast\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\ast&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqcup\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\sqcup&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\triangleright\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\triangleright&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\odot\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\odot&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\star\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\star&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\vee\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\vee&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bigcirc\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\bigcirc&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\circ\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\circ&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\dagger\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\dagger&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\wedge\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\wedge&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\bullet\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\bullet&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\setminus\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\setminus&lt;/code&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ddagger\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\ddagger&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cdot\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cdot&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\wr\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\wr&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\amalg\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\amalg&lt;/code&gt; 
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Set and/or Logic Notation
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
| rowspan=&quot;16&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\exists\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\exists&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\rightarrow&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\to&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\nexists\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\nexists&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\leftarrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\leftarrow&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\gets&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\forall\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\forall&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mapsto\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\mapsto&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\neg\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\neg&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\implies\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\implies&lt;/code&gt;
|-
|&lt;math&gt;\cap&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;\cap&lt;/code&gt;
|
|
|-
|&lt;math&gt;\cup&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;\cup&lt;/code&gt;
|
|
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\subset\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\subset&lt;/code&gt;
|⟸
|&lt;code&gt;\impliedby&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\supset\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\supset&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\Rightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\Rightarrow&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\implies&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\in&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\in&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\leftrightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\leftrightarrow&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\notin\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\notin&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\iff\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\iff&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ni\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\ni&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\Leftrightarrow\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\Leftrightarrow&lt;/code&gt; (preferred for equivalence (iff))
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\land\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\land&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\top\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\top&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\lor\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\lor&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\bot\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\bot&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\angle\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\angle&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\emptyset\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varnothing\,&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;code&gt;\emptyset&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varnothing&lt;/code&gt;{{ref|symbolpackage}}
|-
|
|
|&lt;math&gt;\rightleftharpoons\,&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;\rightleftharpoons&lt;/code&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Delimiters
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;|\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;\mid&lt;/code&gt; (difference in spacing)
| &lt;math&gt;\|\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;/\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\backslash\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\backslash&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\{\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\{&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\}\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\}&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\langle\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\langle&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rangle\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\rangle&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\uparrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\uparrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Uparrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\Uparrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\lceil\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\lceil&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rceil\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\rceil&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\downarrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\downarrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Downarrow\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\Downarrow&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\lfloor\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\lfloor&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rfloor\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\rfloor&lt;/code&gt;
|}

Note: To use the Greek Letters in LaTeX that have the same appearance in the Latin alphabet, just use Latin: e.g., A instead of Alpha, B instead of Beta, etc.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Greek Letters
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;13&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Alpha\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\alpha\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\alpha&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Nu\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\nu\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\nu&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Beta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\beta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\beta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Xi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\xi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Xi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\xi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Gamma\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\gamma\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Gamma&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\gamma&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Omicron\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\omicron\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;O&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Delta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\delta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Delta&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\delta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Pi\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\pi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varpi&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\pi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varpi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Epsilon\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\epsilon\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varepsilon\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;E&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\epsilon&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varepsilon&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Rho\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\rho\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varrho\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;P&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\rho&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varrho&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Zeta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\zeta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;Z&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\zeta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Sigma\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\sigma\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varsigma\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Sigma&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\sigma&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varsigma&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Eta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\eta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;H&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\eta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Tau\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tau\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;T&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\tau&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Theta\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\theta\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\vartheta\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Theta&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\theta&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\vartheta&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mbox{Y}\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\Upsilon\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\upsilon\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\Upsilon&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\upsilon&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Iota\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\iota\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;I&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\iota&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Phi\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\phi\,&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;\varphi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Phi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\phi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varphi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Kappa\,&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\kappa\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\varkappa\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;K&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\kappa&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\varkappa&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Chi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\chi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\chi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Lambda\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Lambda&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\lambda&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Psi\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\psi\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Psi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\psi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Mu\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mu\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;M&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\mu&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Omega\,&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\omega\,&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;code&gt;\Omega&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\omega&lt;/code&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+ Other symbols
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\partial\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\partial&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\imath\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\imath&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Re\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\Re&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\nabla\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\nabla&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\aleph\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\aleph&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\eth\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\eth&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\jmath\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\jmath&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Im\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\Im&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Box\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\Box&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\beth\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\beth&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\hbar\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\hbar&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\ell\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\ell&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\wp\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\wp&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\infty\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\infty&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\gimel\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\gimel&lt;/code&gt;
|}
{{note|symbolpackage}}Not predefined in LATEX 2. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; latexfontsize=&quot;scriptsize&quot;
|+Trigonometric Functions
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Symbol !!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Script
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sin\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\sin&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arcsin\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\arcsin&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sinh\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\sinh&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sec\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\sec&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\cos\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cos&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arccos\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\arccos&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cosh\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cosh&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\csc\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\csc&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\tan\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\tan&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arctan\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\arctan&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\tanh\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\tanh&lt;/code&gt;
| ||
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\cot\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\cot&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\arccot\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\arccot&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\coth\,&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;code&gt;\coth&lt;/code&gt;
| ||
|}

If LaTeX does not include a command for the mathematical operator you want to use, for example &lt;code&gt;\cis&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;c&lt;/strong&gt;osine plus &lt;strong&gt;i&lt;/strong&gt; times &lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;ine), add to your preamble:
 \DeclareMathOperator\cis{cis}

You can then use &lt;code&gt;\cis&lt;/code&gt; in the document just like &lt;code&gt;\cos&lt;/code&gt; or any other mathematical operator.

&lt;!-- Sections remaining: Table 3 onwards from symbols.pdf --&gt;

{{clear}}

== Summary ==

As you begin to see, typesetting math can be tricky at times. However, because LaTeX provides so much control, you can get professional quality mathematics typesetting with relatively little effort (once you've had a bit of practice, of course!). It is possible to elaborate further on the nitty-gritty of mathematics because the possibilities seem endless. However, with this tutorial, you should be able to get along with it sufficiently.

{{TODO|
* introduce symbols from [http://www.andy-roberts.net/res/writing/latex/symbols.pdf]
* add symbols from [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/wasysym.pdf]
* consider adding symbols from [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf] -- the list of nearly all symbols available for LaTeX
* Consider, instead of using the symbols from the above mentioned, using what has already been introduced in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_markup] instead of retyping the tables
* How to box an equation within an align environment
* Color in equations
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=&quot;amsmath&quot;|requires the {{LaTeX/Package|amsmath}} package}}
{{efn|name=&quot;mathtools&quot;|requires the {{LaTeX/Package|mathtools}} package}}
{{efn|name=&quot;mathalfa&quot;|1=The {{LaTeX/Package|mathalpha}} package allows for specifying a broader variety of fonts to be used in the &lt;code&gt;\mathfrak{}&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\mathbb{}&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;\mathcal{}&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;\mathscr{}&lt;/code&gt; commands. For example, the command &lt;code&gt;\usepackage[bb=pazo]{mathalpha}&lt;/code&gt; makes it so &lt;code&gt;\mathbb{}&lt;/code&gt; uses the &quot;pazo&quot; font. {{LaTeX/Package|mathalpha}}'s [http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/mathalpha/doc/mathalpha-doc.pdf documentation] gives a comparison of the different font options; some have lowercase letters, Greek letters or numerals where the default does not.}}
}}

==Further reading==
* [[meta:Help:Displaying a formula]]: Wikimedia uses a subset of LaTeX commands.

==External links==
* [http://detexify.kirelabs.org detexify]: applet for looking up LaTeX symbols by drawing them
* [http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/amsmath/amsmath.pdf &lt;code&gt;amsmath&lt;/code&gt; documentation]
* [http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/LaTeX LaTeX - The Student Room]
* [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List]
* [https://mathvault.ca/wp-content/uploads/Comprehensive-List-of-Mathematical-Symbols.pdf Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols]

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== Examples ==
&lt;math&gt;\Re&lt;/math&gt;=\Re &lt;math&gt;\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}&lt;/math&gt;=\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots }^{5050}{{LaTeX/Bottom|Rules and Struts|Advanced Mathematics}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Templates ==
LaTeX/Example                                              LaTeX/LaTeX

{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=ABC}}
{{LaTeX/Example|code=ABC…|render=ABC…}}

== Pit ==
&lt;math id=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/partial&quot;&gt;\partial&lt;/math&gt;
[[pl:LaTeX/Matematyka]]</text>
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== Opening and Navigating the Program Editor ==

To begin coding TI-BASIC on your calculator, you must use the '''program editor'''. This allows you to edit, manage, and run your programs. To access it, press {{TI-Basic/Key|PRGM}}&lt;code&gt; ''NEW'' &lt;/code&gt;{{TI-Basic/Key|ENTER}}. Then, type in a short name for your program. The names for programs must follow these rules:

* Must include only uppercase letters and numbers, where the first character '''must''' be a letter
* Cannot include any other tokens, such as symbols or math functions
* Maximum length of 8 tokens long
Press {{TI-Basic/Key|ENTER}}, and an empty program will appear. In the following example, the program has been named &lt;code&gt;EXAMPLE&lt;/code&gt;:
{{bcode:Example|
PROGRAM:EXAMPLE
:
}}

To navigate the program editor, use the arrow keys to move the cursor, which is represented by a blinking black box. Press {{TI-Basic/Key|ENTER}} to move the cursor down a line, or to create a new line if the cursor is at the bottom-most line. To insert a line at any point, move the cursor to the end of the line above where the new line should be inserted. Then press {{TI-Basic/Key|2ND}}&lt;code&gt; '''[INS]''' {{TI-Basic/Key|ENTER}}&lt;/code&gt;. To clear a line, press {{TI-Basic/Key|CLEAR}}. Press {{TI-Basic/Key|DEL}} on any empty line to delete it.

Always, the first line (&lt;code&gt;PROGRAM:EXAMPLE&lt;/code&gt;) on the screen shows the name of the program. It is not a line in the code, but rather a header to show the name of the current program. Press {{TI-Basic/Key|ENTER}}. Now, a new line on the program editor is created:
{{bcode:Example|
PROGRAM:EXAMPLE
:
:
}}

In TI-Basic, colons (&lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt;) are used to signify new lines. 
* Colons are automatically placed by the calculator when creating a new line. These colons ''cannot'' be deleted, except by deleting the line itself.
* Manually adding a colon ({{TI-Basic/Key|ALPHA}}&lt;code&gt; '''[:]'''&lt;/code&gt;) also signifies a new line. These colons ''can'' be deleted.

To run a program, you need to first exit the program editor. Press {{TI-Basic/Key|2ND}}&lt;code&gt; '''[QUIT]'''&lt;/code&gt; to return to the home screen. Press {{TI-Basic/Key|PRGM}} and use the up and down arrows to select your program. Now, press {{TI-Basic/Key|ENTER}} twice: once to paste it to the home screen and second to execute it.

To stop a program during execution, press the {{TI-Basic/Key|ON}} key and an error will be thrown, stopping the program.

== Hello, world! ==
Now that you have learned how to navigate and perform simple edits on a program, now we will program our first program: the &quot;hello world.&quot; This simple program tells the calculator to display the text &lt;code&gt;HELLO, WORLD!&lt;/code&gt; on the screen.

{{bcode:Example|
PROGRAM:HLLOWRLD
:ClrHome
:Disp &quot;HELLO, WORLD!&quot;
}}

Now, let's break down each line of this program and understand how it works.

{{bcode:Example|
:ClrHome
}}

Every new line in a TI-BASIC program automatically starts with a colon. It's how the calculator knows when a line ends and a new line begins. &lt;code&gt;'''[[../List of Commands/ClrHome|ClrHome]]'''&lt;/code&gt; ({{TI-Basic/Key|PRGM}}&lt;code&gt; '''''I/O'' 8'''&lt;/code&gt;) is the instruction that clears the home screen, erasing any text or numbers that may have been on it.

{{bcode:Example|
:Disp &quot;HELLO, WORLD!&quot;
}}

&lt;code&gt;'''[[../List of Commands/Disp|Disp]]'''&lt;/code&gt; ({{TI-Basic/Key|PRGM}}&lt;code&gt; '''''I/O'' 3'''&lt;/code&gt;) displays a variable, value, or string to the screen. If the screen is full, it will scroll down a line. If the string is more than 16 characters, &lt;code&gt;Disp&lt;/code&gt; will only show the first 15 of them, followed by an ellipsis (…). During the execution of the program, you will not be able to scroll and see the rest of the line if the 16 character limit is exceeded. Strings are displayed left-aligned, and values are displayed right-aligned.

In order to add quotation marks (&lt;code&gt;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;), press {{TI-Basic/Key|ALPHA}} {{TI-Basic/Key|+}}.

In this example, the string &lt;code&gt;HELLO, WORLD!&lt;/code&gt; is printed to the screen.
{{bcode:FOutput|
HELLO, WORLD!
}}
{{Warning|If you attempt to recreate the above example and get an output of &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; or an [[../Errors|error]], ensure that you have wrapped &lt;code&gt;&quot;HELLO, WORLD!&quot;&lt;/code&gt; in quotes. If you do not, each letter will be treated as a variable and will multiply the variables together.

Also, be sure you didn't manually type the commands using the {{TI-Basic/Key|ALPHA}} key. Use the options presented when pressing {{TI-Basic/Key|PRGM}}.}}

== Alternate Method ==

Another command offered for printing to the screen is the &lt;code&gt;'''[[../List of Commands/Output|Output]]'''&lt;/code&gt; ({{TI-Basic/Key|PRGM}}&lt;code&gt; '''''I/O'' 6'''&lt;/code&gt;) command. This command offers more arguments to specify where on the screen to print.
{{Bcode:Syntax|
Output(row,column,&quot;text&quot;)
Output(row,column,value)
|
* Where ''&lt;code&gt;row&lt;/code&gt;'' is the vertical positioning of the output. A value of &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; prints on the first row, etc.
* Where ''&lt;code&gt;column&lt;/code&gt;'' is the horizontal positioning of the output. A value of &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; prints on the first column, etc.
* Where ''&lt;code&gt;&quot;text&quot;&lt;/code&gt;'' or ''&lt;code&gt;value&lt;/code&gt;'' is the text or value to be displayed to the screen.
}}
Here's how to use this command in the &quot;hello world&quot; program. It prints &lt;code&gt;HELLO, WORLD!&lt;/code&gt; at row 1 column 1: 
{{Bcode:Example|PROGRAM:EXAMPLE
:ClrHome
:Output(1,1,&quot;HELLO, WORLD!&quot;)
}}
This program will result in the same output.
{{bcode:FOutput|
HELLO, WORLD!
}}
{{Warning|On some old versions of the Operating System on the TI-83+, the calculator may crash if there are many other programs. You should update the operating system, or (preferably) program on the computer and then transfer to the calculator.}}
== You try it! ==
Try these examples to practice the &lt;code&gt;Disp&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Output&lt;/code&gt; commands.
=== Poem ===
Use the &lt;code&gt;Disp&lt;/code&gt; commands to print a simple poem to the screen. Your poem should be 7 or fewer lines to fit on the screen (if you try to print an 8th line, the first line will move off the screen).
{{Collapse top|title=Solution}}
{{bcode:Example|
:ClrHome
:Disp &quot;A POEM BY ME&quot;
:Disp &quot;ALL BUT CLASSIC&quot;
:Disp &quot;MADE TO YOU&quot;
:Disp &quot;FOR TI-BASIC&quot;
}}
This example poem will print to the screen:
{{bcode:FOutput|
A POEM BY ME
ALL BUT CLASSIC
MADE TO YOU
FOR TI-BASIC
}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
=== Centered Text ===
Using &lt;code&gt;Output&lt;/code&gt;, replicate the following output exactly. You will need to use the command more than once.
{{bcode:FOutput|
 WELCOME TO THE
  TI-BASIC Z80
    WIKIBOOK
}}
{{Collapse top|title=Solution}}
{{bcode:Example|
:ClrHome
:Output(1,2,&quot;WELCOME TO THE&quot;)
:Output(2,3,&quot;TI-BASIC Z80&quot;)
:Output(3,5,&quot;WIKIBOOK&quot;)
}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
{{BottomNav|Necessary Items|Basic Variables}}</text>
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== What are Variables? ==
'''Variables''' are the meat of any programming language as they are used to store and work with data. With variables, the outcomes of programs can differ depending on the user's input or the purpose of the program. Variables in the TI calculators can store different types of data, whether it be numbers, lists of numbers, strings, mathematical functions, etc. However, each data type has its own type of variable that it can be stored in and the rules must be followed fairly strictly.

TI-BASIC is unusual among programming languages in that it does not support actual variables. Instead, all data are treated like files; there is no distinction between an ordinary number and an image, for example. TI refers to all files as &quot;variables.&quot; Henceforth, &quot;variable&quot; will refer to a file usable by a program.
== Types of Basic Variables ==
There are many types of variables, but in this chapter, only the most common ones will be dealt with. The [[TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Advanced Variables|Advanced Variables]] section will deal with the more complex variable types and uses. The following sections will deal with:
* ''Number'' — numbers (e.g., &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;-0.5&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;3.14&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;''i''&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;3''i''+2&lt;/code&gt;)
* ''List'' — array of numbers (e.g., &lt;code&gt;{1 2 3 4 5}&lt;/code&gt;)
* ''String'' — text (e.g., &lt;code&gt;&quot;HELLO, WORLD&quot;&lt;/code&gt;)
== Storing and Recalling Variables ==
Variables can be stored and recalled at the home screen, or within a program by simply using that variable's name. The method for recalling variables varies depending on the type of variable:
* To type a ''number'' variable, press {{TI-Basic/Key|ALPHA}}, then the corresponding key for that letter.
* To type a ''list'' variable, press {{TI-Basic/Key|2ND}}&lt;code&gt; '''[LIST]'''&lt;/code&gt;, then select the desired list in the list.
* To type a ''string'' variable, press {{TI-Basic/Key|VARS}}&lt;code&gt; '''7'''&lt;/code&gt;, then select the desired string in the list.
To recall the value of &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;, press {{TI-Basic/Key|ALPHA}} &lt;code&gt;'''[X]'''&lt;/code&gt;, then push {{TI-Basic/Key|ENTER}}:
{{bcode:FOutput|
X
              10
}}
or to recall &lt;code&gt;Str1&lt;/code&gt;:
{{bcode:FOutput|
Str1
HELLO WORLD
}}
or to recall &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:
{{bcode:FOutput|
L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;
      {1 2 3 4}
}}
=== Numbers ===
''Numbers'' are stored into variables labelled &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; through &lt;code&gt;Z&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/code&gt; and can be real or complex numbers (complex numbers can only be used if the calculator is in &lt;code&gt;''a+bi''&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;''re^&amp;theta;i''&lt;/code&gt; modes).

Number variables store both the integer and decimal part of a number.  Examples of number variables are &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;2.1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;5&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;7.212&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;3''i''&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;3.1415926&lt;/code&gt;. Number variables are accurate up to eight significant digits and can be in the range of &lt;code&gt;-9ᴇ99&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;9ᴇ99&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;math&gt;\pm9*10^{99}&lt;/math&gt;). If an attempt is tried to evaluate or store a value outside of the range, the calculator returns an error.

The calculator can update &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;R&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;T&lt;/code&gt; during graphing, so you may want to avoid using these variables to store non-graphing data.
==== Syntax ====
To store a number to a number variable, the syntax is as follows:
{{bcode:Syntax|
''value''→''variable''
|
*Where ''value'' is a literal value, a variable, or an expression
*Where ''variable'' is the variable to store ''value'' to
}}
==== Examples ====
===== Literals =====
{{bcode:Example|
5.32→X
}}

===== Variable =====
{{bcode:Example|
A→X
}}
In this example, only the value of &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; is stored to &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; (i.e., changes to &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; will not be reflected in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; after the assignment).
===== Equation =====
{{bcode:Example|
10/2+36+89/A→X
}}In this example, if &lt;code&gt;A = 89&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;X = 42&lt;/code&gt;, not the actual equation. Only the result of an equation is stored (the equation is &lt;code&gt;5+36+89/89 = 42&lt;/code&gt;, so &lt;code&gt;X = 42&lt;/code&gt;).
===Lists===
Lists are essentially an array: they store an array of numbers. The individual numbers of a list are named elements. The maximum number of elements in a list is &lt;code&gt;999&lt;/code&gt;.
==== Syntax ====
{{bcode:Syntax|
{''value1'',''value2'',...,''valueN''}→''listName''
|
*Where ''value1'',''value2'' through ''valueN'' are number elements
*Where ''listName'' is the name of a list.  This can be one of two types:
**Calculator defined:  &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;3&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;4&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;5&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;6&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
**User defined:  &lt;code&gt;&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt; ({{TI-Basic/Key|2ND}}&lt;code&gt; '''[LIST] ''OPS'' B'''&lt;/code&gt;) followed by characters denoting a name, maximum of 6 tokens, letters only
*The number of elements in a list may not exceed &lt;code&gt;999&lt;/code&gt;.
}}
To instantiate a list, the following code is used:
{{bcode:Example|
:DelVar L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;
:''n''→dim(L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;)|Where the first line deletes &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt; if it exists, and the second line instantiates &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt; with a size of ''&lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;''.}}
It is important to first instantiate a list before attempting to access it so that the size is appropriate for usage. The &lt;code&gt;'''dim('''&lt;/code&gt; ({{TI-Basic/Key|2ND}}&lt;code&gt; ''' [LIST] ''OPS'' 3'''&lt;/code&gt;) command stands for ''dimension'', and in this case, we have set &lt;code&gt;''n''&lt;/code&gt; as the dimension (or size) of the list.

To access a single element in a list, use the format &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;(N)&lt;/code&gt;, where ''N'' is the N-th element in the list. The index is 1-indexed, so to reference the first element in &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, use &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;(1)&lt;/code&gt;.

{{Warning|If you try to access an element that is out of the bounds of the size of the list (accessing the ''n''th element where the size of the list is less than ''n'' or ''n'' is less than 1), you will receive an error.}}

Lists can only store numbers.
==== Examples ====
===== Literals =====
{{bcode:Example|
{15,20,30}→L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;
}}
===== Custom Named list =====
{{bcode:Example|
{1,2,3,4,5}→&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt;MYLIST
}}
===== List to List =====
{{bcode:Example|
L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;→L&lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt;
}}
===== Equations =====
{{bcode:Example|
{15,20,30}+5→L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;
}}
In this example, &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would consist of &lt;code&gt;{20 25 35}&lt;/code&gt; because each element was increased by &lt;code&gt;5&lt;/code&gt; then stored to &lt;code&gt;L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.
=== Strings ===
Strings hold text.
==== Syntax ====
{{bcode:Syntax|
''string''→''strN''
|
*Where ''string'' is the string literal, or some other form of string to store to ''strN'' and
*Where ''strN'' is one of the predefined strings for the calculator.
}}
==== Examples ====
===== Literals =====
{{bcode:Example|
&quot;BOB SMITH&quot;→Str1
}}
===== Str to Str =====
{{bcode:Example|
Str1→Str2
}}
===== Concatenation/Combination =====
{{bcode:Example|
&quot;MY NAME IS &quot;+Str1+&quot; AND YOU KNOW IT!&quot;→Str2
}}

== Incompatible Types ==
It should be noted that variables can only contain their respective data type. For example, trying to store a number to a string object (&lt;code&gt;0→Str1&lt;/code&gt;) will result in an error.
== You try it! ==
Try these examples to practice using the different data types.
=== Arithmetic ===
Use variables to store numbers, then perform simple operations on them. Make variables A and B equal to 3 and 7, respectively. Then output &lt;math&gt;A/B&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;(AB)^A&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;B+(A^{2+4B})&lt;/math&gt;.
{{Collapse top|title=Solution}}
{{bcode:Example|
:ClrHome
:3→A
:7→B
:Disp A/B
:Disp (AB)^A
:Disp B+(A^(2+4B))
}}
Which outputs:
{{bcode:FOutput|    .4285712486
           9261
 2.058911321ᴇ14
}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
=== List Operation ===
Create a simple list using these numbers: &lt;code&gt;3,6,8&lt;/code&gt;. Now, using &lt;code&gt;Disp&lt;/code&gt;, output each value to the screen, then output the average of the values of the list by accessing them from the list. ''Remember, to type a list, press &lt;code&gt;2ND&lt;/code&gt; then a number from 1-6.''
{{Collapse top|title=Solution}}
{{bcode:Example|
:{3,6,8}→L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;
:ClrHome
:Disp L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;(1)
:Disp L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;(2)
:Disp L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;(3)
:Disp (L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;(1)+L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;(2)+L&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;(3))/3
}}
Which outputs:
{{bcode:FOutput|
               3
               6 
               8
     5.666666667
}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
=== String Concatenation ===
Set &lt;code&gt;Str1&lt;/code&gt; to your first name and set &lt;code&gt;Str2&lt;/code&gt; to your last name. Then, using string concatenation, print your first and last names on two lines, with preceding text &lt;code&gt;FIRST:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;LAST:&lt;/code&gt;. For example, your output would appear as follows:
{{bcode:FOutput|
FIRST: JOHN
LAST: DOE
}}
{{Collapse top|title=Solution}}
{{bcode:Example|
:&quot;JOHN&quot;→Str1
:&quot;DOE&quot;→Str2
:ClrHome
:Disp &quot;FIRST: &quot;+Str1
:Disp &quot;LAST: &quot;+Str2
}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
{{BottomNav|Hello, World!|Output}}

[[Category:Programming:TI-Basic]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Nstab-cookbook</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
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      <comment>Adjusting with a switch parser function to stop relying on sitewide JS.</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Automobile Repair/Tire pressure</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66334</id>
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      <id>4675705</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-12T11:45:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TomaszRz</username>
        <id>3628230</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add sections: when to check (cold, monthly, temperature effect) and tyre pressure monitoring systems (direct vs indirect, reset, fault flashing)</comment>
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      <text bytes="7054" sha1="qwa6p36gu1rzwq2etf0dxhhc59gjmmz" xml:space="preserve">Proper tire inflation is very important. All tires should be inflated to the pressure recommended in the vehicles owner manual.  Cars sold recently that meet U.S standards will have a notice, often on the driver's door frame but sometimes elsewhere, like in the glove compartment, showing what the front and rear pressures should be, and they should be listed in the owner's manual.
This should be between the minimum and maximum pressure ratings listed on the sidewall of the tire. Improper inflation may result in poor/unsafe handling, blowouts, poor gas mileage or excessive tire wear. Contrary to some expectations, blowouts are much more frequently a result of underinflation than overinflation; as tire pressure lowers, the sidewalls of the tire flex more during rotation causing more heat, which builds up and damages the tire. In contrast, tires are manufactured with a substantial margin of safety for overinflation.

The manufacturer's suggestions are a good place to start, if it is intended to adjust pressures optimally. Historically American cars would usually have the specified tire pressure somewhat low, for a more &quot;cushiony&quot; ride, but this practice is reduced of late. If suggested pressures are not available, or if the vehicle is modified, Usenet quotes an algorithm from Oscar Pereda, an engineer for BFGoodrich, as a good starting point for pressure in pounds per square inch:
:(Vehicle Weight in lb/100) psi + 2 psi at heavier end + 2 psi all around if suspension and alignment are stock. 
If equipment is available to measure the temperature of the tire tread, they should be inflated so as to achieve even temperature distribution across the treads of all four tires; higher temperature in the center of the tread compared to the edges indicates overinflation, while the opposite indicates underinflation; higher temperatures at one end of the car similarly indicates that that end is overinflated with respect to the other end.

Tire pressures can then be altered to tune handling. If, after the pressure is set up, the car seems to lack adhesion at one end, then air can be added to the tires on that end (one or two pounds at a time) until balance seems to be achieved to suit the driver. As an example, in the rear-engined Chevrolet Corvair, the normal oversteering tendency of a rear-engined vehicle was combated by keeping front tire pressures down to twelve psi, which was safe because of the low weight the front tires carried on that car; if the front tire pressure was raised to what would be normal for a front-engined vehicle, the car would become dangerously unstable.

In the case of tires with very thick tread, such as aggressive mud or snow tires, the tendency described above to build up heat and deteriorate is that much greater, and therefore they should be inflated closer to the maximum pressure given on the sidewall, altered as necessary for safe handling, as described above.

The almost universal adoption of radial tires has made adhesion on wet pavement less of a problem; however, where bias-ply tires are still used, the speed at which &quot;hydroplaning&quot; occurs, ''i.e.'' the tire loses contact with the pavement and begins to slide on the film of water, can be easily calculated as the square root of the tire pressure, times ten psi. If high speed driving on wet pavement with bias-ply tires is contemplated, this is something that must be taken into account.

You will need a tire gauge. You can get a cheap pen style gauge for between $1 and $5 (USD) at a gas station or automotive shop.

To check the tire pressure, locate the valve stem, take the cap off it, and firmly push the gauge onto it, and then remove the gauge and check the reading. The gauge should only hiss briefly while pushing it onto the valve stem. If it hisses more, then you aren't pushing on it hard enough, and are not getting an accurate reading.

==Spare tire==
Proper inflation of the spare tire is also very important. All tires will lose some pressure over time, but since the spare tire is usually hidden from view, many people overlook it. If you don't check it regularly, your spare tire could go flat, and cause further problems when you have a tire failure.

The spare tire is often different than the regular tires. If the vehicle has a full-size spare, it's usually the same as the tires that were originally installed on the vehicle, which may differ from the tires currently installed. If it's a mini spare, the difference is obvious. So, make sure to check the pressure ratings on the sidewall of the tire to find the proper tire pressure.

If you don't already know how to access your spare tire, you should check your car's manual. There are too many different configurations to explain it in this book.


==When to check==
Check pressures when the tyres are cold, before the car has been driven more than a kilometre or two. Driving warms the air in the tyre and raises the reading by 0.2 to 0.3 bar (3 to 4 psi), so a tyre checked hot and set to the placard figure will be under-inflated once it cools. Check at least monthly and before a long trip; a sound tyre loses roughly 0.1 bar (1 to 2 psi) a month through the rubber, and more as the weather turns cold, since pressure falls by about 0.07 bar (1 psi) for every 5 to 6 °C (10 °F) drop in temperature.

==Tyre pressure monitoring systems (TPMS)==
Cars sold in the United States since 2008 and in the European Union since 2014 must warn the driver of a significantly under-inflated tyre. Two designs are used:
* '''Direct''' systems have a pressure sensor inside each wheel, usually built into the valve. They report the actual pressure, often per wheel on the display, and their batteries last roughly seven to ten years, after which the sensor is replaced with the tyre.
* '''Indirect''' systems use the ABS wheel speed sensors to detect a wheel turning faster than the others because its rolling radius has shrunk. They need no sensors in the wheels but must be '''reset''' from the dashboard menu or a button after the tyres have been inflated or changed, otherwise the new pressures become the baseline.

The warning threshold is typically about 25 per cent below the placard pressure, which is already low enough to raise fuel consumption and tyre temperature, so the light is a last warning and not a substitute for the monthly gauge check. A light that '''flashes''' for about a minute after start-up and then stays on means the system itself has a fault (commonly a dead sensor battery or a missing sensor after a tyre change) rather than a low tyre.

'''Note 1:''' Direct sensors are fragile and are damaged by careless tyre fitting and by some tyre sealants. Tell the tyre shop the car has sensors.

'''Note 2:''' After rotating the wheels on a direct system, some cars relearn the positions automatically while driving; others need the positions programmed with a tool, or the display will show the wrong wheel.

'''Note 3:''' The spare wheel usually has no sensor, so the warning does not cover it. Check it with the gauge.

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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Peds/CNS PNET</title>
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      <text bytes="9960" sha1="3t2qkiooaew1nplfph6eyz797cdoivg" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}


&gt; [[Radiation Oncology/Peds/Brain tumors]]


'''Supratentorial PNETs'''
*Account for &lt;5% of pediatric CNS tumors
*Patients typically present with symptoms related to increased ICP
*Embryonal tumor composed of undifferentiated/poorly differentiated neuroepithelial cells, which can differentiate along neuronal, astrocytic, ependymal, muscular, or melanotic lines
**Distinct neuronal differentiation = cerebral neuroblastoma
**Ganglion cells present = ganglioneuroblastoma
**Arising in pineal region = [[Radiation_Oncology/CNS/Pineal|pineoblastoma]]
*Typically more aggressive nature compared to medulloblastoma (infratentorial PNET), with rapid progression
**German HIT trials: 3-year PFS ST-PNET PFS 49% vs standard-risk medulloblastoma 78% on same protocol
**CCG 921 trial: 5-year PFS ST-PNET M0 53% vs. medulloblastoma M0 71%; M+ 29% vs. 52% on same protocol
*Different genetic alterations in ST PNET vs. medulloblastoma
*May occur anywhere in the CNS
*Historically treated on same protocols as [[Radiation_Oncology/Medulloblastoma|medulloblastoma]]; treatment strategy now comparable to high-risk medulloblastoma
**Historically, POG has viewed PNET and medulloblastoma as different entities, while CCG was reporting them together 
*Based on German HIT 87/92 trials, RT cannot be eliminated in young (&lt;3 years) patients, even with intense chemotherapy, and delay should be &lt;6 months. Similarly, in CCG and POG protocols, infants treated with only chemotherapy tended to progress and die of the disease


Poor prognostic factors:
*Disseminated disease at diagnosis (M+)
*Young age &lt;3 
*Non-cerebellar (medulloblastoma), non-pineal (pineoblastoma) primary 


==Studies==
*'''CCG 99701''' (Ongoing)
**Phase I/II. Feasibility of concurrent/maintenance chemotherapy. Central primitive embryonic tumors (PNET, ATRT, Medulloblastoma, Ependymoblastoma, Medullomyoblastoma, Spongioblastoma, Medulloepithelioma, Neuroblastoma, Pineoblastoma). No M4 disease. RT CSI 36/20 followed by tumor boost to 53-58.6 Gy in 1.8 Gy/fx, with concurrent carboplatin/ vincristine, followed by maintenance vincristine/ cyclophosphamide or cisplatin/ vincristine/ cyclophosphamide


*'''HIT-SKK87 and HIT-SKK92''' (1987-1992, 1992-1997) 
**''HIT-SKK87'': Low-risk (complete resection, M0) and age &lt;2.5 received maintenance chemo only until RT at 3 years or progression. High-risk (subtotal resction, M+) and age 2.5-3 induction chemo / maintence chemo until RT at 3 years or progression
**''HIT-SKK92'': Post-op chemo x3 cycles first, then if CR no RT. If PR and &lt;18 months, then more chemo, if PR and &gt;18 months, then RT.  
**RT given as CSI 35.2/22 Gy + 20/10 Gy boost; if no residual disease, reduced to CSI 24 Gy + PF boost to 55 Gy
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16575007}} -- &quot;Role of radiotherapy in supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor in young children: results of the German HIT-SKK87 and HIT-SKK92 trials.&quot; (Timmermann B, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Apr 1;24(10):1554-60.)
***Total 29 children enrolled on both. No RT given in 15 children.
***3-year outcomes: OS 17% and PFS 15%. RT only positive predictive factor
**Conclusion: Outcomes unsatisfactory. Omission of RT jeopardizes survival, even when intensive chemo given. Suggest limiting delay of RT to maximum 6 months

*'''German HIT 88/89 and HIT 91''' (1991-97)
**Pilot (HIT 88/89) followed by randomized (HIT 91). Trial enrolled pts with supratentorial PNET, medulloblastoma, and anaplastic ependymomas. All treated with extensive resection. In HIT 88/89, pts treated postoperatively with chemo x2 cycles (Ifosfamide, etoposide, MTX, cisplatin, cytarabine) -&gt; RT (CSI 35.2 Gy + PF boost 20 Gy). In HIT 91, randomized to 1) immediate RT (35.2 + 20) followed by maintenance chemo x8 cycles (CCNU, cisplatin, vincristine), or 2) chemo -&gt; RT (same as HIT 88/89).
**'''ST PNET subset, 2002''' {{PMID|11821469}}, 2002 &amp;mdash; &quot;Role of radiotherapy in the treatment of supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors in childhood: results of the prospective German brain tumor trials HIT 88/89 and 91.&quot; (Timmermann M et al. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Feb 1;20(3):842-9.)
***Subset analysis of 63 children with ST PNET. 67% incomplete resection. 7 children RT to tumor site only, 2 children no RT, 15 children major RT violations. Median F/U 2.6 years
***3-yr OS 48.4%. Progression in 38 pts, LR in 27 pts. 3-year PFS correct RT 49% vs. major protocol violation RT 7% 
***Conclusion: Preirradiation chemo increases risk of recurrence. Volume should encompass whole CNS to 35 Gy with boost to at least 54 Gy

**'''Pilot HIT 88/89''' {{PMID|9743957}} -- &quot;Preradiation chemotherapy of children and young adults with malignant brain tumors: results of the German pilot trial HIT'88/'89.&quot; (Kuhl J, Klin Padiatr. 1998 Jul-Aug;210(4):227-33.)
***RT delayed median 23 weeks
***5-year OS: medulloblastoma 57%, ependymoma 62%, malignant glioma 36%, ST PNET 30%
***Conclusion: Well tolerated and efficacious. Based on this, HIT 91 developed

*'''CCG 921''' (1986-1992)
**Randomized. 427 children &lt;21 years, with medulloblastoma, pineoblastoma, ependymoblastoma, central neuroblastoma, PNET, or malignant ependymoma, with unfavorable features. For ST-PNET required M+ staging. Children age &gt;1.5 years (n=328) received post-op CSI with Arm A) vincristine, lomustine, prednisone vs. Arm B) ''8-in-1'' (cisplatin, procarbazine, lomustine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone, hydroxyurea, cytarabine). RT: age &gt;3 received CSI 36 Gy, boost to 50.4-54 Gy spine mets and 54 Gy primary brain site; age &lt;3 received CSI 23.4 Gy with boost to 45 Gy. Children age &lt;1.5 years (n=99) were not randomized and received only Arm B
**'''Infants failures; 2005''' {{PMID|16007595}} -- &quot;Patterns of treatment failure in infants with primitive neuroectodermal tumors who were treated on CCG-921: a phase III combined modality study.&quot; (Hong TS, Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005 Oct 15;45(5):676-82.)
***Infant (&lt;1.5 years) subset of 65 patients (19 supratentorial, 46 posterior fossa.)
***Outcome: 5-year relapse rate M0 64% vs. M+ 71%. ST-PNET subset M0 64% vs. M+ 100%. Relapses within 2 years
***Conclusion: despite aggresive chemo, infents have high rates of treatment failure
**'''Older kids failures; 2004''' {{PMID|15337557}} -- &quot;Patterns of failure in supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors treated in Children's Cancer Group Study 921, a phase III combined modality study.&quot; (Hong TS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Sep 1;60(1):204-13.)
***ST-PNET subset of 44 patients, age &gt;1.5 years. Compared to medulloblastoma treated on same protocol
***Outcome: 3-year PFS M0 53% vs. M+ 14% (SS); 5-year relapse rate 47% vs. 71%. Worse relapse rate compared to medulloblastoma: M0 47% vs. 29%, M+ 71% vs. 48%
***Pattern of failure: M0 11% in spine; M+ 43% in spine
***Time-course: 80% within 2 years
***Conclusion: High rate of failure, M+ patients doing particularly poorly
**'''3-years; 1995''' {{PMID|7602359}} -- &quot;Prognostic factors and treatment results for supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors in children using radiation and chemotherapy: a Childrens Cancer Group randomized trial.&quot; (Cohen BH, J Clin Oncol. 1995 Jul;13(7):1687-96.)
***ST-PNET subset of 55 patients, age &gt;1.5 years. 
***Outcome: 3-year OS 57%, PFS 45%; pineal PNET better at 73% and 61% (SS); stage M0 PFS 50% vs. M+ 0%. No difference between chemo arms
***Toxicity: 8-in-1 arm worse
***Conclusion: No difference between chemo arms; M0 and pineal site better outcome
**'''Infants; 1994''' {{PMID|8040673}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Survival of infants with primitive neuroectodermal tumors or malignant ependymomas of the CNS treated with eight drugs in 1 day: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group.&quot; (Geyer JR et al. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Aug;12(8):1607-15.)
***Infant (&lt;1.5 year) subset of 82 children (46 posterior fossa, 15 ependymoma, 11 nonpineal ST-PNET, 8 pineoblastoma, 2 ATRT. Received Arm B only (8-in-1), RT omitted in most cases
***3-year PFS: ST PNET 55% vs. medullo 22% vs. ependymoma 22% vs. pineoblastoma 0%. Median time-to-progression 6 months
***Conclusion: OS is poor, a subset remained disease-free with chemo only
***Comment: Results inferior compared to Baby POG, probably due to less intensive chemo, but ~20% long-term survivors with chemo only

*'''Baby POG I''' (1986-90)
**Prospective. 198 children &lt; 3 yrs (132 &lt; 2 yrs, 66 age 2-3 yrs), bx proven malignant brain tumors (low-grade astro excluded), treated with maximal surgery, postop chemo (CTX/VCR followed by cis/etopo) for 2 yrs (if age &lt; 2 at dx) or 1 yr (age 2-3) or until disease progression, followed by RT. 
**Histologies: medulloblastoma 31%, ependymoma 24%, PNET 18%, malignant glioma 9%, brain-stem glioma 7%, other 9%. 27% M+.  GTR in 38% of cases.
**RT for medullo, PNETs, anaplastic ependymoma, or subarachnoid seeding CSI 35.2 Gy + boost to primary to 54 Gy. RT for ependymoma, gliomas local to 54 Gy. If no residual disease after chemo, reduced RT to CSI 24 Gy and primary site 50 Gy. Infants &lt;2 years 90% of dose 
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8388548}} -- &quot;Postoperative chemotherapy and delayed radiation in children less than three years of age with malignant brain tumors.&quot;  (Duffner et al., N Engl J Med.  1993; 328(24):1725-31)
***Response rate: best in medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma. Poor/no response in brain-stem gliomas and embryonal tumors
***CR to chemo PFS comparable those with GTR PFS
***Conclusion: Chemo effective in infancy. If GTF, chemo alone provided excellent control. No clinically important neurotoxicity. However, cannot recommend for embryonal tumors
**'''10-years, 1999''' {{PMID|11554387}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The treatment of malignant brain tumors in infants and very young children: an update of the Pediatric Oncology Group experience.&quot; (Duffner PK et al. Neuro-oncol. 1999 Apr;1(2):152-61.)
***ST PNET (17 children): 5-year OS 27%. Failures early
***3-year survival: GTR 100% vs. STR 11%
***Conclusion: Some children may have prolonged survival</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Penis</title>
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==Epidemiology==
*US - 1500 cases annually, &lt;2% of GU cancers
*Incidence is dramatically higher in the developing world
**US - 0.2 / 100,000
**Bombay - 1.8 / 100,000 (10-fold increase)
**Sao Paolo - 28 / 100,000 (another 15-fold increase)
**Uganda - most common male malignancy
*Risk factors
**Phimosis - narrowed opening of the prepuce resulting in non-retractile foreskin. Odds ratio 10
**Smegma
**Circumcision - in Uganda, circumcised tribes 0.5 vs. uncircumcised tribes 2.9 / 100,000
**HPV - primarily 16, prevalence 30-70%
**Age - meadian age at diagnosis in US is 60
**Tobacco
**Premalignant lesions


'''''HPV16'''''
*'''Amsterdam; 2007''' {{PMID|17925550}} -- &quot;Human papillomavirus-16 is the predominant type etiologically involved in penile squamous cell carcinoma.&quot; (Heideman DA, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 10;25(29):4550-6.)
**Molecular and serologic analysis of HPV on 83 penile SCC vs. age-matched controls
**Outcome: HPV DNA in 55% samples - HPV16 75%. HPV18 and HPV6 seropositivity associated, but not by molecular findings
**Conclusion: HPV16 is the main HPV type associated with penile SCC

==Histology==
*Squamous cell (95%)
**Papillary 
**Basaloid
**Warty
**Sarcomatoid
**Verrucous (up to 25%)
*Melanoma
*Lymphoma
*Basal cell
*Urethral

===Grading===
'''Differentiation grading systems for SCC'''
*Broder's grading system
**I - well differentiated with keratinization, prominent intercellular bridges, and keratin pearls
**II to III - greater nuclear atypia, increased mitotic activity, and decreased keratin pearls
**IV - deeply invasive, marked nuclear pleomorphism, nuclear mitoses, necrosis, lymphatic and perineural invasion, and no keratin pearls

*Maiche’s system score
**currently seems to be the most suitable staging system [http://www.uroweb.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Guidelines/10%20Penile%20Cancer.pdf]

==Staging==
===AJCC Current Staging===
'''AJCC 7th Edition (2009)''' &lt;br&gt;
''Primary Tumor:''
*Tis - carcinoma in situ
*Ta - non-invasive verrucous carcinoma
*T1
**T1a - invades subepithelial connective tissue without lymphovascular invasion and is not poorly differentiated (i.e. tumor is grade 1-2 of 4)
**T1b - invades subepithelial connective tissue with lymphovascular invasion or is poorly differentiated (i.e. tumor is grade 3-4 of 4)
*T2 - invades corpus spongiosum or cavernosum
*T3 - invades urethra
*T4 - invades other adjuacent structures (including prostate)

''Regional Lymph Nodes:'' include superficial and deep inguinal, internal and external iliac, pelvic lymph nodes &lt;br&gt;
:''Clinical assessment (based on palpation or imaging):''
*cN0 - none
*cN1 - palpable mobile unilateral inguinal LN
*cN2 - palpable mobile multiple or bilateral inguinal LN
*cN3 - fixed inguinal nodal mass or pelvic lymphadenopathy

:''Regional Lymph Nodes (pathologic assessment):''
*pN0 - none
*pN1 - metastasis in single inguinal LN
*pN2 - multiple or bilateral inguinal lymph nodes
*pN3 - extranodal extension or pelvic lymph node involvement

''Distant Metastases:''
*M0 - no
*M1 - yes

''Stage Grouping:''
*0 - Tis or Ta
*I - T1a N0 
*II - T1b-T3 N0
*IIIA - T1-3 N1
*IIIB - T1-3 N2
*IV - T4, N3, M1

''Changes from 6th Edition:''
*T1 subdivided into T1a and T1b based on LVI and grade
*Prostate invasion moved from T3 to T4. T3 limited to urethral invasion
*Added new schemes for clinical vs pathologic lymph node assessment
*T1b (new subdivision) becomes Stage II and T1a remains Stage I
*Any LN+ is now at least Stage III. Divided into IIIA and IIIB.

===Older staging systems===
'''AJCC 6th Edition (2002)''' &lt;br&gt;
''Primary Tumor:''
*Tis - carcinoma in situ
*Ta - non-invasive verrucous carcinoma
*T1 - invades subepithelial connective tissue
*T2 - invades corpus spongiosum or cavernosum
*T3 - invades urethra or prostate
*T4 - invades other adjuacent structures

''Regional Lymph Nodes:''
*N0 - none
*N1 - single superficial inguinal lymph node
*N2 - multiple or bilateral superficial inguinal lymph nodes
*N3 - deep inguinal or pelvic lymph nodes (unilateral or bilateral)

''Distant Metastases:''
*M0 - no
*M1 - yes

''Stage Grouping:''
*I - T1 N0 
*II - T1 N1, T2 N0-1 
*III - T1-2 N2, T3 N0-2 
*IV - T4, N3, M1

===Other staging systems===
'''Jackson's Staging'''

*Stage I (A) - tumor is confined to glans, prepuce or both
*Stage II (B) - tumor extends onto shaft of penis; no nodal or distant metastases
*Stage III (C) - tumor has inguinal nodal metastases that are operable
*Stage IV (D) - tumor involves adjacent structures and is associated with inoperable inguinal metastasis or distant metastasis

==Spread==
'''Lymph Nodes'''
*Drainage to superficial inguinal -&gt; deep inguinal -&gt; external iliac
*At presentation
**50% clinically enlarged
***50% disease
***50% reactive - so should treat first with a course of ABX
**50% clinically negative
***20% occult disease
**Decision on who should undergo inguinal dissection one of the hardest in penile CA management. Sentinel LN reasonable option
*Highly correlates with T-stage and grade ({{PMID|11342906}})
**T1 11%, T2 63%, T3 63%
**G1 15%, G2 67%, G3 75%


{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! Risk Group !! Stage &amp; Grade !! LN (+)
|-
|Low || T1 G1 || 0%
|-
|Intermediate || T1 G2-3, T2 G1 || 33%
|-
|High || T2 G2-3, T3 G1-3 || 83%
|}


*LN+ correlates with 5-year survival:
**N0 - 80-90%
**N1 - 70%
**N2-3 inguinal - 35%
**N3 pelvic - 20%
**Overall N+ 40-50%


'''Mets'''
*&lt;10% M+ at presentation

==Sentinel Lymph Node==
*'''Netherlands Cancer Institute; 2009''' {{PMID|19414668}} -- &quot;Two-center evaluation of dynamic sentinel node biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.&quot; (Leijte JA, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jul 10;27(20):3325-9. Epub 2009 May 4.)
**Prospective. 323 patients (from 611 cN0 patients). 
**Outcome: Technical success rate 97%. LN+ in 24%. Inguinal recurrences (false-negative SLNB) 7%
**Toxicity: 5% (mostly seroma/lymphocele and infections)
**Conclusion: SLNB suitable procedure to stage clinically N0 penile cancer


==Treatment Guidelines==
*NCI Guidelines are driven by TNM staging


{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''NCI Guidelines'''
! Stage !! TNM !! Recommendation
|-
! Stage 0
| 
*Tis 
*Ta 
| 
*Mohs surgery
*Laser, cryosurgery
*Iquimod, topical 5-FU
|-
! Stage 1
| 
*T1 N0
|
*Foreskin: wide local excision
*Penile amputation
*Mohs surgery
*RT
|-
! Stage 2
|
*T1 N1
*T2 N0-1
|
*Penile amputation
*EBRT/BT
|-
! Stage 3
|
*T1-2 N2
*T3 N-2
|
*Penile amputation, with LN dissection if clinically LN+
*Penile amputation, with nodal RT if clinically LN+ and not surgical candidate
|-
! Stage 4
|
*T4
*Any T N3
*M1
|
*Palliative surgery
*Palliative RT
|}


*European Association of Urologists guidelines are driven by TNM and by lesion grade


{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''EAU Guidelines'''
! Group !! Stage !! Recommendation
|-
! Low Risk
|
*Ta-1 G1
|
*Penis conservation (Mohs or RT)
*Penile amputation (partial or total) in patients with poor follow-up
|-
! All Others
|
*T1 G3
*&gt;=T2
|
*Penile amputation (partial or total)
*Penis conservation (Mohs or RT) in carefully selected patients
*Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by penis conservation is investigational
|}


==Surgery vs. RT==
*'''Lausanne, 2006''' (Switzerland) {{PMID|16949770}} -- &quot;Treatment of penile carcinoma: To cut or not to cut?&quot; (Ozsahin M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 1;66(3):674-9.)
**Retrospective. 60 patients, 5 surgery, 22 surgery + adjuvant RT, 29 primary RT. Mean F/U 62 months
**5-year OS: surgery 53% vs. RT 56% (NS). RT failures underwent surgical salvage 
**Local failure: Median time to LR failure 14 months; Surgery (+/- RT) 13% vs. RT 56% (SS)
**Patients treated with RT: penis preservation 52%. 5-year probability of intact penis 43%
**Conclusion: Surgery better LR rate, RT better penile preservation, OS same


==Brachytherapy==
*'''Princess Margaret, 2005''' (Canada) 1989-2003 {{PMID|15890588}} -- &quot;Penile brachytherapy: results for 49 patients.&quot; (Crook JM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jun 1;62(2):460-7.)
**Retrospective. 49 patients. T1 51%, T2 33%. G1 31%, G2 45%. RT treated 23 with PDR BT, 22 Iridium BT, 4 seeds BT to 60 Gy. Medium F/U 2.7 years
**5-year OS: 78%, CSS 90%
**Local failure: 15%, all salvaged by surgery. Regional failure 20%. Distant failure 10%
**5-year penile preservation: 86%
**Side effects: soft tissue necrosis 16%, urethral stenosis 12%</text>
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    <title>German/Level I/Zu Hause essen</title>
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 | __TOC__
|}{{Revise}}
= Lesson I.13: Zu Hause essen =
In this lesson, you'll learn about food in supermarkets, meal preparation, and typical German meals.
== Im Supermarkt ==
===Store Areas and Objects===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; {{German table|Vocabulary|Entrances, Aisles, and Checkout|Eingänge, Gänge und Kassenbereich|0|2}}
!English||German
|-
|supermarket||der Supermarkt
|-
|entrance||der Eingang
|-
|aisle||der Gang
|-
|shelf||das Regal
|-
|checkout/register||die Kasse
|-
|line/queue||die Schlange
|-
|exit||der Ausgang
|-
|opening hours||die Öffnungszeiten
|}
Using these words, you can speed up your grocery trips by going to the ''richtigen Gang''.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; {{German table|Vocabulary|Store Sections|Shop-Bereiche|0|2}}
!English||German
|-
|the bakery section||die Bäckerei
|-
|the butcher counter||die Metzgerei
|-
|the meat counter||die Fleischtheke
|-
|the vegetable section||der Gemüsestand
|-
|the fruit section||die Obsttheke
|-
|the cheese counter||die Käsetheke
|-
|the fish counter||die Fischtheke
|}
Knowing the names of fresh counters helps you navigate efficiently to them. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; {{German table|Vocabulary|Checkout|Die Kasse|0|2}}
!English||German
|-
|shopping cart||der Einkaufswagen
|-
|shopping basket||der Einkaufskorb
|-
|receipt||die Quittung
|-
|card reader||das Kartenlesegerät
|-
|loose change||das Kleingeld
|-
|to return food||Essen zurückgeben
|}
Knowing these words will help you understand what a cashier is saying.

===Food by Section===
[[File:Eszterhazy-Torte 01.JPG|thumb|right|Esterházy-torte in a Sopron pastry shop.]]
[[File:Nuernberger Lebkuchen 3183857869 0f3f7bcbe3.jpg|thumb|right|Lebkuchen at the Nuremberg Christmas Market]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; {{German table|Vocabulary|The Backery|Die Bäckerei|0|2}}
!English||German
|-
|bread||das Brot
|-
|sourdough bread||das Sauerteigbrot
|-
|bread roll||das Brötchen
|-
|burger buns||die Burgerbrötchen
|-
|wholemeal||das Vollkorn
|-
|cake||der Kuchen
|-
|pretzel||die Brezel
|-
|croissant||das Croissant
|-
|gingerbread||der Lebkuchen*
|-
|layered cake||die Torte*
|-
|pastries||das Gebäck
|-
|muffin||der Muffin
|-
|cookie/biscuit||der Keks
|-
|icing||die Glasur
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;''Lebkuchen'' are spiced cookies sold during Advent.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;''Torte'' is a '''layered''' cake with cream or fruit, different from regular ''Kuchen''.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; {{German table|Vocabulary|Fruits|Die Früchte|0|8}}
!English||German||English||German||English||German||English||German
|-
|apple||'''der Apfel'''||dragon fruit||die Drachenfrucht||loquat||die Japanische Wollmispel||pineapple||die Ananas
|-
|apricot||die Aprikose||durian||die Durian||lychee||die Litschi||plum||die Pflaume
|-
|banana||die Banane||fig||die Feige||mandarin||die Mandarine||pomegranate||'''der Granatapfel'''
|-
|blackberry||die Brombeere||gooseberry||die Stachelbeere||mango||die Mango||prickly pear||die Kaktusfeige
|-
|blueberry||die Blaubeere||grape||die Weintraube||mangosteen||die Mangostane||pomelo||die Pomelo
|-
|boysenberry||die Boysenbeere||grapefruit||die Grapefruit||mamoncillo||die Mamoncillo||pulasan||die Pulasan
|-
|Canary melon||die Kanarienmelone||guava||die Guave||minneola||die Minneola||rambutan||die Rambutan
|-
|cantaloupe||die Cantaloupe-Melone||honeydew melon||die Honigmelone||musk melon||die Zuckermelone||raspberry||die Himbeere
|-
|Casaba melon||die Casaba-Melone||horned melon||die Horngurke||nance||die Nance||satsuma||die Satsuma
|-
|Cherimoya||die Cherimoya||jackfruit||die Jackfrucht||nectarine||die Nektarine||soursop||die Stachelannone
|-
|cherry||die Kirsche||jujube||die Jujube||orange||die Orange||star fruit||die Sternfrucht
|-
|Christmas melon||die Weihnachtsmelone||kiwi||'''der Kiwi'''||blood orange||die Blutorange||strawberry||die Erdbeere
|-
|clementine||die Clementine||kumquat||die Kumquat||papaya||die Papaya||tamarillo||die Baumtomate
|-
|cowberry||die Preiselbeere||lemon||die Zitrone||passion fruit||die Passionsfrucht||tangelo||die Tangelo
|-
|Crenshaw melon||die Crenshaw-Melone||lime||die Limette||peach||'''der Pfirsich'''||tangerine||die Mandarine
|-
|currant||die Johannisbeere||loganberry||die Loganbeere||pear||die Birne||ugli fruit||die Ugli-Frucht
|-
|date||die Dattel||longan||die Longan||persimmon||die Kaki||watermelon||die Wassermelone
|}
Observe that ''most'' fruits are feminine and that &quot;''Mandarine''&quot; means both &quot;tangerine&quot; and &quot;mandarin.&quot;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; {{German table|Vocabulary|Vegetables|Die Gemüse|0|8}}
!English||German||English||German||English||German||English||German
|-
|artichoke||die Artischocke||Chard (Red/Swiss)||der Mangold (roter/weißer)||endive lettuce||der Endiviensalat||rhubarb||der Rhabarber
|-
|asparagus||der Spargel
|chicory||die Wegwarte||green/red leaf lettuce||der grüner/roter Blattsalat||Romanesco||der Romanesco
|-
|eggplant||die Aubergine||corn||der Mais||romaine lettuce||der Römersalat||rutabaga||die Steckrübe
|-
|avocado||die Avocado||cress||die Kresse||lima bean||die Limabohne||shallot||die Schalotte
|-
|beet||die Rote Bete||cucumber||die Gurke||mushroom||der Pilz||spinach||der Spinat
|-
|bok choy||der Pak Choi||daikon||der Daikon-Rettich||okra||die Okra||squash||der Kürbis
|-
|broccoli||der Brokkoli||garlic||der Knoblauch||onion||die Zwiebel||acorn squash||der Eichelkürbis
|-
|broccolini||der Brokkolini||green bean||die Grüne Bohne||green onion||die Frühlingszwiebel||butternut squash||der Butternut-Kürbis
|-
|broccoli Raab||der Stängelkohl||greens||das Blattgemüse||parsnip||die Pastinake||pattypan squash||der Patisson-Kürbis
|-
|Brussels sprout||der Rosenkohl||collard greens||der Blattkohl||pea||die Erbse||spaghetti squash||der Spaghettikürbis
|-
|Chinese cabbage||der Chinakohl||mustard greens||die Senfblätter||snap sugar pea||die Zuckererbse||swede||der Schwede
|-
|green cabbage||der Weißkohl||gourd||der Kürbis||snow pea||die Zuckerschote||sweet potato||die Süßkartoffel
|-
|purple cabbage||der Rotkohl||jicama||die Jicama||Anaheim pepper||die Anaheim-Chili||tomatillo||die Tomatillo
|-
|savoy cabbage||der Wirsing||kale||der Grünkohl||sweet pepper||der Paprika||tomato||die Tomate
|-
|carrot||die Karotte||kohlrabi||der Kohlrabi||potato||die Kartoffel||turnip||die Rübe
|-
|cauliflower||der Blumenkohl||leek||der Lauch||pumpkin||der Kürbis||water chestnut||die Wassernuss
|-
|celeriac||die Knollensellerie||arugula lettuce||der Rucola-Salat||radicchio||der Radicchio||yam||die Yamswurzel
|-
|celery||der Sellerie||butter lettuce||der Butterkopfsalat||radish||das Radieschen||zucchini||die Zucchini
|}

[[File:Xanten, Niederrhein, Kuh im Naturschutzgebiet -- 2015 -- Tiere.jpg|thumb|400px|Rohmilch ist naturbelassen, frisch und unverarbeitet und enthält essenzielle Nährstoffe, Fette, Proteine, entzündungshemmende Enzyme, bioverfügbare Vitamine und Mineralstoffe. Sie fördert zudem die Laktaseproduktion im Darm, wodurch viele Menschen mit Laktoseintoleranz sie problemlos verdauen können.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; {{German table|Vocabulary|Dairy and Eggs|Milchprodukte und Eier|0|2}}
!English||German
|-
|milk||die Milch
|-
|raw milk||die Rohmilch
|-
|certified raw mik||die Vorzugsmilch
|-
|hay milk||die Heumilch
|-
|clarified butter||das Butterschmalz
|-
|cheese||der Käse*
|-
|egg||das Ei
|-
|butter||die Butter
|-
|yogurt||der Joghurt
|-
|cream||die Sahne
|-
|eggnog||der Eierpunsch
|-
|ice cream||das Eis
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Käse is an irregular noun as it is the only masculine ending in /ə/ that follows the '''strong''' declension.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; {{German table|Vocabulary|Meat and Seafood|Fleisch und Meeresfrüchte|0|2}}
!English||German
|-
|meat||das Fleisch
|-
|chicken||das Hähnchen
|-
|pork||das Schweinefleisch
|-
|beef||das Rindfleisch
|-
|mutton||das Hammelfleisch
|-
|sausage||die Wurst
|-
|fish||der Fisch
|-
|shrimp||die Garnele
|-
|octopus||der Oktopus
|-
|salmon||der Lachs
|-
|bass||der Barsch
|}

===Quantities===
Except the U.S., Myanmar, and Liberia, which use the Imperial System, all nations use the {{w|Metric System}}. Moreover, the euro (€) is the official currency of 21 out of 27 EU countries which together constitute the '''eurozone'''; countries in Europe do '''not''' accept USD in cash.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; {{German table|Vocabulary|Food Containers|Lebensmittelbehälter|0|2}}
!English||German
|-
|bottle||die Flasche
|-
|can/tin||die Dose
|-
|package||die Packung
|-
|slice||die Scheibe
|-
|bag/pouch||der Beutel
|-
|jar/glass||das Glas
|-
|plastic||Kunststoff
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; {{German table|Vocabulary|Price Tags|Preisschilder|0|2}}
!English||German
|-
|special offer/sale||das Sonderangebot
|-
|price||der Preis
|-
|deposit on bottles/cans||das Pfand
|-
|value-added tax||die Mehrwertsteuer
|-
|discount||der Rabatt
|}
When buying beverages in returnable containers, factor the ''Pfand'' (a small fee added to beverage containers that you get back when returning them) into your budget.

{{German/Exercise|An der Fleischtheke|'''Übersetzen''' Sie aus dem Deutschen ins Englische:
# Guten Tag. Ich hätte gerne ein halbes Kilo Schinken.
# Gut, das wären 0,34 €.
# Außerdem hätte ich gerne ein Kilo Hühnchen.
# Innenfilet oder Brustfilet?
# Innenfilet, bitte.
# Also, das macht 12,01 € für das Hähnchen. Der Gesamtbetrag liegt bei 12,35 Euro.
# Vielen Dank!
|
# I would like half a kilo of ham.
# Good, that would be €0.34.
# Also, I would like a kilo of chicken.
# Tenderloin or breast fillet?
# Tenderloin, please.
# Alright, that's €12.01 for the chicken. Your total is €12.35.
# Thank you very much!}}

===Polite Shopping Phrases===

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{German/Level I/Footer}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}</text>
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{{Haskell minitoc|chapter=Haskell Basics}}

''All the examples in this chapter can be saved into a Haskell source file and then evaluated by loading that file into GHCi. Do not include the &quot;Prelude&gt;&quot; prompts part of any example. When that prompt is shown, it means you can type the following code into an environment like GHCi. Otherwise, you should put the code in a file and run it.''

== Variables ==

In the last chapter, we used GHCi as a calculator. Of course, that's only practical for short calculations. For longer calculations and for writing Haskell programs, we want to keep track of intermediate results.

We can store intermediate results by assigning them names. These names are called ''variables''. When a program runs, each variable is substituted for the ''value'' to which it refers. For instance, consider the following calculation:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; 3.141592653 * 5^2
78.539816325
}}

That is the approximate area of a circle with radius &lt;code&gt;5&lt;/code&gt;, according to the formula &lt;math&gt;A = \pi r^2&lt;/math&gt;. Of course, it is cumbersome to type in the digits of &lt;math&gt;\pi \approx 3.141592653&lt;/math&gt;, or even to remember more than the first few. Programming helps us avoid mindless repetition and rote memorization by delegating these tasks to a machine. That way, our minds stay free to deal with more interesting ideas. For the present case, Haskell already includes a variable named &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt; that stores over a dozen digits of &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; for us. This allows for not just clearer code, but also greater precision:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; pi
3.141592653589793
Prelude&gt; pi * 5^2
78.53981633974483
}}

Note that the variable &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt; and its value, &lt;code&gt;3.141592653589793&lt;/code&gt;, can be used interchangeably in calculations.

== Haskell source files ==

Beyond momentary operations in GHCi, you will save your code in Haskell source files (basically plain text) with the extension &lt;code&gt;.hs&lt;/code&gt;. Work with these files using a text editor appropriate for coding (see the [[w:text editor|Wikipedia article on text editors]]). Proper source code editors will provide ''syntax highlighting'', which colors the code in relevant ways to make reading and understanding easier. Vim and Emacs are popular choices among Haskell programmers, but have a bit of a learning curve to be able to fully benefit from their features. Visual Studio Code is also popular among Haskell programmers and is easier for beginners to use.

To keep things tidy, create a directory (i.e. a folder) in your computer to save the Haskell files you will create while doing the exercises in this book. Call the directory something like &lt;code&gt;HaskellWikibook&lt;/code&gt;. Then, create a new file in that directory called &lt;code&gt;Varfun.hs&lt;/code&gt; with the following code:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 5.0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That code defines the variable &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; as the value &lt;code&gt;5.0&lt;/code&gt;.

Note: make sure that there are no spaces at the beginning of the line because Haskell is sensitive to whitespace.

Next, with your terminal at the &lt;code&gt;HaskellWikibook&lt;/code&gt; directory, start GHCi and load the &lt;code&gt;Varfun.hs&lt;/code&gt; file using the &lt;code&gt;:load&lt;/code&gt; command:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; :load Varfun.hs
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( Varfun.hs, interpreted )
Ok, modules loaded: Main.
}}

Note that &lt;code&gt;:load&lt;/code&gt; can be abbreviated as &lt;code&gt;:l&lt;/code&gt; (as in &lt;code&gt;:l Varfun.hs&lt;/code&gt;).

If GHCi gives an error like &lt;code&gt;Could not find module 'Varfun.hs'&lt;/code&gt;, you are probably running GHCi in the wrong directory or saved your file in the wrong directory. You can use the &lt;code&gt;:cd&lt;/code&gt; command to change directories within GHCi (for instance, &lt;code&gt;:cd HaskellWikibook&lt;/code&gt;).

With the file loaded, GHCi's prompt changes from &quot;Prelude&quot; to &quot;*Main&quot;. You can now use the newly defined variable &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in your calculations:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; r
5.0
*Main&gt; pi * r^2
78.53981633974483
}}

So, we calculated the area of a circle with radius of 5.0 using the well-known formula &lt;math&gt;\pi r^2&lt;/math&gt;. This worked because we defined &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in our Varfun.hs file and &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt; comes from the standard Haskell libraries.

Next, we'll make the area formula easier to quickly access by defining a variable name for it. Change the contents of the source file to:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 5.0
area = pi * r ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Save the file. Then, assuming you kept GHCi running with the file still loaded, type &lt;code&gt;:reload&lt;/code&gt; (or abbreviate version &lt;code&gt;:r&lt;/code&gt;):

{{HaskellGHCi|1=
*Main&gt; :reload
Compiling Main             ( Varfun.hs, interpreted )
Ok, modules loaded: Main.
*Main&gt;
}}

Now we have two variables &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;area&lt;/code&gt;:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; area
78.53981633974483
*Main&gt; area / r
15.707963267948966
}}

{{body note|The &lt;code&gt;let&lt;/code&gt; ''keyword'' (a word with a special meaning) lets us define variables directly at the GHCi prompt without a source file. This looks like:
 &lt;nowiki&gt;Prelude&gt; let area = pi * 5 ^ 2&lt;/nowiki&gt;
Although sometimes convenient, assigning variables entirely in GHCi this way is impractical for any complex tasks. We will usually want to use saved source files.
}}

== Comments ==
Besides the working code itself, source files may contain text ''comments''. In Haskell there are two types of comment. The first starts with &lt;code&gt;--&lt;/code&gt; and continues until the end of the line:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
x = 5     -- x is 5.
y = 6     -- y is 6.
-- z = 7  -- z is not defined.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In this case, &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; are defined in actual Haskell code, but &lt;code&gt;z&lt;/code&gt; is not.

The second type of comment is denoted by an enclosing &lt;code&gt;{- ... -}&lt;/code&gt; and can span multiple lines:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
answer = 2 * {-
  block comment, crossing lines and...
  -} 3 {- inline comment. -} * 7
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

By combining single- and multi-line commenting, it is possible to toggle between executed and commented-out code by adding or removing a single &lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt; character, respectively:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
{--
foo :: String
foo = &quot;bar&quot;
--}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
vs.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
{--}
foo :: String
foo = &quot;bar&quot;
--}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

We use comments for explaining parts of a program or making other notes in context. Beware of comment overuse as too many comments can make programs harder to read. Also, we must carefully update comments whenever we change the corresponding code. Outdated comments can cause significant confusion.

== Variables in imperative languages ==
Readers familiar with imperative programming will notice that variables in Haskell seem quite different from variables in languages like C.
If you have no programming experience, you could skip this section, but it will help you understand the general situation when encountering the many cases (most Haskell textbooks, for example) where people discuss Haskell in reference to other programming languages.

''Imperative programming'' treats variables as changeable locations in a computer's memory. That approach connects to the basic operating principles of computers. Imperative programs explicitly tell the computer what to do. Higher-level imperative languages are quite removed from direct computer assembly code instructions, but they retain the same step-by-step way of thinking. In contrast, ''functional programming'' offers a way to think in higher-level mathematical terms, defining how variables relate to one another, leaving the compiler to translate these to the step-by-step instructions that the computer can process.

Let's look at an example. The following code does not work in Haskell:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 5
r = 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

An imperative programmer may read this as first setting &lt;code&gt;r = 5&lt;/code&gt; and then changing it to &lt;code&gt;r = 2&lt;/code&gt;. In Haskell, however, the compiler will respond to the code above with an error: &quot;multiple declarations of &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;&quot;. Within a given scope, a variable in Haskell gets defined only once and cannot change.

The variables in Haskell seem almost ''invariable'', but they work like variables in mathematics. In a math classroom, you never see a variable change its value within a single problem.

In precise terms, Haskell variables are ''immutable''. They vary only based on the data we enter into a program. We can't define &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; two ways in the same code, but we could change the value by changing the file. Let's update our code from above:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 2.0
area = pi * r ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; 

Of course, that works just fine. We can change &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in the one place where it is defined, and that will automatically update the value of all the rest of the code that uses the &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; variable.

Real-world Haskell programs work by leaving ''some'' variables unspecified in the code. The values then get defined when the program gets data from an external file, a database, or user input. For now, however, we will stick to defining variables internally. We will cover interaction with external data in later chapters.

Here's one more example of a major difference from imperative languages:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = r + 1
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Instead of &quot;incrementing the variable &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;&quot; (i.e. updating the value in memory), this Haskell code is a recursive definition of &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; (i.e. defining it in terms of itself). We will explain [[Haskell/Recursion|recursion]] in detail later on. For this specific case, if &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; had been defined with any value beforehand, then &lt;code&gt; r = r + 1 &lt;/code&gt; in Haskell would bring an error message. &lt;code&gt; r = r + 1 &lt;/code&gt; is akin to saying, in a mathematical context, that &lt;math&gt;5 = 5 + 1&lt;/math&gt;, which is plainly wrong.

Because their values do not change within a program, variables can be defined in any order. For example, the following fragments of code do exactly the same thing:

{|border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
||&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
 y = x * 2
 x = 3
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
||&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
 x = 3
 y = x * 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

In Haskell, there is no notion of &quot;&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; being declared before &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;&quot; or the other way around. Of course, using &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; will still require a value for &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, but this is unimportant until you need a specific numeric value.

== Functions ==
Changing our program every time we want to calculate the area of new circle is both tedious and limited to one circle at a time. We could calculate two circles by duplicating all the code using new variables &lt;code&gt;r2&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;area2&lt;/code&gt; for the second circle:&lt;ref&gt;As this example shows, the names of variables may contain numbers as well as letters. Variables in Haskell ''must'' begin with a lowercase letter but may then have any string consisting of letter, numbers, underscore (_) or tick (').&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r  = 5
area  = pi * r ^ 2
r2 = 3
area2 = pi * r2 ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Of course, to eliminate this mindless repetition, we would prefer to have simply one ''function'' for area and then apply it to different radii.

A ''function'' takes an ''argument'' value (or ''parameter'') and gives a result value (essentially the same as in mathematical functions). Defining functions in Haskell is like defining a variable, except that we take note of the function argument that we put on the left hand side of the equals sign. For instance, the following defines a function &lt;code&gt;area&lt;/code&gt; which depends on an argument named &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
area r = pi * r ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Look closely at the syntax: the function name comes first (&lt;code&gt;area&lt;/code&gt; in our example), followed by a space and then the argument (&lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in the example). Following the &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; sign, the ''function definition'' is a formula that uses the argument in context with other already defined terms.

Now, we can plug in different values for the argument in a ''call'' to the function. Save the code above in a file, load it into GHCi, and try the following:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; area 5
78.53981633974483
*Main&gt; area 3
28.274333882308138
*Main&gt; area 17
907.9202768874502
}}

Thus, we can ''call'' this function with different radii to calculate the area of any circle.

Our function here is defined mathematically as
:&lt;math&gt;A(r) = \pi \cdot r^2&lt;/math&gt;
In mathematics, the argument is enclosed between parentheses, as in &lt;math&gt;A(5) = 78.54&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;A(3) = 28.27&lt;/math&gt;. Many programming languages likewise surround arguments with parentheses, as in &lt;code&gt;max(2, 3)&lt;/code&gt;. But Haskell omits parentheses around a list of arguments (as well as commas between them): &lt;code&gt;max 2 3&lt;/code&gt;.

We still use parentheses for grouping ''expressions'' (any code that gives a value) that must be evaluated together. Note how the following expressions are parsed differently:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
5 * 3 + 2       -- 15 + 2 = 17 (multiplication is done before addition)
5 * (3 + 2)     -- 5 * 5 = 25 (thanks to the parentheses)
area 5 * 3      -- (area 5) * 3
area (5 * 3)    -- area 15
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that Haskell functions take ''precedence'' over all other operators such as &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt;, in the same way that, for instance, multiplication is done before addition in mathematics.

=== Evaluation ===
What exactly happens when you enter an expression into GHCi? After you press the enter key, GHCi will ''evaluate'' the expression you have given. That means it will replace each function with its definition and calculate the results until a single value remains. For example, the evaluation of &lt;code&gt;area 5&lt;/code&gt; proceeds as follows:

    area 5
 =&gt;    { replace the left-hand side  area r = ...  by the right-hand side  ... = pi * r^2 }
    pi * 5 ^ 2
 =&gt;    { replace  pi  by its numerical value }
    3.141592653589793 * 5 ^ 2
 =&gt;    { apply exponentiation (^) }
    3.141592653589793 * 25
 =&gt;    { apply multiplication (*) }
    78.53981633974483

As this shows, to ''apply'' or ''call'' a function means to replace the left-hand side of its definition by its right-hand side. When using GHCi, the results of a function call will then show on the screen.

Some more functions:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
double x    = 2 * x
quadruple x = double (double x)
square x    = x * x
half   x    = x / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Exercises|1=
* Explain how GHCi evaluates &lt;code&gt;quadruple 5&lt;/code&gt;.
* Define a function that subtracts 12 from half its argument.}}

=== Multiple parameters ===

Functions can also take more than one argument. For example, a function for calculating the area of a rectangle given its length and width:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaRect l w = l * w
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; areaRect 5 10
50
}}

Another example that calculates the area of a triangle &lt;math&gt;\left(A = \frac{bh}{2}\right)&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaTriangle b h = (b * h) / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{HaskellGHCi|1=
*Main&gt; areaTriangle 3 9
13.5
}}

As you can see, multiple arguments are separated by spaces. That's also why you sometimes have to use parentheses to group expressions. For instance, to quadruple a value &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, you can't write:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
quadruple x = double double x     -- error
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That would apply a function named &lt;code&gt;double&lt;/code&gt; to the two arguments &lt;code&gt;double&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. Note that ''functions can be arguments to other functions'' (you will see why later). To make this example work, we need to put parentheses around the argument:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
quadruple x = double (double x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Arguments are always passed in the order given. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
minus x y = x - y
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; minus 10 5
5
*Main&gt; minus 5 10
-5
}}

Here, &lt;code&gt;minus 10 5&lt;/code&gt; evaluates to &lt;code&gt;10 - 5&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;minus 5 10&lt;/code&gt; evaluates to &lt;code&gt;5 - 10&lt;/code&gt; because the order changes.

{{Exercises|1=
* Write a function to calculate the volume of a box.
* Approximately how many stones are the famous pyramids at Giza made up of? Hint: you will need estimates for the volume of the pyramids and the volume of each block.
}}

=== On combining functions ===

Of course, you can use functions that you have already defined to define new functions, just like you can use the predefined functions like addition &lt;code&gt;(+)&lt;/code&gt; or multiplication &lt;code&gt;(*)&lt;/code&gt; (operators are defined as functions in Haskell). For example, to calculate the area of a square, we can reuse our function that calculates the area of a rectangle:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaRect l w = l * w
areaSquare s = areaRect s s
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{HaskellGHCi|1=
*Main&gt; areaSquare 5
25
}}

After all, a square is just a rectangle with equal sides.

{{Exercises|1=
* Write a function to calculate the volume of a cylinder.  The volume of a cylinder is the area of the base, which is a circle (you already programmed this function in this chapter, so reuse it) multiplied by the height.
}}

== Local definitions ==
=== &lt;code&gt;where&lt;/code&gt; clauses ===
When defining a function, we sometimes want to define intermediate results that are ''local'' to the function. For instance, consider [[w:Heron's formula|Heron's formula]] &lt;math&gt;A = \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}&lt;/math&gt; for calculating the area of a triangle with sides &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
heron a b c = sqrt (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
    where
    s = (a + b + c) / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The variable &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; is half the perimeter of the triangle and it would be tedious to write it out four times in the argument of the square root function &lt;code&gt;sqrt&lt;/code&gt;.

Simply writing the definitions in sequence does not work...

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
heron a b c = sqrt (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
s = (a + b + c) / 2                                   -- a, b, and c are not defined here
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

... because the variables &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; are only available in the right-hand side of the function &lt;code&gt;heron&lt;/code&gt;, but the definition of &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; as written here is not part of the right-hand side of &lt;code&gt;heron&lt;/code&gt;. To make it part of the right-hand side, we use the &lt;code&gt;where&lt;/code&gt; keyword.

Note that both the &lt;code&gt;where&lt;/code&gt; and the local definitions are ''indented'' by 4 spaces, to distinguish them from subsequent definitions. Here is another example that shows a mix of local and top-level definitions:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaTriangleTrig  a b c = c * height / 2   -- use trigonometry
    where
    cosa   = (b ^ 2 + c ^ 2 - a ^ 2) / (2 * b * c)
    sina   = sqrt (1 - cosa ^ 2)
    height = b * sina
areaTriangleHeron a b c = result           -- use Heron's formula
    where
    result = sqrt (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
    s      = (a + b + c) / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Scope ===
If you look closely at the previous example, you'll notice that we have used the variable names &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; twice, once for each of the two area functions. How does that work?

Consider the following GHCi sequence:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; let r = 0
Prelude&gt; let area r = pi * r ^ 2
Prelude&gt; area 5
78.53981633974483
}}

It would have been an unpleasant surprise to return &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; for the area because of the earlier &lt;code&gt;let r = 0&lt;/code&gt; definition getting in the way. That does not happen because when you defined &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; the second time you are talking about a ''different'' &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;. This may seem confusing, but consider how many people have the name John, and yet for any context with only one John, we can talk about &quot;John&quot; with no confusion. Programming has a notion similar to context, called ''[[Wikipedia:Scope (programming)|scope]]''.

We will not explain the technicalities behind scope right now. Just keep in mind that the value of a parameter is strictly what you pass in when you call the function, regardless of what the variable was called in the function's definition. That said, appropriately unique names for variables do make the code easier for human readers to understand.

== Summary ==

# Variables store values (which can be any arbitrary Haskell expression).
# Variables do not change within a scope.
# Functions help you write reusable code.
# Functions can accept more than one parameter.

We also learned about non-code text comments  within a source file.

{{Haskell/NotesSection}}

{{Haskell navigation|chapter=Haskell Basics}}

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{{Haskell minitoc|chapter=Haskell Basics}}

''All the examples in this chapter can be saved into a Haskell source file and then evaluated by loading that file into GHCi. Do not include the &quot;Prelude&gt;&quot; prompts part of any example. When that prompt is shown, it means you can type the following code into an environment like GHCi. Otherwise, you should put the code in a file and run it.''

== Variables ==

In the last chapter, we used GHCi as a calculator. Of course, that's only practical for short calculations. For longer calculations and for writing Haskell programs, we want to keep track of intermediate results.

We can store intermediate results by assigning them names. These names are called ''variables''. When a program runs, each variable is substituted for the ''value'' to which it refers. For instance, consider the following calculation:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; 3.141592653 * 5^2
78.539816325
}}

That is the approximate area of a circle with radius &lt;code&gt;5&lt;/code&gt;, according to the formula &lt;math&gt;A = \pi r^2&lt;/math&gt;. Of course, it is cumbersome to type in the digits of &lt;math&gt;\pi \approx 3.141592653&lt;/math&gt;, or even to remember more than the first few. Programming helps us avoid mindless repetition and rote memorization by delegating these tasks to a machine. That way, our minds stay free to deal with more interesting ideas. For the present case, Haskell already includes a variable named &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt; that stores over a dozen digits of &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; for us. This allows for not just clearer code, but also greater precision:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; pi
3.141592653589793
Prelude&gt; pi * 5^2
78.53981633974483
}}

Note that the variable &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt; and its value, &lt;code&gt;3.141592653589793&lt;/code&gt;, can be used interchangeably in calculations.

== Haskell source files ==

Beyond momentary operations in GHCi, you will save your code in Haskell source files (basically plain text) with the extension &lt;code&gt;.hs&lt;/code&gt;. Work with these files using a text editor appropriate for coding (see the [[w:text editor|Wikipedia article on text editors]]). Proper source code editors will provide ''syntax highlighting'', which colors the code in relevant ways to make reading and understanding easier. Vim and Emacs are popular choices among Haskell programmers, but have a bit of a learning curve to be able to fully benefit from their features. Visual Studio Code is also popular among Haskell programmers and is easier for beginners to use.

To keep things tidy, create a directory (i.e. a folder) in your computer to save the Haskell files you will create while doing the exercises in this book. Call the directory something like &lt;code&gt;HaskellWikibook&lt;/code&gt;. Then, create a new file in that directory called &lt;code&gt;Varfun.hs&lt;/code&gt; with the following code:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 5.0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That code defines the variable &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; as the value &lt;code&gt;5.0&lt;/code&gt;.

Note: make sure that there are no spaces at the beginning of the line because Haskell is sensitive to whitespace.

Next, with your terminal at the &lt;code&gt;HaskellWikibook&lt;/code&gt; directory, start GHCi and load the &lt;code&gt;Varfun.hs&lt;/code&gt; file using the &lt;code&gt;:load&lt;/code&gt; command:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; :load Varfun.hs
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( Varfun.hs, interpreted )
Ok, modules loaded: Main.
}}

Note that &lt;code&gt;:load&lt;/code&gt; can be abbreviated as &lt;code&gt;:l&lt;/code&gt; (as in &lt;code&gt;:l Varfun.hs&lt;/code&gt;).

If GHCi gives an error like &lt;code&gt;Could not find module 'Varfun.hs'&lt;/code&gt;, you are probably running GHCi in the wrong directory or saved your file in the wrong directory. You can use the &lt;code&gt;:cd&lt;/code&gt; command to change directories within GHCi (for instance, &lt;code&gt;:cd HaskellWikibook&lt;/code&gt;).

With the file loaded, GHCi's prompt changes from &quot;Prelude&quot; to &quot;*Main&quot;. You can now use the newly defined variable &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in your calculations:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; r
5.0
*Main&gt; pi * r^2
78.53981633974483
}}

So, we calculated the area of a circle with radius of 5.0 using the well-known formula &lt;math&gt;\pi r^2&lt;/math&gt;. This worked because we defined &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in our Varfun.hs file and &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt; comes from the standard Haskell libraries.

Next, we'll make the area formula easier to quickly access by defining a variable name for it. Change the contents of the source file to:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 5.0
area = pi * r ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Save the file. Then, assuming you kept GHCi running with the file still loaded, type &lt;code&gt;:reload&lt;/code&gt; (or abbreviate version &lt;code&gt;:r&lt;/code&gt;):

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; :reload
Compiling Main             ( Varfun.hs, interpreted )
Ok, modules loaded: Main.
*Main&gt;
}}

Now we have two variables &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;area&lt;/code&gt;:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; area
78.53981633974483
*Main&gt; area / r
15.707963267948966
}}

{{body note|The &lt;code&gt;let&lt;/code&gt; ''keyword'' (a word with a special meaning) lets us define variables directly at the GHCi prompt without a source file. This looks like:
 &lt;nowiki&gt;Prelude&gt; let area = pi * 5 ^ 2&lt;/nowiki&gt;
Although sometimes convenient, assigning variables entirely in GHCi this way is impractical for any complex tasks. We will usually want to use saved source files.
}}

== Comments ==
Besides the working code itself, source files may contain text ''comments''. In Haskell there are two types of comment. The first starts with &lt;code&gt;--&lt;/code&gt; and continues until the end of the line:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
x = 5     -- x is 5.
y = 6     -- y is 6.
-- z = 7  -- z is not defined.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In this case, &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; are defined in actual Haskell code, but &lt;code&gt;z&lt;/code&gt; is not.

The second type of comment is denoted by an enclosing &lt;code&gt;{- ... -}&lt;/code&gt; and can span multiple lines:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
answer = 2 * {-
  block comment, crossing lines and...
  -} 3 {- inline comment. -} * 7
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

By combining single- and multi-line commenting, it is possible to toggle between executed and commented-out code by adding or removing a single &lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt; character, respectively:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
{--
foo :: String
foo = &quot;bar&quot;
--}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
vs.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
{--}
foo :: String
foo = &quot;bar&quot;
--}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

We use comments for explaining parts of a program or making other notes in context. Beware of comment overuse as too many comments can make programs harder to read. Also, we must carefully update comments whenever we change the corresponding code. Outdated comments can cause significant confusion.

== Variables in imperative languages ==
Readers familiar with imperative programming will notice that variables in Haskell seem quite different from variables in languages like C.
If you have no programming experience, you could skip this section, but it will help you understand the general situation when encountering the many cases (most Haskell textbooks, for example) where people discuss Haskell in reference to other programming languages.

''Imperative programming'' treats variables as changeable locations in a computer's memory. That approach connects to the basic operating principles of computers. Imperative programs explicitly tell the computer what to do. Higher-level imperative languages are quite removed from direct computer assembly code instructions, but they retain the same step-by-step way of thinking. In contrast, ''functional programming'' offers a way to think in higher-level mathematical terms, defining how variables relate to one another, leaving the compiler to translate these to the step-by-step instructions that the computer can process.

Let's look at an example. The following code does not work in Haskell:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 5
r = 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

An imperative programmer may read this as first setting &lt;code&gt;r = 5&lt;/code&gt; and then changing it to &lt;code&gt;r = 2&lt;/code&gt;. In Haskell, however, the compiler will respond to the code above with an error: &quot;multiple declarations of &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;&quot;. Within a given scope, a variable in Haskell gets defined only once and cannot change.

The variables in Haskell seem almost ''invariable'', but they work like variables in mathematics. In a math classroom, you never see a variable change its value within a single problem.

In precise terms, Haskell variables are ''immutable''. They vary only based on the data we enter into a program. We can't define &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; two ways in the same code, but we could change the value by changing the file. Let's update our code from above:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 2.0
area = pi * r ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; 

Of course, that works just fine. We can change &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in the one place where it is defined, and that will automatically update the value of all the rest of the code that uses the &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; variable.

Real-world Haskell programs work by leaving ''some'' variables unspecified in the code. The values then get defined when the program gets data from an external file, a database, or user input. For now, however, we will stick to defining variables internally. We will cover interaction with external data in later chapters.

Here's one more example of a major difference from imperative languages:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = r + 1
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Instead of &quot;incrementing the variable &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;&quot; (i.e. updating the value in memory), this Haskell code is a recursive definition of &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; (i.e. defining it in terms of itself). We will explain [[Haskell/Recursion|recursion]] in detail later on. For this specific case, if &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; had been defined with any value beforehand, then &lt;code&gt; r = r + 1 &lt;/code&gt; in Haskell would bring an error message. &lt;code&gt; r = r + 1 &lt;/code&gt; is akin to saying, in a mathematical context, that &lt;math&gt;5 = 5 + 1&lt;/math&gt;, which is plainly wrong.

Because their values do not change within a program, variables can be defined in any order. For example, the following fragments of code do exactly the same thing:

{|border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
||&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
 y = x * 2
 x = 3
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
||&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
 x = 3
 y = x * 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

In Haskell, there is no notion of &quot;&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; being declared before &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;&quot; or the other way around. Of course, using &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; will still require a value for &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, but this is unimportant until you need a specific numeric value.

== Functions ==
Changing our program every time we want to calculate the area of new circle is both tedious and limited to one circle at a time. We could calculate two circles by duplicating all the code using new variables &lt;code&gt;r2&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;area2&lt;/code&gt; for the second circle:&lt;ref&gt;As this example shows, the names of variables may contain numbers as well as letters. Variables in Haskell ''must'' begin with a lowercase letter but may then have any string consisting of letter, numbers, underscore (_) or tick (').&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r  = 5
area  = pi * r ^ 2
r2 = 3
area2 = pi * r2 ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Of course, to eliminate this mindless repetition, we would prefer to have simply one ''function'' for area and then apply it to different radii.

A ''function'' takes an ''argument'' value (or ''parameter'') and gives a result value (essentially the same as in mathematical functions). Defining functions in Haskell is like defining a variable, except that we take note of the function argument that we put on the left hand side of the equals sign. For instance, the following defines a function &lt;code&gt;area&lt;/code&gt; which depends on an argument named &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
area r = pi * r ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Look closely at the syntax: the function name comes first (&lt;code&gt;area&lt;/code&gt; in our example), followed by a space and then the argument (&lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in the example). Following the &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; sign, the ''function definition'' is a formula that uses the argument in context with other already defined terms.

Now, we can plug in different values for the argument in a ''call'' to the function. Save the code above in a file, load it into GHCi, and try the following:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; area 5
78.53981633974483
*Main&gt; area 3
28.274333882308138
*Main&gt; area 17
907.9202768874502
}}

Thus, we can ''call'' this function with different radii to calculate the area of any circle.

Our function here is defined mathematically as
:&lt;math&gt;A(r) = \pi \cdot r^2&lt;/math&gt;
In mathematics, the argument is enclosed between parentheses, as in &lt;math&gt;A(5) = 78.54&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;A(3) = 28.27&lt;/math&gt;. Many programming languages likewise surround arguments with parentheses, as in &lt;code&gt;max(2, 3)&lt;/code&gt;. But Haskell omits parentheses around a list of arguments (as well as commas between them): &lt;code&gt;max 2 3&lt;/code&gt;.

We still use parentheses for grouping ''expressions'' (any code that gives a value) that must be evaluated together. Note how the following expressions are parsed differently:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
5 * 3 + 2       -- 15 + 2 = 17 (multiplication is done before addition)
5 * (3 + 2)     -- 5 * 5 = 25 (thanks to the parentheses)
area 5 * 3      -- (area 5) * 3
area (5 * 3)    -- area 15
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that Haskell functions take ''precedence'' over all other operators such as &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt;, in the same way that, for instance, multiplication is done before addition in mathematics.

=== Evaluation ===
What exactly happens when you enter an expression into GHCi? After you press the enter key, GHCi will ''evaluate'' the expression you have given. That means it will replace each function with its definition and calculate the results until a single value remains. For example, the evaluation of &lt;code&gt;area 5&lt;/code&gt; proceeds as follows:

    area 5
 =&gt;    { replace the left-hand side  area r = ...  by the right-hand side  ... = pi * r^2 }
    pi * 5 ^ 2
 =&gt;    { replace  pi  by its numerical value }
    3.141592653589793 * 5 ^ 2
 =&gt;    { apply exponentiation (^) }
    3.141592653589793 * 25
 =&gt;    { apply multiplication (*) }
    78.53981633974483

As this shows, to ''apply'' or ''call'' a function means to replace the left-hand side of its definition by its right-hand side. When using GHCi, the results of a function call will then show on the screen.

Some more functions:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
double x    = 2 * x
quadruple x = double (double x)
square x    = x * x
half   x    = x / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Exercises|1=
* Explain how GHCi evaluates &lt;code&gt;quadruple 5&lt;/code&gt;.
* Define a function that subtracts 12 from half its argument.}}

=== Multiple parameters ===

Functions can also take more than one argument. For example, a function for calculating the area of a rectangle given its length and width:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaRect l w = l * w
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; areaRect 5 10
50
}}

Another example that calculates the area of a triangle &lt;math&gt;\left(A = \frac{bh}{2}\right)&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaTriangle b h = (b * h) / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; areaTriangle 3 9
13.5
}}

As you can see, multiple arguments are separated by spaces. That's also why you sometimes have to use parentheses to group expressions. For instance, to quadruple a value &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, you can't write:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
quadruple x = double double x     -- error
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That would apply a function named &lt;code&gt;double&lt;/code&gt; to the two arguments &lt;code&gt;double&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. Note that ''functions can be arguments to other functions'' (you will see why later). To make this example work, we need to put parentheses around the argument:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
quadruple x = double (double x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Arguments are always passed in the order given. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
minus x y = x - y
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; minus 10 5
5
*Main&gt; minus 5 10
-5
}}

Here, &lt;code&gt;minus 10 5&lt;/code&gt; evaluates to &lt;code&gt;10 - 5&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;minus 5 10&lt;/code&gt; evaluates to &lt;code&gt;5 - 10&lt;/code&gt; because the order changes.

{{Exercises|1=
* Write a function to calculate the volume of a box.
* Approximately how many stones are the famous pyramids at Giza made up of? Hint: you will need estimates for the volume of the pyramids and the volume of each block.
}}

=== On combining functions ===

Of course, you can use functions that you have already defined to define new functions, just like you can use the predefined functions like addition &lt;code&gt;(+)&lt;/code&gt; or multiplication &lt;code&gt;(*)&lt;/code&gt; (operators are defined as functions in Haskell). For example, to calculate the area of a square, we can reuse our function that calculates the area of a rectangle:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaRect l w = l * w
areaSquare s = areaRect s s
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; areaSquare 5
25
}}

After all, a square is just a rectangle with equal sides.

{{Exercises|1=
* Write a function to calculate the volume of a cylinder.  The volume of a cylinder is the area of the base, which is a circle (you already programmed this function in this chapter, so reuse it) multiplied by the height.
}}

== Local definitions ==
=== &lt;code&gt;where&lt;/code&gt; clauses ===
When defining a function, we sometimes want to define intermediate results that are ''local'' to the function. For instance, consider [[w:Heron's formula|Heron's formula]] &lt;math&gt;A = \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}&lt;/math&gt; for calculating the area of a triangle with sides &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
heron a b c = sqrt (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
    where
    s = (a + b + c) / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The variable &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; is half the perimeter of the triangle and it would be tedious to write it out four times in the argument of the square root function &lt;code&gt;sqrt&lt;/code&gt;.

Simply writing the definitions in sequence does not work...

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
heron a b c = sqrt (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
s = (a + b + c) / 2                                   -- a, b, and c are not defined here
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

... because the variables &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; are only available in the right-hand side of the function &lt;code&gt;heron&lt;/code&gt;, but the definition of &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; as written here is not part of the right-hand side of &lt;code&gt;heron&lt;/code&gt;. To make it part of the right-hand side, we use the &lt;code&gt;where&lt;/code&gt; keyword.

Note that both the &lt;code&gt;where&lt;/code&gt; and the local definitions are ''indented'' by 4 spaces, to distinguish them from subsequent definitions. Here is another example that shows a mix of local and top-level definitions:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaTriangleTrig  a b c = c * height / 2   -- use trigonometry
    where
    cosa   = (b ^ 2 + c ^ 2 - a ^ 2) / (2 * b * c)
    sina   = sqrt (1 - cosa ^ 2)
    height = b * sina
areaTriangleHeron a b c = result           -- use Heron's formula
    where
    result = sqrt (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
    s      = (a + b + c) / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Scope ===
If you look closely at the previous example, you'll notice that we have used the variable names &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; twice, once for each of the two area functions. How does that work?

Consider the following GHCi sequence:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; let r = 0
Prelude&gt; let area r = pi * r ^ 2
Prelude&gt; area 5
78.53981633974483
}}

It would have been an unpleasant surprise to return &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; for the area because of the earlier &lt;code&gt;let r = 0&lt;/code&gt; definition getting in the way. That does not happen because when you defined &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; the second time you are talking about a ''different'' &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;. This may seem confusing, but consider how many people have the name John, and yet for any context with only one John, we can talk about &quot;John&quot; with no confusion. Programming has a notion similar to context, called ''[[Wikipedia:Scope (programming)|scope]]''.

We will not explain the technicalities behind scope right now. Just keep in mind that the value of a parameter is strictly what you pass in when you call the function, regardless of what the variable was called in the function's definition. That said, appropriately unique names for variables do make the code easier for human readers to understand.

== Summary ==

# Variables store values (which can be any arbitrary Haskell expression).
# Variables do not change within a scope.
# Functions help you write reusable code.
# Functions can accept more than one parameter.

We also learned about non-code text comments  within a source file.

{{Haskell/NotesSection}}

{{Haskell navigation|chapter=Haskell Basics}}

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''All the examples in this chapter can be saved into a Haskell source file and then evaluated by loading that file into GHCi. Do not include the &quot;Prelude&gt;&quot; prompts part of any example. When that prompt is shown, it means you can type the following code into an environment like GHCi. Otherwise, you should put the code in a file and run it.''

== Variables ==

In the last chapter, we used GHCi as a calculator. Of course, that's only practical for short calculations. For longer calculations and for writing Haskell programs, we want to keep track of intermediate results.

We can store intermediate results by assigning them names. These names are called ''variables''. When a program runs, each variable is substituted for the ''value'' to which it refers. For instance, consider the following calculation:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; 3.141592653 * 5^2
78.539816325
}}

That is the approximate area of a circle with radius &lt;code&gt;5&lt;/code&gt;, according to the formula &lt;math&gt;A = \pi r^2&lt;/math&gt;. Of course, it is cumbersome to type in the digits of &lt;math&gt;\pi \approx 3.141592653&lt;/math&gt;, or even to remember more than the first few. Programming helps us avoid mindless repetition and rote memorization by delegating these tasks to a machine. That way, our minds stay free to deal with more interesting ideas. For the present case, Haskell already includes a variable named &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt; that stores over a dozen digits of &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; for us. This allows for not just clearer code, but also greater precision:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; pi
3.141592653589793
Prelude&gt; pi * 5^2
78.53981633974483
}}

Note that the variable &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt; and its value, &lt;code&gt;3.141592653589793&lt;/code&gt;, can be used interchangeably in calculations.

== Haskell source files ==

Beyond momentary operations in GHCi, you will save your code in Haskell source files (basically plain text) with the extension &lt;code&gt;.hs&lt;/code&gt;. Work with these files using a text editor appropriate for coding (see the [[w:text editor|Wikipedia article on text editors]]). Proper source code editors will provide ''syntax highlighting'', which colors the code in relevant ways to make reading and understanding easier. Vim and Emacs are popular choices among Haskell programmers, but have a bit of a learning curve to be able to fully benefit from their features. Visual Studio Code is also popular among Haskell programmers and is easier for beginners to use.

To keep things tidy, create a directory (i.e. a folder) in your computer to save the Haskell files you will create while doing the exercises in this book. Call the directory something like &lt;code&gt;HaskellWikibook&lt;/code&gt;. Then, create a new file in that directory called &lt;code&gt;Varfun.hs&lt;/code&gt; with the following code:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 5.0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That code defines the variable &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; as the value &lt;code&gt;5.0&lt;/code&gt;.

Note: make sure that there are no spaces at the beginning of the line because Haskell is sensitive to whitespace.

Next, with your terminal at the &lt;code&gt;HaskellWikibook&lt;/code&gt; directory, start GHCi and load the &lt;code&gt;Varfun.hs&lt;/code&gt; file using the &lt;code&gt;:load&lt;/code&gt; command:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; :load Varfun.hs
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( Varfun.hs, interpreted )
Ok, modules loaded: Main.
}}

Note that &lt;code&gt;:load&lt;/code&gt; can be abbreviated as &lt;code&gt;:l&lt;/code&gt; (as in &lt;code&gt;:l Varfun.hs&lt;/code&gt;).

If GHCi gives an error like &lt;code&gt;Could not find module 'Varfun.hs'&lt;/code&gt;, you are probably running GHCi in the wrong directory or saved your file in the wrong directory. You can use the &lt;code&gt;:cd&lt;/code&gt; command to change directories within GHCi (for instance, &lt;code&gt;:cd HaskellWikibook&lt;/code&gt;).

With the file loaded, GHCi's prompt changes from &quot;Prelude&quot; to &quot;*Main&quot;. You can now use the newly defined variable &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in your calculations:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; r
5.0
*Main&gt; pi * r^2
78.53981633974483
}}

So, we calculated the area of a circle with radius of 5.0 using the well-known formula &lt;math&gt;\pi r^2&lt;/math&gt;. This worked because we defined &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in our Varfun.hs file and &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt; comes from the standard Haskell libraries.

Next, we'll make the area formula easier to quickly access by defining a variable name for it. Change the contents of the source file to:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 5.0
area = pi * r ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Save the file. Then, assuming you kept GHCi running with the file still loaded, type &lt;code&gt;:reload&lt;/code&gt; (or abbreviate version &lt;code&gt;:r&lt;/code&gt;):

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; :reload
Compiling Main             ( Varfun.hs, interpreted )
Ok, modules loaded: Main.
*Main&gt;
}}

Now we have two variables &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;area&lt;/code&gt;:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; area
78.53981633974483
*Main&gt; area / r
15.707963267948966
}}

{{body note|The &lt;code&gt;let&lt;/code&gt; ''keyword'' (a word with a special meaning) lets us define variables directly at the GHCi prompt without a source file. This looks like:
 &lt;nowiki&gt;Prelude&gt; let area = pi * 5 ^ 2&lt;/nowiki&gt;
Although sometimes convenient, assigning variables entirely in GHCi this way is impractical for any complex tasks. We will usually want to use saved source files.
}}

== Comments ==
Besides the working code itself, source files may contain text ''comments''. In Haskell there are two types of comment. The first starts with &lt;code&gt;--&lt;/code&gt; and continues until the end of the line:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
x = 5     -- x is 5.
y = 6     -- y is 6.
-- z = 7  -- z is not defined.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In this case, &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; are defined in actual Haskell code, but &lt;code&gt;z&lt;/code&gt; is not.

The second type of comment is denoted by an enclosing &lt;code&gt;{- ... -}&lt;/code&gt; and can span multiple lines:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
answer = 2 * {-
  block comment, crossing lines and...
  -} 3 {- inline comment. -} * 7
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

By combining single- and multi-line commenting, it is possible to toggle between executed and commented-out code by adding or removing a single &lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt; character, respectively:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
{--
foo :: String
foo = &quot;bar&quot;
--}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
vs.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
{--}
foo :: String
foo = &quot;bar&quot;
--}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

We use comments for explaining parts of a program or making other notes in context. Beware of comment overuse as too many comments can make programs harder to read. Also, we must carefully update comments whenever we change the corresponding code. Outdated comments can cause significant confusion.

== Variables in imperative languages ==
Readers familiar with imperative programming will notice that variables in Haskell seem quite different from variables in languages like C.
If you have no programming experience, you could skip this section, but it will help you understand the general situation when encountering the many cases (most Haskell textbooks, for example) where people discuss Haskell in reference to other programming languages.

''Imperative programming'' treats variables as changeable locations in a computer's memory. That approach connects to the basic operating principles of computers. Imperative programs explicitly tell the computer what to do. Higher-level imperative languages are quite removed from direct computer assembly code instructions, but they retain the same step-by-step way of thinking. In contrast, ''functional programming'' offers a way to think in higher-level mathematical terms, defining how variables relate to one another, leaving the compiler to translate these to the step-by-step instructions that the computer can process.

Let's look at an example. The following code does not work in Haskell:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 5
r = 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

An imperative programmer may read this as first setting &lt;code&gt;r = 5&lt;/code&gt; and then changing it to &lt;code&gt;r = 2&lt;/code&gt;. In Haskell, however, the compiler will respond to the code above with an error: &quot;multiple declarations of &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;&quot;. Within a given scope, a variable in Haskell gets defined only once and cannot change.

The variables in Haskell seem almost ''invariable'', but they work like variables in mathematics. In a math classroom, you never see a variable change its value within a single problem.

In precise terms, Haskell variables are ''immutable''. They vary only based on the data we enter into a program. We can't define &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; two ways in the same code, but we could change the value by changing the file. Let's update our code from above:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = 2.0
area = pi * r ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; 

Of course, that works just fine. We can change &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in the one place where it is defined, and that will automatically update the value of all the rest of the code that uses the &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; variable.

Real-world Haskell programs work by leaving ''some'' variables unspecified in the code. The values then get defined when the program gets data from an external file, a database, or user input. For now, however, we will stick to defining variables internally. We will cover interaction with external data in later chapters.

Here's one more example of a major difference from imperative languages:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r = r + 1
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Instead of &quot;incrementing the variable &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;&quot; (i.e. updating the value in memory), this Haskell code is a recursive definition of &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; (i.e. defining it in terms of itself). We will explain [[Haskell/Recursion|recursion]] in detail later on. For this specific case, if &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; had been defined with any value beforehand, then &lt;code&gt; r = r + 1 &lt;/code&gt; in Haskell would bring an error message. &lt;code&gt; r = r + 1 &lt;/code&gt; is akin to saying, in a mathematical context, that &lt;math&gt;5 = 5 + 1&lt;/math&gt;, which is plainly wrong.

Because their values do not change within a program, variables can be defined in any order. For example, the following fragments of code do exactly the same thing:

{|border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
||&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
 y = x * 2
 x = 3
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
||&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
 x = 3
 y = x * 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

In Haskell, there is no notion of &quot;&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; being declared before &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;&quot; or the other way around. Of course, using &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; will still require a value for &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, but this is unimportant until you need a specific numeric value.

== Functions ==
Changing our program every time we want to calculate the area of new circle is both tedious and limited to one circle at a time. We could calculate two circles by duplicating all the code using new variables &lt;code&gt;r2&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;area2&lt;/code&gt; for the second circle:&lt;ref&gt;As this example shows, the names of variables may contain numbers as well as letters. Variables in Haskell ''must'' begin with a lowercase letter but may then have any string consisting of letter, numbers, underscore (_) or tick (').&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
r  = 5
area  = pi * r ^ 2
r2 = 3
area2 = pi * r2 ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Of course, to eliminate this mindless repetition, we would prefer to have simply one ''function'' for area and then apply it to different radii.

A ''function'' takes an ''argument'' value (or ''parameter'') and gives a result value (essentially the same as in mathematical functions). Defining functions in Haskell is like defining a variable, except that we take note of the function argument that we put on the left hand side of the equals sign. For instance, the following defines a function &lt;code&gt;area&lt;/code&gt; which depends on an argument named &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
area r = pi * r ^ 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Look closely at the syntax: the function name comes first (&lt;code&gt;area&lt;/code&gt; in our example), followed by a space and then the argument (&lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; in the example). Following the &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; sign, the ''function definition'' is a formula that uses the argument in context with other already defined terms.

Now, we can plug in different values for the argument in a ''call'' to the function. Save the code above in a file, load it into GHCi, and try the following:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; area 5
78.53981633974483
*Main&gt; area 3
28.274333882308138
*Main&gt; area 17
907.9202768874502
}}

Thus, we can ''call'' this function with different radii to calculate the area of any circle.

Our function here is defined mathematically as
:&lt;math&gt;A(r) = \pi \cdot r^2&lt;/math&gt;
In mathematics, the argument is enclosed between parentheses, as in &lt;math&gt;A(5) = 78.54&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;A(3) = 28.27&lt;/math&gt;. Many programming languages likewise surround arguments with parentheses, as in &lt;code&gt;max(2, 3)&lt;/code&gt;. But Haskell omits parentheses around a list of arguments (as well as commas between them): &lt;code&gt;max 2 3&lt;/code&gt;.

We still use parentheses for grouping ''expressions'' (any code that gives a value) that must be evaluated together. Note how the following expressions are parsed differently:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
5 * 3 + 2       -- 15 + 2 = 17 (multiplication is done before addition)
5 * (3 + 2)     -- 5 * 5 = 25 (thanks to the parentheses)
area 5 * 3      -- (area 5) * 3
area (5 * 3)    -- area 15
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that Haskell functions take ''precedence'' over all other operators such as &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt;, in the same way that, for instance, multiplication is done before addition in mathematics.

=== Evaluation ===
What exactly happens when you enter an expression into GHCi? After you press the enter key, GHCi will ''evaluate'' the expression you have given. That means it will replace each function with its definition and calculate the results until a single value remains. For example, the evaluation of &lt;code&gt;area 5&lt;/code&gt; proceeds as follows:

    area 5
 =&gt;    { replace the left-hand side  area r = ...  by the right-hand side  ... = pi * r^2 }
    pi * 5 ^ 2
 =&gt;    { replace  pi  by its numerical value }
    3.141592653589793 * 5 ^ 2
 =&gt;    { apply exponentiation (^) }
    3.141592653589793 * 25
 =&gt;    { apply multiplication (*) }
    78.53981633974483

As this shows, to ''apply'' or ''call'' a function means to replace the left-hand side of its definition by its right-hand side. When using GHCi, the results of a function call will then show on the screen.

Some more functions:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
double x    = 2 * x
quadruple x = double (double x)
square x    = x * x
half   x    = x / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Exercises|1=
* Explain how GHCi evaluates &lt;code&gt;quadruple 5&lt;/code&gt;.
* Define a function that subtracts 12 from half its argument.}}

=== Multiple parameters ===

Functions can also take more than one argument. For example, a function for calculating the area of a rectangle given its length and width:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaRect l w = l * w
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; areaRect 5 10
50
}}

Another example that calculates the area of a triangle &lt;math&gt;\left(A = \frac{bh}{2}\right)&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaTriangle b h = (b * h) / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; areaTriangle 3 9
13.5
}}

As you can see, multiple arguments are separated by spaces. That's also why you sometimes have to use parentheses to group expressions. For instance, to quadruple a value &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, you can't write:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
quadruple x = double double x     -- error
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That would apply a function named &lt;code&gt;double&lt;/code&gt; to the two arguments &lt;code&gt;double&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. Note that ''functions can be arguments to other functions'' (you will see why later). To make this example work, we need to put parentheses around the argument:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
quadruple x = double (double x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Arguments are always passed in the order given. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
minus x y = x - y
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; minus 10 5
5
*Main&gt; minus 5 10
-5
}}

Here, &lt;code&gt;minus 10 5&lt;/code&gt; evaluates to &lt;code&gt;10 - 5&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;minus 5 10&lt;/code&gt; evaluates to &lt;code&gt;5 - 10&lt;/code&gt; because the order changes.

{{Exercises|1=
* Write a function to calculate the volume of a box.
* Approximately how many stones are the famous pyramids at Giza made up of? Hint: you will need estimates for the volume of the pyramids and the volume of each block.
}}

=== On combining functions ===

Of course, you can use functions that you have already defined to define new functions, just like you can use the predefined functions like addition &lt;code&gt;(+)&lt;/code&gt; or multiplication &lt;code&gt;(*)&lt;/code&gt; (operators are defined as functions in Haskell). For example, to calculate the area of a square, we can reuse our function that calculates the area of a rectangle:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaRect l w = l * w
areaSquare s = areaRect s s
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
*Main&gt; areaSquare 5
25
}}

After all, a square is just a rectangle with equal sides.

{{Exercises|1=
* Write a function to calculate the volume of a cylinder.  The volume of a cylinder is the area of the base, which is a circle (you already programmed this function in this chapter, so reuse it) multiplied by the height.
}}

== Local definitions ==
=== &lt;code&gt;where&lt;/code&gt; clauses ===
When defining a function, we sometimes want to define intermediate results that are ''local'' to the function. For instance, consider [[w:Heron's formula|Heron's formula]] &lt;math&gt;A = \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}&lt;/math&gt; for calculating the area of a triangle with sides &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
heron a b c = sqrt (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
    where
    s = (a + b + c) / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The variable &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; is half the perimeter of the triangle and it would be tedious to write it out four times in the argument of the square root function &lt;code&gt;sqrt&lt;/code&gt;.

Simply writing the definitions in sequence does not work...

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
heron a b c = sqrt (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
s = (a + b + c) / 2                                   -- a, b, and c are not defined here
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

... because the variables &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; are only available in the right-hand side of the function &lt;code&gt;heron&lt;/code&gt;, but the definition of &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; as written here is not part of the right-hand side of &lt;code&gt;heron&lt;/code&gt;. To make it part of the right-hand side, we use the &lt;code&gt;where&lt;/code&gt; keyword.

Note that both the &lt;code&gt;where&lt;/code&gt; and the local definitions are ''indented'' by 4 spaces, to distinguish them from subsequent definitions. Here is another example that shows a mix of local and top-level definitions:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang = &quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
areaTriangleTrig  a b c = c * height / 2   -- use trigonometry
    where
    cosa   = (b ^ 2 + c ^ 2 - a ^ 2) / (2 * b * c)
    sina   = sqrt (1 - cosa ^ 2)
    height = b * sina
areaTriangleHeron a b c = result           -- use Heron's formula
    where
    result = sqrt (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
    s      = (a + b + c) / 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Scope ===
If you look closely at the previous example, you'll notice that we have used the variable names &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; twice, once for each of the two area functions. How does that work?

Consider the following GHCi sequence:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; let r = 0
Prelude&gt; let area r = pi * r ^ 2
Prelude&gt; area 5
78.53981633974483
}}

It would have been an unpleasant surprise to return &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; for the area because of the earlier &lt;code&gt;let r = 0&lt;/code&gt; definition getting in the way. That does not happen because when you defined &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; the second time you are talking about a ''different'' &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;. This may seem confusing, but consider how many people have the name John, and yet for any context with only one John, we can talk about &quot;John&quot; with no confusion. Programming has a notion similar to context, called ''[[Wikipedia:Scope (programming)|scope]]''.

We will not explain the technicalities behind scope right now. Just keep in mind that the value of a parameter is strictly what you pass in when you call the function, regardless of what the variable was called in the function's definition. That said, appropriately unique names for variables do make the code easier for human readers to understand.

== Summary ==

# Variables store values (which can be any arbitrary Haskell expression).
# Variables do not change within a scope.
# Functions help you write reusable code.
# Functions can accept more than one parameter.

We also learned about non-code text comments  within a source file.

{{Haskell/NotesSection}}

{{Haskell navigation|chapter=Haskell Basics}}

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    <title>Haskell/Getting set up</title>
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      <text bytes="4415" sha1="pi2fnb0g3pavfh2rkhibs1g27xmrtiz" xml:space="preserve">== Installing Haskell ==
Haskell is a ''programming language'', i.e. a language in which humans can express how computers should behave. It's like writing a cooking recipe: you write the recipe and the computer executes it.

To use Haskell programs, you need a special program called a Haskell ''compiler''. A compiler takes code written in Haskell and translates it into ''machine code'', a more elementary language that the computer understands. Using the cooking analogy, you write a recipe (your Haskell program) and a cook (a compiler program) does the work of putting together actual ingredients into an edible dish (an executable file). Of course, you can't easily get the recipe from a final dish (and you can't get the Haskell code from the executable after it's compiled).

To get started, visit [https://www.haskell.org/downloads haskell.org/downloads] for the latest instructions. The current recommended way is to use [https://haskell.org/ghcup GHCup]. Use it to install the latest recommended version of GHC, &lt;code&gt;cabal&lt;/code&gt; (not &lt;code&gt;stack&lt;/code&gt;), and the Haskell language server. You should use &lt;code&gt;cabal&lt;/code&gt; to install any Haskell library you need. We will cover using &lt;code&gt;cabal&lt;/code&gt; in depth in [[Haskell/Packaging]]

{{body note|1=
Linux users:

'''It is heavily, heavily discouraged to install anything pertaining to Haskell using your system's package repositories and package manager (unless you're using Fedora or NixOS). Specifically distributions like Arch Linux and Debian manage Haskell packages very badly, and will lead to a bad experience with the tooling. Use GHCup and Cabal as noted above.'''
}}

To just test some Haskell basics without downloading and installing, there is a [https://play.haskell.org/ playground] which includes a few packages by default. Most instructions here on the Wikibook will also work on the playground, though it doesn't accept user input.

== First code ==

After installation, we will do our first Haskell coding with the program called '''GHCi''' (the 'i' stands for 'interactive'). Depending on your operating system, perform the following steps:

* On Windows: Click Start, then Run, then type 'cmd' and hit Enter, then type &lt;code&gt;ghci&lt;/code&gt; and hit Enter once more.
* On MacOS: Open the application &quot;Terminal&quot; found in the &quot;Applications/Utilities&quot; folder, type the letters &lt;code&gt;ghci&lt;/code&gt; into the window that appears, and hit the Enter key.
* On Linux: Open a terminal and run &lt;code&gt;ghci&lt;/code&gt;.

You should get output that looks something like the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
GHCi, version 8.10.7: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/  :? for help
Prelude&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

The first bit is GHCi's version, and tells your how to get help in GHCi. The &lt;code&gt;Prelude&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; bit is known as the ''prompt''. This is where you enter commands, and GHCi will respond with their results. The prompt also tells you that the current loaded module is &lt;code&gt;Prelude&lt;/code&gt;, which gives you access to most of the built-in functions.

Now let's try some basic arithmetic:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; 2 + 2
4
Prelude&gt; 5 + 4 * 3
17
Prelude&gt; 2 ^ 5
32
}}

These operators match most other programming languages: &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;  is addition, &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt; is multiplication, and &lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt; is exponentiation (raising to the power of, or &lt;math&gt;a ^ b&lt;/math&gt;). As shown in the second example, Haskell follows standard order of math operations (e.g. multiplication before addition).

Now you know how to use Haskell as a calculator. Actually, Haskell is ''always'' a calculator — just a really powerful one, able to deal not only with numbers but also with other objects like characters, lists, functions, trees, and even other programs (if you aren't familiar with these terms yet, don't worry).

To leave GHCi once you are done, use &lt;code&gt;:quit&lt;/code&gt; (or just &lt;code&gt;:q&lt;/code&gt;):

{{Haskell/GHCi|
Prelude&gt; :quit
Leaving GHCi.
}}


GHCi is a powerful development environment. As we progress, we will learn how to load files with source code into GHCi and evaluate different parts of them.

Assuming you're clear on everything so far (if not, use the talk page and help us improve this Wikibook!), then you are ready for the next chapter where we will introduce some of the basic concepts of Haskell and make our first Haskell functions.

{{Haskell navigation|chapter=Haskell Basics|noexercises=1}}

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      <text bytes="4362" sha1="9jnjtzhh8qb8kz4hpbohak9rchzvsfy" xml:space="preserve">== Installing Haskell ==
Haskell is a ''programming language'', i.e. a language in which humans can express how computers should behave. It's like writing a cooking recipe: you write the recipe and the computer executes it.

To use Haskell programs, you need a special program called a Haskell ''compiler''. A compiler takes code written in Haskell and translates it into ''machine code'', a more elementary language that the computer understands. Using the cooking analogy, you write a recipe (your Haskell program) and a cook (a compiler program) does the work of putting together actual ingredients into an edible dish (an executable file). Of course, you can't easily get the recipe from a final dish (and you can't get the Haskell code from the executable after it's compiled).

To get started, visit [https://www.haskell.org/downloads haskell.org/downloads] for the latest instructions. The current recommended way is to use [https://haskell.org/ghcup GHCup]. Use it to install the latest recommended version of GHC, &lt;code&gt;cabal&lt;/code&gt; (not &lt;code&gt;stack&lt;/code&gt;), and the Haskell language server. You should use &lt;code&gt;cabal&lt;/code&gt; to install any Haskell library you need. We will cover using &lt;code&gt;cabal&lt;/code&gt; in depth in [[Haskell/Packaging]]

{{body note|1=
Linux users:

'''It is heavily, heavily discouraged to install anything pertaining to Haskell using your system's package repositories and package manager (unless you're using Fedora or NixOS). Specifically distributions like Arch Linux and Debian manage Haskell packages very badly, and will lead to a bad experience with the tooling. Use GHCup and Cabal as noted above.'''
}}

To just test some Haskell basics without downloading and installing, there is a [https://play.haskell.org/ playground] which includes a few packages by default. Most instructions here on the Wikibook will also work on the playground, though it doesn't accept user input.

== First code ==

After installation, we will do our first Haskell coding with the program called '''GHCi''' (the 'i' stands for 'interactive'). Depending on your operating system, perform the following steps:

* On Windows: Click Start, then Run, then type 'cmd' and hit Enter, then type &lt;code&gt;ghci&lt;/code&gt; and hit Enter once more.
* On MacOS: Open the application &quot;Terminal&quot; found in the &quot;Applications/Utilities&quot; folder, type the letters &lt;code&gt;ghci&lt;/code&gt; into the window that appears, and hit the Enter key.
* On Linux: Open a terminal and run &lt;code&gt;ghci&lt;/code&gt;.

You should get output that looks something like the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
GHCi, version 8.10.7: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/  :? for help
Prelude&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

The first bit is GHCi's version, and tells your how to get help in GHCi. The &lt;code&gt;Prelude&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; bit is known as the ''prompt''. This is where you enter commands, and GHCi will respond with their results. The prompt also tells you that the current loaded module is &lt;code&gt;Prelude&lt;/code&gt;, which gives you access to most of the built-in functions.

Now let's try some basic arithmetic:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; 2 + 2
4
Prelude&gt; 5 + 4 * 3
17
Prelude&gt; 2 ^ 5
32
}}

These operators match most other programming languages: &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;  is addition, &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt; is multiplication, and &lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt; is exponentiation (raising to the power of, or &lt;math&gt;a ^ b&lt;/math&gt;). As shown in the second example, Haskell follows standard order of math operations (e.g. multiplication before addition).

Now you know how to use Haskell as a calculator. Actually, Haskell is ''always'' a calculator — just a really powerful one, able to deal not only with numbers but also with other objects like characters, lists, functions, trees, and even other programs (if you aren't familiar with these terms yet, don't worry).

To leave GHCi once you are done, use &lt;code&gt;:quit&lt;/code&gt; (or just &lt;code&gt;:q&lt;/code&gt;):

{{Haskell/GHCi|
Prelude&gt; :quit
Leaving GHCi.
}}


GHCi is a powerful development environment. As we progress, we will learn how to load files with source code into GHCi and evaluate different parts of them.

Assuming you're clear on everything so far (if not, use the talk page and help us improve this Wikibook!), then you are ready for the next chapter where we will introduce some of the basic concepts of Haskell and make our first Haskell functions.

{{Haskell navigation|chapter=Haskell Basics|noexercises=1}}

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      <text bytes="4356" sha1="as9zfl8m0x62ck9mmslce34ahel7lwb" xml:space="preserve">== Installing Haskell ==
Haskell is a ''programming language'', i.e. a language in which humans can express how computers should behave. It's like writing a cooking recipe: you write the recipe and the computer executes it.

To use Haskell programs, you need a special program called a Haskell ''compiler''. A compiler takes code written in Haskell and translates it into ''machine code'', a more elementary language that the computer understands. Using the cooking analogy, you write a recipe (your Haskell program) and a cook (a compiler program) does the work of putting together actual ingredients into an edible dish (an executable file). Of course, you can't easily get the recipe from a final dish (and you can't get the Haskell code from the executable after it's compiled).

To get started, visit [https://www.haskell.org/downloads haskell.org/downloads] for the latest instructions. The current recommended way is to use [https://haskell.org/ghcup GHCup]. Use it to install the latest recommended version of GHC, &lt;code&gt;cabal&lt;/code&gt; (not &lt;code&gt;stack&lt;/code&gt;), and the Haskell language server. You should use &lt;code&gt;cabal&lt;/code&gt; to install any Haskell library you need. We will cover using &lt;code&gt;cabal&lt;/code&gt; in depth in [[Haskell/Packaging]]

{{body note|1=
Linux users:

'''It is heavily, heavily discouraged to install anything pertaining to Haskell using your system's package repositories and package manager (unless you're using Fedora or NixOS). Specifically distributions like Arch Linux and Debian manage Haskell packages very badly, and will lead to a bad experience with the tooling. Use GHCup and Cabal as noted above.'''
}}

To just test some Haskell basics without downloading and installing, there is a [https://play.haskell.org/ playground] which includes a few packages by default. Most instructions here on the Wikibook will also work on the playground, though it doesn't accept user input.

== First code ==

After installation, we will do our first Haskell coding with the program called '''GHCi''' (the 'i' stands for 'interactive'). Depending on your operating system, perform the following steps:

* On Windows: Click Start, then Run, then type 'cmd' and hit Enter, then type &lt;code&gt;ghci&lt;/code&gt; and hit Enter once more.
* On MacOS: Open the application &quot;Terminal&quot; found in the &quot;Applications/Utilities&quot; folder, type the letters &lt;code&gt;ghci&lt;/code&gt; into the window that appears, and hit the Enter key.
* On Linux: Open a terminal and run &lt;code&gt;ghci&lt;/code&gt;.

You should get output that looks something like the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
GHCi, version 8.10.7: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/  :? for help
Prelude&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

The first bit is GHCi's version, and tells your how to get help in GHCi. The &lt;code&gt;Prelude&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; bit is known as the ''prompt''. This is where you enter commands, and GHCi will respond with their results. The prompt also tells you that the current loaded module is &lt;code&gt;Prelude&lt;/code&gt;, which gives you access to most of the built-in functions.

Now let's try some basic arithmetic:

{{Haskell/GHCi|1=
Prelude&gt; 2 + 2
4
Prelude&gt; 5 + 4 * 3
17
Prelude&gt; 2 ^ 5
32
}}

These operators match most other programming languages: &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;  is addition, &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt; is multiplication, and &lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt; is exponentiation (raising to the power of, or &lt;math&gt;a ^ b&lt;/math&gt;). As shown in the second example, Haskell follows standard order of math operations (e.g. multiplication before addition).

Now you know how to use Haskell as a calculator. Actually, Haskell is ''always'' a calculator — just a really powerful one, able to deal not only with numbers but also with other objects like characters, lists, functions, trees, and even other programs (if you aren't familiar with these terms yet, don't worry).

To leave GHCi once you are done, use &lt;code&gt;:quit&lt;/code&gt; (or just &lt;code&gt;:q&lt;/code&gt;):

{{Haskell/GHCi|
Prelude&gt; :quit
Leaving GHCi.
}}


GHCi is a powerful development environment. As we progress, we will learn how to load files with source code into GHCi and evaluate different parts of them.

Assuming you're clear on everything so far (if not, use the talk page and help us improve this Wikibook!), then you are ready for the next chapter where we will introduce some of the basic concepts of Haskell and make our first Haskell functions.

{{Haskell navigation|chapter=Haskell Basics|noexercises=1}}

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==1. Be in at least the eighth grade. ==
This honor requires the maturity level of a typical 8th grade student, or its equivalent.  Please note that requirement 2 very closely coincides with an activity in the Voyager AY class.  It would be good to follow this honor with the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outreach/Personal Evangelism|Personal Evangelism]] honor. hey how you doing!

==2. Go on a visit with your pastor to a Bible study, a hospital visit, and a visit to a church member. ==
Though your pastor is a very busy person, it is likely that he will welcome you as he visits others.  Ask him well ahead of time so that he can choose the day when you may join him.  Be patient - he may not have anything lined up right away.  Trust his judgment - he is a professional.  There is no need to make all of these visits on the same day - they can be spread out over multiple trips.  Remember your manners during the visits, and that you are a representative of your club, your church, and your Savior. Always thank him afterwards.

Before you go, see the notes on requirement 6 and requirement 7c.

==3. Arrange with your pastor to attend a church board meeting and a church business meeting. Make a written report of your visits to both meetings. ==
Church boards usually meet once per month.  Again remember your manners and that you are representing your club.  Be sure that you do make arrangements with your pastor to attend - do not just show up.  Church boards often deal with sensitive, confidential matters, and you may be asked to dismiss yourself during part of the meeting.  If this happens, handle yourself with grace.

Also keep in mind that unless you are a ''member'' of your church board, you will not be able to vote on any of the business that comes up during a church board meeting.  If you are a baptized member of your church, however, you may (and should) vote during a church business meeting.

==4. List the steps in church organization from the member to the General Conference and know their relationship to each other. ==
A person's membership in the Seventh-day Adventist Church is with a particular church, mission, or company.  Sometimes, an individual's membership will be with the local conference rather than with a church (such is the case with conference employees and their families, for instance).  The local church is an independent body invested with the authority to make most of its own decisions.  The pastor of the local church, however, is an employee of the local conference, and will answer to the Conference President.  The local church forwards all tithe money it collects to the conference, and these funds are used to pay the salaries of all pastors and conference administrative employees.  School teachers are also conference employees, but their salaries are paid from tuition rather than from tithe.  Conference officers (President, Vice Presidents, Treasurer, etc.) are voted into office at a Conference Constituency meeting.  Each church, mission, and company in a conference selects and sends its own delegates to the these meetings.

Several local conferences in a region make up a Union.  Each Union has its own administrative staff and a slate of officers.  Adventist colleges are usually associated with a Union and funded at the Union level.

Unions are grouped into Divisions, and each Division also has its administrative staff and officers (President, Vice Presidents, Treasurer, etc.).  Again, the officers are voted into their positions at a constituency meeting.  There are twelve Divisions in the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and together they form the General Conference.  This is the highest level of government in the Adventist Church.  Every five years the General Conference holds a constituency meeting to decide matters important to the denomination and to elect its officers (a President, several Vice Presidents, Treasurer, etc.).

==5. Find out what your church spends money on and what percentage of the budget goes to what expenses. ==
You should be able to find this information by talking to your church treasurer.  Any member of your church's Finance Committee (if your church has one) will also be able to help you with this.  Some churches budget fixed percentages of their income for certain expenses, while others budget fixed amounts.  Still others will use a combination of these two approaches, paying fixed costs first, and then budgeting the remainder by percentages.  If your church budgets fixed amounts, you can calculate the percentages yourself as follows:

&lt;math&gt;Percentage = \frac{budget\ for\ item}{total\ budget} \times 100&lt;/math&gt;

==6. Write a report of an interview with your pastor in which you asked him the following questions ==
;a. What education is required to become a minister?
;b. What education outside of theology would complement a minister?
;c. From what source is the pastor paid?
;d. What is the most rewarding part of your ministry?
;e. What is the hardest part of your ministry?
;f. What are beneficial vocations for a pastor's wife to have?
;g. How did you know that God called you to the ministry?
;h. How would I know if God were calling me to the ministry?
;i. How do you do soul winning?
;j. How does evangelism enter into your soul winning?

If you are traveling with your pastor to meet requirement 2, this would be an excellent time to ask him these questions.  Otherwise, you will need to set up an appointment with him.  Be sure to take notes during your discussion so you can refer to them as you write your report.

==7. Do two of the following ==
===a. Participate in the presentation of a youth evangelistic series.===
If your church is presenting a youth evangelistic series, volunteer to help out.  If not, perhaps you could organize a series yourself or with other members of your Pathfinder club or AY Society.

Participating in the presentation can mean leading out in front of the congregation or working behind the scenes.  Both are important.  
;Leading out: This could be preaching, presenting special music, or providing testimony about your own Christian experience.
;Behind the scenes: This could be running the PA system, controlling a slide show, operating a spot light, videotaping the program, or even podcasting the series over the Internet.

===b. Give two Bible studies. ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Bible study}}

===c. Make four hospital visits, presenting a devotional thought and prayer at each one. ===
A well-functioning church publicly prays for hospitalized members.  Pay close attention to the prayers in your church to find out who is sick.  It is also totally acceptable to visit non-church members who are hospitalized.

Talk to your pastor, an elder, a deacon, or a deaconess in your church to find out if they are going on a hospital visit and ask if you can come along.  If they are not going, offer to go yourself.  If they do not think it wise that you join them, respect their judgment.

Do not arrive unannounced.  It is better to call ahead.  Talk to either the patient or someone close to the patient about scheduling your visit.  Do not put the visit off for too long either, as hospital stays are getting shorter and shorter all the time.  It is not unusual for a patient to be sent home within two days of having major surgery.  For this reason it may be better to be on the lookout for a person scheduled to be admitted to a hospital rather than for someone who has already ''been'' admitted.  They could easily be discharged before you can arrange a visit.

When you get to the hospital you may need to turn off your cell phone.  Look for any notices to that effect and comply with them.

It is best to not bring a large number of people with you when making a hospital visit.  The rooms are small, and the hospital will limit the number of visitors allowed in the room.  Furthermore, sick people are often not comfortable visiting with a large crowd.  Be sure to obey any direction given to you by the hospital staff.  Do not make noise.  Remember that there are other patients there who need their rest.

Keep the visit brief and be alert for any signs that the patient wants you to leave.  the patient may be too polite to make such as wish known to you.  If you detect any hint that you should leave, do so graciously and do not take offense.  Hospitalization is not a pleasant experience, and people frequently prefer to maintain their privacy.  The patient may also tire easily and not be in a mood to visit.  It is difficult to get a good night's rest in a hospital, as it buzzes with activity 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

Because your visit may be short, it is best to begin presenting your devotional thought as soon as you can.  Be polite and ask how the patient is doing before diving in, but don't chit-chat for very long before getting started.  When the devotional is finished, close with a prayer ''and leave'' while the presence of the Holy Spirit still lingers.  It is better to say your goodbyes ''before'' having the prayer.

===d. Give a sermon of at least 20 minutes in length. ===
This can be done during any number of events including:
* Pathfinder Sabbath
* Camp out 
* Induction Ceremony
* Investiture Service
* Regular Sabbath worship service

You can turn almost any Bible study into a sermon, as they generally present a thought or an idea in an organized manner.  Make notes on index cards and take them to the pulpit with you.  If you are uncomfortable, practice your sermon ahead of time.  Open and close your sermon with a short prayer, and pray with another person in private before taking the pulpit.  When citing Bible texts, give the congregation time to find the passage - repeat the book, chapter, and verse a couple of times.  Speak clearly, with plenty of volume, and enunciate your words.  Remember that no one in the congregation is there waiting for you to fail - they all want you to succeed!  They are on your side.

===e. Give two evening and two morning devotionals for a camp out.===
Make arrangements with your Club Director well in advance of the camp out.  If you can connect all four of these devotionals with a common theme, all the better.  Consult a daily devotional book for ideas.  Many are available at the Adventist Book Center.

===f. Give devotional worships for five days at a school. ===
This is an ideal option if you attend or live near an Adventist school.  These devotionals can be presented to the entire school, to a single classroom, or to a small group that meets before, during, or after school.  They need not last more than 10 or 15 minutes.

Talk to the school principal or a teacher well ahead of time.  She may want to know exactly what you are planning before approving it, so go in knowing what you are going to say. Better yet, have an outline of your program prepared ahead of time.

===g. Earn the Pathfinder Evangelism Award. ===
These are the requirements for the Pathfinder Evangelism Award:
====1. Be a Pathfinder or Staff Member.====
====2. Attend at least ten meetings. (Evangelistic meetings, Daniel or Revelation Seminars. If less than 10 are conducted, attend at least two-thirds of them.)====
====3. Participate at each of the meetings attended.====
====4. Wear your Pathfinder full-dress uniform (including scarf &amp; sash) while participating.====
====5. Participate in at least four of the following:a. Be an usher.b. Pick up the offering.c. Assist in the children's meetings.d. Have scripture or prayer.e. Assist in the set-up/take-down of the meeting hall.f. Hand out the evening programs, brochures, etc.g. Give a testimony of what Jesus has done recently for you.h. Be a greeter.i. Help operate a Pathfinder booth showing what the church has for its young people.j. Invite a guest (non-SDA) to attend the meetings and host him throughout the evenings.k. Prepare a baked-goods table (breads, etc.) to share as gifts or samples for the attendees.l. Contact at least ten (10) individuals by phone or in person inviting them to attend the meetings.m. Participate in at least two Bible studies with at least one &quot;interest.&quot; ====

;For your choice of the above, a thorough preparation is needed. Where applicable, outlines or memorized material should be used. A reading of the presentation is not permitted.

==8. Through Bible and the writings of Ellen G. White study and learn how Jesus treated crowds of people in ministering to them. ==
Read [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%205-7&amp;version=31 Matthew chapters 5-7], which cover the Sermon on the Mount, and [http://www.whiteestate.org/books/da/da31.html chapter 31] of ''The Desire of Ages'' which contains Mrs. White's commentary on it.  You should also read [http://www.whiteestate.org/books/mb/mb.asp ''Thoughts From the Mount of Blessing''].

==9. Show that you have a personal daily devotional life for at least six months.==
One way to show this is by keeping a devotional journal.  Summarize what you have read, making sure to record any Bible verses or other reading material studied.  Be sure to record the date as well.

If you like, you can record your journal on a blog so that others may read it on the Internet.  You may even plant a seed this way without knowing it!

==References==
[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

==About the Author==
{{:User:Jomegat/About the author}}

[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]</text>
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==1. Be in at least the eighth grade. ==
This honor requires the maturity level of a typical 8th grade student, or its equivalent.  Please note that requirement 2 very closely coincides with an activity in the Voyager AY class.  It would be good to follow this honor with the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outreach/Personal Evangelism|Personal Evangelism]] honor.

==2. Go on a visit with your pastor to a Bible study, a hospital visit, and a visit to a church member. ==
Though your pastor is a very busy person, it is likely that he will welcome you as he visits others.  Ask him well ahead of time so that he can choose the day when you may join him.  Be patient - he may not have anything lined up right away.  Trust his judgment - he is a professional.  There is no need to make all of these visits on the same day - they can be spread out over multiple trips.  Remember your manners during the visits, and that you are a representative of your club, your church, and your Savior. Always thank him afterwards.

Before you go, see the notes on requirement 6 and requirement 7c.

==3. Arrange with your pastor to attend a church board meeting and a church business meeting. Make a written report of your visits to both meetings. ==
Church boards usually meet once per month.  Again remember your manners and that you are representing your club.  Be sure that you do make arrangements with your pastor to attend - do not just show up.  Church boards often deal with sensitive, confidential matters, and you may be asked to dismiss yourself during part of the meeting.  If this happens, handle yourself with grace.

Also keep in mind that unless you are a ''member'' of your church board, you will not be able to vote on any of the business that comes up during a church board meeting.  If you are a baptized member of your church, however, you may (and should) vote during a church business meeting.

==4. List the steps in church organization from the member to the General Conference and know their relationship to each other. ==
A person's membership in the Seventh-day Adventist Church is with a particular church, mission, or company.  Sometimes, an individual's membership will be with the local conference rather than with a church (such is the case with conference employees and their families, for instance).  The local church is an independent body invested with the authority to make most of its own decisions.  The pastor of the local church, however, is an employee of the local conference, and will answer to the Conference President.  The local church forwards all tithe money it collects to the conference, and these funds are used to pay the salaries of all pastors and conference administrative employees.  School teachers are also conference employees, but their salaries are paid from tuition rather than from tithe.  Conference officers (President, Vice Presidents, Treasurer, etc.) are voted into office at a Conference Constituency meeting.  Each church, mission, and company in a conference selects and sends its own delegates to the these meetings.

Several local conferences in a region make up a Union.  Each Union has its own administrative staff and a slate of officers.  Adventist colleges are usually associated with a Union and funded at the Union level.

Unions are grouped into Divisions, and each Division also has its administrative staff and officers (President, Vice Presidents, Treasurer, etc.).  Again, the officers are voted into their positions at a constituency meeting.  There are twelve Divisions in the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and together they form the General Conference.  This is the highest level of government in the Adventist Church.  Every five years the General Conference holds a constituency meeting to decide matters important to the denomination and to elect its officers (a President, several Vice Presidents, Treasurer, etc.).

==5. Find out what your church spends money on and what percentage of the budget goes to what expenses. ==
You should be able to find this information by talking to your church treasurer.  Any member of your church's Finance Committee (if your church has one) will also be able to help you with this.  Some churches budget fixed percentages of their income for certain expenses, while others budget fixed amounts.  Still others will use a combination of these two approaches, paying fixed costs first, and then budgeting the remainder by percentages.  If your church budgets fixed amounts, you can calculate the percentages yourself as follows:

&lt;math&gt;Percentage = \frac{budget\ for\ item}{total\ budget} \times 100&lt;/math&gt;

==6. Write a report of an interview with your pastor in which you asked him the following questions ==
;a. What education is required to become a minister?
;b. What education outside of theology would complement a minister?
;c. From what source is the pastor paid?
;d. What is the most rewarding part of your ministry?
;e. What is the hardest part of your ministry?
;f. What are beneficial vocations for a pastor's wife to have?
;g. How did you know that God called you to the ministry?
;h. How would I know if God were calling me to the ministry?
;i. How do you do soul winning?
;j. How does evangelism enter into your soul winning?

If you are traveling with your pastor to meet requirement 2, this would be an excellent time to ask him these questions.  Otherwise, you will need to set up an appointment with him.  Be sure to take notes during your discussion so you can refer to them as you write your report.

==7. Do two of the following ==
===a. Participate in the presentation of a youth evangelistic series.===
If your church is presenting a youth evangelistic series, volunteer to help out.  If not, perhaps you could organize a series yourself or with other members of your Pathfinder club or AY Society.

Participating in the presentation can mean leading out in front of the congregation or working behind the scenes.  Both are important.  
;Leading out: This could be preaching, presenting special music, or providing testimony about your own Christian experience.
;Behind the scenes: This could be running the PA system, controlling a slide show, operating a spot light, videotaping the program, or even podcasting the series over the Internet.

===b. Give two Bible studies. ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Bible study}}

===c. Make four hospital visits, presenting a devotional thought and prayer at each one. ===
A well-functioning church publicly prays for hospitalized members.  Pay close attention to the prayers in your church to find out who is sick.  It is also totally acceptable to visit non-church members who are hospitalized.

Talk to your pastor, an elder, a deacon, or a deaconess in your church to find out if they are going on a hospital visit and ask if you can come along.  If they are not going, offer to go yourself.  If they do not think it wise that you join them, respect their judgment.

Do not arrive unannounced.  It is better to call ahead.  Talk to either the patient or someone close to the patient about scheduling your visit.  Do not put the visit off for too long either, as hospital stays are getting shorter and shorter all the time.  It is not unusual for a patient to be sent home within two days of having major surgery.  For this reason it may be better to be on the lookout for a person scheduled to be admitted to a hospital rather than for someone who has already ''been'' admitted.  They could easily be discharged before you can arrange a visit.

When you get to the hospital you may need to turn off your cell phone.  Look for any notices to that effect and comply with them.

It is best to not bring a large number of people with you when making a hospital visit.  The rooms are small, and the hospital will limit the number of visitors allowed in the room.  Furthermore, sick people are often not comfortable visiting with a large crowd.  Be sure to obey any direction given to you by the hospital staff.  Do not make noise.  Remember that there are other patients there who need their rest.

Keep the visit brief and be alert for any signs that the patient wants you to leave.  the patient may be too polite to make such as wish known to you.  If you detect any hint that you should leave, do so graciously and do not take offense.  Hospitalization is not a pleasant experience, and people frequently prefer to maintain their privacy.  The patient may also tire easily and not be in a mood to visit.  It is difficult to get a good night's rest in a hospital, as it buzzes with activity 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

Because your visit may be short, it is best to begin presenting your devotional thought as soon as you can.  Be polite and ask how the patient is doing before diving in, but don't chit-chat for very long before getting started.  When the devotional is finished, close with a prayer ''and leave'' while the presence of the Holy Spirit still lingers.  It is better to say your goodbyes ''before'' having the prayer.

===d. Give a sermon of at least 20 minutes in length. ===
This can be done during any number of events including:
* Pathfinder Sabbath
* Camp out 
* Induction Ceremony
* Investiture Service
* Regular Sabbath worship service

You can turn almost any Bible study into a sermon, as they generally present a thought or an idea in an organized manner.  Make notes on index cards and take them to the pulpit with you.  If you are uncomfortable, practice your sermon ahead of time.  Open and close your sermon with a short prayer, and pray with another person in private before taking the pulpit.  When citing Bible texts, give the congregation time to find the passage - repeat the book, chapter, and verse a couple of times.  Speak clearly, with plenty of volume, and enunciate your words.  Remember that no one in the congregation is there waiting for you to fail - they all want you to succeed!  They are on your side.

===e. Give two evening and two morning devotionals for a camp out.===
Make arrangements with your Club Director well in advance of the camp out.  If you can connect all four of these devotionals with a common theme, all the better.  Consult a daily devotional book for ideas.  Many are available at the Adventist Book Center.

===f. Give devotional worships for five days at a school. ===
This is an ideal option if you attend or live near an Adventist school.  These devotionals can be presented to the entire school, to a single classroom, or to a small group that meets before, during, or after school.  They need not last more than 10 or 15 minutes.

Talk to the school principal or a teacher well ahead of time.  She may want to know exactly what you are planning before approving it, so go in knowing what you are going to say. Better yet, have an outline of your program prepared ahead of time.

===g. Earn the Pathfinder Evangelism Award. ===
These are the requirements for the Pathfinder Evangelism Award:
====1. Be a Pathfinder or Staff Member.====
====2. Attend at least ten meetings. (Evangelistic meetings, Daniel or Revelation Seminars. If less than 10 are conducted, attend at least two-thirds of them.)====
====3. Participate at each of the meetings attended.====
====4. Wear your Pathfinder full-dress uniform (including scarf &amp; sash) while participating.====
====5. Participate in at least four of the following:a. Be an usher.b. Pick up the offering.c. Assist in the children's meetings.d. Have scripture or prayer.e. Assist in the set-up/take-down of the meeting hall.f. Hand out the evening programs, brochures, etc.g. Give a testimony of what Jesus has done recently for you.h. Be a greeter.i. Help operate a Pathfinder booth showing what the church has for its young people.j. Invite a guest (non-SDA) to attend the meetings and host him throughout the evenings.k. Prepare a baked-goods table (breads, etc.) to share as gifts or samples for the attendees.l. Contact at least ten (10) individuals by phone or in person inviting them to attend the meetings.m. Participate in at least two Bible studies with at least one &quot;interest.&quot; ====

;For your choice of the above, a thorough preparation is needed. Where applicable, outlines or memorized material should be used. A reading of the presentation is not permitted.

==8. Through Bible and the writings of Ellen G. White study and learn how Jesus treated crowds of people in ministering to them. ==
Read [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%205-7&amp;version=31 Matthew chapters 5-7], which cover the Sermon on the Mount, and [http://www.whiteestate.org/books/da/da31.html chapter 31] of ''The Desire of Ages'' which contains Mrs. White's commentary on it.  You should also read [http://www.whiteestate.org/books/mb/mb.asp ''Thoughts From the Mount of Blessing''].

==9. Show that you have a personal daily devotional life for at least six months.==
One way to show this is by keeping a devotional journal.  Summarize what you have read, making sure to record any Bible verses or other reading material studied.  Be sure to record the date as well.

If you like, you can record your journal on a blog so that others may read it on the Internet.  You may even plant a seed this way without knowing it!

==References==
[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

==About the Author==
{{:User:Jomegat/About the author}}

[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Pancreas/Squamous Cell</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103814</id>
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      <id>4675658</id>
      <parentid>1612725</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T09:28:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
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      <text bytes="1395" sha1="18l1aqqxuwjg4bdeaem126zxyh7gkga" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}

*Squamous cells not normally present in pancreas, so four theories have been proposed:
**Metaplasia of pancreatic ductal epithelium present during inflammation (eg during pancreatitis)
**Pluripotent progenitor cell capable of differentiating to adeno or squamous undergoes malignant transformation
**Pre-existing adenocarcinoma undergoes transformation to squamous cell
**Aberrant squamous cell undergoes malignant transformation
*Reported incidence between 0.005% (pure squamous) and 2% (adenosquamous) tumors of pancreatic tumors
*61 cases reported in English literature ({{PMID|16208119}})
**Mean age 62 years
**Presenting symptoms: abdominal or back pain, weight loss, anorexia
**Average tumor size 7.8 cm
**Equal distribution between head, body and tail
**Median survival: resected 7 months, non-resectable 3 months
*Given its rarity, it is important to exclude metastatic disease from elsewhere
*Enhances on triphasic contrast CT
*Consider gemcitabine-based chemotherapy

==Adenosquamous carcinoma==
*{{PMID|10367867}}, 1999 &amp;mdash; &quot;Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas.&quot; (Madura JA. Arch Surg. 1999 Jun;134(6):599-603.)
**Retrospective review of 6 patients
**Approximately 4% of all pancreatic neoplasms (only 134 cases reported at the time of publication - 1999)
**Discussion states positive Ca 19-9, ST 439, keratin staining
**Survival = 5.4 +/- 4 months</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Common.js</title>
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      <id>4675541</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-11T16:32:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing some deleted CSS/JS subpages.</comment>
      <origin>4675541</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="3391" sha1="j6czwl17g3uhwkzyincwnhjqjmqzpcf" xml:space="preserve">/**
 * Redirect User:Name/skin.js and skin.css to the current skin's pages
 * (unless the 'skin' page really exists).
 *
 * Dependencies: mediawiki.util
 *
 * @source https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Snippets/Redirect_skin.js
 * @revision 2016-04-13
 */
if ( mw.config.get( 'wgArticleId' ) === 0 &amp;&amp; mw.config.get( 'wgNamespaceNumber' ) === 2 ) {
	mw.loader.using( 'mediawiki.util', function () {
		var titleParts = mw.config.get( 'wgPageName' ).split( '/' );
		// Make sure there was a part before and after the slash
		// And that the latter is 'skin.js' or 'skin.css'
		if ( titleParts.length == 2 ) {
			var userSkinPage = titleParts[0] + '/' + mw.config.get( 'skin' );
			if ( titleParts[1] === 'skin.js' ) {
				location.href = mw.util.getUrl( userSkinPage + '.js' );
			} else if ( titleParts[1] === 'skin.css' ) {
				location.href = mw.util.getUrl( userSkinPage + '.css' );
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	} );
}

// Book specific
mw.config.set( 'wgBookName', ( mw.config.get( 'wgPageName' ).split( '/', 1 )[0] || '' ).split( ':', 2 ).join( ':' ) );

if ( mw.config.get( 'wgCanonicalSpecialPageName' ) === 'Watchlist' ) {
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/WatchlistNotice.js');
} else if ( $.inArray( mw.config.get( 'wgAction' ), ['edit', 'submit', 'upload'] ) !== -1 ) {
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/Toolbox.js');
}

/**
 * @source https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Snippets/Load_JS_and_CSS_by_URL
 * @revision 2020-04-04
 */
mw.loader.using( ['mediawiki.util'], function () {
	var extraCSS = mw.util.getParamValue( 'withCSS' ),
		extraJS = mw.util.getParamValue( 'withJS' );

	if ( extraCSS ) {
		// WARNING: DO NOT REMOVE THIS &quot;IF&quot; - REQUIRED FOR SECURITY (against XSS/CSRF attacks)
		if ( /^MediaWiki:[^&amp;&lt;&gt;=%#]*\.css$/.test( extraCSS ) ) {
			mw.loader.load( '/w/index.php?title=' + encodeURIComponent( extraCSS ) + '&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/css', 'text/css' );
		} else {
			mw.notify( 'Only pages from the MediaWiki namespace are allowed.', { title: 'Invalid withCSS value' } );
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	}

	if ( extraJS ) {
		// WARNING: DO NOT REMOVE THIS &quot;IF&quot; - REQUIRED FOR SECURITY (against XSS/CSRF attacks)
		if ( /^MediaWiki:[^&amp;&lt;&gt;=%#]*\.js$/.test( extraJS ) ) {
			mw.loader.load( '/w/index.php?title=' + encodeURIComponent( extraJS ) + '&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript' );
		} else {
			mw.notify( 'Only pages from the MediaWiki namespace are allowed.', { title: 'Invalid withJS value' } );
		}
	}
});

/*
 * Use Gadgets whenever possible to minimize loading for all users for every page.
 * Wait for mediawiki.util to be ready because some things assume its availability.
 */
mw.loader.using( 'mediawiki.util', function() {	
	// Page specific - lynchpin for [[Help:Dialog|dialog]] [[Category:Dialog javascript pages]]
	importScript( 'MediaWiki:Common.js/w/' + mw.config.get( 'wgPageName' ) );

	// Imported scripts
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/Relics.js');
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/ExtraTools.js');
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/CollapseElements.js');
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/NavigationTabs.js');
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/Displaytitle.js');
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/Perbook.js');
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/tabs.js');
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/top.js');
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/review.js');
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/Categories.js');
	importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/use.js');

// DO NOT ADD CODE BELOW THIS LINE
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  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>112409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675515</id>
      <parentid>4674726</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T14:03:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Preventing a URL within code tags from becoming live */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4675515</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3895" sha1="3c634tt23r55n7vs9p7001zkc2jilts" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:TECH}} {{TOC left}}
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Welcome to the '''Technical Assistance reading room'''. Get assistance on questions related to [[w:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] markup, CSS, JavaScript, and such as they relate to Wikibooks. '''This is not a general-purpose technical support room'''.

To submit a ''bug notice or feature request'' for the MediaWiki software, visit [[phabricator:|Phabricator]].

To get more information about the ''MediaWiki software'', or to download your own copy, visit [[mw:|MediaWiki]]

There are also two IRC channels for technical help: {{Channel|mediawiki}} for issues about the software, and {{channel|mediawiki-core}} for [[m:WMF|WMF]] server or configuration issues.
{{clear}}
[[Category:Reading room]]

== Examples of the navigation templates. ==

There are several navigation templates.  I've used &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Navigation ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; in [[Oberon|Oberon Computing]]. Someone please point to a few other books where a navigation template is used at the top of pages.

Searching for a string in rendered pages is easy. Can source pages be searched? How?

Thanks,           ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 15:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC)
: There is &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere?target=Template%3ANavigation Special:WhatLinksHere]&lt;/span&gt; for that template. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:47, 10 September 2026 (UTC)

== Chess template help ==
Hello, I have made some changes on the [[Chess/Checkmates]] page. I would like the additions that I have added similar to the format for the other subheadings (e.g. the format of my additions similar to the backrank mate), because I don't really get the syntax for the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Chess diagram}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; template.
Kind regards,
[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:48, 20 September 2026 (UTC)

:There are instructions for how to [[:Template:Chess diagram]] in the documentation for the page, and a worked example. Basically you use the letter for the piece (r, n, k etc) and whether it is white (l, i.e. light) or black (d, i.e. dark) to represent each piece, and you put it in a field the number of which represents which square it is on the board. 
:An alternative is [[:Template:Chess/board]] which works differently and takes different inputs. With this one you can insert a move list (PGN notation) or a board position (FEN notation). 
{{Chess diagram|tright
|
|=
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd|=
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |ql|pd|pd|=
|  |  |nd|  |  |nd|  |  |=
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |=
|  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  |=
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl|=
|rl|nl|bl|  |kl|  |nl|rl|=
}}
:or 
:{{chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4. Qxf7#|scheme=orange}}
:or
:{{chess/board|fen=r1bqkb1r/pppp1Qpp/2n2n2/4p3/2B1P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNB1K1NR|scheme=orange}} [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:31, 1 October 2026 (UTC)

== Preventing a URL within code tags from becoming live ==
If I have a URL within &amp;lt;code&gt; &amp;lt;/code&gt; tags, say &lt;code&gt;sftp://fred@server.example.org/home/fred/Documents/&lt;/code&gt;, how do I prevent it from being automatically turned into a link in a Wikibook?  I've searched around a bit and not found the answer. — [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 14:03, 11 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3c634tt23r55n7vs9p7001zkc2jilts</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675516</id>
      <parentid>4675515</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T14:20:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Preventing a URL within code tags from becoming live */ reply: Try using &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="4095" sha1="3nx38w0q2d9lfqfsd1ol5m6iwh986xl" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:TECH}} {{TOC left}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
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Welcome to the '''Technical Assistance reading room'''. Get assistance on questions related to [[w:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] markup, CSS, JavaScript, and such as they relate to Wikibooks. '''This is not a general-purpose technical support room'''.

To submit a ''bug notice or feature request'' for the MediaWiki software, visit [[phabricator:|Phabricator]].

To get more information about the ''MediaWiki software'', or to download your own copy, visit [[mw:|MediaWiki]]

There are also two IRC channels for technical help: {{Channel|mediawiki}} for issues about the software, and {{channel|mediawiki-core}} for [[m:WMF|WMF]] server or configuration issues.
{{clear}}
[[Category:Reading room]]

== Examples of the navigation templates. ==

There are several navigation templates.  I've used &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Navigation ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; in [[Oberon|Oberon Computing]]. Someone please point to a few other books where a navigation template is used at the top of pages.

Searching for a string in rendered pages is easy. Can source pages be searched? How?

Thanks,           ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 15:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC)
: There is &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere?target=Template%3ANavigation Special:WhatLinksHere]&lt;/span&gt; for that template. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:47, 10 September 2026 (UTC)

== Chess template help ==
Hello, I have made some changes on the [[Chess/Checkmates]] page. I would like the additions that I have added similar to the format for the other subheadings (e.g. the format of my additions similar to the backrank mate), because I don't really get the syntax for the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Chess diagram}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; template.
Kind regards,
[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:48, 20 September 2026 (UTC)

:There are instructions for how to [[:Template:Chess diagram]] in the documentation for the page, and a worked example. Basically you use the letter for the piece (r, n, k etc) and whether it is white (l, i.e. light) or black (d, i.e. dark) to represent each piece, and you put it in a field the number of which represents which square it is on the board. 
:An alternative is [[:Template:Chess/board]] which works differently and takes different inputs. With this one you can insert a move list (PGN notation) or a board position (FEN notation). 
{{Chess diagram|tright
|
|=
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd|=
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |ql|pd|pd|=
|  |  |nd|  |  |nd|  |  |=
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |=
|  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  |=
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl|=
|rl|nl|bl|  |kl|  |nl|rl|=
}}
:or 
:{{chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4. Qxf7#|scheme=orange}}
:or
:{{chess/board|fen=r1bqkb1r/pppp1Qpp/2n2n2/4p3/2B1P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNB1K1NR|scheme=orange}} [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:31, 1 October 2026 (UTC)

== Preventing a URL within code tags from becoming live ==
If I have a URL within &amp;lt;code&gt; &amp;lt;/code&gt; tags, say &lt;code&gt;sftp://fred@server.example.org/home/fred/Documents/&lt;/code&gt;, how do I prevent it from being automatically turned into a link in a Wikibook?  I've searched around a bit and not found the answer. — [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 14:03, 11 October 2026 (UTC)
: Try using &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:20, 11 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3nx38w0q2d9lfqfsd1ol5m6iwh986xl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675525</id>
      <parentid>4675516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T15:06:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Solved - Preventing a URL within code tags from becoming live</comment>
      <origin>4675525</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4270" sha1="luh3sri33girvtizjyzbjthv2nyc4vp" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:TECH}} {{TOC left}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
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Welcome to the '''Technical Assistance reading room'''. Get assistance on questions related to [[w:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] markup, CSS, JavaScript, and such as they relate to Wikibooks. '''This is not a general-purpose technical support room'''.

To submit a ''bug notice or feature request'' for the MediaWiki software, visit [[phabricator:|Phabricator]].

To get more information about the ''MediaWiki software'', or to download your own copy, visit [[mw:|MediaWiki]]

There are also two IRC channels for technical help: {{Channel|mediawiki}} for issues about the software, and {{channel|mediawiki-core}} for [[m:WMF|WMF]] server or configuration issues.
{{clear}}
[[Category:Reading room]]

== Examples of the navigation templates. ==

There are several navigation templates.  I've used &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Navigation ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; in [[Oberon|Oberon Computing]]. Someone please point to a few other books where a navigation template is used at the top of pages.

Searching for a string in rendered pages is easy. Can source pages be searched? How?

Thanks,           ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 15:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC)
: There is &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere?target=Template%3ANavigation Special:WhatLinksHere]&lt;/span&gt; for that template. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:47, 10 September 2026 (UTC)

== Chess template help ==
Hello, I have made some changes on the [[Chess/Checkmates]] page. I would like the additions that I have added similar to the format for the other subheadings (e.g. the format of my additions similar to the backrank mate), because I don't really get the syntax for the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Chess diagram}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; template.
Kind regards,
[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:48, 20 September 2026 (UTC)

:There are instructions for how to [[:Template:Chess diagram]] in the documentation for the page, and a worked example. Basically you use the letter for the piece (r, n, k etc) and whether it is white (l, i.e. light) or black (d, i.e. dark) to represent each piece, and you put it in a field the number of which represents which square it is on the board. 
:An alternative is [[:Template:Chess/board]] which works differently and takes different inputs. With this one you can insert a move list (PGN notation) or a board position (FEN notation). 
{{Chess diagram|tright
|
|=
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd|=
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |ql|pd|pd|=
|  |  |nd|  |  |nd|  |  |=
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |=
|  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  |=
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl|=
|rl|nl|bl|  |kl|  |nl|rl|=
}}
:or 
:{{chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4. Qxf7#|scheme=orange}}
:or
:{{chess/board|fen=r1bqkb1r/pppp1Qpp/2n2n2/4p3/2B1P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNB1K1NR|scheme=orange}} [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:31, 1 October 2026 (UTC)

== Preventing a URL within code tags from becoming live ==
If I have a URL within &amp;lt;code&gt; &amp;lt;/code&gt; tags, say &lt;code&gt;sftp://fred@server.example.org/home/fred/Documents/&lt;/code&gt;, how do I prevent it from being automatically turned into a link in a Wikibook?  I've searched around a bit and not found the answer. — [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 14:03, 11 October 2026 (UTC)
: Try using &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:20, 11 October 2026 (UTC)
:: Thanks.  That was it.  — [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 15:06, 11 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Pilocytic Astrocytoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>4675680</id>
      <parentid>1218566</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T10:23:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Pilocytic Astrocytoma'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma==
*WHO Grade I tumors
*Well-circumscribed, enhancing lesions typically located in the cerebellum; many are [[Radiation_Oncology/Optic_Pathway_Glioma|Optic Pathway Gliomas]]
*Surgical resection alone results in favorable outcome, with 10-year OS &gt;80%


===Proton Therapy===
*'''Loma Linda; 2002''' (1991-1997) {{PMID|11977386}} -- &quot;Conformal proton radiation therapy for pediatric low-grade astrocytomas.&quot; (Hug EB, Strahlenther Onkol. 2002 Jan;178(1):10-7.)
**Retrospective. 27 patients, progressive or recurrent low-grade astrocytoma. Fractionated proton therapy 50.4-63 CGE in 1.8 CGE/fx. Mean F/U 3.3 years
**Outcome: LC 78%, OS 85%
**Toxicity: well tolerated; [[w:Moyamoya_disease|Moyamoya disease]] in one child with NF1; 6 patients with optic pathway tumors maintained/improved their vision
**Conclusion: Proton RT is safe and efficacious; longer term follow-up needed


==Adult Pilocytic Astrocytoma==
*Uncommon
*Clinical presentation includes visual disturbances, seizures, and headaches. Papilledema common
*Favorable prognosis both in terms of survival and neurologic function
*Most remain stable after resection (gross or subtotal) only, and need no adjuvant RT with close follow-up
*It may be reasonable to offer RT in unresectable disease, especially if causing neurologic symptoms
*10 year OS 95%


*'''Intergroup NCCTG/RTOG''' (1986-1994)
**Prospective. 20 adults with supratentorial pilocytic astrocytoma. If gross total (n=11) or subtotal (n=6) resection, observation. If biopsy only (n=3), RT 50.4 Gy to 2-cm edema margin 
**'''10 years; 2004''' {{PMID|15001258}} -- &quot;Adult patients with supratentorial pilocytic astrocytomas: a prospective multicenter clinical trial.&quot; (Brown PD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Mar 15;58(4):1153-60.) Median F/U 10 years
***10-year outcome: 95% alive. 1 patient died of unknown cause 2.1 years after enrollment; 1 patient progressed 1 month after enrollment and was salvaged with P-32 followed 1.5 years later by RT, now without evidence of progression at 9 years
***Conclusion: Favorable prognosis; don't need RT after gross total or subtotal resection</text>
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  <page>
    <title>TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Conditional Statements</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rex Valerio</username>
        <id>3628187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fix typo: &quot;diving&quot; should be &quot;dividing&quot; in the remainder() explanation</comment>
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'''Conditional statements''' allow a program to take a different path depending on some condition(s). These allow a program to perform a test and then take action based on the result of that test.
== Conditions ==
''Conditions'' are used to control the path of a program. Conditions perform comparisons between different values through the use of ''relational operators''. These include &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;≠&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;≥&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&lt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;≤&lt;/code&gt;. Relational operators always return a true or false result (known as a ''boolean''). To use them, type the values to compare against on either side of the operator:
{{bcode:Example|&lt;nowiki&gt;
X=5
F≥3X+2&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| Where the first line will return true if the value of &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is equal to &lt;code&gt;5&lt;/code&gt;, and where the second line will return true if the value of &lt;code&gt;3X+2&lt;/code&gt; is greater than or equal to &lt;code&gt;F&lt;/code&gt;}}
To type relational operators, press {{TI-Basic/Key|2ND}}&lt;code&gt; '''[TEST]'''&lt;/code&gt;.
You may also want to test two different conditions at the same time and join them using a ''logical operator''. These include &lt;code&gt;and&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;or&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;xor&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;not&lt;/code&gt;. The basic syntax is similar to those of relational operators.
{{bcode:Example|&lt;nowiki&gt;
X&gt;5 and X&lt;9
F=3 or N=3&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
To type logical operators, press {{TI-Basic/Key|2ND}}&lt;code&gt; '''[TEST] ''LOGIC'''''&lt;/code&gt;.
For the following list, consider the format &lt;code&gt;A op B&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; are conditions, and &lt;code&gt;op&lt;/code&gt; is a logical operator. Where &lt;code&gt;op&lt;/code&gt; equals...
* &lt;code&gt;and&lt;/code&gt;, the entire condition returns true only if &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; are both true.
* &lt;code&gt;or&lt;/code&gt;, the entire condition returns true if at least one of &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; is true.
* &lt;code&gt;xor&lt;/code&gt;, the entire condition returns true only if one of &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; is true.
The &lt;code&gt;not&lt;/code&gt; operator is special because it does not directly compare two conditions. Instead, it negates the condition(s) that are nested inside. For example:
{{bcode:Example|&lt;nowiki&gt;
not(X=5)&lt;/nowiki&gt;| This will return true if &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; does not equal 5.
}}
To use conditional statements, they must be placed into a ''conditional block''. Conditional blocks contain the condition to test and the code to execute. The following sections describe the various types of conditional blocks available in TI-Basic.
== If ==
&lt;code&gt;'''[[../List of Commands/If|If]]'''&lt;/code&gt; ({{TI-Basic/Key|PRGM}}&lt;code&gt; '''''CTL'' 1'''&lt;/code&gt;) requires a criteria argument (condition) to be stated which determines whether the following instruction is to be executed. '''A standard &lt;code&gt;If&lt;/code&gt; block can only run one line of code dependent of the condition. For example, if you needed to execute two or more instructions dependent of the condition, you must use an &lt;code&gt;If Then End&lt;/code&gt; block'''. The argument or arguments is a boolean result, meaning that they will be true or false. If an expression is used as the condition, 0 will represent false and non-0 values will represent true.
=== Syntax ===
{{bcode:Syntax|
If ''condition''
''statement''
}}
* Where &lt;code&gt;''condition''&lt;/code&gt; is any statement resulting in a zero or non zero result, or a conditional operator returning true or false
** If &lt;code&gt;''condition''&lt;/code&gt; returns true or non-zero, &lt;code&gt;''statement''&lt;/code&gt; is executed
** If &lt;code&gt;''condition''&lt;/code&gt; returns false or zero, &lt;code&gt;''statement''&lt;/code&gt; is not executed
=== Examples ===
The following example demonstrates a very basic &lt;code&gt;If&lt;/code&gt; statement:
{{bcode:Example|
:6&amp;rarr;X
:If X&gt;5
:Disp &quot;X &gt; FIVE!&quot;
}}
It will display &lt;code&gt;X &gt; FIVE!&lt;/code&gt; because the condition &lt;code&gt;X&gt;5&lt;/code&gt; returns true (6 is greater than 5). If &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; had been 3, condition would return false (3 is not greater than 5), and nothing would display.
----
The following program will always display &lt;code&gt;Hello World&lt;/code&gt; because the condition 1 will always return 1 (which is non-zero) and therefore the condition is always true:
{{bcode:Example|
:If 1
:Disp &quot;Hello World&quot;
}}
and likewise the following will never display &lt;code&gt;Goodbye World&lt;/code&gt; because it always returns 0.
{{bcode:Example|
:If 0
:Disp &quot;Goodbye World&quot;
}}
== If Then End ==
&lt;code&gt;'''[[../List of Commands/If|If]]'''&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;'''[[../List of Commands/Then|Then]]'''&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;'''[[../List of Commands/End|End]]'''&lt;/code&gt; ({{TI-Basic/Key|PRGM}}&lt;code&gt; '''''CTL'' {1,2,7}'''&lt;/code&gt;) conditional statements are used when more than one statement must be executed if a condition returns true. It is very much like the simple &lt;code&gt;If&lt;/code&gt; statement, with the difference that multiple statements are executed instead of one.
=== Syntax ===
The &lt;code&gt;If&lt;/code&gt; statement requires a condition, then a &lt;code&gt;Then&lt;/code&gt; command must follow on the next line, followed by one or more statements which will execute if the condition returns true.  The &lt;code&gt;If&lt;/code&gt; block is ended by a &lt;code&gt;End&lt;/code&gt; statement which tells the calculator that all following statements are to be executed as normal.
{{bcode:Syntax|
:If ''condition''
:Then
:''statement1''
:''statement2''
:''statementn''
:End
}}
*Where &lt;code&gt;condition&lt;/code&gt; is any statement resulting in a true or false result.
**If &lt;code&gt;condition&lt;/code&gt; returns true, &lt;code&gt;statement1, statement2... statementn&lt;/code&gt; (all statements between &lt;code&gt;Then&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;End&lt;/code&gt;) will execute
**If &lt;code&gt;condition&lt;/code&gt; returns false, the statements between &lt;code&gt;Then&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;End&lt;/code&gt; are not executed, and the program continues with the first statement after &lt;code&gt;End&lt;/code&gt;
It is also common to manually insert a colon directly after the condition of the &lt;code&gt;If&lt;/code&gt;, then type &lt;code&gt;Then&lt;/code&gt;. As an example:
{{bcode:Example|&lt;nowiki&gt;
:If X=5:Then
:&lt;/nowiki&gt;''statements''&lt;nowiki&gt;
:End&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
=== Example ===
{{bcode:Example|
:Prompt X
:If X≥5
:Then
:Disp &quot;You entered&quot;,X
:Disp &quot;X ≥ 5&quot;
:End
}}When the program is run, it will be displayed as:

{{Bcode:Output|&lt;nowiki&gt;
X=?5
You entered
               5

X ≥ 5&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}

==If Then Else End==
&lt;code&gt;If Else&lt;/code&gt;s are used when the programmer needs to make a choice where if the condition returns non-zero, statements are executed, but if the condition returns zero, other statements are executed. Either way, only one set of instructions are executed.
===Syntax===
{{bcode:Syntax|
:If ''condition''
:Then
:''trueStatements''
:Else
:''falseStatements''
:End
}}
* Where &lt;code&gt;condition&lt;/code&gt; is any statement resulting in a zero or non zero result.
** If &lt;code&gt;condition&lt;/code&gt; returns nonzero, &lt;code&gt;trueStatements&lt;/code&gt; (instructions between &lt;code&gt;Then&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Else&lt;/code&gt;) will execute, then the instruction after &lt;code&gt;End&lt;/code&gt; is executed
** If &lt;code&gt;condition&lt;/code&gt; returns zero, &lt;code&gt;falseStatements&lt;/code&gt; (instructions between &lt;code&gt;Else&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;End&lt;/code&gt;) are executed, then the instruction after &lt;code&gt;End&lt;/code&gt; is executed

=== Examples ===
{{bcode:Example|
:If X≥5
:Then
:Disp &quot;Hello World I'm&quot;
:Disp &quot;Big like five&quot;
:Else
:Disp &quot;Goodbye World&quot;
:Disp &quot;I'm small like four&quot;
:End
}}
Would display
{{bcode:Output|
Hello World I'm
Big like Five
}}
If &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; were greater than or equal to five, but would display the following if &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; were less than five:
{{bcode:Output|
Goodbye World
I'm small like four
}}
== Else If Workaround ==
It should be noted, TI-Basic does not support else if statements. However, to work around this, nest the conditional blocks in the &lt;code&gt;Else&lt;/code&gt; portion of the block. For example, in a traditional programming language, the following...
{{bcode:Example|
if (condition1) {
    ''statements1''
} else if (condition2) {
    ''statements2''
} else if (condition3) {
    ''statements3''
} else {
    ''statements4''
}
}}
would be notated as, in TI-Basic:
{{bcode:Example|
:If condition1
:Then
:''statements1''
:Else
:If condition2
:Then
:''statements2''
:Else
:If condition3
:Then
:''statements3''
:Else
:''statements4''
:End
:End
:End
}}
However, this is hard to read, so for this example, we will add spaces to make it more clear ('''You cannot add extra white space in practice. You will receive syntax errors.'''):
{{bcode:Example|
:If condition1
:Then
    :''statements1''
:Else
    :If condition2
    :Then
        :''statements2''
    :Else
        :If condition3
        :Then
              :''statements3''
        :Else
              :''statements4''
        :End
    :End
:End
}}

== You try it! ==
Try these examples to practice using conditional statements.
=== Even or Odd ===
Write a program that, when given a number, determines if the number is even or odd and prints the result to the screen.

To help you write this program, you can use &lt;code&gt;'''remainder('''&lt;/code&gt; ({{TI-Basic/Key|MATH}}&lt;code&gt; '''''NUM'' 0'''&lt;/code&gt;). It returns the remainder after dividing a dividend by a divisor. The syntax for &lt;code&gt;remainder(&lt;/code&gt; is:
{{bcode:Syntax|
remainder(dividend,divisor)
}}
Older versions of the TI-84 Plus and the TI-83s do not have a function for calculating the remainder. However, this is still calculatable via an alternate solution:
{{bcode:Syntax|
fPart(A/B)*B
|* &lt;small&gt;Where &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; is the dividend and &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; is the divisor.}}&lt;/small&gt;
{{Collapse top|title=Solution}}
{{Bcode:Example|
:Prompt N            // Ask user for N
:If remainder(N,2)≠0 // If the remainder of N and 2 does not equal 0,
:Then                // Then,
:Disp &quot;ODD&quot;          // Display &quot;ODD&quot;.
:Else                // Otherwise,
:Disp &quot;EVEN&quot;         // Display &quot;EVEN&quot;.
:End                 // End if block
}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
=== BMI ===
Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass and height of a person. A person's BMI is calculated with the following formula: &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{weight}_\text{kg}}{\text{height}_\text{m}^2}&lt;/math&gt;. The value of a person's BMI can be categorized by the following table:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! BMI !! Category
|-
| &lt; 18.5 || Underweight
|-
| 18.5-24.9 || Healthy
|-
| 25-29.9|| Overweight
|-
| 30+ || Obese
|}
Write a program that accepts user input for the person's weight in kilograms and their height in meters, and display their BMI and their category.
{{Collapse top|title=Solution}}
{{bcode:Example|&lt;nowiki&gt;
:ClrHome
:Input &quot;HEIGHT = &quot;,H
:Input &quot;WEIGHT = &quot;,W
:W/H^2→X
:Disp &quot;BMI = &quot;,X
:If X&lt;18.5
:Disp &quot;UNDERWEIGHT&quot;
:If X≥18.5 and X≤24.9
:Disp &quot;HEALTHY&quot;
:If X≥25 and X≤29.9
:Disp &quot;OVERWEIGHT&quot;
:If X≥30
:Disp &quot;OBESE&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
{{BottomNav|Input|Loops}}</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Palliation/Pelvic</title>
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==Palliation of Pelvic Malignancies==

*'''RTOG 85-02''' (1985-89)  - Phase II-III
**Gynecologic (40%), colorectal (28%), genitourinary (25%), and miscellaneous (7%)
**3.7 Gy BID x 2 days (14.8Gy), total of 3 courses for 44.4 Gy. Interval between courses 4 weeks; later randomized to 2 vs 4 wks. 
**151 pts on pilot study (variable rest interval). 144 pts on randomized study.
***{{PMID|8083097}}, 1994 &amp;mdash; &quot;Late effect of multiple daily fraction palliation schedule for advanced pelvic malignancies (RTOG 8502).&quot; Spanos WJ Jr et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Jul 30;29(5):961-7. 
****6.9% late complications at 18 months (Grade 3+). No pts receiving &lt; 30 Gy (fewer than 3 courses) developed late toxicity. 
***{{PMID|7679668}} (1993) &amp;mdash; &quot;Effect of rest interval on tumor and normal tissue response--a report of phase III study of accelerated split course palliative radiation for advanced pelvic malignancies (RTOG-8502).&quot; (Spanos WJ Jr, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Feb 15;25(3):399-403.)
****Trend toward increase acute toxicity for shorter interval but no difference in late toxicity. No significant difference in tumor response (CR+PR 34% vs 26%). More pts in 2-wk group completed all 3 fractions; pts completing 3 courses had higher overall response rate (42% vs 5%). 
***{{PMID|2476426}}, 1989 &amp;mdash; &quot;Phase II study of multiple daily fractionations in the palliation of advanced pelvic malignancies: preliminary report of RTOG 8502.&quot; Spanos W Jr et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Sep;17(3):659-61. 
**Conclusion: Safe regimen with effective palliation of symptoms.


*'''RTOG 79-05''' (1979-82) - 10 Gy x 3
**46 pts, Phase I/II. RT 10 Gy (single fraction), repeated at 4-wk intervals for total of 3 fx. Misonidazole prior to RT
**Of pts completing 3 fractions (n=37) - 6 with CR(16%), 10 PR(27%), minimal response(19%), no response (32%) 
**High rate of late complications (45% at 1 yr; crude 11% Grade 3 and 19% Grade 4)
**{{PMID|2442127}}, 1987 &amp;mdash; &quot;Palliation of advanced pelvic malignant disease with large fraction pelvic radiation and misonidazole: final report of RTOG phase I/II study.&quot; (Spanos WJ Jr, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987 Oct;13(10):1479-82.)
**Conclusion: high rate of late complications. Followed by RTOG 85-02


*'''UNC; 1986''' (1980-1986) {{PMID|2429945}} -- &quot;1000 cGy single dose palliation for advanced carcinoma of the cervix or endometrium.&quot; (Halle JS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1986 Nov;12(11):1947-50.)
**42 pts. 9 pts in Group I (localized disease,  but palliation recommended due to other medical factors), 19 pts in Group II (locally advanced), 11 pts in Group III (distant metastatic), and 3 pts with advanced recurrent disease. Treated with 1000 cGy per fraction. 25 pts received one course, 15 two courses (at monthly intervals), 2 patients received three courses (1000 x 2 then 700 x 1).  38 of 42 pts presented with bleeding; 11 pts presented with pain. 
**Pain: Of 9 pts evaluable, 2 had complete resolution, 2 had partial resolution. Bleeding: of 30 pts evaluable, 18 (60%) had complete resolution, 9 (30%) had partial resolution. 8 pts (27%) remained permanently free of bleeding. Tumor response: of 28 pts evaluable, 7 (25) had CR, 8 (28%) PR.
**Toxicity: 5 pts with serious complications
**Conclusion: &quot;We conclude that 1000 cGy single-fraction whole pelvis treatment can be an effective means of palliating advanced gynecologic cancer provided the patient has a life expectancy of less than 1 year. Patients with a longer life expectancy are at risk for both recurrence of symptoms and for treatment related complications.&quot;


==Definitive Treatment in Metastatic Setting==
*'''University of Tennessee; 2018''' (2004 - 2014) {{PMID|30054609}}  -- &quot;Association of Definitive Pelvic Radiation Therapy With Survival Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Cervical Cancer.&quot; (Wang Y, JAMA Oncol. 2018 Jul 26. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2677. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. NCDB review, 3169 women with metastatic cervical cancer, treated with chemotherapy with RT (n=2361) or without RT (n=808). Median F/U 13 months.
**Outcome: Overall survival better if chemoRT than chemo alone (HR 0.65, SS). On propensity matching, median OS chemoRT 14.4 months vs chemo 10.6 months. Benefit across all subgroups, including distant node-only mets and organ-only mets. By dose, median OS &gt;45 Gy was 18.5 months vs &lt;45 Gy was 10.2 months (SS). Similar benefit to adding brachytherapy (27.5 months vs 12.9 months, SS).
**Conclusion: ChemoRT results in substantially longer survival. Prospective trials are warranted.

*'''Split; Croatia''' {{PMID|15032295}} -- &quot;Long-lasting complete remission of a patient with cervical cancer FIGO IVB treated by concomitant chemobrachyradiotherapy with ifosfamide and cisplatin and consolidation chemotherapy--a case report.&quot; (Vrdoljak E, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2004;25(2):247-9.)
*Case report. 63 year old with cervical cancer and ovarian met, treated with chemo-RT and consolidative chemotherapy. NED 35 months later</text>
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'''Cryotherapy (Cryosurgery)'''


==RT vs Cryotherapy==
*'''University of Calgary''' (1997-2003) -- EBRT vs Cryotherapy
**Randomized. ''Trial closed prematurely due to slowing patient accrual.'' 244 patients of 480 planned, localized prostate cancer (T2-T3N0, PSA &lt;=20 ng/ml, volume &lt;=60 ml), PLND if GS 8+. Excluded clinically bulky patients. Neoadjuvant ADT 3 or 6 months. Arm 1) EBRT (median dose 68 Gy, max 73.5 Gy) using 4F box vs Arm 2) cryoablation using argon/helium and 2 freeze/thaw cycles. Early cryotherapy failures (within 6 months) were not scored as protocol failure, and underwent salvage cryotherapy. QoL assessment. Primary endpoint was failure rate at 3 years
**'''2010''' {{PMID|19937954}} -- &quot;A Randomized Trial of External Beam Radiotherapy Versus Cryoablation in Patients With Localized Prostate Cancer&quot; (Donnelly BJ, Cancer. 2010 Jan 15;116(2):323-30. Published Online: 24 Nov 2009) Median F/U of surviving patients 8.3 years
***Outcome: 3-year failure rate (using nadir+2) cryo 17% vs. EBRT 13% (NS); 5-year rate 25% vs. 25% (NS); 7-year rate 27% vs. 32% (NS); 5-year DSS 96% vs. 96% (NS); 5-year OS 90% vs 88% (NS). Biopsy (+) cryo 8% vs EBRT 29%
***Toxicity: GI Grade 3-4 cryo 3% vs. EBRT 7%; GU Grade 3-4 cryo 9% vs. EBRT 6%; intercourse 4% vs. 26%
***Conclusion: Essentially no difference, but with long-term follow up, trend favors cryotherapy
***Editorial (Lee WR, Duke) {{PMID|19924796}}: Noninferiority design, 10% margin, concern about patients with early failure and  salvage cryotherapy with 6 months as &quot;nonfailure&quot;. Overall, cryotherapy not likely to be a lot worse than EBRT
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19691092}} -- &quot;A randomized trial of external beam radiotherapy versus cryoablation in patients with localized prostate cancer: quality of life outcomes.&quot; (Robinson JW, Cancer. 2009 Oct 15;115(20):4695-704.)
***Outcome: Cryotherapy more acute GU dysfunction (SS), no difference in late GU dysfunction. Cryotherapy worse sexual function at 3 months (SS) and 3 years (SS)
***Conclusion: No long term QoL difference, except worse sexual function after cryoablation
**Comment: low RT dose

*'''University of Western Ontario''' -- EBRT vs cryotherapy
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped prematurely due to slow accrual.'' 64 of planned 150 patients, cT2c-T3b. Neoadjuvant ADT for 6 months. Arm 1) EBRT vs. Arm 2) cryotherapy
**'''2008''' {{PMID|17579613}} -- &quot;Randomized trial comparing cryoablation and external beam radiotherapy for T2C-T3B prostate cancer.&quot; (Chin JL, Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2008;11(1):40-5. Epub 2007 Jun 19.)
***Outcome: Treatment failure EBRT 45% vs. cryotherapy 64%. 4-year bPFS 47% vs. 13%. Mean bPFS 41 months vs 28 months. No difference in DSS and OS
***Toxicity: Serious complications uncommon; EBRT more frequent GI toxicity
***Conclusion: Low numbers, but cryotherapy is suboptimal primary therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer

==Cryotherapy for salvage after RT==
See [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Recurrence_after_RT#Cryotherapy]]

==Salvage RT after cryotherapy==
*'''Allegheny General (Pittsburgh)''' (1990-99)
**49 pts treated for isolated local recurrence after cryotherapy (rising PSA or positive biopsy; negative metastatic workup). 88% had high risk disease initially (PSA&gt;10,G&gt;=7,or &gt;=T2b).
**RT was 3D-CRT in 45 of 49 pts, 64.8 Gy (median dose) to the P+SV.
**{{PMID|11068312}}, '''2000''' &amp;mdash; &quot;Salvage radiotherapy for prostate cancer recurrence after cryosurgical ablation.&quot; Burton S et al. Urology. 2000 Nov 1;56(5):833-8.
***Median f/u 32 m. Biochemical control in 61%; associated with higher RT dose (&gt; 64 Gy), lower pre-RT PSA. 
***No grade 3-4 acute GI or GU toxicity. 1 pt with urethral stricture. No pts with urinary incontinence.</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Paraganglioma</title>
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==Overview==
*Paragangliomas are still sometimes called '''glomus tumors''' (not to be confused with glomus tumors of the skin) and '''chemodectomas''', but paraganglioma is the currently accepted and preferred term
*A rare neoplasm that can be found in the abdomen (85%), thorax (12%), and in the head and neck region (3%)
*Incidence estimated at 1:1,000,000
*Categorized as a [[Radiation_Oncology/Neuroendocrine|neuroendocrine tumor]]
*Usually considered benign and complete surgical removal results in cure.  However, in about 3-5% of cases they are malignant and have the ability to metastasize.  
*Most occur as single tumors.  When they occur in multiple sites they are usually found as a part of a heritable syndrome such as [[w:multiple endocrine neoplasia|MEN]] types II-A and II-B and [[w:Carney syndrome|Carney syndrome]].

==Inheritance==
*Familial paragangliomas account for ~25% of cases, are often multiple and bilateral, and occur at an earlier age.
*Mutations of the genes [[w:SDHD|SDHD]] (previously known as PGL1), PGL2, and [[w:SDHC (gene)|SDHC]] (previously PGL3) have been identified as causing familial head and neck paragangliomas. 
*Mutations of [[w:SDHB|SDHB]] play an important role in familial adrenal pheochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma (of abdomen and thorax), although there is considerable overlap in the types of tumors associated with SDHB and SDHD gene mutations.


==Pathology==
*Arise from the glomus cells, which are special chemoreceptors located along blood vessels that have a role in regulating blood pressure and blood flow.  
*The glomus cells are a part of the paraganglion system, composed of the extra-adrenal paraganglia of the autonomic nervous system, derived from the embryonic neural crest.  Thus, paragangliomas are a type of neuroendocrine tumor, and are closely related to pheochromocytomas.  Although all paragangliomas contain neurosecretory granules, only about 1-3% have clinical evidence of oversecretion.
*According to the WHO classification of neuroendocrine tumors, paragangliomas are classified as having a neural cell line of origin.  In the categorization proposed by Wick, the paragangliomas belong to Group II.
*The main concentration of glomus cells are found are in the carotid body and the aortic bodies 
*Individual tumor cells are polygonal to oval and are arranged in distinctive cell balls, called Zellballen. These cell balls are separated by fibrovascular stroma and surrounded by sustentacular cells. 
*The paragangliomas appear grossly as sharply circumscribed polypoid masses and they have a firm to rubbery consistency.  They are highly vascular tumors and may have a deep red color.
*With IHC, the chief cells located in the cell balls are positive for [[w:chromogranin|chromogranin]], [[w:synaptophysin|synaptophysin]], [[w:neuron specific enolase|NSE]], [[w:serotonin|serotonin]] and [[w:neurofilament|neurofilamen]]; they are [[w:S-100 protein|S-100]] negative.  The sustentacular cells are S-100 positive and focally positive for [[w:glial fibrillary acid protein|GFAP]].  By histochemistry, the paraganglioma cells are argyrophilic, PAS negative, mucicarmine negative, and argentaffin negative.


==Clinical characteristics==
Paragangiomas are described by their site of origin and are often given special names:

* '''Carotid paraganglioma''' (carotid body tumor): Is the most common of the head and neck paragangliomas.  It usually presents as a painless neck mass, but larger tumors may cause cranial nerve palsies, usually of the vagus nerve and hypoglossal nerve.  

* '''Glomus tympanicum''' and '''[[Radiation_Oncology/Paraganglioma#Glomus_Jugulare|Glomus jugulare]]''': Both commonly present as a middle ear mass resulting in tinnitus (in 80%) and hearing loss (in 60%).  The cranial nerves of the jugular foramen may be compressed, resulting swallowing difficulty.

* '''Vagal paragangliomas''': These are the least common of the head and neck paragangliomas.  They usually present as a painless neck mass, but may result in dysphagia and hoarseness.

* '''Other sites''': Rare sites of involvement are the larynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, thyroid gland, and the thoracic inlet.


==Treatment==
*The main treatment modalities are surgery, embolization and radiotherapy.
*When radiation is given, doses are in the range of 45-50 Gy.
*For stereotactic radiosurgery, median margin dose (50% isodose) used is ~16 Gy


==Glomus Jugulare==
[[Image:Tumor_Glomus_Jugulare.jpg|thumb]]
===Overview===
*Typically considered slow-growing (estimated doubling time 4.2 years) benign tumors, &lt;5% malignant potential
*However, they are locally agressive neoplastic lesions, involving bony erosion and destruction of neurovascular structures 
*Commonly arise from the paraganglia of the jugular bulb
**Typically invade the tympanic cavity and jugular foramen 
**Can extensively invade petroclival region
**Can invade cavernous sinus above
**Can invade hypoglossal canal below
*Clinical presentation typically with tinnitus or hearing loss, but may also impact jugular foramen CNs
*Glasscock-Jackson Classification:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! G-J Class !! Description
|-
| I || Small tumor involving jugular bulb, middle ear, and mastoid
|-
| II || Tumor extending under internal auditory canal; may have intracranial canal extension
|-
| III || Tumor extending into petrous apex; may have intracranial canal extension
|-
| C1 || Tumor extending beyond petrous apex; into clivus or infratemporal fossa
|}
*Fisch Classification:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Fisch Class !! Description
|-
| A || Tumor limited to the middle ear cleft
|-
| B || Tumor limited to the tympanomastoid area, with no infralabyrinthine involvement
|-
| C || Tumor invading infralabyrinthine compartment and petrous apex
|-
| C1 || Tumor with limited involvement of the vertical carotid canal
|-
| C2 || Tumor invading the vertical carotid canal
|-
| C3 || Tumor invading the horizontal carotid canal
|-
| D1 || Tumor with intracranial extension &lt;2cm
|-
| D2 || Tumor with intracranial extension &gt;2cm
|}

*Optimal treatment strategy is not clear, with multiple options:
**Surgery: primary option if brainstem compression, or in patients under 45 years old with functional cranial nerve loss. Surgical morbidity not insignificant, typically with additional cranial nerve sacrifice.
**Fractionated RT: typical doses 45-55 Gy, mechanism of action likely related to fibrosis of feeding vessels and not direct glomus cell destruction. Complication rate low. Critical to avoid nearby cranial nerves or blood vessels.
**SRS: No long-term experience yet, but appears a good option due to high conformality. RT dose typically ~16 Gy at 50% margin isodose. Typically ~1/3 have volume shrinkage, and ~2/3 no change, &lt;10% further growth. Clinically ~50% may experience improvement
**Embolization: typically considered an adjunctive treatment to surgery or RT. Not adequate alone due to poor tumor coverage and frequent re-vascularization

===Stereotactic Radiosurgery===

*'''UT Southwestern, 2014''' (2007-2013) {{PMID|24818638}} -- &quot;A Retrospective Analysis of Tumor Volumetric Responses to Five-Fraction Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Paragangliomas of the Head and Neck (Glomus Tumors).&quot; (Chun SG, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2014 May;92(3):153-9)
**Retrospective.  CyberKnife radiotherapy. 31 patients (23 definitive, 8 recurrence post surgery. Average volume 10 cm3, prescription dose 25 Gy in 5 fractions. Median F/U 2 years
**Outcome: Local control and overall survival 100%, significant tumor volume reduction in patients with &gt;2 years F/U of 37% (p &lt; 0.05), tinnitus improved in 12 patients of whom 6 had resolution
**Toxicity: Grade 1 toxicity 16%, one patient had Grade 2 headache requiring steroids, no progressive cranial nerve deficit
**Conclusion: 5 fraction CyberKnife SRS of skull based paragangliomas can be considered as a safe and effective option

*'''Verona, 2006''' (Italy)(1996-2005) {{PMID|16955038}} -- &quot;Glomus jugulare tumors: the option of gamma knife radiosurgery.&quot; (Gerosa M, Neurosurgery. 2006 Sep;59(3):561-9; discussion 561-9.)
**Retrospective. 20 patients (3 primary GKS, 8 recurrence post surgery, 11 recurrence after embolization). Average volume 7 cm3, mean marginal dose 17.3 Gy (13-24). Estimated doubling 4.2 years. Mean F/U 4.2 years
**Outcome: Improved volume 40%, no change 55%
**Toxicity: Improved CN function 25%, no neuro change 65%, hearing loss 10%
**Conclusion: GKS effective, negligible side effects

*'''Virginia, 2005''' {{PMID|15662818}} -- &quot;Gamma knife surgery for glomus jugulare tumors: an intermediate report on efficacy and safety.&quot; (Sheehan J, J Neurosurg. 2005 Jan;102 Suppl:241-6.)
**Retrospective. 8 patients. Median margin dose 15 Gy (12-18). Median F/U 2.7 years
**Outcome: clinically 100% stability or improvement; radiographically 4/7 decreased, 3/7 stable
**Toxicity: None
**Conclusion: Effective local control and preservation of neurologic function

*'''Mayo Clinic, 2004''' {{PMID|15329025}} -- &quot;Stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with glomus jugulare tumors.&quot; (Pollock BE, Neurosurg Focus. 2004 Aug 15;17(2):E10.)
**Retrospective. 42 patients treated with GKS. Mean volume 13.2 cm3. Mean margin dose 14.9 Gy. Mean F/U 3.7 years
**Outcome: 31% decreased, 67% unchanged, 2% grew. PFS at 7 years 100%, at 10 years 75%
**Toxicity: 15% new deficit (hearing loss, facial numbness, vocal cord paralysis, vertigo). Hearing preservation 81% at 4 years
**Conclusion: GKS good tumor control, safe

*'''Stanford, 2004''' {{PMID|15329026}} -- &quot;Efficacy and safety of stereotactic radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors.&quot; (Lim M, Neurosurg Focus. 2004 Aug 15;17(2):E11.)
**Retrospective. 13 patients with 16 tumors. Treated with LINAC/Cyberknife to 14-27 Gy. Median F/U 3.4 years
**Outcome: clinically 100% stable; radiographically 100% decreased or stable
**Toxicity: one transient ipsilateral vocal cord paralysis (however, patient also had prior EBRT)
**Conclusion: RS effective and safe

*'''Vienna, 2001''' (Austria)(1993-1999) {{PMID|11696882}} -- &quot;Efficiency of gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of glomus jugulare tumors.&quot; (Saringer W, Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2001 Sep;44(3):141-6.)
**Retrospective. 12 patients. All Fisch Class D. Mean F/U 4.2 years
**Outcome: clinically 50% improved, 50% no change; radiographically decreased 25%, stable 75%
**Toxicity: transient cranial neuropathy in 17%.
**Conclusion: GKS attractive treatment option

*'''European Multicenter, 1999''' (1992-1998) {{PMID|10592113}} -- &quot;Gamma Knife radiosurgery of the glomus jugulare tumour - early multicentre experience.&quot; (Liscak R, Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1999;141(11):1141-6.)
**Retrospective. 6 sites, 52/66 patients. Median margin dose 16.5 Gy (10-30). Median F/U 2 years
**Outcome: clinically 29% improved, 65% stable; radiographically decreased 40%, stable 60%
**Conclusion: safe, with no acute morbidity; need longer follow-up

*'''Graz, 1999''' (Austria)(1992-1998) {{PMID|10536716}} -- &quot;Gamma knife radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumours.&quot; (Eustacchio S, Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1999;141(8):811-8.)
**Retrospective. 10/13 patients with imaging followup. Median marginal dose 13.5 Gy to 50% isodose line. Median F/U 3.1 years
**Outcome: 40% decreased volume, 60% unchanged. Improved clinical status in 50%, stable in 50%
**Toxicity: none
**Conclusion: effective treatment option

*'''Prague, 1998''' (Czech Republic)(1993-1997) {{PMID|9782246}} -- &quot;Leksell gamma knife radiosurgery of the tumor glomus jugulare and tympanicum.&quot; (Liscak R, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1998 Oct;70 Suppl 1:152-60.)
**Retrospective. 14 patients. Mean maximum dose 37.4 Gy (20-44); mean margin dose 19.4 Gy (10-25). Mean F/U 1.7 years
**Outcome: radiographically 30% improved, 70% stable; clinically 36% improved
**Toxicity: worsening hearing in 21%
**Conclusion: GKS safe treatment; will need long follow-up

===Surgery vs. SRS===
*'''Meta-analysis, 2004''' (1994-2004) {{PMID|15329019}} -- &quot;Comparison of radiosurgery and conventional surgery for the treatment of glomus jugulare tumors.&quot; (Gottfried ON, Neurosurg Focus. 2004 Aug 15;17(2):E4.)
**7 surgical series 374 patients, 8 GKS series 142 patients. Mean F/U surgery 4.1 years, GKS 3.3 years
**Outcome: local control surgery 92%, recurrence 3%; GKS decrease 36%, stable 61%, recurrence 2%
**Toxicity: surgery CSF leak 8%, mortality 1.3%; GKS morbidity 8%, no mortality
**Conclusion: Both treatments safe and efficacious; surgery higher morbidity but long term GKS outcomes unknown

==References==
* Pellitteri PK et al. Paragangliomas of the head and neck. ''Oral Oncology'' 2004 Jul;40(6):563-75. ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15063383] {{PMID|15063383}})
*[http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS/Encyclopedia/0/04/Est_042400_frameset.html Sukhamay Lahiri, &quot;Aortic body&quot;, in AccessScience@McGraw-Hill]
* [http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS/Encyclopedia/1/11/Est_110700_frameset.html John T. Hansen, &quot;Carotid body&quot;, in AccessScience@McGraw-Hill]
* Wick MR. Neuroendocrine neoplasia. Current concepts. ''Am J Clin Pathol''. 2000 Mar;113(3):331-5. ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10705811] {{PMID|10705811}})
* [http://www.theotologygroup.com/skullbased/s1.html The Otology Group]</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Physics/ASTRO Curriculum</title>
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*'''ASTRO; 2007''' {{PMID|17674973}} -- &quot;ASTRO's 2007 Core Physics Curriculum for Radiation Oncology Residents.&quot; (Klein EE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Aug 1;68(5):1276-88.)


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Subject !! Hours !! References
|-
| Atomic and nuclear structure || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 || Khan Ch 1, Cherry Ch 2
|-
| Production of X-rays, photons, electrons || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 || Khan Ch 3, Hendee Ch 2
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/Physics/Treatment_Machines|Treatment machines and generators, simulators]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3 || Chan Ch 4&amp;7, Metcalfe Ch 1, Van Dyk Ch 4-7
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/Physics/Radiation_Interactions|Radiation interactions]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3 || Khan Ch 5, Metcalfe Ch 2, Cherry Ch 6, Hendee Ch 3
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/Physics/Dosimetry|Radiation beam quality and dose]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3 || Khan Ch 7, Hendee Ch 4
|-
| Radiation measurement and calibration || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3 || Khan Ch 8, Hendee Ch 5&amp;6
|-
| Photons and X-rays || align=&quot;center&quot; | 7 || Khan Ch 11-13, Metcalfe Ch 6
|-
| Electrons || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 || Khan Ch 14, AAPM TG-25/70
|-
| External beam QA || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 || Khan Ch 17, AAPM TG-40
|-
| Informatics || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1 || 
|-
| Radiation protection, shielding || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 || Khan Ch 16, NCRP 151, Thomadsen Ch 10, McGinley
|-
| Imaging || align=&quot;center&quot; | 4 || Van Dyk Ch 2, Curry Ch 10-16, 19, 20, 22-24, Sprawls
|-
| 3D-CRT, ICRU, beam-related biology || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3 || Khan&amp;Potish Ch 4, 10, 18-28, ICRU-62
|-
| Patient setup and treatment || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 || Van Dyk Ch 7, Bentel
|-
| IMRT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3 || Khan Ch 20, Palta&amp;Mackie, Roeske&amp;Mundt
|-
| Special procedures (SRS, TBI, etc) || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3 || Khan Ch 21, 18, Metcalfe Ch 5
|-
| Brachytherapy || align=&quot;center&quot; | 6 || Khan Ch 22-24, Thomadsen Ch 28-33, 41-49
|-
| Radiopharmaceuticals || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 || Khan Ch 15, Cherry Ch 5, Thomadsen Ch 11
|-
| Hyperthermia || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1 || Hall Ch 28
|-
| Particle therapy || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1 || Van Dyk Ch 20-21
|-
| Total || align=&quot;center&quot; | 55
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Peds/ATRT</title>
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      <text bytes="4446" sha1="eo2pv47a71mej203xnwg0c703kjzjrs" xml:space="preserve">==Epidemiology==
*Estimated 2-3% of primary CNS tumors in &lt;18 population.
*Majority of patients present at age &lt;3 yrs.
*A workshop on ATRT ({{PMID|12142780}}) reported that pathologic review of a recent CCG study suggests ATRT may represent a significant proportion of brain tumors in children &lt;3 yrs old.

==Diagnosis==
*Major diagnostic dilemma is distinguishing from medulloblastoma.
*IHC necessary for diagnosis (vimentin, EPA, and SMA found in rhabdoid tumors but not medulloblastoma)
*INI1 gene mutated in ~85% of ATRT.

==Treatment==
*Treatment strategy includes maximum surgical debulking, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

===Radiation Therapy===
*'''Neurological Institute, Taipei, 2006''' (1990-2003) - {{PMID|16406394}} -- &quot;Impact of radiotherapy for pediatric CNS atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (single institute experience).&quot; Chen YW et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Mar 15;64(4):1038-43.
**17 pts w/ ATRT who received radiotherapy as part of their treatment regimen.
**Time interval b/w surgery and RT initiation was important prognostic factor on multi-variate analysis for overall survival.
**No difference in OS was seen for patients receiving &gt; or &lt; 50Gy

*'''St. Jude's, 2005''' (1984-2003) - {{PMID|15735125}} -- &quot;Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRT): improved survival in children 3 years of age and older with radiation therapy and high-dose alkylator-based chemotherapy.&quot;  J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 1;23(7):1491-9.
**37 pts w/ ATRT (22 pts 3 yrs or younger)
**Majority of pts &gt;3 yrs received CSI.  
**2yr OS was significantly better for pts &gt;3 yrs old.
**The only survivors who were &lt;3 y/o received RT as part of their tx.

*'''Boston Regimen''' - {{PMID|15803379}} -- &quot;Continuous remission of newly diagnosed and relapsed central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor.&quot;
**Early pilot data, reported in detail in:
*&quot;'The DFCI study (02-294)&quot;' - {{PMID|19064966}} -- &quot;Intensive multimodality treatment for children with newly diagnosed CNS atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor.&quot; (2008) had the following design:
•	Following diagnosis, patients underwent maximal surgical resection. Patients were reported as GTR, Subtotal or biopsy according to surgical opinion and MRI after surgery.
•	All patients underwent brain and spine MRI, CSF examination, CT chest and abdomen, bone marrow aspiration and trephine. Staging was according to that of Chang (REF)
•	Chemotherapy was begun within 50 days of surgery. Blocks of chemotherapy were given as follow:
1/ Pre-irradiation induction (weeks 1-6)
2/ Chemo-radiation induction (weeks 7-12)
3/ Post-irradiation induction (weeks 13-18
4/ Maintenance (weeks 19-44)
5/ Continuation ± Doxorubicin (weeks 45-51)
Outcome from this study
**Two year PFS was 53±13% and OS 70 ±10%.
**20 evaluable patients: 14 M0, 1 M2 and 5 M3. 
**1 treatment-related death, 4 PD in the first 13 weeks, 1 radiation recall, 1 transverse myelitis. 
**Metastatic stage was prognostic. Eight of fourteen patients with localized disease were alive, NED. One patient with M2 disease remained alive with disease. Four of five with M3 disease died of disease, but one achieved CR with induction chemotherapy, received CSRT and remained alive, NED.
**The degree of surgical resection was of prognostic value. 
Three patients underwent biopsy alone, and all died rapidly. 
Five of seven who had subtotal resection and 9/10 who had gross total resection were alive at the time of publication.
**Response to chemotherapy was prognostic. Seven of seven in continued CR, and a further 2 of 2 who achieved CR after induction chemotherapy were alive with NED at publication. One of 6 with a mixed or PR remained alive (with disease). This patient had stable disease after radiotherapy. Three patients had stable disease after induction. One achieved CR after RT and remained alive, NED. One had continued SD after RT, and remained alive with disease. One progressed after RT and died.
Fifteen patients received RT on study, 11 focal and 4 craniospinal. Status after radiotherapy was prognostic. All ten patients in CCR (n=9) or CR (n=1) after RT were alive, although one had ongoing disease. Two patients with persistent stable disease remained alive with disease. All others (n=8) had died.

==Reviews==
*'''Brown; 2007''' - {{PMID|16855864}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor: the controversy behind radiation therapy.&quot; (Squire SE, J Neurooncol. 2007 Jan;81(1):97-111.)

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&lt;big&gt;'''Porocarcinoma'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*Rare malignant tumor arising from the intraepidermal portion of the eccrine sweat gland duct epithelium; there are several histologic varieties
*May arise from preexisting benign eccrine poroma, with increase in size, tenderness, and sometimes odor
*~300 cases reported in the literature; incidence estimated at 1 in 25,000 skin biopsies
*Most often occurs in the elderly, age at diagnosis 60-80 years
*Risk factors may include exposure to UV light, immunosuppression, and prior RT
*Distribution appears to have no correlation with sweat gland density: ~50% lower extremities, ~20% H&amp;N and upper extremities, ~12% trunk and abdomen
*Can show early invasion of dermal lymphatics and multiple epidermotropic metastases
*Has metastatic potential (~20%), and poor prognosis once metastatic
*Treatment of choice is wide local excision; lymph node dissection beneficial, since ~50% can experience local recurrence and/or LN disease
*There are only a couple of reports using adjuvant RT; dose given ranges 55-70 Gy

==Literature==
*'''Witwatersrand; 2007''' (South Africa) {{PMID|17704263}} -- &quot;The squamous variant of eccrine porocarcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 21 cases.&quot; (Mahomed F, J Clin Pathol. 2007 Aug 17; [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 21 cases with squamous differentiation. Equal gender. Mean age 61.5 years. Average size 4.6 cm, 48% occurred in Black patients. 53% in extremities. 7 patients other skin tumors, 3 patients renal transplant
**Outcome: LR in 1/21, LN recurrence 1/21, 2/21 both LR+LN; 2 ultimately developed DM

*'''Nottingham; 2006''' (UK) {{PMID|16638385}} -- &quot;We present an unusual case of eccrine porocarcinoma in that diagnosis was delayed for many years after the initial lesion appeared, resulting in relatively large tumor.&quot; (Affleck AG, Dermatol Online J. 2006 Jan 27;12(1):17.)
**Case report

*'''MSKCC; 1971''' (1934-1969) {{PMID|5100098}} -- &quot;Sweat gland carcinoma: a clinico-pathologic study of 83 patients.&quot; (el-Domeiri AA, Ann Surg. 1971 Feb;173(2):270-4.)
**Retrospective. 83 patients. Gender comparable. Most common 50-70. Most &lt;5cm, largest 15cm. Present &gt;5 years in 23% patients. Prior RT: 8/83 (10%), range 6-40 years later. Treated with 48% WLE, 36% initial/subsequent LND, RT in 6% with widespread/metastatic disease
**Outcome: LN: 15% initially positive; additional 28% developed LN+ after primary treatment, but 20% had recurrent local disease prior to LN+. DM in 68%, vast majority had LN+ first. 5-year DFS 38%
**Conclusion: WLE appropriate only in low-grade disease, should do LND. Tumor considered radio-resistant
 

==RT Literature==
*'''Spain; 2003''' {{PMID|14725669}} -- &quot;Metastatic eccrine porocarcinoma: a 5.6-year follow-up study of a patient treated with a combined therapeutic protocol.&quot; (Gonzalez-Lopez MA, Dermatol Surg. 2003 Dec;29(12):1227-32.)
**Case report; right thigh and inguinal nodes, two separate RT treatments for complete local control
**RT used 55 Gy (Co-60 to 45 Gy AP/PA, followed by 10 Gy electron boost)

*'''Brussels; 2002''' (Belgium) {{PMID|11937963}} -- &quot;[Eccrine porocarcinoma with extensive cutaneous metastasis] [Article in French]&quot; (Ghislain PD, Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2002 Feb;129(2):225-8.)
**Case report. Metastatic lower leg
**RT used successfully for palliation of lymphedema symptoms
 
*'''Louisville; 1996''' {{PMID|8812539}} -- &quot;Vulvar eccrine porocarcinoma.&quot; (Katsanis WA, Gynecol Oncol. 1996 Sep;62(3):396-9.)
**Case report; vulvar neoplasm with 2cm inguinal LN+
**RT used 50.4 Gy whole pelvis and 60 Gy inguinal region

*'''Munster; 1993''' (Germany) {{PMID|8463101}} -- &quot;[Metastasizing eccrine porocarcinoma] [Article in German]&quot; (Langfritz K, Hautarzt. 1993 Mar;44(3):176-9.)
**Case report; left leg with metastatic skin noduls 
**RT with fast neutrons and Co-60 resulted in partial regression; death from tumour cachexia

*'''Arizona; 1990''' {{PMID|2156600}} -- &quot;The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant sweat gland neoplasms.&quot; (Harari PM, Cancer. 1990 Apr 15;65(8):1737-40.)
**Case report, 3 patients. Surgery + RT 70 Gy to surgical bed + 50 Gy to regional lymphatics. 
**Outcome: 2 DFS at 27 and 35 months, 1 dead of systemic disease

*'''Germany; 1987''' {{PMID|2820158}} -- &quot;[Eccrine porocarcinoma (malignant eccrine poroma)--a follow-up study] [Article in German]&quot; (Doring HF, Z Hautkr. 1987 Jul 15;62(14):1051-2, 1055.)
**Case report; recurrent disease treated with RT, death

*'''1986''' {{PMID|3771857}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy and chemotherapy in malignant sweat gland tumors.&quot; (Whittington R, J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986 Nov;15(5 Pt 2):1093-7.)
**Case report; adnexal skin. Incomplete resection, with CR after EBRT</text>
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    <title>Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Lichens, Liverworts &amp; Mosses</title>
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==1. Know the life cycle of a moss, lichen, or liverwort.==
===Life cycle of moss===
Most kinds of plants have a double portion of chromosomes in their cells (diploid, i.e. each chromosome exists with a partner that contains the same genetic information) whilst mosses have only a single set of chromosomes (haploid, i.e. each chromosome exists in a unique copy within the cell). There are periods in the moss lifecycle when they do have a full, paired set of chromosomes but this is only during the sporophyte stage.

[[Image:Lifecycle moss svg diagram.svg|thumb|left|300px|Life cycle of a typical moss (''Polytrichum commune'')]]

The life of a moss starts from a haploid spore, which germinates to produce a protonema, which is either a mass of filaments or thalloid (flat and thallus-like). This is a transitory stage in the life of a moss. From the protonema grows the gametophore (&quot;gamete-bearer&quot;) that is differentiated into stems and leaves ('microphylls'). From the tips of stems or branches develop the sex organs of the mosses. The female organs are known as archegonia (sing. archegonium) and are protected by a group of modified leaves known as the perichaetum (plural, perichaeta). The archegonia have necks called venters which the male sperm swim down. The male organs are known as antheridia (singular antheridium) and are enclosed by modified leaves called the perigonium (plural, perigonia).

Mosses can be either dioicous or monoicous. In dioicous mosses, both male and female sex organs are borne on different gametophyte plants. In monoicous mosses, they are borne on the same plant. In the presence of water, sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilization occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. The sperm of mosses have two flagella that aid in propulsion. Without water, fertilization cannot occur. After fertilization, the immature sporophyte pushes its way out of the archegonial venter. It takes about a quarter to half a year for the sporophyte to mature. The sporophyte body comprises a long stalk, called a seta, and a capsule capped by a cap called the operculum. The capsule and operculum are in turn sheathed by a haploid calyptra which is the remains of the archegonial venter. The calyptra usually falls off when the capsule is mature. Within the capsule, spore-producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores, upon which the cycle can start again. The mouth of the capsule is usually ringed by a set of teeth called peristome. This may be absent in some mosses.

In some mosses, green vegetative structures called gemmae are produced on leaves or branches, which can break off and form new plants without the need to go through the cycle of fertilization. This is a means of asexual reproduction.

===Life cycle of lichen===
Many lichens reproduce asexually, either by vegetative reproduction or through the dispersal of diaspores containing algal and fungal cells. Soredia (singular soredium) are small groups of algal cells surrounded by fungal filaments that form in structures called soralia, from which the soredia can be dispersed by wind. Another form of diaspore are isidia, elongated outgrowths from the thallus that break off for mechanical dispersal. Fruticose lichens in particular can easily fragment. Due to the relative lack of differentiation in the thallus, the line between diaspore formation and vegetative reproduction is often blurred. Many lichens break up into fragments when they dry, dispersing themselves by wind action, to resume growth when moisture returns.

Many lichen fungi appear to reproduce sexually in a manner typical of fungi, producing spores that are presumably the result of sexual fusion and meiosis. Following dispersal, such fungal spores must meet with a compatible algal partner before a functional lichen can form. This may be a common form of reproduction in basidiolichens, which form fruitbodies resembling their nonlichenized relatives. Among the ascolichens, spores are produced in spore-producing bodies, the three most common spore body types are the apothecia, perithecia and the pycnidia.

===Life cycle of liverwort===
[[Image:Liverwort life cycle.jpg|thumb|300px|Life cycle of a typical liverwort]]
The life of a liverwort starts from the germination of a haploid spore to produce a protonema, which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or else a flattened thallus. The protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a liverwort, from which will grow the mature gametophore (&quot;gamete-bearer&quot;) plant that produces the sex organs. The male organs are known as antheridia (''singular:'' antheridium) and produce the sperm cells.  Clusters of antheridia are enclosed by a protective layer of cells called the '''perigonium''' (''plural:'' perigonia).  As in other land plants, the female organs are known as archegonia (''singular:'' archegonium) and are protected by the thin surrounding '''perichaetum''' (''plural:'' perichaeta). Each archegonium has a slender hollow tube, the &quot;neck&quot;, down which the sperm swim to reach the egg cell.

Liverwort species may be either dioicous or monoicous. In dioecious liverworts, female and male sex organs are borne on different and separate gametophyte plants. In monoecious liverworts, the two kinds of reproductive structures are borne on different branches of the same plant. In either case, the sperm must swim from the antheridia where they are produced to the archegonium where the eggs are held.  The sperm of liverworts have two tail-like flagellae that aid in propulsion. Their journey is further assisted either by the splashing of raindrops or the presence of a thin layer of water covering the plants. Without water, the journey from antheridium to archegonium cannot occur.

In the presence of such water, sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilization occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. After fertilization, the immature sporophyte within the archegonium develops three distinct regions: (1) a '''foot''', which both anchors the sporophyte in place and receives nutrients from its &quot;mother&quot; plant, (2) a spherical or ellipsoidal '''capsule''', inside which the spores will be produced for dispersing to new locations, and (3) a '''seta''' (stalk) which lies between the other two regions and connects them.  When the sporophyte has developed all three regions, the seta elongates, pushing its way out of the archegonium and rupturing it. While the foot remains anchored within the parent plant, the capsule is forced out by the seta and is extended away from the plant and into the air.  Within the capsule, cells divide to produce both elater cells and spore-producing cells.  The elaters are spring-like, and will push open the wall of the capsule to scatter themselves when the capsule bursts.  The spore-producing cells will undergo meiosis to form haploid spores to disperse, upon which point the life cycle can start again.

==2. What are lichens?==
Lichens are symbiotic associations of a fungus  with a photosynthetic partner (called a photobiont) that can produce food for the lichen from sunlight. The photobiont is usually either green alga or cyanobacterium.

==3. Name at least two ways lichens have been of value to man.==
===Soil Stabilization===
Most lichens grow on stable rock surfaces or the bark of old trees, but many others grow on soil and sand. In these latter cases, lichens are often an important part of soil stabilization; indeed, in some desert ecosystems, vascular (higher) plant seeds cannot become established except in places where lichen crusts stabilize the sand and help retain water.

Lichen also creates soil from rock.  Lichens that grow on rock patiently collect water and retain it.  When the water freezes, it expands and chips away minerals from the surface of the rock.  These minerals are then held in place by the lichen.

===Feed for livestock===
Lichens may be eaten by some animals, such as reindeer.  In arctic regions where reindeer are raised as livestock, lichen is their main source of feed.
===Pollution indicator organisms===
Although lichens typically grow in naturally harsh environments, most lichens, especially epiphytic fruticose species and those containing cyanobacteria, are sensitive to manufactured pollutants. Hence, they have been widely used as pollution indicator organisms.
===Medicine and dyes===
Many lichens produce secondary compounds, including pigments that reduce harmful amounts of sunlight and powerful toxins that reduce herbivory or kill bacteria. These compounds are very useful for lichen identification, and have had economic importance as dyes or primitive antibiotics. Extracts from many Usnea species were used to treat wounds in Russia in the mid-twentieth century. Orcein and other lichen dyes have largely been replaced by synthetic versions.

==4. How are liverworts different than all other green plants? Name one used in aquariums. What is its function?==
Liverworts have a unicellular, root-like structure called a ''rhizoid'' which anchors it to its substrate.  Many other plants have rhizoids, but only in the liverwort is the rhizoid unicellular.

One of the more than 100 species in the liverwort genus ''Riccia'' is the &quot;slender riccia&quot; (Riccia fluitans), which can be found floating in ponds, and is sometimes used in aquariums.  It is sometimes called crystalwort. It is used in aquariums as a retreat for young fry and is used in live-bearing tanks. It is also used as an oxygenator, as bottom cover, and as bubble-nest support.

==5. Describe at least three significant ways moss has played in the economy of man.==
===Agriculture===
Peat (Sphagnum moss) is used to loosen and fertilize soil for agriculture.  It is also used in the construction material ''Peatcrete'', and it has been used as fuel.
===Landscaping===
Moss is used as a base layer in the art of bonsai.  It is also a popular terrarium plant.
===Medicine===
Moss was used for dressing wounds during World War I.  It was also used as pillow filler for soldiers to rest upon when they were transported from the battlefield to the hospital.  
===Wallpaper===
Sphagnum moss was used as wallpaper in the early 1900's.

==6. Make a moss garden (small terrarium) or &quot;eternal garden&quot; using at least three different kinds of mosses and lichens.==
'''Note:''' This activity meets a requirement in the Ranger AY curriculum.
A terrarium may be constructed from any clear container of nearly any size, from baby food jars to storage tubs.

Start by putting down a layer of gravel, rocks, vermiculite or Perlite.  Then place a layer of soil on top of this.  Place the plants atop the soil and add a few rocks for interest.  Water once, but do not overwater.  Put the lid on and place the container in a place where it can receive indirect sunlight.  If algae begins to grow on the container walls, move to a more shady location.  You should not need to open the lid for months, as the terrarium will develop its own climate, and all the moisture remains in the container.

==7. Find and identify five lichens, one liverwort, and six mosses.==
There are thousands of species of lichens, liverworts, and mosses, and providing an identification guide is well beyond the scope of this chapter.  In order to meet this requirement, you will most likely need to obtain a field guide.  Here are a few possibilities:

* [http://www.amazon.com/Plants-without-leaves-liverworts-slime-molds/dp/B0006BO8SS/ref=sr_1_6/104-5560517-1279901?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1194051358&amp;sr=1-6 Plants without leaves;: Lichens, fungi, mosses, liverworts, slime-molds, algae, horsetails]
*[http://www.amazon.com/Softly-Pictorial-Missouri-Liverworts-Lichens/dp/B000U46O9M/ref=sr_1_2/104-5560517-1279901?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1194051912&amp;sr=1-2 Walk Softly Upon the Earth, a Pictorial Field Guide to Missouri Mosses, Liverworts and Lichens]

Another alternative is to find an online key:
*Mosses
** [http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/BFNA/V1/KeyToMosses_2.htm Mosses]
*Lichens
** [http://web.archive.org/20010722042923/members.aol.com/atmame77/page/INTRO.html Macrolichens of Maine]
** [http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/srs/srs08.htm Lichens of British Columbia]
* Liverworts
** [http://www.liverworts.org/identify/identify.shtml Liverworts.org]
* Mosses and Liverworts
**http://bryophytes.plant.siu.edu/frontpic.html

The best approach for this requirement is to familiarize yourself with these plants as much as you can, and then go outside and see what's there.  Whenever you come across a specimen, try to identify it.  If possible, collect a bit of it and take it home for a closer examination.  This is far better than deciding that you are going to go out and find ''Cladonia portentosa''.  In other words, instead of deciding what you're going to find and then going out to look for it, go out and see what's there and ''then'' identify it.

==8. Observe the spore caps of several different kinds of moss under a magnifier to see the differences in &quot;hair caps&quot; and &quot;teeth&quot; that separate many species.==
[[Image:Dicranella varia sporogon.jpeg|thumb|300px|Arthrodontous capsule of Dicranella varia]]

The '''Bryopsida''' constitute the largest class of mosses, containing 95% of all moss species. It consists of approximately 9,500 species, common throughout the whole world.

The group is distinguished by having spore capsules with teeth that are ''arthrodontous''; the teeth are separate from each other and jointed at the base where they attach to the opening of the capsule.  These teeth are exposed when the covering operculum falls off.  In other groups of mosses, the capsule is either ''nematodontous'' with an attached operculum, or else splits open without operculum or teeth.

===Capsule structure===
Among the Bryopsida, the structure of the capsule (sporangium) and its pattern of development is very useful both for classifying and for identifying moss families.  Most Bryopsida produce a capsule with a lid (the operculum) which falls off when the spores inside are mature and thus ready to be dispersed.  The opening thus revealed is called the ''stoma'' (meaning &quot;mouth&quot;) and is surrounded by one or two peristomes.  A peristome is a ring of triangular &quot;teeth&quot; formed from the remnants of specially thickened cell walls.  There are usually 16 such teeth in a single peristome, and in the Bryopsida the teeth are separate from each other and able to both fold in to cover the stoma as well as fold back to open the stoma.  This articulation of the teeth is termed '''arthrodontous'''.

There are two basic arthrodontous peristome types.  The first is termed '''haplolepidous''' and consists of a single circle of 16 peristome teeth.  The second type is the '''diplolepidous''' peristome fround in subclass Bryidae.  In this type, there are two rings of peristome teeth—an inner '''endostome''' (short for ''endoperistome'') and an '''exostome'''.  The endostome is a more delicate membrane, and its teeth are aligned between the teeth of the exostome.  There are a few mosses in the Bryopsida that have no peristome in their capsules.  These mosses still undergo the same cell division patterns in capsule development, but the teeth do not fully develop.

For more information, see
* http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/bl14apl/bryo2.htm
* http://worldofmosses.com/dtm/dtm04.html

==References==
*Wikipedia articles:
** [[w:Moss|Moss]]
** [[w:Lichen|Lichen]]
** [[w:Marchantiophyta|Marchantiophyta (Liverwort)]]
*http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/bryophtes/bryeco.htm

[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Physics/Radiation Interactions</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Radiation Interactions'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Atomic Physics==
===Radiation Types===
*Electromagnetic rays (photons)
**Duality of a particle (photon) and a wave (mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic waves)
**X-rays and Gamma-rays are identical in physical characteristics and biological effect, but differ in their origin:
***X-rays - originate outside of nucleus, typically as excess energy shed by an incoming electron when bending around a nucleus
***Gamma-rays - originate within the nucleus during radioactive decay or fluorescence
**Ionizing radiation is that with photon energies &gt; 1 keV
**Shielding by dense high-Z metals (lead, depleted uranium)


*Electrons, Beta-rays, Positrons
**Very light, in tissue do not travel in straight lines but are deflected by coulombic repulsions from atomic orbital electrons
**Lose on average 50% of their energy on interaction
**As a result, have a well-defined penetration &quot;range&quot; in tissue, even though their path is not straight but zig-zaggy = CSDA (continuous slowing down approximation) range
**For 12 MeV electrons, this is couple centimeters


*Protons
**Generated by cyclotron beams (e.g. MGH, Loma Linda)
**Because they are heavier than electrons, travel mainly in a straight line by &quot;boring&quot; a path through atomic electron clouds
**Toward end of their path rapidly increase interaction with incident atoms, and rapidly slow down, resulting in Bragg Peak
**Shielding by medium-Z metals to provide electrons to slow the protons down. High-Z materials should be avoided, as they produce secondary x-rays and neutrons


*Alpha Particles
**Produced by radioactive decay of heavy radionuclides
**At same energy, travel much more slowly than protons (due to much higher mass), with effective range of couple mm
**Well absorbed by skin (dead layer of cells) but dangerous in mucous membranes (ingestion, inhalation)
**Experimentally used in RT
**Shielding by low-Z materials


*Neutrons
**Interact by colliding with protons (Hydrogen nucleus mainly)
**Shielding by combination of highly hydrogenous (concrete) and highly absorbing (boron-10) materials


==Interaction of X-rays / Gamma-rays with Tissue==
*&lt;u&gt;Excitation&lt;/u&gt;
**Inner shell electron is imparted with sufficient energy to &quot;jump up&quot; to a higher energy shell, but not enough to separate from the nucleus
**It then immediately &quot;jumps down&quot; to its original shell to fill the vacancy, and in the process sheds the excess energy as EM radiation (photon)
**This radiation is characteristic for a given element (since it is a function of the difference in shell energy levels), and is called ''characteristic radiation''
**The chemistry of the atom is ultimately unchanged, but biological changes may be induced by disturbances of the electron cloud geometry


*&lt;u&gt;Ionization&lt;/u&gt;
**Inner shell electron is imparted with sufficient energy to separate from the nucleus (&gt; binding energy)
**Higher shell electron &quot;jumps down&quot; to fill the vacancy, and in the process sheds its excess energy as EM radiation. The EM energy is the same as the energy difference between the shells 
**In large atoms, yet higher shell electrons may then &quot;jump down&quot; in a cascade, resulting in multiple EM emissions
**Once a valence shell electron &quot;jumps down&quot;, the atomic is an electron short, and becomes a free radical
**The emitted x-ray(s) are called characteristic x-rays, and are unique to each element
**Grand average of binding energies across tissue elements and across different shells = 33 KeV (meaning, on average it takes 33 KeV to eject an electron from an atom, and thus ionize the atom)


X-rays/Gamma-rays interact with tissue in 5 different ways:
*&lt;u&gt;Coherent Scattering&lt;/u&gt;
**Only significant at lowest diagnostic x-ray energies (&lt;5% interactions)
**Incoming photon is deflected (absorbed and immediately re-emitted), with minimal direction and energy change
**Can cause problems with contrast in mammography, but not relevant in treatment energies


*&lt;u&gt;Photoelectric Absorption&lt;/u&gt;
**Strongly enhanced in high-Z tissues such as bone, or at lower EM energies (thus not very important at treatment energies)
**Incoming photon &quot;sees&quot; innermost shell electrons (85% K-shell, 14% L-shell, 1% rest), and is absorbed by them
**Depending on the absorbed energy, this can cause the electron to be excitated to a higher shell or ejected from the atom in ionization. If ejected, it is called ''photo-electron'' and causes projectile damage in tissue
**The vacancy is filled (see above in Ionization) from higher shells, leading to characterist x-rays
**These characteristic x-rays may be immediately re-absorbed by the same atom's electrons (common). If they have sufficient energy, may excite or eject another electron in a second ionization event. If ejected, it is called ''Auger electron'' and causes projectile damage in tissues
**The remaining atom may become a free radical, if valence electrons are affected


*&lt;u&gt;Compton Scattering&lt;/u&gt;
**Most dominant interaction in soft tissues at treatment energies
**Incoming photon &quot;sees&quot; individual outermost electrons, and bounces off them like a billiard ball. It is then called ''Compton photon'', and can undergo additional interactions
**In the process, it ejects the electron from the orbit in an ionization event, which causes projectile damage in the tissue. Accounts for ~75% of radiation damage
**The atom becomes a free radical, causing biological damage in the tissue. Accounts for ~25% of radiation damage
**Probability of a Compton interaction is inversely proportional to energy of the incoming photon. 
**It is independent of atomic number, so at treatment energies, bone and soft-tissue interfaces are barely distinguishable (= poor contrast)
**At diagnostic x-ray energies, Compton Scattering direction is fairly random; at treatment x-ray energies, it is forward-peaked
**Energy loss at interaction &lt;20%, so incoming electron can interact numerous times before losing sufficient energy to be absorbed via photoelectric absorption (below)
**This is the main tissue effect at energies 30 keV - 30 MeV


*&lt;u&gt;Pair Production&lt;/u&gt;
**Occurs only at high photon energies (&gt;1.02 MeV) and preferentially in high-Z tissues
**Incoming photon (energy) is converted to mass (electron and positron) in the vicinity of atomic nucleus via E=mc2
**Additional energy over 1.02 MeV is converted to kinetic energy, and divided between the 2 particles
**Positron then interacts with some electron (not necessarily from same atom), and is converted back into 2 EM photon at 0.51 MeV each
**Electron causes projectile damage in the tissue
**Significant pair production can be seen in blocking of the oncoming beam, since blocks are high-Z materials (for lead, this is the main effect at energies &gt;5 MeV)


*&lt;u&gt;Photodisintegration&lt;/u&gt;
**Occurs only at very high photon energies (&gt;7 MeV)
**Incoming photon deposits so much energy, that the nucleus disintegrates
**Source of low-level neutron production (important for radiation shielding)


*&lt;u&gt;Interaction Summary at Therapy Energies&lt;/u&gt;
**Coherent Scattering - no real effect
**Photoelectric Absorption - smaller effect: 1) free electron (photo-electron), 2) +/- free electron (Auger electron), 3) free radical atom
**Compton Scattering - main effect: 1) free electron (Compton electron), 2) free radical atom
**Pair Production - smaller effect: 1) free electron, 2) two 0.51 MeV photons
**Photodisintegration - no real effect


==Interaction of Electrons with Tissue==
*Same process as described above in &quot;Generating X-rays&quot;
*Two fundamental interactions:
**Radiation (Bremsstrahlung) - bending of electrons around nucleus =&gt; shedding of energy as EM x-rays
**Ionization (Characteristic X-rays) - impact with orbital electron =&gt; electron release =&gt; vacancy fill =&gt; shedding of energy as Characteristic x-rays
*Any given electron can in a single interaction lose a very small or very large fraction of its energy, and be deflected by a very small or very largy amount. This leads to large variation among incoming electrons in their path (and distance) into the tissue ('''range-straggling''')


==Interaction of Protons with Tissue==
*Incoming protons also lose energy mainly by interacting with orbital electrons; however, since they are much heavier (~1800x), they only lose very small fraction of their kinetic energy with each interaction, and thus scatter only minimally
*The interactions (and thus energy loss) become more frequent at slower energies. Thus the slower the proton moves, the more energy it loses to the tissue electrons, in a feed-forward loop, until it abruptly loses all energy. This region of rapid energy loss (and its deposition into the tissue) is called the Bragg peak.
*The distance at which Bragg peak occurs, and the energy is deposited, can be calculated very precisely (unlike electrons). The rapid drop-off in dose make it ideal for delivering dose precisely to the tumor, and not to the healty tissue beyond the tumor.
*Incoming protons also rarely interact with the nucleus, and may enhance cell kill by ~10% ({{PMID|472125}} [No abstract] - &quot;The determination of absorbed dose in a proton beam for purposes of charged-particle radiation therapy.&quot; Verhey LJ, Radiat Res. 1979 Jul;79(1):34-54.)

==Interaction of Heavy Ions with Tissue==
*Several heavy ions (helium, argon nuclei) have been tested clinically
*They interact with tissue similarly to protons, but since they are heavier still, they scatter less initially, and have a faster dose fall-off (Bragg peak) at the end
*They also interact with nuclei more often, and may lose a large amount of their large kinetic energy in a single interaction. This high energy deposition is much more efficient per unit dose than x-rays in killing cells (high relative biologic effectiveness = RBE)


==Interactions of Neutrons with Tissue==
*Because neutrons are heavy and neutral, they only lose energy by interacting with nuclei. Similarly to heavy ions, this leads to a sudden large loss (deposition) of energy in a single event. They also have a high relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)
*Similarly to x-rays, the fall-off in dose is exponential (because the interactions are random, unlike proton/ion interactions with increase with slowing velocity). In tissues, 50% of dose is at ~10&amp;nbsp;cm</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Physics/Dosimetry</title>
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{{big|'''Dosimetry'''}}


*Biologic damage to DNA and other structures depends on the amount of ionizing (directly or indirectly) energy absorbed from the radiation beam and deposited into the tissue
*Absorbed dose is defined as energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue. It is essentially the measure of liberated electrons
*It is difficult to measure absorbed dose directly in tissues; instead, ionization is measured in air (exposure) and then converted to absorbed dose tissue equivalent
*[[Bragg–Gray cavity theory]]


==Radiation Exposure==
*Dose of radiation absorbed correlates directly with the energy of the beam
*Gray = basic unit of absorbed dose, in energy (J) per unit mass (kg). Replaces rad (100 rad = 1 Gy)
*to be continued ...


==CBCT Exposure==
*'''Vanderbilt; 2009''' {{PMID|19147025}} -- &quot;Radiation dose from kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography in an image-guided radiotherapy procedure.&quot; (Ding GX, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Feb 1;73(2):610-7.)
**Monte Carlo simulation, adult and pediatric
**H&amp;N scan, half-fan mode: adult vs. peds eye 7 vs 8 cGy, cord 5 vs 6 cGy, brain 5 vs 6 cGy, vertebra 18 vs 23 cGy. Full-fan mode 10-20% lower dose
**Abdomen, half-fan mode: prostate 3 and 7 cGy, femoral heads 7 and 17 cGy
**Conclusion: Doses can total 3 Gy over entire treatment course

==Review==
[http://web.archive.org/20070308170620/homepage.mac.com/billsart/radiationsemester3/notes.htm radiationtherapy.tk]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Palliation/Brain Metastases/Randomized</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Brain Metastases: Randomized Evidence'''&lt;/big&gt;

In progress of being cross-linked from the [[Radiation Oncology/Palliation/Brain Metastases|Brain Metastases]] chapter

==Steroids +/- WBRT==
*'''ECOG''' -- prednisone +/- whole brain RT
**Randomized. 48 patients. Brain metastases (by radioisotope brain scan, EEG, echo, angiogram, of CSF studies), and histologically proven cancer. Extracranial disease status not considered. Arm 1) Prednisone 40&amp;nbsp;mg QD x 4 weeks, then 30&amp;nbsp;mg QD until disease progression vs. Arm 2) Prednisone 40&amp;nbsp;mg QD + whole brain RT 4000 r in 22–29 days. At the end, further randomized to +/- prednisone 30&amp;nbsp;mg daily. Clinical criteria used since imaging unreliable
**'''1971''' {{PMID|5541678}} -- &quot;The management of metastases to the brain by irradiation and corticosteroids.&quot; (Horton J, Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1971 Feb;111(2):334-6.)
***Outcome: Clinical &quot;remission&quot; prednisone 63% vs. prednisone + RT 61%; duration of remission 5 weeks vs. 11 weeks (wide range); median OS 10 weeks vs 14 weeks 
***Toxicity: Alopecia
***Conclusion: Combination of radiation and prednisone offers only a slight advantage over prednisone alone

==Surgery +/- WBRT==
*'''Patchell study #2''', 1998 (1989–97) - {{PMID|9809728}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial.&quot; Patchell RA. JAMA. 1998 Nov 4;280(17):1485-9.  
**95 pts. Randomized. &lt;u&gt;Solitary&lt;/u&gt; brain met. Pts with complete resection (verified by MRI) randomized to postoperative whole brain RT or observation.  Dose was 50.4 Gy over 5.5 weeks. Allowed to have other sites of metastases, but KPS &gt;= 70%.
**Median f/u 43-48 wks. Postop RT was associated with less recurrence anywhere in the brain (18% vs 70%), at the site of resection (10% vs 46%), as well as other areas in the brain (14% vs 37%). Decreased neurologic death (6 of 43 pts, 14%; vs 17 of 39, 44%).  No difference in overall survival (unlike Patchell #1) or length of time patient remained independent.
**Criticism: non-standard whole brain RT dose

==WBRT +/- Surgery==
*'''Canada Multi-Institutional''' (1989–1993) -- WBRT 30/10 vs. Surgery + WBRT 30/10
**Randomized. 84 patients. Single brain metastasis, KPS &gt;50, no lymphoma/SCLC. Dexamethasone per institutional policy. Arm 1) WBRT 30/10 vs. Arm 2) Surgery + WBRT 30/10. Treatment within 3 weeks of CT scan.
**'''1996''' {{PMID|8839553}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A randomized trial to assess the efficacy of surgery in addition to radiotherapy in patients with a single cerebral metastasis.&quot; (Mintz AH, Cancer. 1996 Oct 1;78(7):1470-6.) 
***Outcome: Median OS WBRT 6 months vs. surgery + WBRT 6 months (NS). No difference in QoL
***Conclusion: No benefit from adding surgery to whole brain RT
**Comment: Worse baseline KPS than Kentucky and Netherlands studies.
*'''University Hospital Leiden''' (Netherlands)(1985–90) -- WBRT 40/20 BID vs. Surgery + WBRT 40/20 BID
**Randomized. 63/66 patients. Single brain metastasis. Arm 1)  Pts randomized to resection + WBRT vs WBRT alone. XRT was to whole brain 2Gy BID for 40 Gy over 2 weeks. No MRI.
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8498838}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment of single brain metastasis: radiotherapy alone or combined with neurosurgery?&quot; (Vecht CJ, Ann Neurol. 1993 Jun;33(6):583-90.)
***Outcome: Stable extracranial disease: median OS 7 months vs. 12 months. Progressive extracranial disease: median OS 5 months both groups (NS). 
***Functional independence: Stable extracranial disease: 4 months vs. 9 months. Progressive extracranial disease: 2.5 months both groups (NS). More rapid and longer after surgery + RT
**'''1994''' {{PMID|8040016}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The choice of treatment of single brain metastasis should be based on extracranial tumor activity and age.&quot;  (Noordijk EM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Jul 1;29(4):711-7.)
***Outcome: median OS WBRT 6 months vs. surgery + WBRT 10 months (SS). Stable extracranial disease (7 months vs 12 months), active extracranial disease (5 months both groups). Age independent predictor (60 years). Majority of deaths due to systemic progression
***Conclusions: surgery and radiotherapy should be offered over radiotherapy alone. However, for patients with active extracranial disease, radiotherapy alone is sufficient.
*'''University of Kentucky / Patchell#1''' (1985–1988) -- WBRT 36/12 vs. Surgery + WBRT 36/12
**Randomized. 48 patients. Suspected &lt;u&gt;single&lt;/u&gt; brain metastasis. Dexamethasone 4&amp;nbsp;mg Q6 hours. Arm 1) (biopsy) then WBRT vs. Arm 2) Surgery + WBRT. Surgery within 72 hours of randomization. WBRT within 14 days of surgery; within 48 hours of randomization or biopsy; dose 36/12
**'''1990''' {{PMID|2405271}} - &quot;A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain.&quot; (Patchell RA, N Engl J Med. 1990 Feb 22;322(8):494-500. 
***Outcome: Local recurrence WBRT 52% vs surgery + WBRT 20% (SS); time-to-recurrence 5 months vs &gt;14 months (SS). Distant brain recurrence 13% vs. 20% (NS). QoL (KPS &gt;=70, functionally independent) 2 months vs. 9 months (SS)
***Survival: Median OS 3 months vs. 9 months (SS), &quot;neurologic death&quot; 6 months vs. 14 months (SS). No difference in &quot;systemic death&quot;. 
***Toxicity: operative mortality 4%, operative morbidity 8%
***Conclusion: Patients with single brain metastasis treated with surgery + RT live longer, have fewer recurrences, and better quality of life than patients treated with RT alone

==SRS +/- WBRT==
*'''EORTC 22952-26001''' (1996–2007) -- Surgery/SRS +/- WBRT
**See: [[Radiation Oncology/Palliation/Brain Metastases/SRS#Radiosurgery .2B.2F- WBRT|Radiosurgery +/- WBRT]]
*'''MD Anderson''' (2001–2007) -- SRS vs SRS + WBRT
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to significantly worse cognitive outcome in WBRT+SRS arm.'' 58 of expected 90 patients. RPA I-II (KPS &gt;=70), 1-3 brain mets (57% single). Arm 1) SRS (dose per RTOG 9005; median 19 Gy) vs. Arm 2) SRS first (median 20 Gy) + WBRT 30/12. No concurrent chemo. Primary endpoint neurocognitive function using HVLT-R recall test at 4 months
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19801201}} -- &quot;Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial.&quot; (Chang EL, Lancet Oncol. 2009 Nov;10(11):1037-44. Epub 2009 Oct 2.). Median F/U 9 months
***Outcome: Significant decline in 4-month recall SRS 24% vs. SRS+WBRT 52% (SS). Functional brain assessment no difference. 1-year LC 67% vs. 100% (SS); 1-year distant brain control 45% vs. 73% (SS). 1-year CNS DFS 27% vs. 73% (SS). Median OS 15 months vs. 6 months (SS). Salvage much more aggressive in SRS only arm
***Toxicity: SRS 7% Grade 4
***Conclusion: Patients treated with SRS + WBRT were at greater risk of memory decline at 4 months
*'''JROSG 99–1, Japan''' (1999–2003) -- SRS vs SRS + WBRT
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to low likelihood of showing a difference.'' 132 of expected 188 patients. 1-4 mets, size &lt; 3&amp;nbsp;cm. RPA I-II (85% RPA II). 50% active extracranial disease.  11 centers in Japan. Arm 1) SRS alone (dose if &lt;2&amp;nbsp;cm 22-25 Gy, if 2–3&amp;nbsp;cm 18-20 Gy) vs. Arm 2) WBRT 30/10 followed by SRS. SRS dose reduced by 30%. Primary endpoint OS
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16757720}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Stereotactic Radiosurgery Plus Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy vs Stereotactic Radiosurgery Alone for Treatment of Brain Metastases: A Randomized Controlled Trial.&quot; (Aoyama H et al. JAMA 2006;295 2483–2491.)
***Outcome: Median OS SRS 8.0 months vs. SRS + WBRT 7.5 months (NS); 1-year OS 28% vs. 38% (NS); CNS death 19% vs. 23% (NS). 1-year LC ~75% vs. ~90% (SS); 1-year distant brain control 36% vs. 59% (SS). Decreased need for salvage brain treatment (10 pts vs 29 pts) with WBRT. No difference in neurocognitive measures
***Conclusion: SRS alone can be a reasonable strategy, with close monitoring and salvage retreatment

==WBRT +/- SRS==
*'''RTOG 95-08''' (1996–2001) -- WBRT vs WBRT + SRS
**Randomized. 331 patients, 1-3 brain mets with maximum diameter 4&amp;nbsp;cm, RPA class 1 (26%) or class 2 (74%), lung 63%. Arm 1) WBRT 37.5/15 vs Arm 2) WBRT + radiosurgery (24-18-15 Gy based on size) 
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15158627}} [http://rtog.org/pdf_document/Lancet_Brain_Mets_Reprint.pdf Full text] &amp;mdash; &quot;Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial.&quot; (Andrews DW, Lancet. 2004 May 22;363(9422):1665-72.)
***Outcome: Mean OS WBRT 6.5 months vs WBRT+SRS 5.7 months (NS); single metastasis 4.9 months vs 6.5 months (SS) though (NS) on multivariate analysis. Higher 3-month response rate and control at 1 yr (71% vs 82%). No difference in overall time to progression (any intracranial failure) and no difference in neurologic death. Local recurrence 43% more likely with WBRT than WBRT+SRS. Improved KPS (4% vs 13%) and decreased steroid use at 6 months but no difference in mental status. 
***Toxicity: Acute G3+ WBRT 0% vs WBRT+SRS 3%; Late G3+ 3% vs 6%
***Conclusion: WBRT+SRS improved KPS, no difference in OS. Benefit in OS for single metastasis
*'''Pittsburgh''' -- WBRT vs WBRT + SRS
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped early after significant interim benefit in brain control for WBRT+SRS arm''. 27 patients, 2-4 brain metastases &lt;2.5&amp;nbsp;cm, KPS ≥ 70. Arm 1) WBRT 30/12 vs Arm 2) WBRT + SRS 16 Gy. Primary outcome brain control.
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10487566}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for patients with multiple brain metastases.&quot; Kondziolka D et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Sep 1;45(2):427-34. 
***Outcome: 1-year local failure WBRT 100% vs WBRT+SRS 8% (SS); time-to-failure 6 months vs 36 months (SS). Median OS WBRT 7.5 months vs WBRT+SRS 11 months (NS). However, patients in WBRT arm who received salvage SRS median OS 11 months (NS to WBRT+SRS), while patients who received only WBRT median OS 7 months (SS to WBRT+SRS)
***Conclusion: WBRT+SRS significantly improves control of brain disease; WBRT alone does not provide effective and lasting control

==Whole Brain RT Dose==
*'''Kogarah, Australia''' -- 40/20 BID vs 20/4 QD 
**Randomized. 113 patients, brain mets, stable or absent extracranial disease, ECOG &lt;3. Surgical resection 36%. Arm 1) 40/20 BID vs. Arm 2) 20/4. Primary outcome intracranial control and QoL. 
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19836153}} -- &quot;Randomized Comparison of Whole Brain Radiotherapy, 20 Gy in Four Daily Fractions Versus 40 Gy in 20 Twice-Daily Fractions, for Brain Metastases.&quot; (Graham PH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]) 
***Outcome: Median OS 40 Gy 6.1 months vs. 20 Gy 6.6 months (NS). Intracranial progression 44% vs. 64% (SS). Median time-to-CNS-progression 9 months vs 5 months (SS). Salvage RT/surgery 4% vs. 21% (SS). CNS death 32% vs. 52% (SS) 
***Toxicity: Minimal. QoL clinically improved in 20 Gy arm over 40 Gy arm, but (NS). 
***Conclusion: Intracranial control better with 40/20 BID than 20/4 QD; should be considered for better prognosis patients

==Chemo-RT==
===Topotecan===
*'''Germany''' -- WBRT vs. WBRT + topotecan
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to slow accrual''. 96/320 patients with SCLC or NSCLC, with brain metastases. Arm 1) WBRT 40/20 vs. Arm 2) WBRT 40/20 + topotecan 0.4&amp;nbsp;mg/m2
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19127261}} -- &quot;A phase III trial of topotecan and whole brain radiation therapy for patients with CNS-metastases due to lung cancer.&quot; (Neuhaus T, Br J Cancer. 2009 Jan 27;100(2):291-7. Epub 2009 Jan 6.) Median F/U 2.8 years
***Outcome: No difference in LR or PFS
***Conclusion: No significant advantage for concurrent topotecan in patients with lung cancer, but number too small

===Thalidomide===
*'''RTOG 0118; 2007''' (2002–2004) {{PMID|18164847}} -- &quot;A Phase III Study of Conventional Radiation Therapy Plus Thalidomide versus Conventional Radiation Therapy for Multiple Brain Metastases (RTOG 0118).&quot; (Knisely JP, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Dec 28 [Epub ahead of print])
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to non-superiority.'' 183 accrued patients from goal of 332 patients. Multiple (&gt;3), large (&gt;4&amp;nbsp;cm), or midbrain metastases from extracranial disease, PS 0–1. Arm 1) WBRT 37.5/15 vs. Arm 2) WBRT 37.5/15 + thalidomide
**Outcome: median OS 3.9 months for both arms
**Toxicity: 48% discontinued thalidomide due to toxicity
**Conclusion: No survival benefit for thalidomide; significant toxicity

===Motexafin gadolinium===
*'''Wisconsin; 2003''' {{PMID|12829672}} -- &quot;Survival and neurologic outcomes in a randomized trial of motexafin gadolinium and whole-brain radiation therapy in brain metastases.&quot; (Mehta MP, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jul 1;21(13):2529-36.)
**Randomized. 401 patients (251 NSCLC). Arm 1) 30 Gy WBRT vs. Arm 2) concurrent MGd 5&amp;nbsp;mg/kg/d
**Outcome: no difference in survival (4.9 months vs. 5.2 months, NS) or time-to-neurologic progression (9.5 months vs. 8.3 months, NS). Improvement in neurologic progression in NSCLC patients
**Conclusion: No benefit, except possibly for NSCLC brain mets

===Bromodeoxyuridine===
*'''RTOG 89–05; 1995''' (1989–93) - {{PMID|7673021}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Results of a randomized comparison of radiotherapy and bromodeoxyuridine with radiotherapy alone for brain metastases: report of RTOG trial 89-05.&quot; Phillips TL et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Sep 30;33(2):339-48. 
**Randomized. 72 patients, KPS &gt;=70, primary absent, controlled, or under RT; no other mets. WBRT 37.5/15 +/- bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd)
**Outcome: Median OS RT alone 6.1 months vs. RT + BrdUrd 4.3 months (NS)
**Conclusion: No benefit for BrdUrd

==Radioprotectants==
'''''Methylphenidate (d-MPH)'''''
*'''Wake Forest; 2007''' {{PMID|17869448}} -- &quot;A Phase III, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial of d-threo-methylphenidate HCl in Brain Tumor Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy.&quot; (Butler JM Jr, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Sep 13; [Epub ahead of print])
**Randomized. 68 patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors. Arm 1) prophylactic d-MPH 5&amp;nbsp;mg BID -&gt; 15&amp;nbsp;mg BID vs. Arm 2) observation. Outcome measure QOL and cognitive function
**Outcome: No difference in fatigue, QOL, or cognitive function
**Conclusion: Prophylactic d-MPH not beneficial in brain tumor patients</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Prostate/External Beam RT/Dose Escalation</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Prostate Cancer Dose Escalation Studies'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*Standard 2D dose cannot reasonably exceed 70Gy due to bowel toxicity. 
*Prospective dose escalation studies (RTOG 94-06, French, Dutch, Memorial Sloan Kettering, and Fox Chase) have shown reasonably good tolerance to doses of at least 81 Gy; GI and GU side effects appear to show more a volume effect. 
*As a result, several Phase III trials evaluated 3D-CRT to escalate dose above 70Gy. All except for the initial Harvard Proton Boost trial in locally advanced disease showed a biochemical progression free survival benefit for higher dose
*Because they used different doses, it is not clear what actual dose should be used, or whether further dose-escalation would be beneficial
*The Dutch trial allowed ADT for high risk disease, the MRC trial mandated neoadjuvant ADT; the other trials did not use ADT
*A prospective non-randomized risk-adapted data from Spain argues for benefit of dose escalation in the presence of ADT

==Randomized==
'''''Meta-Analysis'''''
*'''Sao Paulo, Brazil; 2009''' 
**Meta-analysis. 7 trials, 2812 patients
**Outcome, reduction in bPFS (SS), no difference in PCSM (p=0.45), or OS (p=0.38). Low, intermediate, and high risk all benefited. Linear correlation between total dose and bPFS 
**Toxicity: Increased G3+ late GI toxicity
**Conclusion: High dose RT superior to conventional dose RT, and should be offered for all patients, regardless of risk status
**PAPER RETRACTED - Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Mar 15;85(4):899.Zietman AL, Viani GA.


'''''Individual Trials'''''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! width=&quot;130&quot; | Institution !! Stage !! width=&quot;80&quot; | Dose (Gy) !! 5-year Outcome !! Grade 3 Toxicity
|-
| MRC RT01
(1998-2002)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | T1b-T3a || align=&quot;center&quot; | 64 vs 74 || NED 60% vs 71% (SS)
| GI 6% vs 10%
GU 2% vs 4%
|-
| Dutch CKVO96-10
(1997-2003)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | T1b-T4 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 68 vs 78 || NED 54% vs 64% (SS)
| GI 4% vs 5% (NS)
GU 12% vs 13% (NS)
|-
| PROG 95-09
(1996-1999)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | T1b-T2b || align=&quot;center&quot; | 70.2 vs 79.2 || NED 79% vs 91% (SS)
| GI 1% vs 1% (NS)
GU 1% vs 2% (NS)
|-
| MD Anderson
(1993-1998)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | T1-T3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 70 vs 78 || FFP 75% vs 78% (SS)
| GI 1% vs 7% (SS)
GU 5% vs 4% (NS)
|-
| Ontario LDR Boost
(1992-1997) 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | T2-T3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 66 vs 75 || FFP 39% vs 71% (SS) 
| GI 2% vs 4% (NS)
GU 4% vs. 14% (NS)
|-
| Harvard Proton Boost 
(1982-1992) 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | T3-T4
N0-2 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 67.2 vs 75.6  || LC 92% vs 80% (NS) 
| GI bleeding 15% vs 32% (NS)
GU stricture 8% vs 19% (NS)
|}


*'''[[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/0126|RTOG 01-26]]''' -- &quot;A Phase III Randomized Study of High Dose 3D-CRT/IMRT vs. Standard Dose 3D-CRT/IMRT in Patients Treated for Localized Prostate Cancer&quot;
**3D-CRT/IMRT to 79.2 Gy in 44 fractions vs. 70.2 Gy in 39 fractions; intermediate prognosis tumors
**Activated March 2002, ongoing, no publications yet

*'''GETUG''' (France) (1999-2002)
**Randomized. 306 patients, intermediate risk (T2-T3, or T1 and GS 7+ or PS &gt;10, PSA &lt;50 ng/mL). Arm 1) 70/35 Gy vs. Arm 2) 80/40 Gy. 3D-CRT 4F 46/23 then multi-field technique. Rectum wall Dmax 76 Gy, bladder wall Dmax 80 Gy
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15519775}} -- &quot;The GETUG 70 Gy vs. 80 Gy randomized trial for localized prostate cancer: feasibility and acute toxicity.&quot; (Beckendorf V, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Nov 15;60(4):1056-65.)
***Acute GI toxicity: low dose Grade 2 27%, Grade 3 2% vs. high dose 28%, 2% (NS)
***Acute GU toxicity: low dose Grade 2 31%, Grade 3 5% vs. high dose 30%, 7% (NS)
***Conclusion: Acute toxicity acceptable

*'''MRC RT01''' (UK)(1998-2002) -- 3D-CRT 64 Gy vs. 74 Gy
**Randomized. 843 men, T1b-T3a (T3 in &lt;20%), PSA &lt;50 ng/mL. . Neoadjuvant AST 3-6 months, then RT Arm 1) 64/32 Gy vs. 74/37 Gy. GTV = prostate +/- SV (depending on risk). CTV = GTV + 0.5 cm. PTV = CTV + 0.5-1.0 cm 
**'''Pilot''' [http://www.asco.org/ac/1,1003,_12-002636-00_18-0037-00_19-0020292,00.asp 2005 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;Phase III pilot study of dose escalation using conformal radiotherapy (CFRT) in prostate cancer: PSA control and side effects&quot; (Dearnaley, 2005 ASCO)
***Single institution pilot for MRC RT01 using 2x2 dose (64 Gy vs. 74 Gy) and margin design (1.0 cm vs. 1.5 cm); median follow-up 6.5 years
***5-year PSA-DFS dose 74 Gy vs. 64 Gy: 71% vs. 59% (p=0.1)
***5-year PSA-DFS margin 1.0 cm vs. 1.5 cm: 67% vs. 63% (p=NS)
***Acute side effects: GU greater in 74 Gy and 1.5 cm, GI greater in 1.5cm
***Late side effects: GU (p=NS), GI greater in 1.5cm
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Dose escalation from 64 Gy to 74 Gy using CFRT may improve long term PSA control but a treatment margin of 1.5cm is unnecessary and is associated with increased bowel and bladder side effects.&quot;
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15297138}} -- &quot;Implementing the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) RT01 trial (ISRCTN 47772397): methods and practicalities of a randomised controlled trial of conformal radiotherapy in men with localised prostate cancer.&quot; (Sydes MR, Radiother Oncol. 2004 Aug;72(2):199-211.)
**'''Early toxicity; 2007''' {{PMID|17391791}} -- &quot;The early toxicity of escalated versus standard dose conformal radiotherapy with neo-adjuvant androgen suppression for patients with localised prostate cancer: Results from the MRC RT01 trial (ISRCTN47772397)&quot; (Dearnaley DP, Radiother Oncol. 2007 Mar 26)
***Early toxicity measured using physician-reported instruments (RTOG, LENT/SOM, Royal Marsden Scales) and patient-reported questionnaires (MOS SF-36, UCLA Prostate Cancer Index, FACT-P)
***Grade 2 standard vs. escalated: bladder 38% vs. 39%, bowel 30% vs. 33%. Urinary frequency improved from pre-AST, but bowel and sexual function deteriorated
***6-month outcomes: RTOG side effects &lt;1%; 6 rectal ulceration (6/6 escalated), 6 hematuria (5/6 escalated), 8 urethral stricture (6/8 escalated)
***Conclusion: Escalated group broadly similar early toxicity, except immediately post-RT
**'''5-years; 2007''' {{PMID|17482880}} -- &quot;Escalated-dose versus standard-dose conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: first results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial.&quot; (Dearnaley DP, Lancet Oncol. 2007 Jun;8(6):475-87.) Median F/U 5.2 years
***Outcome: PFS high dose 71% vs. standard dose 60% (SS); clinical PFS 90% vs. 87% (NS)
***By risk group: low-risk 85% vs. 79%, intermediate-risk 79% vs. 70%, high-risk 57% vs. 43%; benefit across all groups
***Toxicity: GI Grade 2+ high dose 33% vs. standard dose 24% (SS); GU Grade 2+ 11% vs. 8% (NS); sexual dysfunction prevalent
***Conclusion: Escalated dose with neoadjuvant AST seems clinically worthwhile, but increased incidence of long-term adverse events
**'''Bcl-2; 2010''' {{PMID|20092961}} -- &quot;Expression of Bcl-2, p53, and MDM2 in Localized Prostate Cancer with Respect to the Outcome of Radical Radiotherapy Dose Escalation.&quot; (Vergis R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print])
***Subset analysis. 308 patients, neoadjuvant ADT and RT. Tumor expression of Bcl-2, p53, and MDM2 evaluated. Median F/U 7 years
***Outcome: Univariate, Bcl-2 and p53 but not MDM2 associated with 5-year bPFS. Bcl-2 associated on MVA. For Bcl-2+ tumors, 7-year bPFS 64 Gy 41% vs 74 Gy 61% (SS). For Bcl-2- tumors, 81% vs 87% (NS)
***Conclusion: Bcl-2 positive patients had worse biochemical control, and benefited from dose escalation

*'''Mount Vernon, UK''' (1997-2005) -- 55/20 vs 35.75/13 + 17/2
**Randomized. 220 patients, prostate cancer T1-T3M0 (T3 26%), PSA &lt;50. Arm 1) EBRT 55/20 vs Arm 2) EBRT 35.75/13 + HDR 17/2. ADT 76%.
**'''Initial; 2007''' {{PMID|17531335}} -- &quot;High dose rate brachytherapy in combination with external beam radiotherapy in the radical treatment of prostate cancer: initial results of a randomised phase three trial.&quot; (Hoskin PJ, Radiother Oncol. 2007 Aug;84(2):114-20. Epub 2007 May 24.) Median F/U 1.25
***Outcome: Mean bRFS combined modality 5.1 years vs EBRT 4.3 years (SS). Improvement seen in all risk groups
***Toxicity: Acute GI toxicity better in combined group, other acute and late toxicities comparable. QoL FACT-P score better in combined group
***Conclusion: HDR brachytherapy + EBRT results in improved outcome with less acute toxicity and improved QoL

*'''Dutch CKVO96-10''' (1997-2003) -- 68 Gy vs. 78 Gy
**Randomized. 664 patients, T1b-T4, with PSA &lt; 60 (excluded low risk: T1a, T1b-c with GS&lt;5 and PSA &lt;=4; excluded pN+). Arm 1) 68/34 Gy vs. Arm 2) 78/39 Gy. Both 3D-CRT. CTV = prostate +/- SV (depending on risk group); PTV = 1.0 cm margin to 68 Gy, then 0.5 mm and 0 mm posteriorly. Prescription dose was to the isocenter. Stratified by risk group. Hormonal therapy in 22%
**'''Toxicity, 2005''' {{PMID|15752881}}  &amp;mdash; &quot;Acute and late complications after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: results of a multicenter randomized trial comparing 68 Gy to 78 Gy.&quot; (Peeters ST, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Mar 15;61(4):1019-34.) 
***No acute toxicity differences (p=NS)
***No late GI and GU toxicity difference (p=NS), except for rectal bleeding requiring laser treatment or transfusion (p = 0.007) and nocturia (p = 0.05)
***Conclusion: Acute and late toxicity higher, but not NS except late rectal bleeding and late nocturia
**'''5-years, 2006''' {{PMID|16648499}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Dose-response in radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: results of the Dutch multicenter randomized phase III trial comparing 68 Gy of radiotherapy with 78 Gy.&quot; (Peeters ST, J Clin Oncol. 2006 May 1;24(13):1990-6.). Median F/U 4.2 years 
***Outcome: 5-year FFS high-dose 64% vs low-dose 54% (SS). Clinical failure both groups 76% (NS), OS 82% vs. 83% (NS)
***Toxicity: GI Grade 2+ high-dose 32% vs. low-dose 27% (NS), GI Grade 3+ 5% vs. 4% (NS). GU Grade 2+ 39% vs. 41% (NS), GU Grade 3+ 13% vs. 12% (NS).
***Conclusion: Significantly improved FFS, with comparable toxicity
**'''Sexual fn, 2007''' {{PMID|17331667}} -- &quot;Sexual function after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: results from a dose-escalation trial.&quot; (van der Wielen GJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jun 1;68(2):479-84.)
***268 patient subset. Baseline ED 28%
***ED in pretreatment potent men: at 1 year 27%, at 2 years 36%, at 3 years 38%. No difference between low and high dose.
***2-year outcome: 30% had considerable/very much sexual desire; 14% used sexual aids
***Conclusion: Lower % of ED than previously reported
**'''Urinary obstruction; 2010''' {{PMID|20056354}} -- &quot;Urinary Obstruction in Prostate Cancer Patients From the Dutch Trial (68 Gy vs. 78 Gy): Relationships with Local Dose, Acute Effects, and Baseline Characteristics.&quot; (Heemsbergen WD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print])
***Subset analysis. 40 patients with urinary obstruction (19 low dose arm and 21 high dose arm). Dose-difference maps
***Outcome: Early events within 2 years (47%) predicted by baseline complaints and TURP. Late events after 2 years (53%) predicted by bladder surface receiving &amp;ge; 80 Gy and especially with dose to bladder neck in the trigone
***Conclusion: Late urinary obstruction associated with local dose to trigone
**'''Risk factors; 2010''' {{PMID|20227123}} -- &quot;Subgroup analysis of patients with localized prostate cancer treated within the Dutch-randomized dose escalation trial.&quot; (Al-Mamgani A, Radiother Oncol. 2010 Mar 11. [Epub ahead of print])
***Subset analysis. Two prognostic models: Chism risk group (low risk T1-T2 and GS &amp;le; 6 and PSA &amp;le; 10; high risk T3-T4 or GS 8-10 or PSA &gt;20) and PSA-level (&lt;10 and &amp;ge; 10)
***Outcome: 6-year bPFS 68 Gy 51% vs 78 Gy 63% (SS). Low-risk 84% vs 80% (NS); intermediate risk 54% vs 78% (SS); high risk 40% vs 49% (NS). If PSA &lt;10 no difference; if PSA &amp;ge: 10, 62% vs 40% (SS); PSA optimal cut-off for no benefit 8 ng/ml. For patients treated with ADT, bPFS improved with high dose
***Conclusion: Intermediate-risk group derived greatest benefit from dose escalation, though no indication was found to exclude low-risk or high-risk patients from high-dose RT

*'''PROG 95-09''' (1996-1999) -- Proton/photon 70.2 Gy vs. 79.2 Gy
**Randomized. 2 institutions (Harvard and Loma Linda). 392 patients, stage T1b-T2b, PSA &lt;15 ng/mL (median PSA 6.3); 75% GS &lt;7. Low risk 58%, intermediate risk 37%. Arm 1) proton boost 19.8/11 GyE followed by photons 50.4/28 vs. Arm 2) proton boost 28.8/16 followed by photons 50.4/28. Proton CTV = prostate + 5 mm margin. PTV = CTV + 7-10 mm. Loma Linda used opposed lateral beams, 250 MeV protons; Harvard used perineal boost, 160 MeV protons. Rectal Lucite probe, inflated with 25-50 mL saline. Photons were 4F plan, photon CTV = prostate + 10 mm margin. No hormones 
**'''5-years; 2005''' {{PMID|16160131}} -- &quot;Comparison of conventional-dose vs high-dose conformal radiation therapy in clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a randomized controlled trial.&quot; (Zietman AL, JAMA. 2005 Sep 14;294(10):1233-9.). ''Note erratum published after incorrect analysis of failures during initial publication, which changes outcomes. Values below are corrected values.'' Median F/U 5.5 years
***Outcome: 5-year bNED 70.2 Gy 79% vs. 79.2 Gy 91% (SS), 59% reduction in risk of failure. LC 48% vs. 67% (SS) No difference in OS 97% vs 96% (NS)
***Risk stratification: low risk (PSA &lt;10, stage &lt;=T2a, GS &lt;7) 83% vs. 97% (SS); high risk 74% vs. 82% (NS). When high risk sub-analyzed: contemporary intermediate risk 75% vs. 87% (SS), but contemporary high risk not significant, but small number of patients) 
***Late toxicity: Grade 3+ 70.2 Gy 1% vs. 79.2 2%; GU Grade 2 18% vs. 20% (NS), GI Grade 2 8% vs. 17% (SS). Most GI toxicity by 3 years; GU toxicity continuous
***Conclusion: Men with intermediate-risk clinically localized PCA have better bNED with high dose, without worse severe toxicity and with only small increase in G2 GI toxicity
**'''10-years; 2010''' {{PMID|20124169}} -- &quot;Randomized Trial Comparing Conventional-Dose With High-Dose Conformal Radiation Therapy in Early-Stage Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate: Long-Term Results From Proton Radiation Oncology Group/American College of Radiology 95-09.&quot; (Zietman AL, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar 1;28(7):1106-11.) Median F/U 8.9 years
***Outcome: 10-year ASTRO (backdating) bPFS low-dose 68% vs. high-dose 83% (SS). For low-risk disease 72% vs 93% (SS); for intermediate-risk 58% vs. 70% (p=0.06). No difference in OS (78% vs 83%)
***Toxicity: Late Grade 2+ low-dose 29% vs. high-dose 39% (SS); Grade 3+ 2% in both arms (NS)
***Conclusion: Long-term advantage for high dose in low/intermediate risk PCA patients, with comparable Grade 3 toxicity
**'''Patient surveys; 2010''' {{PMID|20233822}} -- &quot;Patient-reported long-term outcomes after conventional and high-dose combined proton and photon radiation for early prostate cancer.&quot; (Talcott JA, JAMA.  2010 Mar 17;303(11):1046-53.)
***Post-hoc analysis. 280 patients surveyed (83% of surviving cohort). Main outcome: Prostate Cancer Symptom Indices. Median F/U 9.4 years
***Outcome: No difference in urinaty obstruction/irritation, urinary incontinence, bowel problems, sexual dysfunction, and most other outcomes. Patients receiving standard dose had less confidence that their dose was under control (76% vs 86%, SS). Many patients reported their function as normal, despite substantial symptoms
***Conclusion: Higher dose not associated with increase in patient-reported symptoms
**'''Rectal DVH; 2010''' {{PMID|20207497}} -- &quot;Gastrointestinal Quality of Life After Conventional and High-Dose Radiation for Prostate Cancer: A Subgroup Analysis of a Randomized Trial.&quot; (Nguyen PL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Mar 5. [Epub ahead of print])
***Subset analysis. 50 men with &gt;7 year follow up, QoL questionnaire and DVH data. Anterior rectal wall correlated with patient-reported QoL
***Outcome: Trend toward association between higher V60, V65, V70, and V75 and long-term GI QoL. No difference between conventional and high-dose arms
***Conclusion: DVH constraints rather than total prescribed dose have impact on long-term bowel function

*'''MD Anderson''' (1993-1998) -- 70/35 vs. 78/39
**Randomized. 301 T1-T3 patients, stratified by PSA &lt;10 (65%), 10-20 (35%), &gt;20 (few). Arm 1) 70 Gy vs. Arm 2) 78 Gy. Technique 4F 46/23, Arm 1) 4F RF 24/12, Arm 2) 3D-CRT 6 fields 32/16. CTV = prostate/SV, margin 1.5 cm anterior/inferior, 1.0 cm posterior/superior. No hormones
**'''Preliminary; 1996''' {{PMID|8621278}} -- &quot;Conventional vs. conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: preliminary results of dosimetry and acute toxicity.&quot; (Pollack A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Feb 1;34(3):555-64.)
**'''Toxicity; 2000''' {{PMID|11020558}} -- &quot;Complications from radiotherapy dose escalation in prostate cancer: preliminary results of a randomized trial.&quot; (Storey MR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Oct 1;48(3):635-42.) Median F/U 40 mo.
**'''6-years; 2002''' {{PMID|12128107}} -- &quot;Prostate cancer radiation dose response: results of the M. D. Anderson phase III randomized trial.&quot; (Pollack A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Aug 1;53(5):1097-105.). Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: 6-year overall FFF 64% vs. 70% (p=0.03); however: 6-year FFF if PSA &lt; 10 ~75% in both groups (NS), but FFF if PSA &gt;10 43% vs. 62% (p=0.01). No difference in clinical DFS or OS
***Toxicity: Grade 2+ rectal toxicity 12% vs. 26% (p=0.001); Grade 2+ bladder toxicity NS
***Conclusion: Highly significant FFF improvement for intermediate-to-high risk patients, no benefit if PSA &lt;10. Increased rectal toxicity
**'''8-years; 2008''' {{PMID|17765406}} -- &quot;Long-term results of the M. D. Anderson randomized dose-escalation trial for prostate cancer.&quot; (Kuban DA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jan 1;70(1):67-74. Epub 2007 Aug 31.) Median F/U 8.7 years
***8-year outcome: FFF 78 Gy 78% vs. 70 Gy 59% (SS); if PSA &gt;10 78% vs. 39% (SS), clinical failure 7% vs. 15% (SS); if PSA &lt;10 78% vs. 66% (NS)
***By risk group: low risk 88% vs. 63% (SS); intermediate risk 86% vs. 76% (NS); high risk 63% vs. 26% (SS). OS 78% vs. 79% (NS)
***10-year toxicity: GI Grade 3 7% vs. 1% (SS); GI Grade 2+ 26% vs. 13% (SS); GU Grade 3 5% vs. 4% (NS), GU Grade 2+ 13% vs. 8% (NS)
***Conclusion: Dose escalation improved PSA and clinical control, particularly if PSA &gt;10 ng/ml
 
*'''Ontario EBRT/LDR''' (1992-1997) -- EBRT 66/30 vs. EBRT/LDR 75 (LDR 35 + EBRT 40/20)
**Randomized. 104 patients, locally advanced T2-T3. All underwent staging pelvic lymphadenectomy. Arm 1) EBRT 66/33 vs. Arm 2) LDR 35 Gy (delivered via 18 needles over 48 hours) + EBRT 40/20 for total 75 Gy (&gt;80% of prostate received 80 Gy)
**'''5-years; 2005''' {{PMID|15718316}} -- &quot;Randomized trial comparing iridium implant plus external-beam radiation therapy with external-beam radiation therapy alone in node-negative locally advanced cancer of the prostate.&quot; (Sathya JR, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 20;23(6):1192-9.). Median F/U 8.2 years
***Outcome: 5-year FFP high dose 71% vs. standard dose 39% (SS); positive biopsy 24% vs. 51% (SS). OS 94% vs. 92% (NS)
***Late toxicity: Grade 3 GU high dose 14% vs. standard dose 4% (NS); Grade 3 GI 4% vs 2% (NS)
***Conclusion: Higher doses of radiation over shorter duration results in better control

*'''Harvard Proton Boost''' (1982-1992) -- Proton (dose escalated) vs. photon boost
**Randomized. 202 patients, Stage T3-T4Nx,0-2. Standard photons 50.4 Gy four-field, then Arm 1) Conformal protons 25.2 CGE (total 75.6 CGE) vs. Arm 2) Photons 16.8 Gy (total 67.2 Gy). Median F/U 5.1 years
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8514551}} -- &quot;Late rectal bleeding following combined X-ray and proton high dose irradiation for patients with stages T3-T4 prostate carcinoma&quot; (Benk VA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Jun 15;26(3):551-7.) Median F/U 3.7 years
***Rectal bleeding (none Grade 3-4): high dose 34% vs. low dose 16% (SS)
***DVH evaluation: significant bleeding risk if &gt;40% anterior rectum gets &gt;75 CGE
**'''1995''' {{PMID|7721636}} -- &quot;Advanced prostate cancer: the results of a randomized comparative trial of high dose irradiation boosting with conformal protons compared with conventional dose irradiation using photons alone.&quot; (Shipley WU, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Apr 30;32(1):3-12.)
***Outcome: 5-year LC photon+proton 92% vs. photons 80% (NS), no difference in OS, DSS, TRFS. GS 4/5 patients 94% vs. 64% (SS)
***Toxicity: Rectal bleeding photon+proton 32% vs. photons 12% (SS), urethral stricture 19% vs. 8% (p=0.07)
***Conclusion: Boosting dose with protons increased LC in poorly differentiated tumors, but also worsened late toxicity. No impact on DFS or OS
**'''2002''' {{PMID|11743288}} -- &quot;Late normal tissue sequelae in the second decade after high dose radiation therapy with combined photons and conformal protons for locally advanced prostate cancer.&quot; (Gardner BG, J Urol. 2002 Jan;167(1):123-6.)
***Retrospective. 39/42 patients alive from original cohort of 167 patients, T3-T4, treated with 4 field box photons to 50.4 Gy, follower by perineal proton boost to 27 Gy in 11 fractions. Median F/U 13.1 years
***GU toxicity: G2+ GU 59% at 15 years but persisted in 18%. G2+ hematuria 21% at 5 years, 47% at 15 years. G3+ hematuria 3% and 8%. Urethral stricture 10%, urinary incontinence 8% (strongly associated with prior/subsequent prostate surgery)
***GI toxicity: G2+ GI 13% at 15 years; G1 rectal bleeding in 41%
***Conclusion: High dose RT results in high rate of low-grade rectal bleeding, but low rate of G2+ GI toxicity; stable after 5 years. GU morbidity continues to worsen over time, but high-grade uncommon

==Prospective Dose-Escalation==
*'''Memorial Sloan Kettering''' 
**'''86.4 Gy; 2012 (1997-2008)''' {{PMID|22795805}}-- &quot;Long-term Survival and Toxicity in Patients Treated With High-Dose Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Spratt DE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Jul 12. Epub 2012.)
***Started as prospective trial. 1002 patients. NCCN very low risk 10%, low risk 10%, intermediate risk 46%, high risk 34%. RT 86.4/48. PTV 0.6 cm rectal, otherwise 1 cm, weekly portal imaging. ADT x 3-6 months at discretion. Median F/U 5.5 years
***7-year bRFS very low risk 100%, low risk 97.7%, intermediate risk 85.6%, high risk 67.9%
***7-year DMFS very low risk 100%, low risk 98.9%, intermediate risk 94.1%, high risk 82%
***7-year PCSM very low risk 0%, low risk 0%, intermediate risk 3.3%, high risk 8.1%
***Late toxicity: Actuarial 7-yr late Grade 3 GI and GU, 0.7% and 2.2% respectively.
***Of 427 men with full potency at baseline, 74% retained sexual function at time of last follow-up.
***Conclusions: Ultra-high dose escalation to 86.4 Gy is safe and effective with remarkable long term outcomes, especially for the lower risk groups.
***Strengths: Highest EBRT dose published in the literature with over 1000 patients.  It is the largest IMRT series to date (when published) with remarkably low late toxicities despite dose escalation.  One of the first reports to include the very low risk group (requires prostate volume measurements).
**'''81 Gy; 1998''' {{PMID|9635694}} -- &quot;Dose escalation with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy affects the outcome in prostate cancer.&quot; (Zelefsky MJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Jun 1;41(3):491-500. 
***743 patients with clinically localized PCA (T1-2 74%); median follow-up 3 years. Dose escalation: 64.8 Gy (96 pts) -&gt; 70.2 Gy (266 pts) -&gt; 75.6 Gy (320 pts) -&gt; 81.0 Gy (61 pts)
***Toxicity: urinary (18% Grade I/II, 1% Grade III), rectal (22% Grade I/II, 1% Grade III)
***Initial clinical response (PSA nadir &lt;=1.0): 56% (64.8 Gy) vs. 76% (70.2 Gy) vs. 90% (75.6 Gy and 81.0 Gy) (p&lt;0.001)
***5-year PSA outcomes: 85% favorable (PSA &lt;=10, T1-2, GS &lt;=6) vs. 65% intermediate (1 risk) vs. 35% unfavorable (2+ risks) (p&lt;0.001)
***Dose response: escalation to 75.6/81.0 Gy improved PSA-DFS of intermediate (p=0.04) and unfavorable (p=0.03) patients, but not favorable (p=0.5) patients
***Positive follow-up prostate bx (2.5+ years): 57% (64.8 Gy) vs. 45% (70.2 Gy) vs. 48% (75.6 Gy) vs. 7% (81.0 Gy) (p&lt;0.05)
***Neoadjuvant AST: No impact on PSA outcome, significant impact (p&lt;0.001) on local control but also impotence (p&lt;0.001)
***Conclusion: &quot;The data provide evidence for a significant effect of dose escalation on the response of human prostate cancer to irradiation and defines new standards for curative radiotherapy in this disease.&quot;

*'''RTOG 94-06''' [http://www.rtog.org/members/protocols/94-06/main.html Protocol] (1994-2000) - Dose escalation
**Phase I dose escalation. 1055 men. 3D Conformal. 3 patient groups. Group 1 (T1-T2, low risk of SV) treated to prostate only; Group 2 (T1-T2, &gt;15% of SV involvement) treated to prostate + SV, then prostate boost; Group 3 (T3 tumors) treated to prostate+SV. No Group 3 in Levels III-V. Doses: 68.4 Gy (1.8 Gy/fx; level I), 73.8 Gy (1.8 Gy/fx; level II), 79.2 Gy (1.8 Gy/fx; level III), 74 Gy (2 Gy/fx;level IV), 78 Gy (2 Gy/fx; level V). PTV margins 5-10 mm. [[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/9406|see RTOG 94-06 page]]
**'''Long-Term Toxicity; 2010''' {{PMID|19577865}} -- &quot;Long-Term Toxicity Following 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer from the RTOG 9406 Phase I/II Dose Escalation Study.&quot; (Michalski JM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Jan 1;76(1):14-22.) Median F/U 6.1 years (Level V) to 12.1 years (Level I)
***Late Grade 3+ GI/GU toxicity:
****Group 1 (prostate only): 68.4 - 3%; 73.8 - 4%; 79.2 - 6%; 74 - 7%; 78 - 9% (SS)
****Group 2 (prostate + SV): 68.5 - 6%; 73.8 - 2%; 79.2 - 6%; 74 - 9%; 78 - 12% (SS)
***Conclusion: Excellent tolerance; more toxicity with 2 Gy/fx than 1.8 Gy/fx
**'''Clinical results; 2012''' {{PMID|22633552}} -- &quot;Clinical Outcome of Patients Treated With 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT) for Prostate Cancer on RTOG 9406.&quot; (Michalski J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Jul 1;83(3):e363-70.)
***Median f/u 9.2-11.8 yrs. 5-yr OS 90%, 87%, 88%, 89%, and 88% for dose levels I-V. 5-yr clinical DFS (excluding PSA definition) 84%, 78%, 81%, 82%, and 82%. 
***5-yr biochemical failure (Phoenix): 68%, 73%, 67%, 84%, and 80% (low risk); 70%, 62%, 70%, 74%, and 69% (intermediate risk); and 42%, 62%, 68%, 54%, and 67% (high risk)
***Conclusion: &quot;Dose-escalated 3D-CRT yields favorable outcomes for localized prostate cancer. This multi-institutional experience allows comparison to other experiences with modern radiation therapy.&quot;

*'''Fox Chase'''
**{{PMID|12243818 -- ''Dose response in prostate cancer with 8-12 years' follow-up.'' ('''2002 Hanks''' GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Oct 1;54(2):427-35.)
***229/233 assessable patients; median follow-up 9.2 years; favorable definition (T1-T2a, GS 2-6, no PNI)
***Dose escalation: 68-79 Gy in 2 Gy steps (&lt;70 Gy 50 pts, 70-72.5 Gy 80 pts, 72.5-75 Gy 28 pts, 75- 77.5 Gy 56 pts, 77.5-80Gy 21 pts)
***Toxicity: dose response for rectal Grade II, none for rectal Grade III and urinary Grade II/III
***PSA-DFS was 55% at 5 years, 48% at 10 years, and 48% at 12 years (median dose 74 Gy)
***8-year PSA-DFS if PSA &lt;10: 68% (&lt;70 Gy) vs. 74% (70-72 Gy) vs. 68% (&gt;72 Gy) (p=NS)
***8-year PSA-DFS if PSA 10-20: 19% vs. 31% vs. 84% (p=0.003) Only dose-response seen.
***8-year PSA-DFS if PSA &gt;20: 8% vs. 23% vs. 11% (p=NS)
***Dose response subgroups: unfavorable PSA &lt;10 (p=0.04) and favorable PSA 10-20 (p=0.002), (p=NS) for all other groups 
***Dose response for DM: yes for entire cohort (p=0.03), borderline for PSA &lt;10 (p=0.05), significant for PSA 10-20 (p=0.01), not significant for PSA &gt;20
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The long-term results of the original Fox Chase radiation dose escalation study with &gt;9 years of median follow-up confirm the existence of a dose response for both bNED control and FDM. The dose response in prostate cancer is real, and the absence of biochemical recurrence after 8 years demonstrates the lack of late failure and suggests cure.&quot;
**{{PMID|9635695}} -- ''Dose escalation with 3D conformal treatment: five year outcomes, treatment optimization, and future directions.'' ('''1998 Hanks''' GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Jun 1;41(3):501-10.)
***233 patients (T1-2 90%), median follow-up 5 years
***Dose escalation: 68-79 Gy in 2 Gy steps (&lt;70 Gy 50 pts, 70-72.5 Gy 80 pts, 72.5-75 Gy 28 pts, 75- 77.5 Gy 56 pts, 77.5-80Gy 21 pts)
***Toxicity: RTOG grade 3,4 GI morbidity at 5 years was &lt;1%.
***5-year PSA-DFS if PSA &lt;10: 86% (&lt;70 Gy) vs. 77% (70-72 Gy) vs. 84% (&gt;72 Gy) (p=NS)
***5-year PSA-DFS if PSA 10-20: 29% vs. 57% vs. 73% (p=0.02) 
***8-year PSA-DFS if PSA &gt;20: 8% vs. 28% vs. 30% (p=0.02)
***For each 1 Gy increase in dose, the hazard of bNED failure decreased by 8%
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;A dose response was observed for patients with pretreatment PSA &gt;10 ng/ml based on 5-year bNED results. No dose response was observed for patients with pretreatment PSA &lt; 10 ng/ml. Dose response was observed for FC-LENT grade 2 and grade 3,4 GI sequelae and for LENT grade 2 GU sequelae. Optimization of treatment was made possible by the results in this report. The improvement in 5-year bNED rates for patients with PSA levels &gt; 10 ng/ml strongly suggests that clinical trials employing radiation should investigate the use of 3DCRT and prostate doses of 76-80 Gy.&quot;
**{{PMID|9112451}} -- ''Optimization of conformal radiation treatment of prostate cancer: report of a dose escalation study.'' ('''1997 Hanks''' GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Feb 1;37(3):543-50.)
***233 patients (T1-2 90%), minimum 3-year follow-up
***Dose escalation: 68-79 Gy in 2 Gy steps (&lt;70 Gy 50 pts, 70-72.5 Gy 80 pts, 72.5-75 Gy 28 pts, 75- 77.5 Gy 56 pts, 77.5-80Gy 21 pts)
***Toxicity: urinary (8% Grade II, &lt;1% Grade III), rectal (24% Grade II, 5% Grade III)
***3-year PSA-DFS in &lt;71.5 Gy vs &gt;=71.5 Gy: PSA &lt;10 90% vs. 87% (NS), PSA &gt;10 39% vs. 71% (p=0.02)
***Dose response: none if PSA &lt;10, PSA 10-20 (69% 70 Gy vs. 80% 75 Gy vs. 89% 80 Gy), PSA 20+ (36% 70 Gy vs. 46% 75 Gy vs. 57% 80 Gy)
***Dose response toxicity: Grade III/IV (4% 70 Gy vs. 9% 75 Gy vs. 19% 80Gy)
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Patients with pretreatment PSA &lt; 10 ngm/ml do not benefit from dose escalation, and the serious late morbidity of conformal radiation at 70 Gy is &lt; 3%. Patients with PSA values 10-19.9 ngm/ml and 20+ ngm/ml benefit from dose escalation beyond 70 Gy. Treatment beyond 75 Gy results in &gt; 10% serious morbidity unless special precautions are taken to protect the rectal mucosa. All levels of severity of radiation morbidity show a dose response and combined with the dose response for bNED survival these data allow the optimization of treatment.&quot;

*'''French Multi-Institutional''' {{PMID|10974470}} -- ''Dose escalation with 3D-CRT in prostate cancer: French study of dose escalation with conformal 3D radiotherapy in prostate cancer-preliminary results.'' ('''2000 Bey''' P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Sep 1;48(2):513-7.)
**5 French cancer centers in Dijon, Lyon, Marseille, Nancy, and Nice; 164 patients
**Dose escalation: 66 Gy (18 pts) -&gt; 70 Gy (28 pts) -&gt; 74 Gy (49 pts) -&gt; 78 Gy (48 pts) -&gt; 80 Gy (21 pts); (max 72 Gy to SV and 75 Gy to rectal wall). Follow up 32 months (66-70 Gy) and 17.5 months (74-80 Gy)
**GI toxicity: [66-70 Gy Grade I 19.5%, Grade II 6.5%, Grade III 0%] vs. [74-80 Gy Grade I 26.3%, Grade II 9.3%, Grade III 0%] (p=NS)
**GU toxicity: [66-70 Gy Grade I 17.3%, Grade II 2%, Grade III 6.5%] vs. [74-80 Gy Grade I 16%, Grade II 3.3%, Grade III 0.8%] (p=NS)
**Probability to achieve nadir &lt;1ng/ml: better in 74-80 Gy (p=0.003)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;This multi-institutional study demonstrated the feasibility of escalating the dose of radiation to 80 Gy in prostate cancer patients.&quot;

*'''Dutch Multi-Institutional''' {{PMID|9588921}} -- ''Estimation of the incidence of late bladder and rectum complications after high-dose (70-78 GY) conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer, using dose-volume histograms.'' ('''1998 Boersma''' LJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 41:83-92.)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;These data show that dose escalation up to 78 Gy, using a conformal technique, is feasible. However, these data have also demonstrated that the incidence of severe late rectal bleeding is increased above certain dose-volume thresholds.&quot;

*'''Wayne State Hyperfractionation''' {{PMID|8621290}} -- ''Hyperfractionated conformal radiotherapy in locally advanced prostate cancer: results of a dose escalation study.'' ('''1996 Forman''' JD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996; 34:655-62.)
**25 patients with locally advanced PCA treated to 78 Gy at 1.3 Gy bid in 6 weeks, followed by 24 patients treated to 82.8 Gy at 1.15 Gy bid in 7 weeks; 30-month follow-up 
**30-month toxicity: Grade II rectal 17%, Grade II GU 16%, no Grade III/IV
**12-month outcome: 84% had PSA &lt;= 4; and 53% &lt; or = 1 ng/ml; 71% had post-RT biopsies that were either negative (55% or showed a marked therapeutic effect (16%).
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The use of hyperfractionated conformal radiotherapy facilitated dose escalation with no increase in chronic toxicity compared to standard doses. The initial tumor response based on prostate specific antigen measurements and postradiation biopsies is highly encouraging. Based on these results, an increase in dose to 87.4 Gy has been planned according to the schema of this ongoing dose escalation study.&quot;

==Retrospective==
*'''Multi-institutional''' (1994-5) {{PMID|15667961}} -- ''Improved biochemical relapse-free survival with increased external radiation doses in patients with localized prostate cancer: the combined experience of nine institutions in patients treated in 1994 and 1995.'' ('''2005 Kupelian''' P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005)
**1325 patients, 1061 treated with &lt;72 Gy and 264 with &gt;=72 Gy during 1994 and 1995
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;With similar follow-up duration, higher than conventional radiotherapy doses were associated with improved PSA-DFS when controlled for the influence of pretreatment PSA levels, biopsy GS, and clinical T stage.&quot;

*'''Michigan''' {{PMID|12957249}} -- ''Dose escalation for localized prostate cancer: substantial benefit observed with 3D conformal therapy.'' ('''2003 Symon''' Z, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 57:384-90.)
**Retrospective review of 1473 patients treated with 3D-CRT (1987-2000); median follow-up 35 months
**Intermediate risk patients (T1-T2 and GS 7 or PSA 10-20): each 1-Gy increment in total radiation dose was associated with a highly significant 8% reduction in the probability of failure (hazard RATIO = 0.92, p = 0.005).
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Dose escalation using 3D-CRT significantly reduces the risk of biochemical/disease failure among intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients.&quot;

*'''RTOG''' (1975-92) - {{PMID|10894874}} (Full text) &amp;mdash; ''Survival advantage from higher-dose radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer treated on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials.'' ('''2000 Valicenti''' R, J Clin Oncol. 2000 Jul;18(14):2740-6.) 
**Retrospective analysis of 4 Phase III RTOG trials: [[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/7506|75-06]], [[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/7706|77-06]], [[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/8531|85-31]], and [[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/8610|86-10]]. Included 1465 pts treated with RT alone (no hormonal therapy). Not randomized to dose. 
**Doses: range 10 Gy - 77.7 Gy (median 68.4; 25-75% range, 66 - 70.2 Gy). 
**Higher radiation dose associated with improved DSS and OS only for Gleason 8-10. 

*'''Multi-institutional''' {{PMID|3198435}} -- ''The effect of dose on local control of prostate cancer.'' ('''1988 Hanks''' GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. Dec;15(6):1299-305.)
**1516 patients from three patterns of care outcome surveys retrospectively reviewed
**Stage A (168 patients): no dose-response
**Stage B (725 patients): dose 60-70Gy appropriate; dose &lt;60Gy significant increase in local failure; dose &gt;70 Gy no demonstrable improvement in local control, but increase in complications
**Stage C (624 patients): appear to require dose &gt;= 70 Gy 
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The policy of treating all stages of prostate cancer with the same dose is not supported by these data.&quot;

* '''Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center''', 2003 (1988-2001). 
**1684 pts. 3D-CRT. Dose increased from 64.8 to 86.4 Gy by 5.4 Gy increments. 
**{{PMID|14571409}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Technological Advances in External-Beam Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer.&quot; Leibel SA et Al. Semin Oncol 30:596-615. 
** Results: 
*** Late Toxicity (Grade III)
**** Group 64.8-70.2 Gy	-- 3% (364 pts)
**** Group 75.6-81 Gy	-- 2.2% (507 pts)
**** Group (only IMRT)&gt;=81 Gy -- 1.4% (772 pts )
*** PSA relapse free survival
**** -Favorable(F)       ;-----Intermediate(I); unfavorable (U)
***** group 64.8-70.2 Gy --   65% (F)  ;         -- 44%(I);--22%(U)
***** group 75.6 Gy   --   86% (F)  ;           --61%(I);--43%(U)
***** group 81-86.4 Gy --     96% (F);           --87%(I);--69%(U)


*'''Fox Chase Retrospective Dose-Response Update''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=14767286&amp;query_hl=17 Abstract], Pollack, JUrol 2004 
** 839 patients, 3D-CRT, 63-month median follow-up, retrospective
** RT analyzed as categorical (dose groups &lt;72, 72-75.9 and &gt;=76 Gy) variable
** Conclusion: RT dose escalation to 76 Gy or greater improved patient outcome for all prognostic groups except those at the favorable (PSA &lt;10 and Gleason 2-6) and unfavorable (PSA &gt;20 and stage T3-T4) extremes.

*'''Fox Chase Retrospective Lymph Node Risk Study''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15708247&amp;query_hl=17 Abstract] Jacob, IJRBOP 2005
** 420 patients, &gt;15% risk of LN+ (but negative radiologically), 3D-CRT to whole pelvic (WP), partial pelvic (PP), or prostate only (PO) fields. +/- short term androgen deprivation. Median follow-up 43 months
** RT analyzed as categorical (dose groups &lt;73, 73-76.9 and &gt;=77 Gy) variable
** 5-year FFBF rate by dose group was 48% for &lt;73 Gy, 64% for 73-76.9 Gy, and 74% for &gt;=77 Gy (p = 0.002).
** Conclusion: The radiation dose was the most significant determinant of FFBF in patients with a lymph node risk &gt;15% in the patient population studied. These data suggest that the primary tumor takes precedence over lymph node coverage or the use of STAD. Doses &gt;70 Gy are of paramount importance in such intermediate- and high-risk patients.


==Biology==
*'''Fox Chase; 2007''' {{PMID|17398026}} -- &quot;What dose of external-beam radiation is high enough for prostate cancer?&quot; (Eade TN, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jul 1;68(3):682-9. Epub 2007 Mar 29.)
**Dose modeling. 1530 consecutive patients, treated 1989-2002 with 3D-CRT. Four isocenter groups &lt;70 Gy (3%), 70-75 Gy (36%), 75-80 Gy (37%), and &gt;80 (24%)
**Outcome: Adjusted 5-year Phoenix bNED 70%, 81%, 83%, 89%. 10-year FFDM 93%, 93%, 95%, 96%. Dose-response curve increasing benefit &gt;80 Gy
**Conclusion: Doses &gt;=80 Gy recommended for most men with prostate cancer

*'''MD Anderson''' 
**'''Low/Intermediate risk; 2005''' {{PMID|15752878}} -- ''Dose-response characteristics of low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy.'' (Cheung R,Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 61:993-1002.)
***235 low-risk (&lt;=T2a, PSA&lt;10, GS&lt;=6) and 387 intermediate-risk (T2b-c, PSA 10-20, GS=7) treated with EBRT 1987 - 1998
***Low risk: TCD(50): ASTRO def 57.3Gy, dose-response using ASTRO but not using CN+2 definitions. The dose-response curves essentially plateaued at 78 Gy
***Intermediate risk: TCD(50): ASTRO def 67.5Gy, CN+2 def 57.8Gy
***Most benefit seen by patients with PSA &gt;7.5
***Conclusion: Marginal improvement for Phoenix failure definition; little gain with doses &gt;78 Gy for low risk patients. Dose-response for intermediate-risk patients
**'''High risk; 2003''' {{PMID|12873666}} -- &quot;Dose-response for biochemical control among high-risk prostate cancer patients after external beam radiotherapy.&quot; (Cheung R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 56:1234-40.)
***363 high risk patients (T3, PSA &gt;20, GS 8-10) treated with EBRT 1987-1998. 
***TCD(50) was 75.5Gy; Gamma50 was 1.7. 78 Gy dose at the steep portion of dose-response curve. 78 Gy -&gt; 83 Gy may improve PSA control by 10%
***Conclusion: Benefit to dose escalation in this group.

*'''MSKCC''' {{PMID|12065099}} -- &quot;Risk group dependence of dose-response for biopsy outcome after three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy of prostate cancer.&quot; (Levegrun S, Radiother Oncol. 2002)
**Failure determined by post-treatment prostate bx &gt;2.5 years after treatment
**TCD(50) for high risk patients is ~10Gy higher than for low risk patients (~65Gy vs. ~75Gy)
**TCD(95) is 78Gy, 83Gy, and 88Gy for low, intermediate and high risk groups 
**Gamma50 for the entire cohort is 2.9, but increases to ~5 for risk groups stratified by 2-3 factors. This supports that the shallowness of overall RT dose-response is a summation of steeper subgroups
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/u&gt; &quot;Dose-response of prostate cancer, quantified by TCD(50) and gamma(50), varies by prognostic subgroup.&quot;

*'''Multi-institutional''' {{PMID|7607946}} -- &quot;Radiation dose-response of human tumors.&quot; (Okunieff P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995; 32:1227-37.) using data published in {{PMID|3967982}} -- &quot;Patterns of care studies: dose-response observations for local control of adenocarcinoma of the prostate.&quot; (Hanks GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985 Jan;11(1):153-7.)
**574 patients treated 1973-1975; failure determined by DRE and at that time standard imaging
**T1: TCP(50) 28.34Gy; Gamma50 1.00; optimal control at &lt;=60Gy
**T2: TCP(50) 45.18Gy; Gamma50 1.16; optimal control at 60-65Gy
**T3: TCP(50) 46.29Gy; Gamma50 0.95; optimal control at 65-70Gy
**T4: TCP(50) 41.78Gy; Gamma50 0.60; optimal control at &gt;70Gy
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;A change in institutional policies to treat with optimal doses as indicated by this study would result in an overall increase in local control and a decrease in complications.&quot;

*{{PMID|7410129}} -- ''Irradiation of carcinoma of the prostate localized to the pelvis: analysis of tumor response and prognosis.'' ('''1980 Perez''' CA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 May;6(5):555-63.)

==Conventional EBRT==
'''Excessive toxicity with conventional RT:'''
*'''Netherlands''' (1983-85) - {{PMID|2298625}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Late radiation damage in prostate cancer patients treated by high dose external radiotherapy in relation to rectal dose.&quot; Smit WG et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. '''1990''' Jan;18(1):23-9.
**2-yr incidence of moderate or severe proctitis was &lt;22% for 70-75 Gy but increased to 60% when the dose at the anterior rectal wall was &gt; 75 Gy.


==Dose Escalation and ADT==
''See also:'' [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Hormones/Adjuvant ADT#Intermediate Risk Disease | Adjuvant ADT]]
&lt;p&gt;''See also:'' [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Localized_Prostate_Cancer#Dose escalation vs ADT | Localized Prostate Cancer]] (Dose Escalation vs ADT)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

*'''GICOR; 2005''' (Spain)(1999-2001) {{PMID|16170164}} -- &quot;Risk-adapted androgen deprivation and escalated three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Does radiation dose influence outcome of patients treated with adjuvant androgen deprivation? A GICOR study.&quot; (Zapatero A, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 20;23(27):6561-8.)
**Prospective, nonrandomized. 416 patients assigned to low, intermediate, and high risk groups. Low risk: 3D-CRT only; Intermediate risk: 3D-CRT and 4-6 months ADT; High risk: 3D-CRT and 2 years ADT. RT dose varied per institution (median 72 Gy, 64.8-82.6). Median F/U 3 years
**Outcome: 5-year bDFS low risk 80%, intermediate risk 73%, high risk 79%. 
**By dose (&lt;72 vs. &gt;=72 Gy): low risk (no ADT) 66% vs. 96% (SS); intermediate risk (ST-ADT) 56% vs. 94% (NS); high risk (LT-ADT) 63% vs. 84% (SS)
**Conclusion: Additional benefit of high-dose (&gt;=72 Gy) when combined with ADT

==Patient Preference==
*'''Nijmegen, Netherlands''' 
**Prospective. 150 patients with T1-3N0 prostate cancer. Asked if they wanted to choose dose, and if so what dose (70 Gy vs 74 Gy). Decision aid used to show higher cure but higher toxicity for 74 Gy dose. Control group of 144 treated with fixed dose without choice. Follow up at baseline, after choice, at 2 weeks and 6 months after RT completion
**'''2008''' {{PMID|17765404}} -- &quot;Offering a treatment choice in the irradiation of prostate cancer leads to better informed and more active patients, without harm to well-being.&quot; (van Tol-Geerdink, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Feb 1;70(2):442-8. Epub 2007 Aug 31.)
***Outcome: Involved group increased participation (SS), increased knowledge (SS), improved risk perception (SS), higher satisfaction with quality of information (SS), and appropriateness of treatment (SS). No difference in well-being
***Conclusion: Offering a choice with decision aid led to better-informed patient; no overall impact on well-being
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17634489}} -- &quot;Doctors' and patients' preferences for participation and treatment in curative prostate cancer radiotherapy.&quot; (Stalmeier PF, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jul 20;25(21):3096-100.)
***Physicians gave substitute judgments (their estimate of what the patient would want) after initial consultation, but prior to patient decision
***Outcome: MDs believed 66% wanted to choose (vs. actual 79%). Lower dose favored by 20% of physician preference, 51% of physician substitute preference, and 71% of patient preference (SS)
***Conclusion: Physicians had problems predicting patient preference, and underestimated patients preference for less toxic treatment
**'''2006''' {{PMID|17008699}} -- &quot;Do patients with localized prostate cancer treatment really want more aggressive treatment?&quot; (van Tol-Geerdink JJ, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Oct 1;24(28):4581-6.)
***Outcome: 79% wanted to choose dose. In these, 75% chose lower dose. Lower dose chosen more often by older, low-risk, no hormone, or low anxiety/depression score
***Conclusion: Most patients with localized PCA prefer lower radiation dose; many patients attach more weight to QoL aspects than improving survival</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Resectable Pancreatic Cancer'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Treatment Overview==
*Historically, surgery alone was used to treat resectable pancreatic cancer. Unfortunately, 5-year OS at the time of the first GITSG trial was only 6%
*GITSG 9173 randomized patients to adjuvant chemo-RT with concurrent/adjuvant 5-FU vs. no adjuvant treatment. The study closed prematurely due to slow accrual, but showed a dramatic benefit for DFS and OS. RT was given as split course (20 Gy + 20 Gy). Adjuvant chemo-RT became the standard of care in the US
*In a follow-up trial (RTOG 97-04), the role of induction and adjuvant gemcitabine compared with 5-FU as a sandwich to concurrent chemo-RT was evaluated. There was a trend for improved survival with gemcitabine (particularly for head of pancreas tumors) but also significantly more toxicity. This trend dissipated at 5 year follow up (p=0.12)
*In the US, NCCN.org considers both chemo-RT and chemotherapy to be valid choices (evidence 2A)
*In Europe, EORTC 40891 attempted to confirm the GITSG results. It randomized patients to adjuvant chemo-RT vs. no adjuvant treatment. RT schedule was the same; chemo schedule was concurrent C.I. 5-FU only, without 2 years of further adjuvant treatment. It also included patients with peri-ampullary cancers (45%), who have significantly better prognosis. There was no benefit for LRR or OS. On exploratory subset analysis, there was also no benefit for the pancreatic cancer subset. In this trial, ~80% of patients died of their disease, but 8% survived &gt;10 years
*ESPAC-1 included 3 separate randomization (2x2, +/- chemo, +/- chemo-RT) trying to further determine the role of the various adjuvant options. On combined analysis, there was no survival benefit for adjuvant chemo-RT, but significant benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy. A further analysis of only the 2x2 patients again showed a survival benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy, and a deleterious effect of chemo-RT. However, this trial was widely criticized for its methodology
*A further meta-analysis of individual patient data from available randomized trials (Europe, Japan) confirmed a survival benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy and suggested trend to worse survival with chemo-RT. The one exception was patients with R1 resection, where chemo-RT appeared beneficial over chemotherapy alone
*Based on the combined results of EORTC 40891 and ESPAC-1, adjuvant chemo-RT is not indicated in Europe. Adjuvant chemotherapy is considered standard of care
*A German trial (CONKO-001) demonstrated a significant survival advantage for adjuvant gemcitabine over observation alone; there was no benefit in a Japanese trial of adjuvant cisplatin/5-FU
*Ongoing ESPAC-3 trial attempts to compare observation only to adjuvant 5-FU (ESPAC-1) to adjuvant gemcitabine (CONKO-001)
*to be continued...

==Surgery==
*Only ~10-20% of patients surgical candidates
*Based on Johns Hopkins experience (2007), ~20% will have N0 disease and ~80% will have N1 disease. Lymph node ratio (positive/examined) most powerful predictor of survival
*Perioperative mortality with modern techniques is low (&lt;4%)
*Upon laparoscopy small liver mets and peritoneal implants are found in ~10% of head tumors and up to 40% of body/tail tumors, leading to aborted surgery


*'''Whipple procedure''' - invented in 1935 by Dr. Allen Whipple, an American surgeon. 
**''Remove:'' head of pancreas, duodenum, proximal jejunum, gall bladder, distal common bile duct, regional lymph nodes
**''Reconstruction:'' pancreaticojejunostomy, choledochojejunostomy, gastrojejunostomy
*'''NCCN criteria for resectability:'''
:''Resectable'' - no distant mets, clear fat plane around celiac/SMA, patent SMV
:''Borderline Resectable'' - severe unilateral SMV/portal impingement, abut SMA, gastroduodenal artery encasement up to hepatic artery, limited involvement of IVC, colonic invasion, SMV occlusion
:''Unresectable'' - distant mets (including celiac/para-aortic), SMA/celiac encasement, SMV/portal occlusion, aortic/IVC invasion, SMV invasion below transverse mesocolon


===Preoperative Biliary Drainage===
*'''The Netherlands''' (2003–2008) -- preop biliary drainage vs. surgery only
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20071702}} -- &quot;Preoperative biliary drainage for cancer of the head of the pancreas.&quot; (van der Gaag NA, N Engl J Med. 2010 Jan 14;362(2):129-37.)
**Randomized. 202 patients, obstructive jaundice and bilirubin 2.3 - 14.6&amp;nbsp;mg/dl. Arm 1) Preoperative biliary drainage for 4–6 weeks vs. Arm 2) No drainage. Both arms followed by surgical resection. Drainage primarily by ERCP placed endoprosthesis. Primary outcome rate of serious complications
***Outcome: Complications drain 74% vs. no drain 39% (RR 0.54, SS). Mortality and LOS no difference
***Conclusion: Routine pre-op biliary drainage increases rate of complications

===Surgical Results===
*'''Kuala Lumpur, 1997''' (1980–1993) {{PMID|9372373}} -- &quot;Carcinoma of the pancreas: resection outcome at the University Hospital Kuala Lumpur.&quot; (Shahrudin MD, Int Surg. 1997 Jul-Sep;82(3):269-74.)
**Retrospective. 236 patients with curative intent. 75% PD, 15% total pancreatectomy, 10% distal pancreatectomy, 3% distal subtotal. Extra-pancreatic invasion in 75%, PNI 83%
**Median OS: 14 months (vs. 5 months if no resection). 5-year OS: 10%. Op mortality 3.4%. 
**Recurrences: 10 patients recurred/died &gt;5 years.
*'''Hopkins, 1995''' (1970–1994) {{PMID|7794076}} -- &quot;Pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer of the head of the pancreas. 201 patients.&quot; (Yeo CJ, Ann Surg. 1995 Jun;221(6):721-31; discussion 731-3.)
**Retrospective. 201 patients with head of pancreas. 
**In-hospital mortality: 5%, but 0.7% for last 149 patients
**5-year OS: 21%. SM- 26% vs. SM+ 8% (SS). LN- 36% vs. LN+ 14% (SS). OS in 1990s 36%
**Starting in 1991, 56 received RT (&gt;45 Gy) + 5-FU, 22 declined: 2-year OS RT+ 35% vs. RT- 0%
**Predictors of survival: diameter &lt;3&amp;nbsp;cm, LN-, SM-, diploid DNS
*'''MGH, 1993''' (1978–1991) {{PMID|8094952}} -- &quot;Resection margins in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Implications for radiation therapy.&quot; (Willett CG, Ann Surg. 1993 Feb;217(2):144-8.)
**Retrospective. 72 patients with head of pancreas. 39 received RT (40/22 - 50/28 Gy) + 5-FU
**Margins: 51% SM+ (73% peripancreatic soft tissue, 38% pancreatic transection line). LN+: 65%
**5-year: OS 13%, LC 34%, FFDM 29%. 
**2-year impact of margin (SM+ vs. SM-): OS 18% vs. 37%; LC 44% vs. 60%; FFDM 38% vs. 52%
**No benefit to RT/5-FU

 
===Patterns of failure===
*Local failure 50-80%, sole site of failure ~25%
*Liver failure ~50%, commonly together with local failure, rarely as sole site
*Peritoneal failure ~30%
*Distant failure rare without local failure
*Note: most series are older without benefit of modern imaging and CA19-9 monitoring


*'''Tochigi, 2006''' (Japan) {{PMID|16627216}} -- &quot;Patterns of recurrence after curative resection of pancreatic cancer, based on autopsy findings.&quot; (Hishinuma S, J Gastrointest Surg. 2006 Apr;10(4):511-8.)
**Retrospective. Autopsy findings. 27 patients after curative resection. Recurrence classified as 1) local, 2) hepatic, 3) peritoneal, 4) para-aortic LN, 5) other distant mets
**Recurrence: 75% local (15% undetectable on CT), 50% hepatic mets, 46% local+hepatic, peritoneal 33%, para-aortic LN 21%, other distant mets 75%
**Local disease direct cause of death only in 17%
*'''Padua, 1997''' (Italy) {{PMID|8995078}} -- &quot;Recurrence after resection for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.&quot; (Sperti C, World J Surg. 1997 Feb;21(2):195-200.)
**Retrospective. 78 patients.
**Recurrence: local component 72%, hepatic component 62%, both 97%. Majority within 24 months
**Median DFS: 8 months; predictors: grade, size, SM, LN
**Conclusion: surgery alone inadequate
*'''Kanazawa, 1993''' (Japan) {{PMID|8104092}} -- &quot;An evaluation of radical resection for pancreatic cancer based on the mode of recurrence as determined by autopsy and diagnostic imaging.&quot; (Kayahara M, Cancer. 1993 Oct 1;72(7):2118-23.)
**Retrospective. 45 patients. Recurrence classified as 1) retroperitoneal (local and/or LN), 2) hepatic, 3) peritoneal, 4) distant
**15 postmortem: local 80%, retroperitoneal LN 47%, hepatic 66%, peritoneal 53%
**15 antemortem: retroperitoneal 87%, hepatic 53% (almost all had also local recurrence)
*'''Lund, 1993''' {{PMID|8406311}} -- &quot;Recurrence of exocrine pancreatic cancer--local or hepatic?&quot; (Westerdahl J, Hepatogastroenterology. 1993 Aug;40(4):384-7.)
**Retrospective. 74 patients with recurrent disease
**Recurrence: 8% local only,  78% local + liver, 14% liver only
*'''U Penn, 1991''' (1981–1989) {{PMID|1938511}} -- &quot;Adjuvant therapy of resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.&quot; (Whittington R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Oct;21(5):1137-43.)
**Retrospective. 72 patients; initially 33 surgery only, then 19 surgery + RT, then 20 surgery + chemo-RT (CI 5-FU)
**Local recurrence: 85% vs. 55% vs. 25%. Peritoneal 23%. Liver 23%. 
**2-year OS: 35% vs. 30% vs. 43%; very poor survival if SM+
*'''Kansas, 1990''' (1977–1987) {{PMID|2354408}} -- &quot;Patterns of failure after curative resection of pancreatic carcinoma.&quot; (Griffin JF, Cancer. 1990 Jul 1;66(1):56-61.)
**Retrospective. 36 patients with curative resection of pancreatic CA, 26 Whipple, 7 total pancreatectomy, 3 distal pancreatectomy
**Outcome: 26 recurred, 4 died of initial disease, 6 cured. Median OS 11 months, 5-year OS 17%
**Initial failures: 27% local only (50% local component), 15% liver only (50% liver component), peritoneal 30%, distant 23% (never sole site)
**Ultimate failures: 19% local only (73% local component), 12% liver only (62% liver component), peritoneal 42%, distant 27% (never sole site)
**High local failure risk: age &gt;60, T2-T3, location in body/tail
**Adjuvant treatment: 10/36 received RT 45-60 Gy and 5-FU; had unfavorable characteristics (SM+, LN+, T2-3)
*'''MGH, 1976''' (1963–1973) {{PMID|1260670}} -- &quot;Carcinoma of the pancreas: review of MGH experience from 1963 to 1973. Analysis of surgical failure and implications for radiation therapy.&quot; (Tepper J, Cancer. 1976 Mar;37(3):1519-24.)
**Retrospective. 145 patients considered for definitive surgery, 21% with radical surgery, 43% palliative, 36% biopsy alone. 9 patients received RT (30-45 Gy); 5-FU given occasionally
**Median OS: 4 months, 2-year OS: 7%. For radical surgery median OS: 10.5 months
**Radical surgery failures: LR most common site of failure (50%), mets without LR 13%


===Extent of surgical resection===
*Extent of surgery
**Initial Whipple procedure included distal gastrectomy
**Randomized trial from Johns Hopkins of peri-ampullary tumors concluded that pylorus-sparing pancreaticoduodenectomy has comparable outcomes to pancreaticoduodenectomy with gastrectomy and extended lymph node dissection
*Extent of lymph node dissection
**Extended lymph node dissection initially described in 1973, since standard LND doesn't remove LNs frequently involved with microscopic disease and many patients die with local recurrence
**It became widely adopted in Japan, but because of complexity and no apparent improvement in survival, was not adopted by Western surgeons
**Japanese retrospective series showed superior survival rates to Western series, and prospective randomized trials were undertaken
**Three randomized trials were published, and none showed a survival benefit for extended LND. Meta-analysis published in 2007 also didn't find a survival benefit, and found a trend to worse morbidity
**Lymph node ratio (positive/examined) appears to be the most potent prognostic factor for survival after surgery


*'''Meta-Analysis; 2007''' {{PMID|17318801}} -- &quot;Systematic review and meta-analysis of standard and extended lymphadenectomy in pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer.&quot; (Michalski CW, Br J Surg. 2007 Mar;94(3):265-73.)
**Meta-analysis. 4 randomized trials identified, 3 analyzed. Standard vs extended procedures
**Outcome: Weighted mean HR for OS 0.93 (NS)
**Toxicity: Comparable, trend to higher delayed gastric emptying with extended
**Conclusion: Extended lymphadenectomy doesn't benefit OS, and may trend to increased morbidity


*'''Johns Hopkins; 2007''' (1995–2005) {{PMID|17462460}} -- &quot;Prognostic relevance of lymph node ratio following pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer.&quot; (Pawlik TM, Surgery. 2007 May;141(5):610-8. Epub 2007 Mar 23.)
**Retrospective. 905 patients, pancreaticoduodenectomy (classic 29%, pylorus-preserving 71%). R0 resection in 59%. Median LN removed 17. Median F/U 2 years
**Outcome: 21% N0 vs. 79% N1 disease. Median OS 17 months, N0 25 months vs N1 16 months (SS). Lymph node ration most compelling independent predictor of survival: LNR=0 25 months, LNR &lt;0.2 22 months, LNR 0.2-0.4 15 months, LNR &gt;0.4 12 months (SS)
**Extent of dissection: N0 patients and &lt;12 LNs 22 months vs. &gt;12 LNs 33 months (p=0.09, but fairly small sample size). N0 and &lt;12 LN survival comparable to N1
**Conclusion: Lymph node ratio powerful predictor of survival; patients with &lt;12 lymph nodes may be understaged
*'''Mayo Clinic''' (1997–2003) -- standard vs. extended LND
**Randomized. 79 patients with resectable pancreatic head cancer, peri-ampullary and islet cell excluded. Distal gastrectomy, pylorus preservation not allowed. Arm 1) standard LND (D1) removed first-echelon lymph nodes en bloc vs. Arm 2) extended LND (D2) which in addition dissected second-echelon lymph nodes
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16269290}} -- &quot;A prospective randomized trial comparing standard pancreatoduodenectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy in resectable pancreatic head adenocarcinoma.&quot; (Farnell MB, Surgery. 2005 Oct;138(4):618-28; discussion 628-30.)
***Outcome: Median OR time D1 6.2 hrs vs. D2 7.6 hrs (SS), blood transfusions 22% vs. 44% (SS), median LN resected 15 vs. 36 (SS), LOS ~11 days (NS). Median OS 2.2 years vs. 1.6 years (NS), 1-year OS 82% vs. 71% (NS)
***Toxicity: Diarrhea, body appearance, bowel control better (SS) with D1 resection
***Conclusion: No difference, extended LND unattractive for further evaluation
*'''Johns Hopkins''' (1996–2001) - Pancreaticoduodenectomy: pylorus preservation vs. distal gastrectomy with retroperitoneal LN dissection
**Randomized. 299 patients with periampullary carcinoma (57% pancreatic, 22% ampullary, 17% distal bile duct, 3% duodenal). Initially treated with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy then Arm 1) pylorus preservation and standard LND (distal gastrectomy only if inadequate margin) vs. Arm 2) radical resection with gastrectomy and extended LND
**'''2002''' {{PMID|12192322}} -- &quot;Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma, part 2: randomized controlled trial evaluating survival, morbidity, and mortality.&quot; (Yeo CJ, Ann Surg. 2002 Sep;236(3):355-66; discussion 366-8.)
***Complication rate: standard 29% vs. radical 43%
***LN+ 74%, SM+ 10% (standard 21% vs. radical 5%)
**'''5-years; 2005''' {{PMID|16332474}} -- &quot;Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma--part 3: update on 5-year survival.&quot; (Riall TS, J Gastrointest Surg. 2005 Dec;9(9):1191-204; discussion 1204-6.). Median live F/U 5.3 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS standard 25% vs. radical 31% (NS); pancreatic CA - standard 13% vs. radical 29% (NS). SM+ standard 21% vs. radical 5% (SS)
***Conclusion: Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodectomy without retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy procedure of choice, but higher SM+ in standard resection
*'''Milan''' (Italy)(1991–1994) -- standard LND vs extended LND
**Randomized. 81 patients with resectable head of pancreas CA. Pancreatoduodenectomy, then Arm 1) standard LND vs. Arm 2) extended LND and retroperitoneal soft-tissue clearance (hepatic hilum, along aorta from the diaphragm to the IMA, laterally to both renal hila, with clearance of the celiac axis and SMA). IORT in 19 patients (NS)
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9790340}} -- &quot;Standard versus extended lymphadenectomy associated with pancreatoduodenectomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: a multicenter, prospective, randomized study. Lymphadenectomy Study Group.&quot; Pedrazzoli S, Ann Surg. 1998 Oct;228(4):508-17.)
***Outcome: No difference in peri-operative outcomes. LN sampled standard 13 vs. extended 20 (SS). Median OS standard 11.0 months vs. 16.4 (NS)
***Post-hoc analysis: N1 patients significantly better survival if extended vs standard; no difference in N0 patients
***Predictors of survival: Grade, size (&gt;2.0&amp;nbsp;cm), N1, &gt;=4 transfused units of blood
***Conclusion: Extended resection doesn't improve survival, although trend in N1 patients

===Extensive Peritoneal Lavage===
*'''Kumamoto, 2005''' {{PMID|16211228}} -- &quot;EIPL (extensive intraoperative peritoneal lavage) therapy significantly reduces peritoneal recurrence after pancreatectomy in patients with pancreatic cancer.&quot; (Yamamoto K, Int J Oncol. 2005 Nov;27(5):1321-8.)
**Retrospective. 39 consecutive patients, treated without EIPL (1995–2000) or with EIPL (2001–2003)
**Recurrence (EIPL vs. non-EIPL): local 13% vs. 29%, LN 27% vs. 29%, hepatic 40% vs. 50%, peritoneal 7% vs. 46%, distant 13% vs. 21%

==Neoadjuvant Chemo-RT==
*'''PREOPANC Trial''' (2013 - 2017) -- NACRT + surgery + ACT vs surgery + ACT
**Randomized. Dutch 16 centers. 246 patients, resectable/borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. Arm 1) Neoadjuvant chemoRT (Gemcitabine x 3 cycles, with RT 36/15fx during second cycle) followed by surgery, and adjuvant gemcitabine x 4 cycles vs Arm 2) Upfront surgery, followed by adjuvant gemcitabine x 6 cycles. Primary outcome OS
**'''Long Term; 2022''' {{PMID|35084987}} -- &quot;Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Versus Upfront Surgery for Resectable and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: Long-Term Results of the Dutch Randomized PREOPANC Trial&quot; (Versteijne E, J Clin Oncol. 2022 Apr 10;40(11):1220-1230.doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.02233. Epub 2022 Jan 27.)
***Outcome: Median OS NACRT 15.7 months vs S 14.3 months (SS); 5-year OS 20% vs 6% (SS)
***Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemoRT followed by surgery improves long term OS compared to upfront surgery

===Proton Therapy===
*'''Harvard; 2010''' (2006–2008) {{PMID|20421151}} -- &quot;Phase I Study of Preoperative Short-Course Chemoradiation with Proton Beam Therapy and Capecitabine for Resectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Head.&quot; (Hong TS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Apr 24. [Epub ahead of print])
**Phase I. 15 patients, localized, resectable, head of pancreas adenoCA. Proton therapy dose-escalation with capecitabine 825&amp;nbsp;mg/m2 BID x10 days. Level 1 30/10, Level II 25/5 in 2 weeks, Level III 25/5 in 1.5 weeks, Level IV 25/5 in 5 days
**Outcome: Surgical resection in 11/15, others developed mets (n=4) or were unresectable (n=1)
**Toxicity: No dose-limiting toxicity. Grade 3 in 4 patients (pain 1, stent obstruction/infection 3)
**Conclusion: Preop chemo-RT with 1 week proton beam is feasible

==Adjuvant Therapy Meta-Analysis==
*'''UK Clinical Trials Unit''' 
**'''Surgical margin; 2008''' {{PMID|18209156}} -- &quot;Influence of resection margins and treatment on survival in patients with pancreatic cancer: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.&quot; (Butturini G, Arch Surg. 2008 Jan;143(1):75-83; discussion 83.)
***Individual data from 4 randomized trials (GITSG, Norway, EORTC, Japan, ESPAC-1), 875 patients (R0 68%, R1 32%). Pooled hazards ratios calculated. Median F/U 3.7 years
***Outcome: Surgical margin involvement not predictive for survival (HR 1.10, NS), median OS R0 16 months vs. R1 14 months (NS), 5-year OS 16% vs. 15%
***&lt;u&gt;Chemo-RT&lt;/u&gt;: If R0 pooled HR 19% increased risk of death with chemo-RT (NS), median OS chemo-RT 16 months vs. no chemo-RT 16 months (NS); if R1 pooled HR 28% reduction in risk of death (NS), median OS chemo-RT 15 months vs. no chemo-RT 11
***&lt;u&gt;Chemotherapy&lt;/u&gt;: If R0 pooled HR 35% reduction in risk of death with chemo (SS), median OS chemo 21 months vs. no chemo 14 months (SS); if R1 pooled HR 4% increased risk of death with chemo, median OS chemo 15 months vs. 13 months
***Predictors of outcome: tumor size, grade, N-stage, not surgical margin
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy alone should be standard of care for either R0 or R1 resections. There may be a role for chemo-RT in R1 resection, but meta-analysis underpowered
***Comment (same issue): widely disparate patients (IA-IIB), some subgroups don't make biological sense (e.g. R0 no chemo worse outcome than R1 no chemo)
**'''2005''' {{PMID|15812554}} -- &quot;Meta-analysis of randomised adjuvant therapy trials for pancreatic cancer.&quot; (Stocken DD, Br J Cancer. 2005 Apr 25;92(8):1372-81.)
***5 randomized trials (GITSG, Norway, EORTC, Japan, ESPAC-1), 4 recent trials (excluding GITSG) provided individual patient data (n=875). Previously unpublished F/U data on 261 ESPAC-1 patients. Overall median F/U 3.7 years
***&lt;u&gt;Chemo-RT&lt;/u&gt;: pooled HR 9% increase in risk of death with chemo-RT (NS), median OS chemo-RT 16 months vs. no chemo-RT 15 months; 2-year OS 30% vs. 34%, 5-year OS 12% vs. 17%
***&lt;u&gt;Chemotherapy&lt;/u&gt;: pooled HR 25% reduction in risk of death with chemotherapy (SS), median OS chemo 19 months vs. no chemo 13 months; 2-year OS 38% vs. 28%, 5-year OS 19% vs. 12%
***Subgroup analysis: Chemo-RT may be more effective in patients with SM+
***Conclusion: Chemotherapy is effective adjuvant treatment, chemoradiation is not. There may be benefit for chemo-RT in SM+

==Surgery +/- Chemo-RT==
*'''Erasmus MC''' (2000–2007) -- intra-arterial chemo-RT vs observation
**Randomized. 120 patients, pancreatic head (52%) or periampullary (48%) cancer. After pancreaticoduodenectomy, randomized to Arm 1) intra-arterial mitoxantrone, 5-FU, leucovoring, and cisplatin x6 cycles with RT 54/30 after first cycle vs Arm 2) observation
**'''2008''' {{PMID|19092348}} -- &quot;Adjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus surgery alone in resectable pancreatic and periampullary cancer: a prospective randomized controlled trial.&quot; (Morak MJ, Ann Surg. 2008 Dec;248(6):1031-41.) Median F/U 1.5 years
***Outcome: Median OS 19 months vs 18 months (NS), PFS 37% vs 20% (SS). Significantly fewer liver mets on subgroup analysis
***Conclusion: Intra-arterial chemo-RT prolongs time to progression, but no impact on survival
**'''QoL; 2010''' {{PMID|20029974}} -- &quot;Quality of life after adjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus surgery alone in resectable pancreatic and periampullary cancer: a prospective randomized controlled study.&quot; (Morak MJ, Cancer. 2010 Feb 15;116(4):830-6.)
***Subset analysis, 103 patients, 355 responses. QoL C30 questionnaires 
***Outcome: No impact on physical, emotional, or social functioning. Less pain, nausea and vomiting with chemo-RT
***Conclusion: Intra-arterial chemo-RT improved QoL compared with observation
*'''ESPAC-1''' (1994–2000) -- 2x2 surgery +/- chemotherapy and +/- chemo-RT
**Randomized, 2x2 design + 2 other randomizations to improve accrual. 541 patients total, treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy (R0 81%, R1 19%). Physicians could choose a randomization. 285 patients randomized to 2x2 factorial (observation, chemotherapy x6 cycles, chemo-RT, chemo-RT followed by adjuvant chemo x6 cycles). 68 patients randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo-RT. 188 patients randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo. Patients could be given other &quot;background&quot; therapy, which could be chemo or RT. RT AP/PA split course 20/10 + 20/10 (GITSG regimen, although up to 60 Gy could be given). Chemotherapy concurrent bolus 5-FU 500&amp;nbsp;mg/m2 + leucovorin, adjuvant 5-FU 425&amp;nbsp;mg/m2 x6 months
**'''All patients; 2001''' {{PMID|11716884}} -- &quot;Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy in resectable pancreatic cancer: a randomised controlled trial.&quot; (Neoptolemos JP, Lancet. 2001 Nov 10;358(9293):1576-85.) Median F/U of alive patients 10 months
***Analysis: Combined group chemo-RT (n=178) vs. no chemo-RT (n=175); combined group chemo (n=235) vs. no chemo (n=238). 
***Outcome: median OS chemo-RT 15 months vs. no chemo-RT 16 months (NS); median OS chemo 20 months vs. no chemo 14 months (SS)
***Conclusion: No survival benefit for adjuvant chemo-RT, significant benefit for adjuvant chemo
***&lt;u&gt;Comment&lt;/u&gt;: Physicians were able to choose which randomization to put a patient on. Also, physicians were able to give additional &quot;background&quot; therapy which means that patientss randomized to no chemotherapy could still get chemotherapy and those randomized to chemotherapy only could still get RT. No central audit.
**'''2x2 subset; 2004''' {{PMID|15028824}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer&quot; (Neoptolemos JP, N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 18;350(12):1200-10.)
***Analysis of 2x2 factorial patients only. 289 patients, not powered for individual group comparison. 82% deaths recorded. Median F/U 3.9 years
***Outcome: median OS observation 17 months vs. chemo-RT 14 months vs. 22 months chemo vs. 20 months chemo-RT + chemo (not powered for statistics)
****Chemo-RT comparison: median OS chemo-RT 16 months vs. no chemo-RT 18 months (NS), 5-year OS chemo-RT 10% vs. no chemo-RT 20% (p=0.05); no benefit regardless of chemo
****Chemo comparison: median OS chemo 20 months vs. no chemo 15 months (SS), 5-year OS chemo 21% vs. no chemo 8% (p=0.009); benefit regardless of RT
***Pattern of failure: LR 35%, LR+DM 27%, DM 34%
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy significant survival benefit; adjuvant chemo-RT had deleterious effect on survival
***&lt;u&gt;Editorial:&lt;/u&gt; {{PMID|15028829}}: Analysis of 2x2 not straightforward due to low power, worse survival of chemo-RT group probably due to toxicity
***&lt;u&gt;Commentary:&lt;/u&gt; {{PMID|15752874}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A challenge to the therapeutic nihilism of ESPAC-1.&quot; (2005): Substandard RT used, inappropriate toxicity reporting, longer time-to-treatment in chemo-RT group, inclusion of R1 patients
*'''EORTC 40891''' (1987–95) -- surgery +/- chemo-RT
**Randomized. 218 patients. Pancreatic T1-2 N0-1a (55%) or periampullary (ampulla, distal CBD, duodenum) T1-3 N0-1a (45%). Arm 1) Chemo-RT vs. Arm 2) observation. RT split course 20/10 + 20/10 (GITSG regimen). Chemo 5-FU C.I. 25&amp;nbsp;mg/kg over 5 days at the beginning of each RT course. No maintenance (vs. 2 years in GITSG). SM+ 21%, LN+ 50%
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10615932}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil after curative resection of cancer of the pancreas and periampullary region: phase III trial of the EORTC gastrointestinal tract cancer cooperative group.&quot; (Klinkenbijl JH, Ann Surg. 1999 Dec;230(6):776-82.)
***For all tumors: Median PFS chemo-RT 17 months vs observation 16 months (NS); median OS 24 months vs 19 months (NS). 2-year OS 51% vs 41%, 5-year OS 28% vs 22% (NS) 
***Pancreas tumor subset: median OS 17 months vs 13 months (NS). 2-year OS 37% vs 23%, 5-year OS 20% vs 10% (p=0.09).
***Periampullary tumor subset: median OS 39 months vs 40 months (NS). 5-year OS 38% vs. 36% (NS)
***Site of failure: LR both arms 15% (NS), LRR+DM ~20%, DM ~30%
***Conclusion: Routine use of post-op chemo-RT not warranted
**'''12-years; 2007''' {{PMID|17968163}} -- &quot;Long-term survival and metastatic pattern of pancreatic and periampullary cancer after adjuvant chemoradiation or observation: long-term results of EORTC trial 40891.&quot; (Smeenk HG, Ann Surg. 2007 Nov;246(5):734-40.) Median F/U 11.7 years
***Outcome: Death reported in 79% (malignant disease cause of death in chemo-RT 79% vs. observation 86%, but only 1 death &gt;7 years); median OS chemo-RT 1.8 years vs. observation 1.6 years (NS), 5-year OS 25% vs. 22% (NS), 10-year OS 17% vs. 18% (NS) - pancreatic subset 8% vs. periampullary subset 29%; median PFS 1.5 years vs. 1.2 years (NS)
***Site of failure: LR both arms 20%, LR+distant 30% (LR a component in 50% of failures), DM ~50% (liver 50%)
***Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant chemo-RT
**Criticisms: No maintenance chemotherapy. About 20% of pts assigned to chemo-RT arm did not receive that treatment, although 93% received RT. Benefit was diluted by inclusion of favorable periampullary cancers, although on exploratory pancreatic cancer subset analysis there was no difference.
*'''GITSG 9173''' (1974–82) -- surgery +/- chemo-RT
**Randomized. ''Terminated early due to poor accrual.'' 42 patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (ampulla excluded), who were resected, margins negative, no peritoneal mets. Head of pancreas 95%, contigous disease 38%, LN+ 28%, Grade 3 5%. Subtotal Whipple 68%, Stage I 35%. Randomized to Arm 1) RT + 5-FU vs Arm 2) observation. RT was supravoltage 40/20 split course (2 week break after 20/10). Fields included the pancreatic bed and regional nodes AP/PA. 5-FU (500&amp;nbsp;mg/m2) bolus on days 1-3 of each cycle. Adjuvant chemotherapy given weekly x 2 years beginning 1 month after RT. 
**'''Original study; 1985''' {{PMID|4015380}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Pancreatic cancer. Adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection.&quot; (Kalser MH, Arch Surg. 1985 Aug;120(8):899-903.) Median F/U 5.5 years
***Median OS: chemo-RT 20 months vs observation 11 months (SS). 2-year OS 42% vs 15%; 5-yr OS vs 15% and 5%; median DFS 11 months vs. 9 months (SS) 
***Recurrence: overall 71% vs. 86%; local 47%; hepatic 32% vs. 50%; DM 40% vs 52%.
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo-RT may prolong survival time
**'''Confirmatory study; 1987:''' {{PMID|3567862}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Further evidence of effective adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection of pancreatic cancer.&quot; Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1987 Jun 15;59(12):2006-10.
***Not randomized. 30 additional patients, same characteristics, received chemo-RT protocol.
***Outcome: MS 18 months. 2-yr OS 46%, 5-yr OS 17%. Similar results to chemo/RT arm from randomized study.
***Conclusion: Use of adjuvant chemo-RT is preferred to no adjuvant treatment


'''Non-randomized'''
*'''Hopkins, 2008''' (1993–2005) {{PMID|18640931}} -- &quot;Analysis of fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation after pancreaticoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: results of a large, prospectively collected database at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.&quot; (Herman JM, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul 20;26(21):3503-10.)
**Retrospective review 616 patients with adenoCA of head/neck/uncinate. 345 (56%) did not receive chemoRT, while 271 (44%) received 5-FU based chemoRT (median dose 50 Gy), including 2–6 months maintenance 5-FU.
**Outcomes: chemoRT had superior MS (21.2 mo vs 14.4 mo), 2-yr OS (43.9% vs 31.9%) and 5-yr OS (20.1% vs 15.4%) (all SS)
**Poor predictors: tumor &gt;3&amp;nbsp;cm, SM+, and postop complications
**Pts receiving chemoRT were younger, less comorbid disease, and less perioperative complications
**Competing risk factor MVA performed, chemoRT still demonstrated significant beneficial effect
**Conclusion: suggests that adjuvant concurrent FU-based CRT significantly improves survival after Whipple for resectable pancreatic CA.


*'''Mayo, 2008''' (1975–2005) {{PMID|18640932}} -- &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy for pancreatic carcinoma: the Mayo Clinic experience (1975-2005).&quot; (Corsini MM, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul 20;26(21):3511-6.)
**Retrospective review of 472 pts who underwent R0 resection (+ margins, unresectable, indolent tumor types excluded)
**Median f/u 32.4 mo. Median RT dose was 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions; 98% of RT patients also received concurrent 5-FU.
**Median OS improved w/ adjuvant chemoRT (25.2 vs 19.2 months) (SS). Two-year OS was 50% versus 39%, and 5-year OS was 28% versus 17%.
**ChemoRT arm had more LN-positive, high-grade tumors and more tumors with extension beyond the pancreas
**MVA revealed lack of adjuvant therapy to be an independent negative prognostic factor
**Conclusion: OS better in patients who received adjuvant chemoRT.

==Surgery + Chemo-RT: Adjuvant Chemo Alternatives==
*'''RTOG 97-04 / Intergroup''' (1998–2002) -- sandwich 5-FU vs. gemcitabine  
**Randomized. 451 patients, with complete GTR of pancreas (R0 or R1). Head of pancreas 86%. SM+ 34%, SM- 42% and unknown 25%. Arm 1) CI 5-FU (250&amp;nbsp;mg/m2) x3 weeks -&gt; chemo-RT -&gt; CI 5-FU (250&amp;nbsp;mg/m2) x12 weeks vs. Arm 2) gemcitabine (1000&amp;nbsp;mg/m2) x3 weeks -&gt; chemo-RT -&gt; gemcitabine (1000&amp;nbsp;mg/m2) x12 weeks. Chemo-RT was same for both arms (RT 50.4 Gy + concurrent 5-FU 250&amp;nbsp;mg/m2), 1–2 weeks after induction chemo. Compliance with both &gt;85%
**'''3-years; 2008''' {{PMID|18319412}} -- &quot;Fluorouracil vs gemcitabine chemotherapy before and after fluorouracil-based chemoradiation following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial.&quot; (Regine WF, JAMA. 2008 Mar 5;299(9):1019-26.) Median F/U 1.5 years for all, 4.7 years for surviving
***Outcome: median OS 5-FU 17 months vs. gemcitabine 20 months (p=0.09); 3-year OS 22% vs. 31%
***Toxicity: Grade 4 hematologic 5-FU 1% vs. gemcitabine 14% (SS)
***Conclusion: Trend to survival for gemcitabine (but NS), but GEM significantly more toxic
**'''CA 19-9; 2008''' {{PMID|19029412}} -- &quot;Postresection CA 19-9 Predicts Overall Survival in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer Treated With Adjuvant Chemoradiation: A Prospective Validation by RTOG 9704.&quot; (Berger AC, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Nov 24. [Epub ahead of print])
***Secondary outcome. 385 patients with assessable CA 19-9. Analyzed as dichotomized variable (&lt;=90 vs &gt;90 and &lt;180 and &gt;=180). Overall, &gt;180 in 9% and &gt;90 in 14%
***Outcome: CA 19-9 &lt;=90 significantly better (HR 3.4 SS); CA 19-9 &lt;180 also (HR 3.5, SS). No patients with CA 19-9 &gt;180 survived 3 years
***Conclusion: Post-op CA 19-9 highly significant predictor of OS
**'''5-years; 2011''' {{PMID|21499862}} -- &quot;Fluorouracil-based chemoradiation with either gemcitabine or fluorouracil chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: 5-year analysis of the U.S. Intergroup/RTOG 9704 phase III trial.&quot; (Regine WF, Ann Surg Oncol. 2011 May;18(5):1319-26.) 
***Outcome: No difference in OS. Pancreatic head patients had a median survival of 20.5 months and 5-year OS of 22% with gemcitabine versus 17.1 months and 18% with 5-FU. 
***Conclusion: No difference in OS between Gemcitabine and 5-FU.
***Editorial: Argues that post-op data difficult to interpret due to surgical and path issues resulting in lack of standardization of trial data.


'''Non-randomized'''
*'''Picozzi''' - single institution experience using XRT, 5FU, and alpha-interferon regimen following surgery
**PMID12727570}} &amp;mdash; Interferon-based adjuvant chemoradiation therapy after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma., Picozzi et al. Am J Surg. 2003 May;185(5):476-80.
**42% were hospitalized during chemoradiation, virtually all due to gastrointestinal toxicity.
**At mean follow-up time of 31.9 months, 67% of the patients are alive.
***Actuarial overall survival for the 1-, 2-, and 5-year periods was 95%, 64%, and 55%.

==Surgery +/- Adjuvant Chemo==
*'''CONKO-001''' (Germany)(1998–2004) - adjuvant gemcitabine vs observation
**Randomized. 354/368 patients. Pancreas carcinoma T1-4 N0-1 M0 s/p gross complete resection (R0 or R1 allowed). Arm 1) adjuvant gemcitabine (1000&amp;nbsp;mg/m2) x 6 cycles vs Arm 2) no adjuvant treatment. R0 resection in 80%
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17227978}}  &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Gemcitabine vs Observation in Patients Undergoing Curative-Intent Resection of Pancreatic Cancer.&quot; (Oettle H, JAMA. 2007 Jan 17;297:267-277.) Median F/U 4.4 years
***Relapse: chemo 74% vs control 92%; LR (with/without DM) in 34% vs 41%. DM alone in 56% vs 49%. 
***Survival: Median DFS 13 vs 7 months (SS); 1-year DFS 58% vs. 31%, 3-year 23% vs. 7%, 5-year 16% vs. 5%. Median OS 22 months vs. 20 months (NS) but 5-year OS 22% vs. 11% (p=0.06)
***Subgroup analysis shows benefit for gemzar for DFS for all subgroups. In subgroup analysis, OS benefit thus far for gemzar for R0 resection and T3-4 and N- pts.
***Conclusion: Adjuvant Gemzar significantly improved DFS (primary endpoint), and support its use as adjuvant therapy
**'''Final; 2008''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCO/Abstracts+%26+Virtual+Meeting/Abstracts?&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=55&amp;abstractID=34749 ASCO Abstract] &quot;CONKO-001: Final results of the randomized, prospective, multicenter phase III trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine versus observation in patients with resected pancreatic cancer (PC).&quot; (Neuhaus P, J Clin Oncol 26: 2008 (May 20 suppl; abstr LBA4504))
***Outcome: 83% deaths. Median DFS GEM 13.4 months vs OBS 6.9 months (SS), benefit in all subgroups. Median OS 23 months vs. 20 months (SS), 3-year OS 37% vs. 20%, 5-year OS 21% vs. 9% (SS)
***Conclusion: Adjuvant Gemcitabine x6 months significantly increases DFS and OS compared with observation
*'''JSAP''' (Japan)(1992–2000) -- adjuvant cisplatin/5-FU vs. observation
**Randomized. 85 patients, s/p complete resection (R1 not allowed). Arm 1) adjuvant cisplatin 80&amp;nbsp;mg/m2 + 5-FU 500&amp;nbsp;mg/m2 x2 cycles. Intraop RT used but not discussed.
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16490736}} -- &quot;A multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of adjuvant cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil therapy after curative resection in cases of pancreatic cancer.&quot; (Kosuge T, Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006 Mar;36(3):159-65. Epub 2006 Feb 20.)
***Outcome: median OS chemo 12 months vs. observation 16 months (NS); 5-year OS chemo 26% vs. observation 15%
***Prognostic factors: Grade 1, no LN+. T-stage, size not prognostic
***Toxicity: Grade 3+ 16%
***Conclusion: Postop adjuvant cisplatin/5-FU safe, but no survival benefit
*'''Japan''' (1986–1992) -- adjuvant Mitomycin C/5-FU vs. observation
**Randomized. 508 patients (&lt;u&gt;pancreatic n=173&lt;/u&gt;, cholangio n=139, gallbladder n=140, ampulla n=56), s/p surgery. Stage II-IV, pancreas LN+ 80%, liver+ 10%, curative resection 58%. Arm 1) adjuvant chemo with mitomycin C + 5-FU C.I. x2 courses, followed by 5-FU until recurrence vs. Arm 2) observation
**'''2002''' {{PMID|12365016}} -- &quot;Is postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy useful for gallbladder carcinoma? A phase III multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with resected pancreaticobiliary carcinoma.&quot; (Takada T, Cancer. 2002 Oct 15;95(8):1685-95.)
***Outcome: 5-year OS pancreatic chemo 11% vs. observation 18%; for curative resection chemo 18% vs. observation 27% (NS)
***Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant systemic chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer
*'''Norway''' (1984–1987) -- adjuvant AMF vs. observation
**Randomized. 61 patients with pancreatic (77%) or papilla (23%), s/p radical resection. Arm 1) adjuvant chemo ([[Radiation Oncology/Chemotherapy combinations|AMF]]) x6 cycles vs. Arm 2) control.
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8471327}} -- &quot;Adjuvant combination chemotherapy (AMF) following radical resection of carcinoma of the pancreas and papilla of Vater--results of a controlled, prospective, randomised multicentre study.&quot; (Bakkevold KE, Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A(5):698-703.)
***Outcome: median OS chemo 23 months vs. observation 11 months (SS); 2-year OS 43% vs. 32% (NS); 5-year OS 4% vs. 8% (NS)
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo postpone incidence of recurrence during first 2 years; no difference on ultimate cure rate

==Surgery + Chemo: Adjuvant Chemo Alternatives==
*'''ESPAC-3''' (2000–2007) -- adjuvant 5-FU vs. adjuvant gemcitabine
**1088 pts, R0 or R1 resection. No RT.
**Trial originally included observation arm, which was later closed to accrual.
**'''2009''' - [http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/18S/LBA4505 ASCO Abstract 2009] -- &quot;ESPAC-3(v2): A multicenter, international, open-label, randomized, controlled phase III trial of adjuvant 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid (5-FU/FA) versus gemcitabine (GEM) in patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma&quot; (Neoptolemos J, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings, Vol 27, No 18S (June 20 Supplement), 2009: LBA4505)
***No OS diff. Median OS 23.0 mo (5-FU) vs 23.6 mo (GEM), NS. Improved toxicity profile with gem (but higher thrombocytopenia rate).


'''''Ongoing:'''''
*'''ESPAC-4''' - adjuvant gemcitabine + capecitabine vs gemcitabine alone

==Surgery vs. Chemo-RT==
*'''Japan Pancreatic Cancer Study Group''' -- Surgery vs. Chemo-radiation
**Randomized. ''Stopped early after survival benefit to surgery.'' 42/150 patients, locally advanced but resectable pancreatic cancer, no involvement of SMA or common hepatic artery, no para-aortic LN+. Arm 1) Surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy or distal pancreatectomy + dissection of regional lymphatics) vs. Arm 2) Concurrent RT 50.4/28 and C.I. 5-FU 200&amp;nbsp;mg/m2 to primary tumor + 1–3&amp;nbsp;cm margin to cover regional lymph nodes
**'''5-years; 2008''' {{PMID|18958561}} -- &quot;Surgery versus radiochemotherapy for resectable locally invasive pancreatic cancer: Final results of a randomized multi-institutional trial.&quot; (Doi R, Surg Today. 2008 Nov;38(11):1021-1028. Epub 2008 Oct 29.) Minimum F/U alive patients 5 years
***Outcome: median OS surgery 12 months vs. chemo-RT 9 months (NS); 3-year OS 20% vs. 0% (SS); 5-year OS 10% vs. 0% (NS)
***Conclusion: Locally invasive resectable pancreatic cancer is treated more effectively by resection than by chemo-radiation

==Adjuvant Chemo vs. Adjuvant Chemo-RT==
*'''Intergroup EORTC 40013-22012 / FFCD-9203 / GERCOR''' (2004–2007) -- gemcitabine vs gemcitabine followed by chemo-RT
**Randomized Phase II. 90 pts with R0 resection randomized to: 1) Control arm - gemcitabine x 4 cycles, or 2) gemcitabine x 2 cycles followed by chemo-RT 50.4 Gy with weekly gemcitabine
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20837948}}  -- &quot;Adjuvant Gemcitabine Alone Versus Gemcitabine-Based Chemoradiotherapy After Curative Resection for Pancreatic Cancer: A Randomized EORTC-40013-22012/FFCD-9203/GERCOR Phase II Study&quot; (Van Laethem JL, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 10;28(29):4450-6.)
***Primary objectives: treatment completed per protocol in 86.7% vs 73.3%. Grade 4 toxicity 0% vs 4.7%. 
***Grade 3 late toxicity in 3 pts in RT arm. Median DFS 11 months vs 12 months. Median OS 24 months in both arms. First local recurrence 24% vs 11%.
***Conclusion: adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemo-RT is feasible and well-tolerated.
*'''ESPAC-1'''
**See full details above at [[#Surgery +/- Chemo-RT]]

==Official Guidelines==
*'''2009''' - '''American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association''' 
**{{PMID|19390900}} [http://www.surgonc.org/media/13232/combined_modality_treatment_of_resectable_and_borderline_resectable_pancreas_cancer_expert_consensus_statement_2009.pdf PDF] -- &quot;Combined modality treatment of resectable and borderline resectable pancreas cancer: expert consensus statement.&quot; (Abrams RA, Ann Surg Oncol. 2009 Jul;16(7):1751-6.)

==Radiation Technique==
*[http://www.rtog.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=CLd1-1PWZek%3d&amp;tabid=237 RTOG Postoperative Pancreas Atlas]

==Other Resources==
*[https://www.astro.org/uploadedFiles/Affiliates/ARRO/Resident_Resources/Educational_Resources/Case_Vingettes/ARROCase%20BordPancreas%20JordanKharofa.pdf ARRO Case - Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer]
*[https://www.astro.org/uploadedFiles/Affiliates/ARRO/Resident_Resources/Educational_Resources/Case_Vingettes/ARROContour%20BRPancreas%20Jordan%20Kharofa.pdf ARRO Contour Borderline Resectable Pancreas]
*[http://www.mcqsurgery.com/pancreas Multiple Choice Questions on Pancreas]</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer'''&lt;/big&gt;
==Epidemiology==
*30-40% are locally advanced, unresectable (30-40% are metastatic, 15-20% resectable)


==Treatment Overview==
Gem alone dose is 1000mg/m2.  Gem dose is reduced to 300-600mg/m2 concurrently with RT.
5FU dose is 250mg/m2.  
Capecitabine dose is 825mg/m2 bid M - F concurrent with RT (rtog 0848).
*Median survival for untreated patients is ~4 months, and ~7 months with palliative bypass
*EBRT alone had survival ~6 months in 1960's. 
*A randomized trial from Mayo Clinic in unresectable GI tumors (Moertel, 1969) showed that combined chemo-RT is superior to RT alone
*GITSG 9273 confirmed that chemo-RT is superior over RT alone. The outcome of chemo-RT 40/20 split-course was comparable to chemo-RT 60/30 split-course
*GITSG 9283 then compared RT + 5-FU to SMF chemotherapy alone and determined chemoRT was superior to chemo alone.
*Conversely, ECOG trial published around the same time compared 5-FU alone to 5-FU + RT and found no benefit for addition of RT, with more toxicity
*In the US, concurrent 5-FU and RT became standard of care
*Gemcitabine became treatment of choice in metastatic pancreatic cancer, and efforts are made to evaluate its role in unresectable locally advanced disease
*A Taiwan trial showed that gemcitabine + RT is superior to 5-FU + RT, with comparable toxicity
*A French trial was closed prematurely, after 5-FU + RT arm had significantly worse survival compared with gemcitabine alone. Median OS of the chemo-RT arm was comparable to the original GITSG data, despite modern RT and infusional 5-FU
*An ECOG trial (published thus far as abstract), showed that gemcitabine + RT may be superior to gemcitabine alone; however, the trial closed early due to nonaccrual
*At the moment (12/2008), it is not entirely clear what the best strategy is for unresectable patients
*A reasonable strategy may be that proposed by MDACC (see below) of using induction chemotherapy to exclude patients with rapid distant progression, and select patients who benefit from local consolidative chemo-RT

==Palliative bypass==
Median survival is 4 months for untreated patient, 7 months with palliative bypass (gastric or biliary), and 16 months with a Whipple procedure.

==RT +/- Chemotherapy==
*'''ECOG E8282'''   -- RT alone vs. RT + 5-FU + Mitomycin-C
**Randomized. 114 patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Arm 1) EBRT 59.4 Gy vs. Arm 2) Same EBRT + concurrent 5-FU (1,000 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/day by continuous infusion on Days 2-5 and 28-31) and MMC (10 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; on Day 2)
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16029791}} -- &quot;A randomized phase III study of radiotherapy alone or with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-C in patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study E8282.&quot; (Cohen SJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Aug 1;62(5):1345-50.)
***Outcome: Response rate RT alone 6% vs. chemo-RT 9%; DFS 5 months vs. 5.1 months (p=0.19); OS 7.1 months vs 8.4 months (p=0.16)
***Conclusion: Addition of 5-FU and MMC increased toxicity without improving DFS or OS. Alternative drugs for radiosensitization may improve outcome.

*'''GITSG 9273'''  (1970's) -- RT 60 Gy vs. RT 40 Gy + 5-FU vs. RT 60 Gy + 5-FU
**Randomized, 3 arms. 194 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) RT alone 60/30 Gy split course (''On interim analysis found inferior and was discontinued)'' vs. Arm 2) RT 40/20 Gy split course + concurrent 5-FU vs. Arm 3) RT 60/30 Gy split course + concurrent 5-FU. Concurrent 5-FU 500 mg/m2, followed by maintenance 5-FU 500 mg/m2 x2 years
**'''1981''' {{PMID|7284971}} &quot;Therapy of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma: a randomized comparison of high dose (6000 rads) radiation alone, moderate dose radiation (4000 rads + 5-fluorouracil), and high dose radiation + 5-fluorouracil: The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group,&quot; Moertel CG et al.  Cancer. 1981 Oct 15;48(8):1705-10.
***Outcome: DFS RT-60 2.9 months vs. C-RT-40 7.0 months vs. C-RT 60 7.6 months (SS); median OS 5.3 months vs. 9.7 months vs. 9.3 months (SS); 1-year OS 10% vs. 35% vs. 46%
***Toxicity: No severe GI toxicity &gt;10%
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior to RT alone; C-RT 40 Gy comparable to C-RT 60 Gy

*'''Mayo Clinic''' (1960's) -- RT alone vs. RT + 5-FU
**Randomized. 64 patients with unresectable cancers of the stomach, pancreas, and large bowel. Arm 1) EBRT 35-37.5 Gy vs. Arm 2) Same EBRT + concurrent 5-FU bolus 45 mg/kg
**'''1969''' {{PMID|4186452}} -- &quot;Combined 5-fluorouracil and supervoltage radiation therapy of locally unresectable gastrointestinal cancer.&quot; (Moertel CG, Lancet. 1969 Oct 25;2(7626):865-7.)
***Outcome: median OS RT alone 6.3 months vs. chemo-RT 10.4 months (SS); 1-year OS 6% vs. 22%
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT significantly augments RT alone

==Choice of Concurrent Chemotherapy==
'''Randomized Trials'''
*'''PACT''' -- 5-FU + RT +/- TNFerade
**Randomized. 330 patients with locally advanced pancreatic CA. Treated with 1) TNFerade (adenoviral vector carrying TNF-a regulated by radiation-inducible promoter Egr-1) + C.I. 5-FU 200 mg/m2/d + RT 50.4 Gy vs 2) 5-FU + RT, randomized 2:1
**'''2007''' [http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO/menuitem.34d60f5624ba07fd506fe310ee37a01d/?vgnextoid=76f8201eb61a7010VgnVCM100000ed730ad1RCRD&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=47&amp;abstractID=33835 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;Multi-center phase II/III randomized controlled clinical trial using TNFerade combined with chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).&quot; (Posner M, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2007 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I. Vol 25, No. 18S (June 20 Supplement), 2007: 4518)
***First 50 patients assessed for response. 1-year OS (primary endpoint): 71% vs. 28%; median OS 1.4 years vs. 0.9 years
***Conclusion: Preliminary data encouraging
**'''2010''' [http://www.genvec.com/download/press/2010%2003.29%20GenVec%20PACT%20Press%20Release.pdf] -- &quot;GenVec Press Release - GenVec discontinues Phase 3 Clinical Trial Of TNFerade&quot;
***Interim analysis indicated that PACT trial did not provide sufficient evidence of the clinical effectiveness of TNFerade to warrant completion of the trial.
*'''Taipei''' (1998-2001) -- 5-FU + RT vs. GEM + RT 
**Randomized. 34 patients. Unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) 5-FU 500 mg/m2 + RT vs. Arm 2) Gemcitabine 600 mg/m2 + RT. RT 50.4 - 61.2 Gy @ 1.8 Gy/fx. All patients received maintenance GEM 1000 mg/m2 thereafter
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12909221}} &quot;Concurrent chemoradiotherapy treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer: gemcitabine versus 5-fluorouracil, a randomized controlled study.&quot; (Li CP, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Sep 1;57(1):98-104.)
***Outcome: median OS 5-FU 7 months vs. GEM 14 months (SS). 1-year OS 31% vs. 56%. 2-year OS 0% vs. 15%. Also improvement in pain control, performance status, and QoL
***Toxicity: No difference
***Conclusion: Gemcitabine + RT more effective than 5-FU + RT, comparable tolerability
**Comment: Small size, poor outcome in control group

*'''GITSG 9277''' (1980's) -- RT + 5-FU vs. RT + adriamycin
**Randomized. 143 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA, surgically staged. Arm 1) RT 60/30 split course + concurrent 5-FU bolus 500 mg/m2 + maintenance 5-FU vs Arm 2) RT 40/20 continuous course + concurrent adriamycin 10 mg/m2 + maintenance adriamycin x5 courses + maintenance 5-FU
**'''1985''' {{PMID|2864997}}  &quot;Radiation therapy combined with Adriamycin or 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group,&quot; ([No Authors Listed], Cancer. 1985 Dec 1;56(11):2563-8.)
***Outcome: Median OS 5-FU 8.5 months vs. adriamycin 7.6 months (NS). Initial recurrence LRR 5-FU 58% vs. adriamycin 51%
***Toxicity: 5-FU 36% vs. adriamycin 53% (SS)
***Conclusion: No difference in outcome, but adriamycin significantly more toxic


'''Non-Randomized'''
*'''RTOG 98-12''' {{PMID|14758134}} - &quot;Phase II study of external irradiation and weekly paclitaxel for nonmetastatic, unresectable pancreatic cancer: RTOG-98-12.&quot;  Rich T, Am J Clin Oncol. 2004 Feb;27(1):51-6.
**122 patients w/ unresectable pancreatic CA by imaging criteria tx'd w/ weekly Taxol + XRT (50.4 Gy) for unresectable pancreatic cancer.
**26% PR, 6% CR, 43% 1yr OS, 13% 2yr OS.  40% grade 3 toxicity, 5% grade 4
**Conclusion: tolerable regimen w/ outcomes that appear better than historical data w/ concurrent 5FU

*'''Michigan; 2001''' - {{PMID|11709563}}  &quot;Phase I trial of radiation dose escalation with concurrent weekly full-dose gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.&quot; McGinn CJ et al. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Nov 15;19(22):4202-8.
**37 pts w/ unresectable or incompletely resected pancreatic CA tx'd w/ full dose gemcitabine and xrt.
**Dose escalation of fraction size, keeping duration of xrt at 3 wks.  2/6 pts experienced dose limiting toxicity at 42 Gy (2.8 Gy fractions) (grade 4 vomiting and grade 4 gastric/duodenal ulceration)

*'''M.D. Anderson; 2000''' (1996-2000) - {{PMID|11955742}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Is the therapeutic index better with gemcitabine-based chemoradiation than with 5-fluorouracil-based chemoradiation in locally advanced pancreatic cancer?&quot; Crane CH et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Apr 1;52(5):1293-302.
**Retrospective. 114 pts with localized unresectable dz. Treated with chemo/RT (median RT dose 30 Gy in 10 fx). Compared pts treated with weekly gemcitabine vs C.I. 5-FU. 
**No difference in OS, LR, or DM. Higher toxicity rate with gemcitabine.

==Chemo-RT vs. Chemo Alone==
*'''LAP07''' -- 1) Randomize: induction chemo (4 mo) gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine + erlotinib. 2) 2nd randomization: 2 additional months of the same chemo vs chemo/RT (54 Gy, capecitabine)
**449 pts. Locally advanced. 4 mo induction chemo. 2nd randomization for non-progressing pts: 2 months of same chemo vs chemo/RT (54 Gy plus capecitabine).
**'''2016''' {{PMID|27139057}} -- &quot;Effect of Chemoradiotherapy vs Chemotherapy on Survival in Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Controlled After 4 Months of Gemcitabine With or Without Erlotinib. The LAP07 Randomized Clinical Trial&quot; (Hammel P, JAMA. 2016 May 3;315(17):1844-53.)
***Conclusion: &quot;There was no significant difference in overall survival with chemoradiotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone and there was no significant difference in overall survival with gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine plus erlotinib used as maintenance therapy.&quot;
 
*'''ECOG E4201''' (2003-2005) -- gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine + RT
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to slow accrual.'' 69 of planned 316 patients with unresectable disease. Arm 1) Gemcitabine alone 1000 mg/m2 x7 cycles vs. Arm 2) RT 50.4/28 + gemcitabine 600 mg/m2, then gemcitabine alone 1000 mg/m2 x5 cycles
**'''2011''' {{PMID|21969502}} --&quot;Gemcitabine Alone Versus Gemcitabine Plus Radiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial.&quot; (Loehrer PJ, J Clin Oncol 29:4105-4112, 2011)
***Outcome: PFS GEM 6.7 months vs. GEM/RT 6.0 months (NS). Median OS 9.2 months vs. 11.1 months (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 4 or 5 GEM 9% vs. GEM/RT 41% (SS) (1 grade 5 toxicity in each arm)
***Conclusion: Gem+RT had increased but generally manageable toxicity, with improved OS
**'''Editorial''' {{PMID|21969514}} (Philip PA, JCO 29:4066-4068, 2011) Moderate OS benefit with small patient number (wide CI) and no PFS benefit.  In future, need consensus on clinical trial priorities and better systemic therapy.

*'''FFCD-SFRO''' (2000-2005) -- RT + 5-FU vs. gemcitabine alone
**Randomized. ''Stopped prematurely due to worse survival in Chemo-RT arm.'' 119 patients with unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) 3D-RT 60/30 + concurrent 5-FU C.I. 300 mg/m2 + cisplatin 20 mg/m2 vs Arm 2) Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 alone x7 weeks. Both arms then maintenance Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 until disease progression/toxicity. RT technique: GTV = tumor + probably involved LNs. CTV = tumor + peripancreatic, celiac, and hepatic hilar LNs. PTV = CTV + 2cm. Only 42% of Chemo-RT group received at least 75% of planned RT and CT (though 83% received at least 75% of RT); 73% of GEM group received at least 75% of CT
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18467316}} -- &quot;Phase III trial comparing intensive induction chemoradiotherapy (60 Gy, infusional 5-FU and intermittent cisplatin) followed by maintenance gemcitabine with gemcitabine alone for locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer. Definitive results of the 2000-01 FFCD/SFRO study.&quot; (Chauffert B, Ann Oncol. 2008 May 7. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: median OS Chemo-RT 8.6 months vs. GEM 13 months (SS); 1-year OS 32% vs. 53%. Median OS in Chemo-RT patients who received &gt;75% of planned dose still only 9.5 months
***Toxicity: higher in Chemo-RT arm 36% vs. GEM 22% (SS)
***Conclusion: RT/5-FU is more toxic and less effective than Gemcitabine alone. May be due to dose intensity

*'''GITSG 9283''' (1980's) --  Chemo-RT vs. SMF (Streptozocin, mytomycin, 5-FU)
**Randomized. 43 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) Streptozocin + mitomycin + 5FU (SMF) vs Arm 2) RT 54 Gy + concurrent 5FU, followed by SMF.
**'''1988''' {{PMID|2898536}} &quot;Treatment of locally unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas: comparison of combined-modality therapy (chemotherapy plus radiotherapy) to chemotherapy alone. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group,&quot;  ([No Authors Listed], J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988 Jul 20;80(10):751-5.)
***Outcome: median OS Chemo-RT 9.7 months vs. SMF alone 7.4 months (SS); 1-year OS 41% vs. 19% (SS)
***Conclusion: Combined chemo-RT superior to SMF chemotherapy alone

*'''ECOG''' (1980's) -- 5-FU alone vs. 5-FU + concurrent RT
**Randomized. 148/191 patients with locally unresectable adenoCA of stomach (n=57) or pancreas (n=91). Arm 1) 5-FU 600 mg/m2 alone vs. Arm 2) RT 40/20 + concurrent 5-FU bolus 600 mg/m2 + adjuvant 5-FU 600 gm/m2
**'''1985''' {{PMID|3973648}} -- &quot;Treatment of locally unresectable cancer of the stomach and pancreas: a randomized comparison of 5-fluorouracil alone with radiation plus concurrent and maintenance 5-fluorouracil--an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.&quot; (Klaassen DJ, J Clin Oncol. 1985 Mar;3(3):373-8.)
***Outcome: median OS 5-FU 6.5 months vs. chemo-RT 5.1 months (NS); pancreas subgroup 8.2 months vs. 8.3 months (NS)
***Toxicity: 5-FU alone 27% vs. chemo-RT 51% (SS)
***Conclusion: Adding RT to 5-FU didn't improve survival, and was more toxic

==Induction Chemotherapy + Chemo-RT==
*'''MD Anderson; 2007''' (1993-2005) {{PMID|17538975}} -- &quot;Induction chemotherapy selects patients with locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer for optimal benefit from consolidative chemoradiation therapy.&quot; (Krishnan S, Cancer. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):47-55.)
**Retrospective. 323 patients locally advanced. 247 patients with initial chemo-RT (concurrent 5-FU or GEM), 76 patients induction GEM followed by RT 30/10 concurrent with chemo (5-FU, GEM, or capecitabine). RT 4 field; originally ENI (69%) but since 2001 primary tumor only (31%) to reduce toxicity. Median F/U 5 months
**Outcome: Median OS CRT group 8 months vs. induction-CRT group 12 months (SS). Median time to local progression 6 months vs. 9 months (SS). No difference in patterns of failure
**Conclusion: Induction chemo (2-3 months) may select patients who may optimally benefit from consolidative chemo-RT, by identifying patients who already have micrometastatic disease

==RT Technique==
===Dose===
====Hypofractionated RT====
'''''With Concurrent Chemotherapy:'''''
*'''UT-San Antonio; 2005''' (1993-2001) {{PMID|15923793}} -- &quot;Radiation dose considerations in the palliative treatment of locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.&quot; (Wong AA, Am J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jun;28(3):227-33.)
**Retrospective. 107 pts with locally advanced dz.
**Concurrent C.I. 5-FU. 
**Low dose group (30 Gy in 10 fractions): 86 pts
**High dose group (50.4 Gy): total of 21 pts. 18 pts received 50.4. 3 others received: 33 Gy, 36 Gy, 52.2 Gy. 
**MS: 8 months (30 Gy) vs 9 months (standard dose), NS. 6-mo local disease progression rate: 45% vs 50%, NS; distant metastasis: 54% vs 50%
**Conclusion: &quot;Compared with higher doses given over 5 to 6 weeks, chemoradiation (30 Gy in 10 fractions in 2 weeks with concurrent infusional 5-FU) results in a similar median survival, and local disease progression rates in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer apparently do not substantially improve local disease control or median survival time. Because higher doses of radiotherapy can lead to increased acute treatment-related morbidity, we recommend using 30 Gy in 10 fractions unless the patient is part of a prospective study evaluating novel biologic or cytotoxic radiosensitizers.&quot;

*'''Germany; 2005''' {{PMID|15783041}} -- &quot;Dose escalation of concurrent hypofractionated radiotherapy and continuous infusion 5-FU-chemotherapy in advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.&quot; (Zimmermann FB, Hepatogastroenterology. 2005 Jan-Feb;52(61):246-50.)
**26 pts. Locally advanced (20 pts) or metastatic (6). 
**Concurrent C.I. 5-FU. RT Dose-escalation (all at 4 fractions per week): 1) 24 Gy in 8 fractions (3 Gy/fx); 2) 30 Gy in 10; 3) 36 Gy in 12.
**Toxicity: gr 3 mucositis - 1 pt. gr 2 nausea - 12 pts (46%). gr 2 weakness - 1. No treatment interruption or dose reduction.
**Pain improved in 70% of pts. MS: 8 months (all pts); 9 months (loc adv); 5 mos (metastatic).
**Conclusion: &quot;Dose escalation to 36 Gy in a hypofractionated manner proved to be feasible with low toxicity in patients with locally advanced and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and warrants further investigation aiming at optimal tailoring in these two subgroups of patients.&quot;

===IMRT/IGRT===
*'''San Antonio; 2007''' {{PMID|19262697}}  &quot;Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Pancreatic Carcinoma&quot; (Fuss M, Gastrointestinal Cancer Research,1 (1), p. 2) 
**Retrospective. 41 patients treated with ultrasound IGRT, doses of 55 Gy (range, 45-64 Gy).
**Acute upper GI toxicity was grade 0–1 in 22 patients (53.7%), grade 2 in 16 patients (39%), and grade 3 in 3 patients (7.3%). Lower GI grade 0–1 in 32 patients (78%), grade 2 in 7 patients (17.1%), and grade 4 in 2 patients (4.9%). Treatment was stopped early in 4 patients.
**Conclusion: Daily image-guidance during delivery of IMRT for pancreatic carcinoma is clinically feasible. Safety margin reduction and moderate dose escalation yields preliminary outcomes at least comparable with published survival data.

*'''Washington University; 2005''' [http://astro2005.abstractsnet.com/pdfs/abstract_2550.pdf ASTRO Abstract] &quot;4D CT for Hepatobiliary Malignancies: Organs at Risk and Implications for Gating&quot; (Ma D, ASTRO 2005, Abstract 2550)
**11 patients (1 CCA, 1 ampullary, 9 pancreas) reviewed for end-expiration, mid-inspiration, end inspiration, and mid-expiration respiratory phases. Estimated V18 for RT and LT kidney and V20/V30 for liver
**Liver received more dose during inspiration, max (V20 10%, V30 9%), mean (6% V20, 5% V30); Kidney dose varied
**Conclusion: Individualized patient protocols using gating treatment during inspiration or expiration could potentially reduce dose to liver and kidneys, allowing dose escalation or increased chemotherapy during radiation.

*'''Wayne State; 2004''' {{PMID|15145162}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and concurrent capecitabine for pancreatic cancer.&quot; Ben-Josef E et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jun 1;59(2):454-9.
**Retrospective. 15 pts (7 post-surgical, 8 unresectable). IMRT in 25 fx - 45 Gy to lymph nodes, and 45-54 Gy (post-op) or 54 Gy (unresectable) to tumor bed or tumor.
**Well tolerated.

===SBRT boost===
*'''Stanford, 2005''' - {{PMID|16168826}} &quot;Phase II study to assess the efficacy of conventionally fractionated radiotherapy followed by a stereotactic radiosurgery boost in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer,&quot; Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Oct 1;63(2):320-3.
**16 pts tx'd w/ 45 Gy IMRT + concurrent 5FU + 25 Gy SRS boost.
**2 pts had grade 3 toxicity, none had grade 4 toxicity.
**15/16 pts free of local progression until death.

===Primary SBRT===
*'''Stanford'''
**'''Retrospective; 2009''' (2002-2007) {{PMID|19117351}} -- &quot;Stereotactic radiotherapy for unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.&quot; (Chang DT, Cancer. 2009 Feb 1;115(3):665-72.)
***Retrospective. 77 patients, no surgery (58% locally advanced, 14% medically inoperable, 19% metastatic, 8% locally recurrent), &lt;7.5 cm diameter. GEM-based regimens in 96%. SBRT 25/1. Prior EBRT 45-54 Gy in 16%. Median F/U 6 months (12 months among surviving patients).
***Outcome: LC 6-months 91%, 12-months 84%. Isolated local failure 5%, 5%. Regional failure 12%, but 8/9 concurrent distant failure. PFS 26%, 9%. OS 56%, 21%. 
***Toxicity: Acute Grade 2+ in 5%; Late Grade 3+ 9% (3/10 in patients with prior EBRT). 12-month actuarial late toxicity 25%
***Conclusion: SBRT effective for local control; efforts to reduce complications warranted. Distant mets vast majority of disease-related mortality
**'''Phase II; 2008''' (2004-2006) {{PMID|18395362}} -- &quot;Gemcitabine chemotherapy and single-fraction stereotactic body radiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer.&quot; (Schellenberg D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Nov 1;72(3):678-86. Epub 2008 Apr 18.)
***Phase II. 16 patients, locally advanced. GEM 1000 mg/m2 x1 cycle, SBRT 25/1, GEM 1000 mg/m2 until disease progression (median 4 cycles). SBRT to ITV (respiratory expanded GTV) + 2-3 mm margin using fiducial markers. Median F/U 9 months (22 months for living patients)
***Outcome: LC 81%. Median OS 11 months
***Toxicity: Acute GI toxicity mild; Late GI toxicity Grade 2 (ulcers) 5/16, Grade 3 (duodenal stenosis) 1/16, Grade 4 (duodenal perforation) 1/16
***Conclusion: SBRT with GEM resulted in comparable survival to conventional CRT. However, late toxicity was significant
**'''Phase I; 2004''' {{PMID|15001240}} -- &quot;Phase I study of stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.&quot; (Koong AC, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Mar 15;58(4):1017-21.)
***Dose-escalation study. Locally advanced pancreas. Single fractions 15 Gy (3 patients) -&gt; 20 Gy (5 patients) -&gt; 25 Gy (7 patients). ''Trial stopped early prior to reaching MTD due to 100% local control at 25 Gy''
***Toxicity: No Grade 3+
***Conclusion: SRS is feasible; recommend 25 Gy in single fraction
*'''Aarhus, Denmark; 2005''' (2000-2001) {{PMID|15990186}} -- &quot;Phase-II study on stereotactic radiotherapy of locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma.&quot; (Hoyer M, Radiother Oncol. 2005 Jul;76(1):48-53.) 
**Phase II. 22 patients, unresectable. SBRT Dmax 45/3
**Outcome: LF 27%, but only 5% isolated LF. Median OS 6 months; 1-year OS 5%
**Toxicity: Acute toxicity: severe mucositis, ulceration, or perforation 22%
**Conclusion: SBRT poor outcome, unacceptable toxicity, and questionable palliative effect

===Brachytherapy===
*'''Rome 1988-91''' {{PMID|7538501}} -- ''Intraluminal brachytherapy in the treatment of pancreas and bile duct carcinoma.'' ('''1995 Montemaggi''' P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 May 15;32(2):437-43.)
** Retrospective. 12 patients with billiary or pancreatic CA with obstructive jaundice treated with ILRT (20-50 Gy @ 1cm) +/- 5-FU
** Median OS 14 months. 3 patients developed GI toxicity
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Further experience is necessary to determine whether ILBT in the common bile duct and/or in the duct of Wirsung may be, in pancreatic head patients, an alternative boost technique to Interstitial Brachy-therapy (IBT) or Intraoperative Electron Beam Radiation Therapy (IOEBRT).&quot;

===P-32===
*'''South Florida; 2008''' {{PMID|18266048}} -- &quot;(32)P as an Adjunct to Standard Therapy for Locally Advanced Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer: A Randomized Trial.&quot; (Rosemurgy A, J Gastrointest Surg. 2008 Feb 12 [Epub ahead of print])
**Randomized. ''Stopped early.'' 30 patients out of expected 80, biopsy proven unresectable adenoCA. Treated with 5-FU + RT (45 Gy nodal basin, pancreatic boost to 59.4 Gy), followed by Arm 1) intratumoral injection of colloidal chromic P-32 0.5 mCi/g tumor vs. Arm 2) observation. Both arms were followed by gemcitabine.
**Outcome: median OS P-32 7 months vs. control 11 months (NS)
**Severe toxicity: P-32 4% vs. control 2% (SS)
**Conclusion: Intratumoral P-32 did not improve survival, and was associated with more serious adverse events

==Advanced Stage==
*5-FU alone was historically the main treatment; no combination of 5-FU based regimens has shown a benefit
*Gemcitabine became standard treatment in 1997, after showing better symptom control and a modest survival benefit over 5-FU
*Multiple trials evaluating combinations of agents with gemcitabine have not resulted in improved survival
*NCI Canada trial with gemcitabine + erlotinib (Tarceva) suggests a modest survival benefit over gemcitabine alone


*'''Swiss, 2007''' (2001-2004) -- Gemcitabine +/- capecitabine
**Randomized. 319 patients with advanced/metastatic Ca. Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 + Capecitabine 650 mg/m2 vs. Gemcitabine alone
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17538165}} -- &quot;Gemcitabine plus capecitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic cancer: a randomized, multicenter, phase III trial of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research and the Central European Cooperative Oncology Group.&quot; (Herrmann R, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 1;25(16):2212-7.)
**Median OS: 8.4 months vs. 7.2 months (NS). Subgroup KPS 90-100 10.1 months vs. 7.4 months (SS). Toxicity comparable
**Conclusion: No overall benefit to GemCap; subgroup survival benefit with good KPS

*'''NCI Canada CTG PA.3''' -- Gemcitabine +/- erlotinib
**Randomized. 569 patients with unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic pancreatic CA. Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2, erlotinib 100 or 150 mg/d
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17452677}} -- &quot;Erlotinib plus gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a phase III trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group.&quot; (Moore MJ, J Clin Oncol. 2007 May 20;25(15):1960-6.)
**Outcome: Median OS: Gem alone 5.9 months vs. Gem + Tarceva 6.2 months (SS); 1-year OS: 17% vs. 23% (SS); PFS also longer
**Toxicity: higher incidence, but most Grade 1-2
**Conclusion: Significantly improved survival

*'''Multi-institutional''' -- 5-FU vs. Gemcitabine
**Randomized. 126 patients, advanced symptomatic pancreatic CA. Treated with Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 vs. 5-FU 600 mg/m2
**'''1997''' {{PMID|9196156}} -- &quot;Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a randomized trial.&quot; (Burris HA, J Clin Oncol. 1997 Jun;15(6):2403-13.)
**Outcome: Clinical benefit: Gem 24% vs. 5-FU 5% (SS); Median OS: Gem 5.6 months vs. 5-FU 4.4 months (SS); 1-year OS: Gem 18% vs. 5-FU 2%
**Toxicity: well tolerated
**Conclusion: Gemcitabine more effective than 5-FU

==Patterns of care==
*'''National Patterns of Care Study''' 
**{{PMID|8604906}} [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=8604906 Full text], 1996 &amp;mdash; &quot;National patterns of care for pancreatic cancer. Results of a survey by the Commission on Cancer.&quot; Janes RH Jr et al. Ann Surg. 1996 Mar;223(3):261-72. 
**Two study periods: 1983-85 and 1990. 16,942 total case reports.


==Ongoing Trials==
*'''RTOG PA 00-20''' (Closed) &amp;mdash; Phase II, weekly gemcitabine + paclitaxel + XRT followed by farnesyl transferase inhibitor R115777 for locally advanced pancreatic cancer
*'''RTOG P04-11''' &amp;mdash; Phase II, Bevacizumab + Capecitabine + RT, followed by maintenance Gemcitabine + Bevacizumab for locally advanced pancreatic cancer</text>
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==Epidemiology==
:4th leading cause of cancer-related death in men and women (http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/uscs/toptencancers.aspx)
:Estimated 31,000 deaths in 2004. (12.3 per 100,000 population)
:Incidence 10th for males, and females. Males: 13.1 per 100,000, Females: 10.2 per 100,000. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/uscs/toptencancers.aspx
:Incidence stable over past 20 years but has increased 3-fold since 1920
:Higher incidence in African Americans and males.
:Incidence peaks in 7th and 8th decades. Very uncommon before age 40.
:Risk factors are smoking, high fat diet, obesity.
:60-80% of patients had diabetes diagnosed within the preceding 2 years.

==Anatomy==
*Divisions of the pancreas include the head, uncinate process, neck, body, tail
*Duct of Wirsung is pancreatic duct located in substance of pancreas and draining to common bile duct

*'''Anatomic Landmarks'''
**Celiac axis originates at T11-12
**SMA originates at L1 vertebral body (usually 1cm below celiac axis)

*'''Nodal drainage'''
**Pancreatic head - ant/post pancreaticoduodenal nodes, hepatoduodenal ligament nodes (including porta hepatis), SMA nodes
**Pancreatic body/tail - splenic artery nodes, celiac nodes, SMA nodes, paraaortics, inf pancreatic nodes

==Pathology==
*Adenocarcinoma
*Neuroendocrine 1-2%
*Cystic neoplasms (serous cystadenomas, mucinous cystic neoplasms) &lt;10%
*Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors
*Solid pseudopapillary tumors
*Acinar cell 
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Pancreas/Squamous_Cell|Squamous cell]]
*Primary lymphoma of the pancreas 1%

==Patient characteristics==
*80% have unresectable disease
*52% are Stage IV
*5-year overall survival is lowest of any cancer
*Survival with resection: 48% (1-year), 24% (2-year), 17% (3-year)
*Survival without resection: 23% (1-year), 9% (2-year), 6% (3-year)

==Tumor markers==
*'''CA 19-9''' - has 70% sensitivity, 87% specificity when using a cutoff of 70 U/mL.  Elevated in benign conditions as well, such as cholangitis.  But the higher the CA 19-9, the more likely to have cancer.  The pretreatment level is prognostic.  A decreasing value after treatment with surgery, XRT, or chemo associated with better survival.  


==Prophylactic Hepatic Irradiation==
*'''Tochigi, 2005''' (Japan) (1994-2003) {{PMID|15995813}} -- &quot;Prophylactic hepatic irradiation following curative resection of pancreatic cancer.&quot; (Hishinuma S, J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2005;12(3):235-42.)
**Retrospective. 65 patients, 34 with prophylactic hepatic irradiation (PHI), 31 without. RT dose 19.8-22.0 Gy + CI 5-FU
**Complications: 32/34 completed RT; 1 liver abscess, 1 death from hepatic failure without mets
**Liver failure: better in PHI group (p=0.05); Survival: better in PHI group (p=0.0002)

*'''Hopkins, 1997''' (1991-1995) {{PMID|9193189}} -- &quot;Pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation improves survival. A prospective, single-institution experience.&quot; (Yeo CJ, Ann Surg. 1997 May;225(5):621-33; discussion 633-6.). See above. No benefit.

*'''RTOG 8801''' (1988-89) {{PMID|1571912}} -- &quot;High-dose local irradiation plus prophylactic hepatic irradiation and chemotherapy for inoperable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. A preliminary report of a multi-institutional trial (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 8801).&quot; (Komaki R, Cancer. 1992 Jun 1;69(11):2807-12.).
**79 pts w/ unresectable, inoperable, or recurrent T1-3 adenoCA of pancreas.  Tx'd w/ 6120 cGy to pancreas + simultaneous 2340 cGy prophylactic hepatic irradiation.  Pts received concurrent 5FU.
**Hepatic metastases documented in 32%, local progression in 73%, abdominal spread in 27%
**2 grade 5 complications (1 hepatic failure), 9 grade 4 complications (mostly hematologic)
**Conclusion:  PHI may reduce frequency of hepatic metastases, but local progression and abdominal spread ultimately uncontrollable.


==Other Resources==
*[https://www.astro.org/uploadedFiles/Affiliates/ARRO/Resident_Resources/Educational_Resources/Case_Vingettes/ARROCase%20BordPancreas%20JordanKharofa.pdf ARRO Case - Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer]  
*[https://www.astro.org/uploadedFiles/Affiliates/ARRO/Resident_Resources/Educational_Resources/Case_Vingettes/ARROContour%20BRPancreas%20Jordan%20Kharofa.pdf ARRO Contour - Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer]
*[https://astro.webex.com/ec0606l/eventcenter/recording/recordAction.do?theAction=poprecord&amp;AT=pb&amp;renewticket=0&amp;isurlact=true&amp;recordID=22705422&amp;apiname=lsr.php&amp;rKey=8f6e5c51f2a29cad&amp;format=short&amp;needFilter=false&amp;&amp;SP=EC&amp;rID=22705422&amp;siteurl=astro&amp;actappname=ec0606l&amp;actname=%2Feventcenter%2Fframe%2Fg.do&amp;rnd=6678587260&amp;entappname=url0108l&amp;entactname=%2FnbrRecordingURL.do eContouring Webinar - GI malignancies with Karyn Goodman, M.D.]</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Randomized Evidence for Pancreatic Cancer'''&lt;/big&gt;

In process of being cross-linked ...


==Resectable Disease==
===Biliary Drain===
*'''The Netherlands''' (2003-2008) -- preop biliary drainage vs. surgery only
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20071702}} -- &quot;Preoperative biliary drainage for cancer of the head of the pancreas.&quot; (van der Gaag NA, N Engl J Med. 2010 Jan 14;362(2):129-37.)
**Randomized. 202 patients, obstructive jaundice and bilirubin 2.3 - 14.6 mg/dl. Arm 1) Preoperative biliary drainage for 4-6 weeks vs. Arm 2) No drainage. Both arms followed by surgical resection. Drainage primarily by ERCP placed endoprosthesis. Primary outcome rate of serious complications
***Outcome: Complications drain 74% vs. no drain 39% (RR 0.54, SS). Mortality and LOS no difference
***Conclusion: Routine pre-op biliary drainage increases rate of complications
===Extent of surgical resection===
*'''Mayo Clinic''' (1997-2003) -- standard LND vs. extended LND
**Randomized. 79 patients with resectable pancreatic head cancer, peri-ampullary and islet cell excluded. Distal gastrectomy, pylorus preservation not allowed. Arm 1) standard LND (D1) removed first-echelon lymph nodes en bloc vs. Arm 2) extended LND (D2) which in addition dissected second-echelon lymph nodes
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16269290}} -- &quot;A prospective randomized trial comparing standard pancreatoduodenectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy in resectable pancreatic head adenocarcinoma.&quot; (Farnell MB, Surgery. 2005 Oct;138(4):618-28; discussion 628-30.)
***Outcome: Median OR time D1 6.2 hrs vs. D2 7.6 hrs (SS), blood transfusions 22% vs. 44% (SS), median LN resected 15 vs. 36 (SS), LOS ~11 days (NS). Median OS 2.2 years vs. 1.6 years (NS), 1-year OS 82% vs. 71% (NS)
***Toxicity: Diarrhea, body appearance, bowel control better (SS) with D1 resection
***Conclusion: No difference, extended LND unattractive for further evaluation

*'''Johns Hopkins''' (1996-2001) - Pancreaticoduodenectomy: pylorus preservation with standard LND vs. distal gastrectomy with retroperitoneal LND
**Randomized. 299 patients with periampullary carcinoma (57% pancreatic, 22% ampullary, 17% distal bile duct, 3% duodenal). Initially treated with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy then Arm 1) pylorus preservation and standard LND (distal gastrectomy only if inadequate margin) vs. Arm 2) radical resection with gastrectomy and extended LND
**'''2002''' {{PMID|12192322}} -- &quot;Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma, part 2: randomized controlled trial evaluating survival, morbidity, and mortality.&quot; (Yeo CJ, Ann Surg. 2002 Sep;236(3):355-66; discussion 366-8.)
***Complication rate: standard 29% vs. radical 43%
***LN+ 74%, SM+ 10% (standard 21% vs. radical 5%)
**'''5-years; 2005''' {{PMID|16332474}} -- &quot;Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma--part 3: update on 5-year survival.&quot; (Riall TS, J Gastrointest Surg. 2005 Dec;9(9):1191-204; discussion 1204-6.). Median live F/U 5.3 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS standard 25% vs. radical 31% (NS); pancreatic CA - standard 13% vs. radical 29% (NS). SM+ standard 21% vs. radical 5% (SS)
***Conclusion: Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodectomy without retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy procedure of choice, but higher SM+ in standard resection

*'''Milan''' (Italy)(1991-1994) -- standard LND vs extended LND
**Randomized. 81 patients with resectable head of pancreas CA. Pancreatoduodenectomy, then Arm 1) standard LND vs. Arm 2) extended LND and retroperitoneal soft-tissue clearance (hepatic hilum, along aorta from the diaphragm to the IMA, laterally to both renal hila, with clearance of the celiac axis and SMA). IORT in 19 patients (NS)
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9790340}} -- &quot;Standard versus extended lymphadenectomy associated with pancreatoduodenectomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: a multicenter, prospective, randomized study. Lymphadenectomy Study Group.&quot; Pedrazzoli S, Ann Surg. 1998 Oct;228(4):508-17.)
***Outcome: No difference in peri-operative outcomes. LN sampled standard 13 vs. extended 20 (SS). Median OS standard 11.0 months vs. 16.4 (NS)
***Post-hoc analysis: N1 patients significantly better survival if extended vs standard; no difference in N0 patients
***Predictors of survival: Grade, size (&gt;2.0 cm), N1, &gt;=4 transfused units of blood
***Conclusion: Extended resection doesn't improve survival, although trend in N1 patients


===Surgery +/- Chemo-RT===
*'''Erasmus MC''' (2000-2007) -- intra-arterial chemo-RT vs observation
**Randomized. 120 patients, pancreatic head (52%) or periampullary (48%) cancer. After pancreaticoduodenectomy, randomized to Arm 1) intra-arterial mitoxantrone, 5-FU, leucovoring, and cisplatin x6 cycles with RT 54/30 after first cycle vs Arm 2) observation
**'''2008''' {{PMID|19092348}} -- &quot;Adjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus surgery alone in resectable pancreatic and periampullary cancer: a prospective randomized controlled trial.&quot; (Morak MJ, Ann Surg. 2008 Dec;248(6):1031-41.) Median F/U 1.5 years
***Outcome: Median OS 19 months vs 18 months (NS), PFS 37% vs 20% (SS). Significantly fewer liver mets on subgroup analysis
***Conclusion: Intra-arterial chemo-RT prolongs time to progression, but no impact on survival

*'''ESPAC-1''' (1994-2000) -- 2x2 surgery +/- chemotherapy and +/- chemo-RT
**Randomized, 2x2 design + 2 other randomizations to improve accrual. 541 patients total, treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy (R0 81%, R1 19%). Physicians could choose a randomization. 285 patients randomized to 2x2 factorial (observation, chemotherapy x6 cycles, chemo-RT, chemo-RT followed by adjuvant chemo x6 cycles). 68 patients randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo-RT. 188 patients randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo. Patients could be given other &quot;background&quot; therapy, which could be chemo or RT. RT AP/PA split course 20/10 + 20/10 (GITSG regimen, although up to 60 Gy could be given). Chemotherapy concurrent bolus 5-FU 500 mg/m2 + leucovorin, adjuvant 5-FU 425 mg/m2 x6 months
**'''All patients; 2001''' {{PMID|11716884}} -- &quot;Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy in resectable pancreatic cancer: a randomised controlled trial.&quot; (Neoptolemos JP, Lancet. 2001 Nov 10;358(9293):1576-85.) Median F/U of alive patients 10 months
***Analysis: Combined group chemo-RT (n=178) vs. no chemo-RT (n=175); combined group chemo (n=235) vs. no chemo (n=238). 
***Outcome: median OS chemo-RT 15 months vs. no chemo-RT 16 months (NS); median OS chemo 20 months vs. no chemo 14 months (SS)
***Conclusion: No survival benefit for adjuvant chemo-RT, significant benefit for adjuvant chemo
**'''2x2 subset; 2004''' {{PMID|15028824}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer&quot; (Neoptolemos JP, N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 18;350(12):1200-10.)
***Analysis of 2x2 factorial patients only. 289 patients, not powered for individual group comparison. 82% deaths recorded. Median F/U 3.9 years
***Outcome: median OS observation 17 months vs. chemo-RT 14 months vs. 22 months chemo vs. 20 months chemo-RT + chemo (not powered for statistics)
****Chemo-RT comparison: median OS chemo-RT 16 months vs. no chemo-RT 18 months (NS), 5-year OS chemo-RT 10% vs. no chemo-RT 20% (p=0.05); no benefit regardless of chemo
****Chemo comparison: median OS chemo 20 months vs. no chemo 15 months (SS), 5-year OS chemo 21% vs. no chemo 8% (p=0.009); benefit regardless of RT
***Pattern of failure: LR 35%, LR+DM 27%, DM 34%
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy significant survival benefit; adjuvant chemo-RT had deleterious effect on survival

*'''EORTC 40891''' (1987-95) -- surgery +/- chemo-RT
**Randomized. 218 patients. Pancreatic T1-2 N0-1a (55%) or periampullary (ampulla, distal CBD, duodenum) T1-3 N0-1a (45%). Arm 1) Chemo-RT vs. Arm 2) observation. RT split course 20/10 + 20/10 (GITSG regimen). Chemo 5-FU C.I. 25 mg/kg over 5 days at the beginning of each RT course. No maintenance (vs. 2 years in GITSG). SM+ 21%, LN+ 50%
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10615932}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil after curative resection of cancer of the pancreas and periampullary region: phase III trial of the EORTC gastrointestinal tract cancer cooperative group.&quot; (Klinkenbijl JH, Ann Surg. 1999 Dec;230(6):776-82.)
***For all tumors: Median PFS chemo-RT 17 months vs observation 16 months (NS); median OS 24 months vs 19 months (NS). 2-year OS 51% vs 41%, 5-year OS 28% vs 22% (NS) 
***Pancreas tumor subset: median OS 17 months vs 13 months (NS). 2-year OS 37% vs 23%, 5-year OS 20% vs 10% (p=0.09).
***Periampullary tumor subset: median OS 39 months vs 40 months (NS). 5-year OS 38% vs. 36% (NS)
***Site of failure: LR both arms 15% (NS), LRR+DM ~20%, DM ~30%
***Conclusion: Routine use of post-op chemo-RT not warranted
**'''12-years; 2007''' {{PMID|17968163}} -- &quot;Long-term survival and metastatic pattern of pancreatic and periampullary cancer after adjuvant chemoradiation or observation: long-term results of EORTC trial 40891.&quot; (Smeenk HG, Ann Surg. 2007 Nov;246(5):734-40.) Median F/U 11.7 years
***Outcome: Death reported in 79% (malignant disease cause of death in chemo-RT 79% vs. observation 86%); median OS chemo-RT 1.8 years vs. observation 1.6 years (NS), 5-year OS 25% vs. 22% (NS), 10-year OS 17% vs. 18% (NS) - pancreatic subset 8% vs. periampullary subset 29%; median PFS 1.5 years vs. 1.2 years (NS)
***Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant chemo-RT
**Criticisms: No maintenance chemotherapy. About 20% of pts assigned to chemo-RT arm did not receive that treatment, although 93% received RT. Benefit was diluted by inclusion of favorable periampullary cancers, although on exploratory pancreatic cancer subset analysis there was no difference. 

*'''GITSG 9173''' (1974-82) -- surgery +/- chemo-RT
**Randomized. ''Terminated early due to poor accrual.'' 42 patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (ampulla excluded), who were resected, margins negative, no peritoneal mets. Head of pancreas 95%, SM+ 38%, LN+ 28%, Grade 3 5%. Subtotal Whipple 68%, Stage I 35%. Randomized to Arm 1) RT + 5-FU vs Arm 2) observation. RT was supravoltage 40/20 split course (2 week break after 20/10). Fields included the pancreatic bed and regional nodes AP/PA. 5-FU (500 mg/m2) bolus on days 1-3 of each cycle. Adjuvant chemotherapy given weekly x 2 years beginning 1 month after RT. 
**'''1985''' {{PMID|4015380}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Pancreatic cancer. Adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection.&quot; (Kalser MH, Arch Surg. 1985 Aug;120(8):899-903.) Median F/U 5.5 years
***Median OS: chemo-RT 20 months vs observation 11 months (SS). 2-year OS 42% vs 15%; 5-yr OS vs 15% and 5%; median DFS 11 months vs. 9 months (SS) 
***Recurrence: overall 71% vs. 86%; local 47%; hepatic 32% vs. 50%; DM 40% vs 52%.
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo-RT may prolong survival time

===Surgery + Chemo-RT: Adjuvant Chemo Alternatives===
*'''RTOG 97-04 / Intergroup''' (1998-2002) -- sandwich chemo-RT adjuvant 5-FU vs. gemcitabine  
**Randomized. 451 patients, with complete GTR of pancreas. Arm 1) CI 5-FU (250 mg/m2) x3 weeks -&gt; chemo-RT -&gt; CI 5-FU (250 mg/m2) x12 weeks vs. Arm 2) gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) x3 weeks -&gt; chemo-RT -&gt; gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) x12 weeks. Chemo-RT was same for both arms (RT 50.4 Gy + concurrent 5-FU 250 mg/m2), 1-2 weeks after induction chemo. Compliance with both &gt;85%
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18319412}} -- &quot;Fluorouracil vs gemcitabine chemotherapy before and after fluorouracil-based chemoradiation following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial.&quot; (Regine WF, JAMA. 2008 Mar 5;299(9):1019-26.)
***Outcome: median OS 5-FU 17 months vs. gemcitabine 20 months (p=0.09)
***Toxicity: Grade 4 hematologic 5-FU 1% vs. gemcitabine 14% (SS)
***Conclusion: Trend to survival for gemcitabine (but NS), and significantly more toxic


===Surgery +/- Adjuvant Chemotherapy===
*'''CONKO-001''' (Germany)(1998-2004) -- adjuvant gemcitabine vs observation
**Randomized. 354/368 patients. Pancreas carcinoma T1-4 N0-1 M0 s/p gross complete resection (R0 or R1 allowed). Arm 1) adjuvant gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) x 6 cycles vs Arm 2) no adjuvant treatment. R0 resection in 80%
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17227978}}  &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Gemcitabine vs Observation in Patients Undergoing Curative-Intent Resection of Pancreatic Cancer.&quot; (Oettle H, JAMA. 2007 Jan 17;297:267-277.) Median F/U 4.4 years
***Relapse: chemo 74% vs control 92%; LR (with/without DM) in 34% vs 41%. DM alone in 56% vs 49%. 
***Survival: Median DFS 13 vs 7 months (SS); 1-year DFS 58% vs. 31%, 3-year 23% vs. 7%, 5-year 16% vs. 5%. Median OS 22 months vs. 20 months (NS) but 5-year OS 22% vs. 11% (p=0.06)
***Subgroup analysis shows benefit for gemzar for DFS for all subgroups. In subgroup analysis, OS benefit thus far for gemzar for R0 resection and T3-4 and N- pts.
***Conclusion: Adjuvant gemcitabine significantly improved DFS (primary endpoint), and trial supports its use as adjuvant therapy

*'''JSAP''' (Japan)(1992-2000) -- adjuvant cisplatin/5-FU vs. observation
**Randomized. 85 patients, s/p complete resection (R1 not allowed). Arm 1) adjuvant cisplatin 80 mg/m2 + 5-FU 500 mg/m2 x2 cycles. Intraop RT used but not discussed.
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16490736}} -- &quot;A multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of adjuvant cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil therapy after curative resection in cases of pancreatic cancer.&quot; (Kosuge T, Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006 Mar;36(3):159-65. Epub 2006 Feb 20.)
***Outcome: median OS chemo 12 months vs. observation 16 months (NS); 5-year OS chemo 26% vs. observation 15%
***Prognostic factors: Grade 1, no LN+. T-stage, size not prognostic
***Toxicity: Grade 3+ 16%
***Conclusion: Postop adjuvant cisplatin/5-FU safe, but no survival benefit

*'''Japan''' (1986-1992) -- adjuvant MF vs. observation
**Randomized. 508 patients (&lt;u&gt;pancreatic n=173&lt;/u&gt;, cholangio n=139, n=140, ampulla n=56), s/p surgery. Stage II-IV, pancreas LN+ 80%, liver+ 10%, curative resection 58%. Arm 1) adjuvant chemo with mitomycin C + 5-FU C.I. x2 courses, followed by 5-FU until recurrence vs. Arm 2) observation
**'''2002''' {{PMID|12365016}} -- &quot;Is postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy useful for gallbladder carcinoma? A phase III multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with resected pancreaticobiliary carcinoma.&quot; (Takada T, Cancer. 2002 Oct 15;95(8):1685-95.)
***Outcome: 5-year OS pancreatic chemo 11% vs. observation 18%; for curative resection chemo 18% vs. observation 27% (NS)
***Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant systemic chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer

*'''Norway''' (1984-1987) -- adjuvant AMF vs. observation
**Randomized. 61 patients with pancreatic (77%) or papilla (23%), s/p radical resection. Arm 1) adjuvant chemo ([[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|AMF]]) x6 cycles vs. Arm 2) control.
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8471327}} -- &quot;Adjuvant combination chemotherapy (AMF) following radical resection of carcinoma of the pancreas and papilla of Vater--results of a controlled, prospective, randomised multicentre study.&quot; (Bakkevold KE, Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A(5):698-703.)
***Outcome: median OS chemo 23 months vs. observation 11 months (SS); 2-year OS 43% vs. 32% (NS); 5-year OS 4% vs. 8% (NS)
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo postpone incidence of recurrence during first 2 years; no difference on ultimate cure rate

===Surgery vs. Chemo-RT===
*'''Japan Pancreatic Cancer Study Group''' -- Surgery vs. Chemo-radiation
**Randomized. ''Stopped early after survival benefit to surgery.'' 42/150 patients, locally advanced but resectable pancreatic cancer, no involvement of SMA or common hepatic artery, no para-aortic LN+. Arm 1) Surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy or distal pancreatectomy + dissection of regional lymphatics) vs. Arm 2) Concurrent RT 50.4/28 and C.I. 5-FU 200 mg/m2 to primary tumor + 1-3 cm margin to cover regional lymph nodes
**'''5-years; 2008''' {{PMID|18958561}} -- &quot;Surgery versus radiochemotherapy for resectable locally invasive pancreatic cancer: Final results of a randomized multi-institutional trial.&quot; (Doi R, Surg Today. 2008 Nov;38(11):1021-1028. Epub 2008 Oct 29.) Minimum F/U alive patients 5 years
***Outcome: median OS surgery 12 months vs. chemo-RT 9 months (NS); 3-year OS 20% vs. 0% (SS); 5-year OS 10% vs. 0% (NS)
***Conclusion: Locally invasive resectable pancreatic cancer is treated more effectively by resection than by chemo-radiation

==Unresectable Disease==
===RT vs. Chemo-RT===
*'''GITSG 9273'''  (1970's) -- RT 60 Gy vs. RT 40 Gy + 5-FU vs. RT 60 Gy + 5-FU
**Randomized, 3 arms. 194 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) RT alone 60/30 Gy split course (''On interim analysis found inferior and was discontinued)'' vs. Arm 2) RT 40/20 Gy split course + concurrent 5-FU vs. Arm 3) RT 60/30 Gy split course + concurrent 5-FU. Concurrent 5-FU 500 mg/m2, followed by maintenance 5-FU 500 mg/m2 x2 years
**'''1981''' {{PMID|7284971}} &quot;Therapy of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma: a randomized comparison of high dose (6000 rads) radiation alone, moderate dose radiation (4000 rads + 5-fluorouracil), and high dose radiation + 5-fluorouracil: The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group,&quot; Moertel CG et al.  Cancer. 1981 Oct 15;48(8):1705-10.
***Outcome: DFS RT-60 2.9 months vs. C-RT-40 7.0 months vs. C-RT 60 7.6 months (SS); median OS 5.3 months vs. 9.7 months vs. 9.3 months (SS); 1-year OS 10% vs. 35% vs. 46%
***Toxicity: No severe GI toxicity &gt;10%
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior to RT alone; C-RT 40 Gy comparable to C-RT 60 Gy

*'''Mayo Clinic''' (1960's) -- RT alone vs. RT + 5-FU
**Randomized. 64 patients with unresectable cancers of the stomach, pancreas, and large bowel. Arm 1) EBRT 35-40 Gy vs. Arm 2) Same EBRT + concurrent 5-FU
**'''1969''' {{PMID|4186452}} -- &quot;Combined 5-fluorouracil and supervoltage radiation therapy of locally unresectable gastrointestinal cancer.&quot; (Moertel CG, Lancet. 1969 Oct 25;2(7626):865-7.)
***Outcome: median OS RT alone 6.3 months vs. chemo-RT 10.4 months (SS); 1-year OS 6% vs. 22%
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT significantly augments RT alone

===Chemo-RT: Chemo Choices===
*'''PACT''' -- 5-FU + RT +/- TNFerade
**Randomized. 330 patients with locally advanced pancreatic CA. Treated with 1) TNFerade (adenoviral vector carrying TNF-a regulated by radiation-inducible promoter Egr-1) + C.I. 5-FU 200 mg/m2/d + RT 50.4 Gy vs 2) 5-FU + RT, randomized 2:1
**'''2007''' [http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO/menuitem.34d60f5624ba07fd506fe310ee37a01d/?vgnextoid=76f8201eb61a7010VgnVCM100000ed730ad1RCRD&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=47&amp;abstractID=33835 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;Multi-center phase II/III randomized controlled clinical trial using TNFerade combined with chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).&quot; (Posner M, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2007 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I. Vol 25, No. 18S (June 20 Supplement), 2007: 4518)
***First 50 patients assessed for response. 1-year OS (primary endpoint): 71% vs. 28%; median OS 1.4 years vs. 0.9 years
***Conclusion: Preliminary data encouraging

*'''Taipei''' (1998-2001) -- 5-FU + RT vs. GEM + RT 
**Randomized. 34 patients. Unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) 5-FU 500 mg/m2 + RT vs. Arm 2) Gemcitabine 600 mg/m2 + RT. RT 50.4 - 61.2 Gy @ 1.8 Gy/fx. All patients received maintenance GEM 1000 mg/m2 thereafter
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12909221}} &quot;Concurrent chemoradiotherapy treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer: gemcitabine versus 5-fluorouracil, a randomized controlled study.&quot; (Li CP, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Sep 1;57(1):98-104.)
***Outcome: median OS 5-FU 7 months vs. GEM 14 months (SS). 1-year OS 31% vs. 56%. 2-year OS 0% vs. 15%. Also improvement in pain control, performance status, and QoL
***Toxicity: No difference
***Conclusion: Gemcitabine + RT more effective than 5-FU + RT, comparable tolerability

*'''GITSG 9277''' (1980's) -- RT + 5-FU vs. RT + adriamycin
**Randomized. 143 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA, surgically staged. Arm 1) RT 60/30 split course + concurrent 5-FU bolus 500 mg/m2 + maintenance 5-FU vs Arm 2) RT 40/20 continuous course + concurrent adriamycin 10 mg/m2 + maintenance adriamycin x5 courses + maintenance 5-FU
**'''1985''' {{PMID|2864997}}  &quot;Radiation therapy combined with Adriamycin or 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group,&quot; ([No Authors Listed], Cancer. 1985 Dec 1;56(11):2563-8.)
***Outcome: Median OS 5-FU 8.5 months vs. adriamycin 7.6 months (NS). Initial recurrence LRR 5-FU 58% vs. adriamycin 51%
***Toxicity: 5-FU 36% vs. adriamycin 53% (SS)
***Conclusion: No difference in outcome, but adriamycin significantly more toxic

===Chemo-RT vs. Chemo Alone===
*'''LAP 07''' (not reported, ''2x2 rand.'') induction gem vs. induction gem + erolotonib --&gt; stable disease --&gt; gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine + RT
**'''2013''' [http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/116391-132 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;Comparison of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and chemotherapy (CT) in patients with a locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) controlled after 4 months of gemcitabine with or without erlotinib: Final results of the international phase III LAP 07 study.&quot; (Hammel P, J Clin Oncol 31: 2013 (suppl; abstr LBA4003)) 
**Randomized. 269 patients reached 2nd randomization. Arm 1) Chemotherapy alone. Arm 2) RT 54 Gy + Xeloda 1600 mg/m2
***Outcome: Median OS 16.5 months vs. 15.3 months (p=0.83)
***Conclusion: CRT is not superior to chemotherapy alone in LAPC

*'''ECOG E4201''' (2003-2005) -- gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine + RT
**'''2008''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCO/Abstracts+%26+Virtual+Meeting/Abstracts?&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=55&amp;abstractID=30957 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;A randomized phase III study of gemcitabine in combination with radiation therapy versus gemcitabine alone in patients with localized, unresectable pancreatic cancer: E4201.&quot; (Loehrer PJ, J Clin Oncol 26: 2008 (May 20 suppl; abstr 4506)) 
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to slow accrual.'' 69 of planned 316 patients with unresectable disease. Arm 1) Gemcitabine alone 1000 mg/m2 x7 cycles vs. Arm 2) RT 50.4/28 + gemcitabine 600 mg/m2, then gemcitabine alone 1000 mg/m2 x5 cycles
***Outcome: PFS GEM 6.1 months vs. GEM/RT 6.3 months (NS). Median OS 9 months vs. 11 months (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 4 GEM 6% vs. GEM/RT 41% (SS) 
***Conclusion: Gem+RT had increased but generally manageable toxicity, with improved OS over Gem alone

*'''FFCD-SFRO''' (2000-2005) -- 5-FU + RT vs. Gemcitabine alone
**Randomized. ''Stopped prematurely due to worse survival in Chemo-RT arm.'' 119 patients with unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) 3D-RT 60/30 + concurrent 5-FU C.I. 300 mg/m2 + cisplatin 20 mg/m2 vs Arm 2) Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 alone x7 weeks. Both arms then maintenance Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 until disease progression/toxicity
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18467316}} -- &quot;Phase III trial comparing intensive induction chemoradiotherapy (60 Gy, infusional 5-FU and intermittent cisplatin) followed by maintenance gemcitabine with gemcitabine alone for locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer. Definitive results of the 2000-01 FFCD/SFRO study.&quot; (Chauffert B, Ann Oncol. 2008 May 7. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: median OS Chemo-RT 8.6 months vs. GEM 13 months (SS); 1-year OS 32% vs. 53%
***Toxicity: higher in Chemo-RT arm 36% vs. GEM 22% (SS)
***Conclusion: Chemo-RT is more toxic and less effective than Gemcitabine alone

*'''GITSG 9283''' (1980's) --  5-FU + RT vs. SMF (Streptozocin, mytomycin, 5-FU)
**Randomized. 43 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) Streptozocin + mitomycin + 5FU (SMF) vs Arm 2) RT 54 Gy + concurrent 5FU, followed by SMF.
**'''1988''' {{PMID|2898536}} &quot;Treatment of locally unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas: comparison of combined-modality therapy (chemotherapy plus radiotherapy) to chemotherapy alone. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group,&quot;  ([No Authors Listed], J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988 Jul 20;80(10):751-5.)
***Outcome: median OS Chemo-RT 9.7 months vs. SMF alone 7.4 months (SS); 1-year OS 41% vs. 19% (SS)
***Conclusion: Combined chemo-RT superior to SMF chemotherapy alone

*'''ECOG''' (1970's) -- 5-FU alone vs. 5-FU + RT
**Randomized. 148/191 patients with locally unresectable adenoCA of stomach (n=57) or pancreas (n=91). Arm 1) 5-FU 600 mg/m2 alone vs. Arm 2) RT 40/20 + concurrent 5-FU bolus 600 mg/m2 + adjuvant 5-FU 600 gm/m2
**'''1985''' {{PMID|3973648}} -- &quot;Treatment of locally unresectable cancer of the stomach and pancreas: a randomized comparison of 5-fluorouracil alone with radiation plus concurrent and maintenance 5-fluorouracil--an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.&quot; (Klaassen DJ, J Clin Oncol. 1985 Mar;3(3):373-8.)
***Outcome: median OS 5-FU 6.5 months vs. chemo-RT 5.1 months (NS); pancreas subgroup 8.2 months vs. 8.3 months (NS)
***Toxicity: 5-FU alone 27% vs. chemo-RT 51% (SS)
***Conclusion: Adding RT to 5-FU didn't improve survival, and was more toxic</text>
      <sha1>0yl80isuoltljpyiphferyqanffcmg4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Peds</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>155342</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
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      <text bytes="1484" sha1="6mo9fd6q019z7f2tz3bfumqzgl85ysl" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Pediatric Maligancies'''&lt;/big&gt;
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Peds/Brain_tumors|Brain Tumors]]
**[[Radiation Oncology/Craniopharyngioma|Craniopharyngioma]]
**[[Radiation Oncology/Peds/Germ cell|Germ cell tumors]]
**[[Radiation Oncology/CNS/Ependymoma|Ependymoma]]
**[[Radiation Oncology/Medulloblastoma|Medulloblastoma]]
**[[Radiation_Oncology/Optic_Pathway_Glioma|Optic Pathway Glioma]]
**[[Radiation Oncology/Pilocytic Astrocytoma|Pilocytic Astrocytoma]]
**[[Radiation Oncology/Peds/CNS PNET|CNS PNET]]
**[[Radiation Oncology/Peds/ATRT|Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor]]
*[[Radiation Oncology/Nephroblastoma|Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)]]
*[[Radiation Oncology/Neuroblastoma|Neuroblastoma]]
*[[Radiation Oncology/Rhabdomyosarcoma|Rhabdomyosarcoma]]
*[[/Hepatoblastoma/]]
*[[Radiation Oncology/Retinoblastoma|Retinoblastoma]]
*[[Radiation Oncology/Sarcoma/Ewing's sarcoma|Ewing's sarcoma]]
*[[Radiation Oncology/Bone/PNET|Bone PNET]]
*[[Radiation Oncology/Pediatric Hodgkin's|Pediatric Hodgkin's]]
*[[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Burkitt_lymphoma|Burkitt's Lymphoma]]
*[[Radiation Oncology/Histiocytosis|Langerhans cell histiocytosis]]


*[[Radiation_Oncology/Small_round_blue_cell_tumors|Small round blue cell tumors]]


*[[Radiation_Oncology/Peds/Protons|Pediatric Proton Therapy]]


'''''Review'''''
*'''Stanford; 2006''' {{PMID|16730302}} -- &quot;Role of radiation therapy in pediatric cancer.&quot; (Gibbs IC, Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006 Apr;20(2):455-70.)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-40500-29</username>
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      <comment>/* Disable (some) page creation by temporary accounts */ Reply why limit contributions by members in good standing?</comment>
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      <text bytes="18696" sha1="n8yzzsx2lfeo0mnloaeavx6ip3zwgst" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== New gadget to browse subpages ==

Hi all! I developed a gadget to easily browse subpages through a collapsible menu, that I think might be useful in Wikibooks. Here's a little demo video:

[[File:Subpages_gadget_demo.webm|frameless]]

To test it yourself, add the following to [[Special:MyPage/common.js|your common.js]]:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;
mw.loader.load( '//www.mediawiki.org/w/load.php?modules=ext.gadget.Global-Subpages' );
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If you find it useful, I can enable it as a gadget to make it generally available from the preferences. Thoughts? Cheers! [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 16:02, 2 July 2026 (UTC)

:Wikibooks relies heavily on subpages, so this is a nice addition. Merci. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:43, 2 July 2026 (UTC)
:This could be extremely useful for books here!! I'll note, though, that it doesn't work quite right with the vector legacy skin (what I use). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:20, 3 July 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] I will be the one in charge installing this as a gadget since there is no objection, but what dependecies does this gadget need to use? You might also want to read Kittycataclysm's suggestion above. ''Muchos saludos''. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:08, 9 July 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] Hi! I just fixed the issue with Vector legacy and also for other skins. Regarding dependencies, this gadget requires &lt;code&gt;mediawiki.api&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;@wikimedia/codex&lt;/code&gt;. If you want to take care of the installation, please do not copy-paste the source code, but rather load the global version using &lt;code&gt;mw.loader.load( '//www.mediawiki.org/w/load.php?modules=ext.gadget.Global-Subpages' );&lt;/code&gt;, like other [[mw:Global gadgets|global gadgets]]. Thanks! [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 14:22, 22 July 2026 (UTC)
::: I put the code on the gadgets definition page @[[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]], but feel free to fix what I placed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:45, 22 July 2026 (UTC)

== Breadcrumbs in the title ==

Hi! I think breadcrumbs would be more intuitive, compact and cleaner if they were integrated into the title rather than below it, like so:

&lt;gallery&gt;
Wikisource breadcrumbs proposal (before).png|Current breadcrumbs
Wikisource breadcrumbs proposal (after).png|Proposed breadcrumbs
&lt;/gallery&gt;

What do you think? [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 16:02, 17 August 2026 (UTC)

:I appreciate the effort, but I don't see a big difference or that one would be more usable than another. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:14, 17 August 2026 (UTC)

:I like proposal and I think it would be an improvement. Having the breadcrumbs twice, as in the current system, creates a redundant ui element. I also think the formatting around the forward slashes in the &quot;new&quot; version better conveys that they have specific technical meaning and are not part of the name of the page. --[[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:52, 7 October 2026 (UTC)

== Approve [[Wikibooks:CheckUser]] as a local policy? ==
Some of the text was based off of the global CheckUser policy, but in this case, should we approve [[Wikibooks:CheckUser]] as a local policy? There is a special clause allowing stewards to perform checks even during non-emergency situations (as set in [[Wikibooks:Global rights policy]]). I have yet to include a part where users may request CU checks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 21:55, 13 September 2026 (UTC)

:I'm somewhat just unsure on what the benefit of making this policy would be. Sure, there's strength in policy, of course. But this seems to be doing fine overall as an information page, no? It doesn't differ very much from the global CU policy, so I'm not sure that a page without any Wikibooks-specific information really benefits from policy status. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 00:22, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
:I would {{support}} this. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:26, 20 September 2026 (UTC)

== FlaggedRevs again ==
&lt;div class=&quot;cd-moveMark&quot;&gt;''Moved from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#FlaggedRevs again]].  [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:01, 1 October 2026 (UTC)''&lt;/div&gt;
Hi all. I already know there were various topics over the years about this subject, but I was considering for the project on whether we should remove this extension from this project, and go back to using MediaWiki's page patrol system.

Currently, there is a backlog of more than 3000 unreviewed edits (some going back as far as a few years ago); that’s why I started this discussion here.

{{collapse top}}
* &lt;code&gt;autoreview&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt; would be &lt;code&gt;autopatrolled&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patroller&lt;/code&gt;, respectively.
* &lt;code&gt;wgUseNPPatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;wgUseFilePatrol&lt;/code&gt; would be re-enabled for English Wikibooks.
* &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt; would be re-assigned back to sysops and their respective user groups.
* &lt;code&gt;patroller&lt;/code&gt; would also have &lt;code&gt;rollback&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;suppressredirect&lt;/code&gt; and its rate limit untouched.
{{collapse bottom}}

Best, [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 12:56, 30 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{s}} the removal of FlaggedRevs. Inasmuch as the extension works at all, it works best when it is used selectively on projects like Wikipedia, for individual high-traffic pages with lots of watchers which are subject to vandalism or controversy. Wikibooks is not a good use case for this extension. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 15:51, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
:{{s}} I don't see any way that backlog ever gets cleared, frankly, and if it isn't going to be cleared, we might as well go to something easier, which is the normal page patrol system, which works well off of [[Special:NewPages]] already. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 00:31, 3 October 2026 (UTC)
:{{neutral}} - Wikibooks is not a good use case for this extension, and with 3000 unreviewed edits with no progress at all, it does make sense to remove it. On the other hand, there could be a WikiProject to review each of these edits. For this reason, I am voting neutral [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:41, 3 October 2026 (UTC)
:: There was the outdated [[Wikibooks:New page patrol]] before this project used FlaggedRevs. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:22, 3 October 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} the removal of FlaggedRevs from Wikibooks. It's a redundant extension that's not useful in this wiki. --[[User:Agusbou2015|Agusbou2015]] ([[User talk:Agusbou2015|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Agusbou2015|contribs]]) 21:53, 3 October 2026 (UTC)
:{{Support}}. Several years ago I spent hundreds of hours trying to do the first review of every page. I managed to get all the root pages done but only got as far as &quot;E&quot; for the other pages. While I was doing this I stopped reviewing changes - and in that time over a 1,000 out of date pages were in the list. I concluded it was an impossible task unless lots of people joined in the work but that didn't happen and I doubt it ever will. I do think it has value for Wikijunior in showing the last reviewed page rather than the possibly offensively vandalised latest revision, but other than that it's a waste of time. At some point the extension will get fully deprecated and we'll be forced to stop using it anyway. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC)
:Will &lt;code&gt;patroller&lt;/code&gt; be granted automatically? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:24, 6 October 2026 (UTC)
:: Unfortunately, no. Since we will stop using FlaggedRevs, the patroller user group will not be granted automatically and thus will have to be manually given out by administrators. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:46, 6 October 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: And are we planning on giving back the &lt;code&gt;patroller&lt;/code&gt; right to existing reviewers? Or will they have to manually reapply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:30, 8 October 2026 (UTC)
:::: I have a plan: any former reviewer who has been active recently in the past two years will have patroller rights. This will be done to reduce a huge amount of inactive former reviewers. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 12:26, 8 October 2026 (UTC)
::::Keep the name the same; just remove the reviewer right. After all, patrolling is a form of reviewing. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:52, 8 October 2026 (UTC)
::::: Do we have to use the term {{tq|reviewing}} instead of {{tq|patrolling}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:57, 8 October 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Codename Noreste}} Is there a reason that we should not simply give the reviewer group the &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt; right, and keep the auto-granting going? [[Wikibooks:Reviewers#Automatic criteria]] does not appear to be FlaggedRevs-specific, so auto-promotion should still be able to continue even without FlaggedRevs, and reviewers could simply become patrollers (in the technical sense). [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 07:55, 10 October 2026 (UTC)
:::: I believe that would require some additional code on InitialiseSettings.php, and as for &lt;code&gt;reviewer&lt;/code&gt;, I'm not sure we should still use that user group term over &lt;code&gt;patroller&lt;/code&gt; as per the point {{tq|Special groups on small wikis}} on [[m:Limits to configuration changes]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:58, 10 October 2026 (UTC)
: If you take a look at the extended content, I also included what I also proposed too. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:19, 6 October 2026 (UTC)
:{{comment}}. The [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] is not recommended for production use, per Mediawiki. On this basis alone we should discontinue use of it. However, we haven't determined if page patrolling is the best replacement. There are [[mw:Content approval extensions|alternative extensions]] and the mediawiki page for FlaggedRevs specifically recommends [[mw:Extension:Approved Revs|'''Approved Revs extension''']]. We should determine which of page patrolling or these extensions is the most appropriate antivandalism tool first. (after all, according to [[Help:Tracking_changes#Reviewing_pages]], the purpose of FlaggedRevs is to be &quot;our primary counter-vandalism tool&quot;). --[[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:48, 7 October 2026 (UTC)
:: Approved Revs would require significant testing and approval per [[mw:Writing an extension for deployment]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:35, 7 October 2026 (UTC)

== Disable (some) page creation by temporary accounts ==
Creating a new book, or adding a chapter to an existing book, is a significant action, and users performing this action should be available to discuss it. Additionally, in practice, most page creations by temp accounts are out of scope, if not outright vandalism. (See https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;type=create for some examples.)

As such, I'd like to propose that the wiki require a registered account to create pages in any non-talk namespace. Temporary accounts will still be able to edit existing pages, or to create talk pages to start discussions. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
: From a technical point of view, this would require moving &lt;code&gt;createpage&lt;/code&gt; from unregistered users (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) to registered users (&lt;code&gt;user&lt;/code&gt;), but that would mean every non-registered user may not be able to create pages in every namespace, but talk pages.
: Another solution would be to add [[mw:Extension:ArticleCreationWorkflow]] to this project, but we don't have a system to create drafts (or similar).
: And a final solution would be to create an edit filter disallowing unregistered users from creating pages in mainspace. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:43, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
:: Just to note, please read the first point of [[m:Limits to configuration changes#Changes that are likely to be declined]] (Disable non-autoconfirmed page creation). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:50, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
:::What I'm proposing is that we require a registered account for page creation, not autoconfirmed. enwiki (as well as a few other wikis) already use this configuration - it's not new. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:58, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
:::: Okay, but I provided some alternatives above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:06, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
: In that case, I have no objections here. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:03, 6 October 2026 (UTC)
:I would propose the use of autoconfirmed, to better patrol new pages that are being created. There are countless advertisement pages being created on Wikibooks, usually in the user's userpage. The use of a registered account proposed by Omphalographer therefore may have some limitations. I agree with the proposal to make new pages strictly autoconfirmed. If a user wishes to create a page, there could be a feature for reviewers/patrollers to check such pages that are being created. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:36, 9 October 2026 (UTC)
:: You might want to read my point about limits to configuration changes. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:53, 9 October 2026 (UTC)
:Why turn off potential good contributors by telling them they must register AND log-in in order to contribute? The problem at Wikibooks right now is the dearth of contributions, not vandalism, I think (?). 
:* Anons are already precluded from editing pages that have been &quot;protected&quot; by admins. 
:* Anon user contributions are automatically marked for Review before they become public
:* There are less than 500 anon accounts that have contributed more than one edit to Wikibooks? 
:Is it really necessary to stop us from contributing to Wikibooks? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 00:19, 10 October 2026 (UTC)
:: {{ping|~2026-40500-29}} The initial question was not whether registered accounts can contribute, it is whether temporary accounts can create pages. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:48, 10 October 2026 (UTC)
:::Isn't the creation of new pages a subset of potential contributions to Wikibooks? Are you saying that some members in good standing of this community are only allowed to correct obvious spelling and grammar mistakes by others? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 19:23, 11 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>n8yzzsx2lfeo0mnloaeavx6ip3zwgst</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675673</id>
      <parentid>4675576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T10:13:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Disable (some) page creation by temporary accounts */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4675673</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19544" sha1="06aqlkgxsa1xbkjuyx7p1tv28l6cc4k" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== New gadget to browse subpages ==

Hi all! I developed a gadget to easily browse subpages through a collapsible menu, that I think might be useful in Wikibooks. Here's a little demo video:

[[File:Subpages_gadget_demo.webm|frameless]]

To test it yourself, add the following to [[Special:MyPage/common.js|your common.js]]:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;
mw.loader.load( '//www.mediawiki.org/w/load.php?modules=ext.gadget.Global-Subpages' );
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If you find it useful, I can enable it as a gadget to make it generally available from the preferences. Thoughts? Cheers! [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 16:02, 2 July 2026 (UTC)

:Wikibooks relies heavily on subpages, so this is a nice addition. Merci. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:43, 2 July 2026 (UTC)
:This could be extremely useful for books here!! I'll note, though, that it doesn't work quite right with the vector legacy skin (what I use). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:20, 3 July 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] I will be the one in charge installing this as a gadget since there is no objection, but what dependecies does this gadget need to use? You might also want to read Kittycataclysm's suggestion above. ''Muchos saludos''. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:08, 9 July 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] Hi! I just fixed the issue with Vector legacy and also for other skins. Regarding dependencies, this gadget requires &lt;code&gt;mediawiki.api&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;@wikimedia/codex&lt;/code&gt;. If you want to take care of the installation, please do not copy-paste the source code, but rather load the global version using &lt;code&gt;mw.loader.load( '//www.mediawiki.org/w/load.php?modules=ext.gadget.Global-Subpages' );&lt;/code&gt;, like other [[mw:Global gadgets|global gadgets]]. Thanks! [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 14:22, 22 July 2026 (UTC)
::: I put the code on the gadgets definition page @[[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]], but feel free to fix what I placed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:45, 22 July 2026 (UTC)

== Breadcrumbs in the title ==

Hi! I think breadcrumbs would be more intuitive, compact and cleaner if they were integrated into the title rather than below it, like so:

&lt;gallery&gt;
Wikisource breadcrumbs proposal (before).png|Current breadcrumbs
Wikisource breadcrumbs proposal (after).png|Proposed breadcrumbs
&lt;/gallery&gt;

What do you think? [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 16:02, 17 August 2026 (UTC)

:I appreciate the effort, but I don't see a big difference or that one would be more usable than another. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:14, 17 August 2026 (UTC)

:I like proposal and I think it would be an improvement. Having the breadcrumbs twice, as in the current system, creates a redundant ui element. I also think the formatting around the forward slashes in the &quot;new&quot; version better conveys that they have specific technical meaning and are not part of the name of the page. --[[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:52, 7 October 2026 (UTC)

== Approve [[Wikibooks:CheckUser]] as a local policy? ==
Some of the text was based off of the global CheckUser policy, but in this case, should we approve [[Wikibooks:CheckUser]] as a local policy? There is a special clause allowing stewards to perform checks even during non-emergency situations (as set in [[Wikibooks:Global rights policy]]). I have yet to include a part where users may request CU checks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 21:55, 13 September 2026 (UTC)

:I'm somewhat just unsure on what the benefit of making this policy would be. Sure, there's strength in policy, of course. But this seems to be doing fine overall as an information page, no? It doesn't differ very much from the global CU policy, so I'm not sure that a page without any Wikibooks-specific information really benefits from policy status. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 00:22, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
:I would {{support}} this. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:26, 20 September 2026 (UTC)

== FlaggedRevs again ==
&lt;div class=&quot;cd-moveMark&quot;&gt;''Moved from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#FlaggedRevs again]].  [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:01, 1 October 2026 (UTC)''&lt;/div&gt;
Hi all. I already know there were various topics over the years about this subject, but I was considering for the project on whether we should remove this extension from this project, and go back to using MediaWiki's page patrol system.

Currently, there is a backlog of more than 3000 unreviewed edits (some going back as far as a few years ago); that’s why I started this discussion here.

{{collapse top}}
* &lt;code&gt;autoreview&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt; would be &lt;code&gt;autopatrolled&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patroller&lt;/code&gt;, respectively.
* &lt;code&gt;wgUseNPPatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;wgUseFilePatrol&lt;/code&gt; would be re-enabled for English Wikibooks.
* &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt; would be re-assigned back to sysops and their respective user groups.
* &lt;code&gt;patroller&lt;/code&gt; would also have &lt;code&gt;rollback&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;suppressredirect&lt;/code&gt; and its rate limit untouched.
{{collapse bottom}}

Best, [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 12:56, 30 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{s}} the removal of FlaggedRevs. Inasmuch as the extension works at all, it works best when it is used selectively on projects like Wikipedia, for individual high-traffic pages with lots of watchers which are subject to vandalism or controversy. Wikibooks is not a good use case for this extension. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 15:51, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
:{{s}} I don't see any way that backlog ever gets cleared, frankly, and if it isn't going to be cleared, we might as well go to something easier, which is the normal page patrol system, which works well off of [[Special:NewPages]] already. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 00:31, 3 October 2026 (UTC)
:{{neutral}} - Wikibooks is not a good use case for this extension, and with 3000 unreviewed edits with no progress at all, it does make sense to remove it. On the other hand, there could be a WikiProject to review each of these edits. For this reason, I am voting neutral [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:41, 3 October 2026 (UTC)
:: There was the outdated [[Wikibooks:New page patrol]] before this project used FlaggedRevs. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:22, 3 October 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} the removal of FlaggedRevs from Wikibooks. It's a redundant extension that's not useful in this wiki. --[[User:Agusbou2015|Agusbou2015]] ([[User talk:Agusbou2015|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Agusbou2015|contribs]]) 21:53, 3 October 2026 (UTC)
:{{Support}}. Several years ago I spent hundreds of hours trying to do the first review of every page. I managed to get all the root pages done but only got as far as &quot;E&quot; for the other pages. While I was doing this I stopped reviewing changes - and in that time over a 1,000 out of date pages were in the list. I concluded it was an impossible task unless lots of people joined in the work but that didn't happen and I doubt it ever will. I do think it has value for Wikijunior in showing the last reviewed page rather than the possibly offensively vandalised latest revision, but other than that it's a waste of time. At some point the extension will get fully deprecated and we'll be forced to stop using it anyway. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC)
:Will &lt;code&gt;patroller&lt;/code&gt; be granted automatically? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:24, 6 October 2026 (UTC)
:: Unfortunately, no. Since we will stop using FlaggedRevs, the patroller user group will not be granted automatically and thus will have to be manually given out by administrators. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:46, 6 October 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: And are we planning on giving back the &lt;code&gt;patroller&lt;/code&gt; right to existing reviewers? Or will they have to manually reapply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:30, 8 October 2026 (UTC)
:::: I have a plan: any former reviewer who has been active recently in the past two years will have patroller rights. This will be done to reduce a huge amount of inactive former reviewers. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 12:26, 8 October 2026 (UTC)
::::Keep the name the same; just remove the reviewer right. After all, patrolling is a form of reviewing. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:52, 8 October 2026 (UTC)
::::: Do we have to use the term {{tq|reviewing}} instead of {{tq|patrolling}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:57, 8 October 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Codename Noreste}} Is there a reason that we should not simply give the reviewer group the &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt; right, and keep the auto-granting going? [[Wikibooks:Reviewers#Automatic criteria]] does not appear to be FlaggedRevs-specific, so auto-promotion should still be able to continue even without FlaggedRevs, and reviewers could simply become patrollers (in the technical sense). [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 07:55, 10 October 2026 (UTC)
:::: I believe that would require some additional code on InitialiseSettings.php, and as for &lt;code&gt;reviewer&lt;/code&gt;, I'm not sure we should still use that user group term over &lt;code&gt;patroller&lt;/code&gt; as per the point {{tq|Special groups on small wikis}} on [[m:Limits to configuration changes]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:58, 10 October 2026 (UTC)
: If you take a look at the extended content, I also included what I also proposed too. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:19, 6 October 2026 (UTC)
:{{comment}}. The [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] is not recommended for production use, per Mediawiki. On this basis alone we should discontinue use of it. However, we haven't determined if page patrolling is the best replacement. There are [[mw:Content approval extensions|alternative extensions]] and the mediawiki page for FlaggedRevs specifically recommends [[mw:Extension:Approved Revs|'''Approved Revs extension''']]. We should determine which of page patrolling or these extensions is the most appropriate antivandalism tool first. (after all, according to [[Help:Tracking_changes#Reviewing_pages]], the purpose of FlaggedRevs is to be &quot;our primary counter-vandalism tool&quot;). --[[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:48, 7 October 2026 (UTC)
:: Approved Revs would require significant testing and approval per [[mw:Writing an extension for deployment]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:35, 7 October 2026 (UTC)

== Disable (some) page creation by temporary accounts ==
Creating a new book, or adding a chapter to an existing book, is a significant action, and users performing this action should be available to discuss it. Additionally, in practice, most page creations by temp accounts are out of scope, if not outright vandalism. (See https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;type=create for some examples.)

As such, I'd like to propose that the wiki require a registered account to create pages in any non-talk namespace. Temporary accounts will still be able to edit existing pages, or to create talk pages to start discussions. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
: From a technical point of view, this would require moving &lt;code&gt;createpage&lt;/code&gt; from unregistered users (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) to registered users (&lt;code&gt;user&lt;/code&gt;), but that would mean every non-registered user may not be able to create pages in every namespace, but talk pages.
: Another solution would be to add [[mw:Extension:ArticleCreationWorkflow]] to this project, but we don't have a system to create drafts (or similar).
: And a final solution would be to create an edit filter disallowing unregistered users from creating pages in mainspace. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:43, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
:: Just to note, please read the first point of [[m:Limits to configuration changes#Changes that are likely to be declined]] (Disable non-autoconfirmed page creation). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:50, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
:::What I'm proposing is that we require a registered account for page creation, not autoconfirmed. enwiki (as well as a few other wikis) already use this configuration - it's not new. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:58, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
:::: Okay, but I provided some alternatives above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:06, 1 October 2026 (UTC)
: In that case, I have no objections here. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:03, 6 October 2026 (UTC)
:I would propose the use of autoconfirmed, to better patrol new pages that are being created. There are countless advertisement pages being created on Wikibooks, usually in the user's userpage. The use of a registered account proposed by Omphalographer therefore may have some limitations. I agree with the proposal to make new pages strictly autoconfirmed. If a user wishes to create a page, there could be a feature for reviewers/patrollers to check such pages that are being created. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:36, 9 October 2026 (UTC)
:: You might want to read my point about limits to configuration changes. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:53, 9 October 2026 (UTC)
:Why turn off potential good contributors by telling them they must register AND log-in in order to contribute? The problem at Wikibooks right now is the dearth of contributions, not vandalism, I think (?). 
:* Anons are already precluded from editing pages that have been &quot;protected&quot; by admins. 
:* Anon user contributions are automatically marked for Review before they become public
:* There are less than 500 anon accounts that have contributed more than one edit to Wikibooks? 
:Is it really necessary to stop us from contributing to Wikibooks? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 00:19, 10 October 2026 (UTC)
:: {{ping|~2026-40500-29}} The initial question was not whether registered accounts can contribute, it is whether temporary accounts can create pages. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:48, 10 October 2026 (UTC)
:::Isn't the creation of new pages a subset of potential contributions to Wikibooks? Are you saying that some members in good standing of this community are only allowed to correct obvious spelling and grammar mistakes by others? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 19:23, 11 October 2026 (UTC)
:Limiting page creation to registered users might reduce new spam/promotional/out of scope pages. I disagree with 2026-405000-29 that requiring account registration is unnecessarily burdensome for new editors. 
:I don't know where the number &gt;500 anon accounts have contributed more than one edit comes from and it seems unlikely to me: that would mean there have only been 23 anon editors per year since wikibooks was founded. Looking at Special:RecentChanges there seems to be four or five anon editors a day. 
:Overall I think it is a reasonable restriction. I can't speak to the technical aspects of this change (re configuration changes, vs. autoconfirmed patrolling, etc) but if it is easy to implement I support it. [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 10:13, 12 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Hypofractionation in Prostate Cancer'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Randomized==
*'''PROFIT (Ontario)''' (2006-2011) -- 78/39 (2.0 Gy/fx) vs 60/20 (3.0 Gy/fx)
**Randomized. 1206 patients, intermediate risk. ADT not allowed. Arm 1) 78/39 vs Arm 2) 60/20, IMRT encouraged but 3D-CRT allowed, IGRT required, CTV included proximal seminal vesicles for some patients.
**'''2017''' {{PMID|28296582}} -- &quot;Randomized Trial of a Hypofractionated Radiation Regimen for the Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Catton CN, Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2017 March 15). Median F/U 6.0 years
***Outcome: 5-year biochemical failure DFS conventional 85% vs hypofx 85% (HR 0.96 - meeting noninferiority criteria)
***Toxicity: Late GI G2 conventional 11% vs hypofx 7.4% (SS), GU G2 19% vs 20% (NSS)
***Conclusion: In intermediate risk prostate cancer hypofractionated treatment not inferior to conventional fractionation for efficacy, not associated with increased toxicity.

*'''CHHiP (UK)''' (2002-2011) -- 74/37 (2.0 Gy/fx) vs 60/20 (3.0 Gy/fx) vs 57/19 (3.0 Gy/fx)  - 1:1:1 randomization
**Randomized. 3216 patients, 73% intermediate risk, 15% low risk, 12% high risk. Short term ADT (optional for low risk), IMRT and IGRT required, Proximal or entire seminal vesicles (depending on risk) were treated to a lower dose in an initial field (48 Gy for 60 Gy arm).
**'''2016''' {{PMID|27339115}} -- &quot;Conventional Versus Hypofractionated High-dose Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: 5-year outcomes of the randomized, non-inferiority, phase 3 CHHIiP Trial.&quot; (Dearnaley D, Lancet Oncology. 2016 August). Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: 5-year biochemical/clinical failure free: 74Gy 88.3%, 60Gy 90.6%, 57Gy 85.9% (60Gy met non-inferiority, 57Gy arm did not)
***Toxicity: No significant differences in 5-year clinician reported or patient reported side effects. Late GI G2 or higher - 74Gy 13.7%, 60Gy 11.9, 57Gy 11.3%; GU G2 or higher 74Gy 9.1%, 60Gy 11.7%, 57Gy 6.6%. 
***Conclusion: Hypofractionated radiotherapy using 60 Gy in 20 fractions is non-inferior to conventional fractionation.

*'''HYPRO (Dutch Cancer Society)''' (2007-2010) -- 78.0/39 (2.0 Gy/fx) vs 64.6/19 (3.4 Gy/fx - 3 fx per week)
**Randomized. 820 patients, intermediate-high risk, ADT optional (64% received ADT, usually long-term), SV treated according to risk, to a lower dose (cone down after 16 fx or SIB)
**'''2016''' {{PMID|27339116}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for patients with localized prostate cancer (HYPRO): final efficacy results from a randomized, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial.&quot; (Incrocci L, Lancet Oncol 2016 Aug 17). Median F/U 5 years.
***Outcome: 5-yr relapse-free survival conventional 77%, hypofx 80% (NSS)
***Conclusion: Hypofractionated radiation does not have superior outcomes at 5-years.
**'''2016''' {{PMID|26968359}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for patients with prostate cancer (HYPRO): late toxicity results from a randomized, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial.&quot; (Aluwini S, Lancet Oncol 2016 Apr 17). Median F/U 5 years. 
***Toxicity: 3-yr Grade &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;2 GI conventional 17.7%, hypofx 21.9, 3-yr Grade &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;2 GU conventional 39%, hypofx 41.3%, neither met non-inferiority criteria. 
***Conclusion: Could not confirm that hypofractionation non-inferior to conventional radiation for late toxicity. 

*'''RTOG 0415 (NRG)''' (2006-2009) -- 73.8/41 (1.8 Gy/fx) vs 70/28 (2.5 Gy/fx)
**Randomized. 1115 patients, low risk (GS 2-6, PSA &gt;10 ng/ml, T1b-T2c). ADT not allowed. Arm 1) 73.8/41 vs Arm 2) 70/28, 3D-CRT or IMRT allowed, IGRT required, CTV = prostate only (no SV).
**'''2016''' {{PMID|27044935}} -- &quot;Randomized Phase III Noninferiority Study Comparing Two Radiotherapy Fractionation Schedules in Patients With Low-Risk Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Lee WR, Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2016 April 4). Median F/U 5.8 years
***Outcome: 5-year DFS conventional 85.3% vs hypofx 86.3% (HR 0.85 - meeting noninferiority criteria)
***Toxicity: Late GI G2 conventional 11% vs hypofx 18% (SS), GU G2 21% vs 26% (SS)
***Conclusion: In low-risk prostate cancer hypofractionated treatment noninferior to conventional fractionation for efficacy, but increased late GI and GU toxicity.

*'''MD Anderson''' (2001-2010) -- 75.6/42 (1.8 Gy/fx) vs 72/30 (2.4 Gy/fx)
**Randomized. 222 patients, localized prostate cancer (71% intermediate risk, 1% high risk), 24% received ADT. RT to prostate and proximal SV. 
**'''2014''' {{PMID|24661661}} -- &quot;Risk of Late Toxicity in Men Receiving Dose-Escalated Hypofractionated Intensity Modulated Prostate Radiation Therapy: Results from a Randomized Trial.&quot; (Hoffman K, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014 Apr). Median F/U 6.0 years.
***Toxicity: 5-yr toxicity &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;2 GI conventional 5.1%, hypofx 10.0% (P=0.11), &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;2 GU 16.5%, hypofx 15.8% (NSS)
***Conclusion: Hypofractionation safe; minimizing moderate and high-dose rectal constraints may decrease late rectal toxicity. 

*'''Italy, Regina Elena NCI Rome''' (2003-2007) -- 80/40 (2 Gy/fx) vs 62/20 (3.1 Gy/fx)
**Randomized. 168 patients, high-risk (GS 8-10, PSA &gt;20 ng/ml, or 2+ of PSA 10-20, T &amp;ge; T2c, GS7), but PSA &amp;le; 100. All patients neoadjuvant/concurrent/adjuvat ADT x9 months. Arm 1) 3D-CRT 80/40 vs Arm 2) 3D-CRT 62/20, CTV = prostate + SV.
**'''2017''' {{PMID|28355113}} -- &quot;Moderate Hypofractionation in High-Risk, Organ-Confined Prostate Cancer: Final Results of a Phase III Randomized Trial.&quot; (Arcangeli G, JCO 2017 March). Median F/U 9 years
***Outcome: 10-year bPFS conventional 65% vs hypofx 72% (NSS)
***Toxicity: Freedom from &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt; G2 GI conventional 84, hypofx 86.5%, freedom from &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt; G2 GU conventional 79%, hypofx 86% (NSS)
***Conclusion: Failed to show superiority of hypofractionation for either reducing toxicity or improving efficacy. 
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20047800}} -- &quot;A Prospective Phase III Randomized Trial of Hypofractionation Versus Conventional Fractionation in Patients with High-Risk Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Arcangeli G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Jan 2. [Epub ahead of print]). Median F/U 2.7 years
***Outcome: 3-year bPFS conventional 79% vs hypofx 87% (SS); very high risk subset (GS 8-10, PSA &amp;ge; 20, or &amp;ge; T2c) 76% vs 88% (SS)
***Toxicity: 3-year late GI G2 conventional 16% vs hypofx 17%, GU G2 11% vs 14%
***Conclusion: Hypofractionated schedule superior for biochemical control, comparable for late toxicity

*'''Vilnius University, Lituania''' (2004-ongoing) -- 74/37 (2 Gy/fx) vs. 57/17 (3 Gy/fx + 4.5 Gy/fx)
**Randomized. 91 patients, clinically localized prostate cancer, risk of SV/LN involvement &lt;15%. No neoadjuvant ADT. Arm 1) 74/37 vs. Arm 2) 57/17 (39/13 + 18/4). CTV = prostate + base SV. PTV margin 8-10 mm. 3D-CRT using 5 fields
**'''Acute Toxicity; 2009''' {{PMID|19899003}} -- &quot;A randomized trial comparing hypofractionated and conventionally fractionated three-dimensional external-beam radiotherapy for localized prostate adenocarcinoma : a report on acute toxicity.&quot; (Norkus D, Strahlenther Onkol. 2009 Nov;185(11):715-21. Epub  2009 Nov 10.) Min F/U 3 months
***Toxicity: No acute G3-4 toxicity. GU Grade 2 toxicity HFRT 19% vs. CFRT 48% (SS). Median duration of GI acute toxicity 3 weeks vs 6 weeks (SS)
***Conclusion: Hypofractionated schedule feasible, lower acute toxicity
**'''1-year; 2009''' {{PMID|19605967}} -- &quot;A randomized trial comparing hypofractionated and conventionally fractionated three-dimensional conformal external-beam radiotherapy for localized prostate adenocarcinoma: a report on the first-year biochemical response.&quot; (Norkus D, Medicina (Kaunas). 2009;45(6):469-75.)
***Outcome: 1-year PSA nadir &lt;1.0 HFRT54% vs. CFRT 50% (NS); 1-year PSA nadir &lt;0.5 18% vs. 25% (NS)
***Conclusion: Preliminary results suggest comparable biochemical response

*'''Fox Chase''' -- 76/38 (2 Gy/fx) vs. 70.2/26 (2.7 Gy/fx)
**Randomized. (2002-2006) Intermediate-high risk. Neoadjuvant ADH x4 months permitted. Arm 1) conventional 76/38 (@ 2 Gy/fx) vs. Arm 2) hypofractionated 70.2/26 @ 2.7 Gy/fx)
**'''2013''' {{PMID|24101042}} -- &quot;Randomized Trial of Hypofractionated External-Beam Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Pollack A, JCO 2013 Nov). Median F/U 5.7 years. 303 patients. 
***Toxicity: No statistically significant differences in late toxicity for overall group, but subgroup with &quot;compromised&quot; urinary function prior to treatment had 2-yr GU &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;2 conventional 5%, hypofx 10.6% (SS)
***Outcome: 5-yr biochemical/clinical failure conventional 21.4%, hypofx 23.3% (NSS)
***Conclusion: Hypofx not superior for efficacy, may cause more toxicity in men with significant urinary symptoms prior to treatment. 
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16242256}} -- &quot;Dosimetry and preliminary acute toxicity in the first 100 men treated for prostate cancer on a randomized hypofractionation dose escalation trial.&quot; (Pollack A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Feb 1;64(2):518-26. Epub 2005 Oct 19.)
***Toxicity: Slight increase in acute GI toxicity, no difference in GU toxicity
***Conclusion: Hypofractionation well tolerated acutely

*'''Mount Vernon, UK''' (1997-2005) -- 55/20 vs 35.75/13 + 17/2
**Randomized. 220 patients, prostate cancer T1-T3M0 (T3 26%), PSA &lt;50. Arm 1) EBRT 55/20 vs Arm 2) EBRT 35.75/13 + HDR 17/2. ADT 76%.
**'''Initial; 2007''' {{PMID|17531335}} -- &quot;High dose rate brachytherapy in combination with external beam radiotherapy in the radical treatment of prostate cancer: initial results of a randomised phase three trial.&quot; (Hoskin PJ, Radiother Oncol. 2007 Aug;84(2):114-20. Epub 2007 May 24.) Median F/U 1.25
***Outcome: Mean bRFS combined modality 5.1 years vs EBRT 4.3 years (SS). Improvement seen in all risk groups
***Toxicity: Acute GI toxicity better in combined group, other acute and late toxicities comparable. QoL FACT-P score better in combined group
***Conclusion: HDR brachytherapy + EBRT results in improved outcome with less acute toxicity and improved QoL

*'''Adelaide''' (Australia)(1996-2003) -- 64/32 (2 Gy/fx) vs. 55/20 (2.75 Gy/fx)
**Randomized. 217 patients, T1-2N0 PCA. No ADT. Arm 1) conventional 64/32 vs. Arm 2) hypofractionated 55/20. 
**'''4-years; 2006''' {{PMID|16965866}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiation therapy for prostate carcinoma: updated results of a phase III randomized trial. (Yeoh EE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 15;66(4):1072-83. Epub 2006 Sep 11.) Median F/U 4 years
***Outcome: 5-year biochemical/clinical PFS conventional 55% vs. hypofractionated 57% (NS), OS 84% vs 86% (NS)
***Toxicity: GI urgency worse with hypofractionation, otherwise (NS). GU significantly worse with hypofractionation
***Conclusion: Hypofractionated schedule equivalent in efficacy, toxicity somewhat worse
**'''Colonic motility; 2010''' {{PMID|20153122}} -- &quot;Disturbed Colonic Motility Contributes to Anorectal Symptoms and Dysfunction After Radiotherapy for Carcinoma of the Prostate.&quot; (Yeoh EK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Feb 10. [Epub ahead of print])
***Subset analysis, 38 patients, colonic transit scintigraphy, assessment of anorectal symptoms, anal sphincteric morphology (EUS) before, at 1 month and at 1 year
***Outcome: Colonic transit increased at 1 month and persisted at 1 year after RT. Frequency and urgency of defecation, fecal incontinence, and rectal bleeding increased at 1 month and persisted at 1 year. No difference in basal anal pressures, but progressive reduction in anal squeeze pressure and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Progressive decreased rectal compliance. No impact on morphology of anal sphincters
***Conclusion: Colonic dysmotility contributes to anorectal dysfunction after RT for prostate CA

*'''NCI Canada''' (1995-1998) -- 66/33 (2 Gy/fx) vs. 52.5/20 (2.62 Gy/fx)
**Randomized. 936 men, T1-T2, PSA &lt;40, no AST. Technique 3D-CRT, 4F
**'''5-years; 2005''' {{PMID|16135479}} -- &quot;Randomized trial comparing two fractionation schedules for patients with localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Lukka H, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 1;23(25):6132-8.). Median F/U 5.7 years
***Outcome: 5-year FFP standard 47% vs. hypofractionated 40% (NS); no difference in post-RT biopsy rate or OS
***Toxicity: Grade 3 late toxicity 3.2% both arms (NS)
***Conclusion: Current hypofractionated regimen may be inferior to standard fractionation

==Non-randomized==
*'''Princess Margaret''' (2001-2005)
**'''Long-term Results; 2017''' {{PMID|27838147}} -- &quot;Long-term Outcomes of a Phase II Trial of Moderate Hypofractionated Image-guided Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IG-IMRT) for Localized Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Lieng H, Radiotherapy and Oncology 2017 Jan 122(1):93-98)
***Phase II. 96 treated with 60 Gy in 20 fx (median F/U 10.6 years), 27 treated with 66 Gy in 22 fx (median F/U 9 years). 66 Gy arm stopped early due to high late G3-4 toxicity. 
***Toxicity: 60Gy: 8 yr cumulative late Grade &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;2 GI 4%, GU 12%; 66 Gy 8 yr cumulative late Grade &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;2 GI 21%, GU 4%
***Outcome: 5-yr FFBF 60Gy 81%, 66Gy 88%; 8-yr FFBF 60Gy 66%, 66Gy 80%
***Conclusion: 60 Gy had low late toxicity, although there were late recurrences. 66 Gy arm had high late toxicity. 
**'''Initial Results; 2007''' {{PMID|17606331}} -- &quot;Phase II Trial of Hypofractionated Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Adenocarcinoma.&quot; (Martin JM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 15;69(4):1084-9. Epub 2007 Jul 2.)
***Phase II. 92 patients with T1c-T2c, median PSA 7, GS &lt;=7 (32% low risk, 61% intermediate risk, 7% high risk). RT 60/20 @ 3 Gy/fx. Median F/U 3.2 years 
***Toxicity: Acute G3-4 toxicity in &lt;1%; Late toxicity no G3-4
***Outcome: 3-year bNED (old ASTRO definition) 76%
***Conclusion: HFX-RT feasible, low toxicity, bNED comparable to conventional

*'''Christie Hospital, UK; 2009''' (2002-2003) {{PMID|19131179}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy for carcinoma of the prostate: analysis of toxicity.&quot; (Coote JH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jul 15;74(4):1121-7. Epub 2009 Jan 7.)
**Phase I/II. 60 patients, high risk prostate cancer, T3N0 with any GS and PSA &lt;=50, or T2N0 GS &gt;=7 and PSA 20-50. ADT 6 months. Cohort I 57/19 -&gt; Cohort II 60/20. PTV expansion 0.7 posterior, 1 cm otherwise. IMRT 5 fields.
**Acute toxicity: No Grade 3-4 GI/GU; Grade 2 GI 15%; Grade 2 GU 10%
**Late toxicity (2 years): Grade 3 GU 4% (1 patient), no Grade 3 GI; Grade 2 GI 9%, Grade 2 GU 4%. LENT/SOMA general worsening of bowel function
**Conclusion: Hypofractionated IMRT minimal late toxicity at 2 years

*'''Colorado; 2009''' {{PMID|19362783}} -- &quot;Toxicity Assessment of Pelvic Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy with Hypofractionated Simultaneous Integrated Boost to Prostate for Intermediate- and High-Risk Prostate Cancer.&quot; (McCammon R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Apr 11. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 30 patients. Pelvic IMRT 50.4/28 with simultaneous integrated boost 70/28 @ 2.5 Gy/fx. Median F/U 2 years
**Toxicity: Late Grade 3 in 2/30 patients, Grade 4 in 1/30 patients. Bowel toxicity associated with bowel volume &gt;= 50 Gy
**Conclusion: Well tolerated

*'''Italy Multi-Institutional; 2008''' (2004-2006) {{PMID|18538488}} -- &quot;Clinical and Dosimetric Predictors of Acute Toxicity after a 4-Week Hypofractionated External Beam Radiotherapy Regimen for Prostate Cancer: Results from a Multicentric Prospective Trial.&quot; (Arcangeli S, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jun 4. [Epub ahead of print])
**Phase II. 102 patients, 3 institutions. RT 56/16 @ 3.5 Gy/fx
**Toxicity: GU Grade 2 39%, Grade 3+ 4%; GI Grade 2 38%, no Grade 3+
**Conclusion: Acute GU and GI toxicity comparable to other series

*'''Montreal; 2008''' (2001-2002) {{PMID|18406883}} -- &quot;Combined hypofractionated radiation and hormone therapy for the treatment of intermediate-risk prostate cancer.&quot; (Yassa M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 May 1;71(1):58-63.)
**Phase II. 42 patients, intermediate-risk PCA. RT 57/19 @ 3 Gy/fx. Neoadjuvant/concomitant ADT. Median F/U 3.8 years
**Outcome: 4-year bPFS 79%
**Toxicity: Grade 3 8%
**Conclusion: Hypofractionation with concomitant ADT is well tolerated

*'''US Multi-Institutional''' [http://www.asco.org/ac/1,1003,_12-002636-00_18-0037-00_19-0020303,00.asp 2005 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;A multi-institutional phase I/II trial of hypofractionated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Ritter MA, ASCO 2005)
**Dose escalation. The planned HFX levels I, II and III are 64.7 Gy/ 22 fx @ 2.94 Gy, 58.08 Gy/ 16 fx @ 3.63 Gy, and 51.6 Gy/ 12 fx @ 4.3 Gy. Three increasingly HFX levels were designed per LQ modeling to maintain constant predicted late toxicity relative to 76 Gy in 38 fractions. IMRT is used.
**Conclusion: First level completed, low level toxicity. Accrual for higher levels ongoing

*'''Cleveland Clinic; 2007''' (1998-2005) {{PMID|17544601}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy (70 Gy at 2.5 Gy per fraction) for localized prostate cancer: Cleveland Clinic experience.&quot; (Kupelian PA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Aug 1;68(5):1424-30. Epub 2007 Jun 4.)
**Retrospective. 770 patients, localized PCA. RT 70/28. Median F/U 3.7 years
**Outcome: 5-year bPFS 82%; low risk 95%, intermediate risk 85%, high risk 68%
**Late Toxicity: GI Grade 3+ 1%, GU Grade 3+ 5%
**Conclusion: Acceptable outcomes and toxicity

*'''Christie Hospital, UK; 2009''' (1995-1998) {{PMID|14630259}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated conformal radiotherapy in carcinoma of the prostate: five-year outcome analysis.&quot; (Livsey JE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Dec 1;57(5):1254-9.)
**Retrospective. 705 men with T1-T4N0 PCA, 4F conformal RT, dose 50/16 @ 3.13 Gy/fx. No ADT. Median PSA 13 ng/ml. Median F/U 4 years
**Outcome: 5-year bPFS low risk (T1-T2 or PSA &lt;=10 or GS &lt;7) 82%, intermediate (1 risk) 56%, high risk (2-3 risks) 39%
**Toxicity: Grade 2+ GI 5% and GU 9%
**Conclusion: Similar tumor control and toxicity to standard 65-70 Gy. However, now treating on a dose-escalation trial due to other evidence for higher dose benefit

*'''St. Thomas Hospital; 1991''' (UK)(1964-1984) {{PMID|2069876}} -- &quot;Radical external beam radiotherapy for localised carcinoma of the prostate using a hypofractionation technique.&quot; (Collins CD, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1991 May;3(3):127-32.)
**Retrospective. 232 patients, clinically localized PCA. RT 36/6
**Conclusion: Comparable results to other series, early and late morbidity acceptable

==SBRT==
===Clinical: Definitive===
*'''Yale / Medicare review''' (2008-2011) -- Retrospective
**'''Toxicity; 2014''' -- &quot;Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Versus Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Comparison of Toxicity.&quot; (Yu JB, J Clin Oncol -- online before print, 2014 Mar 10.)
***Medicare database. Compared pts receiving SBRT (n=1335) vs IMRT (n=2670). Pts were matched with those with similar follow-up time. Reviewed claims indicative of GU toxicity (urethritis, incontinence, obstruction). 
***Mean treatment cost $13,645 for SBRT vs $21,023 for IMRT.
***At 6 months: GU toxicity rate 15.6% SBRT vs 12.6% IMRT (OR 1.29; SS). At 24 months, 43.9% vs 36.3% (OR 1.38, SS). on.
***Conclusion: &quot;Although SBRT was associated with lower treatment costs, there appears to be a greater rate of GU toxicity for patients undergoing SBRT compared with IMRT, and prospective correlation with randomized trials is needed.&quot;

*'''Winthrop University, USA; 2010''' (2006-2008) {{PMID|20122161}} -- &quot;Stereotactic body radiotherapy for organ-confined prostate cancer.&quot; (Katz AJ, BMC Urol. 2010 Feb 1;10(1):1. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 304 patients, clinically localized PCA (low risk 69%, intermediate risk 27%, high risk 4%). SBRT dose 35/5 (first 50 patients, 16%) or 36.25/5 (84%). Median F/U 2.5 years for 35/5 cohort and 17 months for 36.25/5 cohort
**Outcome: PSA failure in 4 patients. PSA bounce 16%
**Toxicity: No acute Grade 3+ toxicity. Acute Grade 2 toxicity 5%. One patient late G3 GU toxicity. Late G2 GU toxicity 6%, G2 GI toxicity 3%
**Conclusion: Low toxicity and maintained QoL; additional F/U needed for biochemical control

*'''Drexel University; 2010''' {{PMID|20065849}} -- &quot;Toxicity After CyberKnife-Delivered Hypofractionated Radiotherapy for Treatment of Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Townsend NC, Am J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 50 patients, of which 37 treated with 35/5 to 37.5/5, and 11 patients treated as boost 17.6 to 25 Gy in 2-5 fractions
**Outcome: Acute GU toxicity Grade 2 in 10%, Grade 3 in 6%. No acute GI Grade 2-3 toxicity
**Conclusion: Cyberknife RT acceptable acute toxicity profile

*'''Naples Radiation Oncology, USA; 2009''' (2005-2006) {{PMID|19754215}} -- &quot;Stereotactic body radiotherapy: an emerging treatment approach for localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Friedland JL, Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2009 Oct;8(5):387-92.)
**Retrospective. 112 men, localized PCA (GS 6 in 81%, mean PSA 6.0). Cyberknife RT 35-36/5 @ 7-7.2 Gy/fx. Median F/U 2 years
**Outcome: bPFS 98% (2 biopsy-confirmed local relapse, 1 distant mets)
**Toxicity: Grade 3 GI (bleeding) in 1 patients. Sexual potency in 82%
**Conclusion: Additional follow-up is required

*'''Stanford''' (2003-2008)
**Phase II. Men with low risk PCA (cT1c-T2b, PSA &lt;=10, GS &lt;=6; GS 7 allowed if 1-2/12 cores ). Cyberknife RT 36.25/5 @ 7.25 G/fx; initially over 5 days, then 3x/week. End points early and late GI and GU toxicity, QoL, and patterns of PSA response 
**'''2006''' &lt;u&gt;ASTRO Abstract&lt;/u&gt; -- &quot;Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: Early Results&quot; (Hara W, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 66(3):S324, Abstract 2206)
***Interim update. 26 patients. 
***Outcome: 18-month PSA 0.22, bounce in 23%
***Toxicity: Late GU Grade 2 4%, late rectal Grade 2 0%; no Grade 3-4
***Conclusion: Acute sequelae for SBRT acceptable; early PSA results promising
**'''Interim; 2009''' {{PMID|18755555}} -- &quot;Stereotactic body radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: interim results of a prospective phase II clinical trial.&quot; (King CR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Mar 15;73(4):1043-8. Epub 2008 Aug 26.)
***Interim update. 56 patients enrolled, 41 analyzed. Median F/U 2.7 years
***Outcome: No PSA failure so far. 78% nadir &lt;0.4 ng/ml. PSA bounce (median 0.4 ng/ml) in 29%, occurring at median 18 months after treatment
***Toxicity: Late GU Grade 3 toxicity 5%, no Grade 4. No late GI Grade 3 toxicity. Reduced rectal toxicity with 3/week vs 5/week treatments (0% vs. 38%, SS).
***Conclusion: Early and late toxicity, and PSA response highly encouraging
**'''Sexual fn; 2010''' {{PMID|20137864}} -- &quot;Sexual Function after Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: Results of a Prospective Clinical Trial.&quot; (Wiegner EA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Feb 3. [Epub ahead of print])
***Subset analysis, 32 consecutive patients. EPIC QoL scale, at baseline, and at 4, 12, 20, and 50 months after RT. No ADT. Median F/U 3 years, min F/U 1 year
***Outcome: Mean EPIC score decreased for sexual domain summary by 45%, sexual function by 49%, and sexual bother by 25%. Decrease became clinically relevant by 20 months after SBRT. ED increased from baseline 38% to 71% (SS); use of ED meds baseline 3% increased to 25%. Satisfactory ED by age if &lt;70 60% vs. &gt;70 12% (SS)
***Conclusion: Rates of ED appear comparable to other reported modalities of RT

*'''Messina, Italy; 2009''' {{PMID|19246151}} -- &quot;CyberKnife in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Revolutionary System.&quot; (Morgia G, Eur Urol. 2009 Feb 23. [Epub ahead of print])
**Brief report. 6 patients. Cyberknife RT. Dose 38/4 @ 9.5 Gy/fx

*'''Seoul; 2007''' (2002-2005) &lt;u&gt;ASTRO Abstract&lt;/u&gt; -- &quot;Stereotactic Radiation Therapy of Localized Prostate Cancer Using Cyberknife&quot; (Choi C, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 69(3):S375, Abstract 2307)
**Retrospective. 44 patients, 10 low risk, 9 intermediate risk, 25 high risk. RT 32-36/4.  Median F/U 13 months
**Outcome: 3-year bPFS 78%, OS 100%
**Conclusion: Cyberknife feasible

*'''Virginia Mason; 2007''' (2000-2004) {{PMID|17336216}} -- &quot;Stereotactic hypofractionated accurate radiotherapy of the prostate (SHARP), 33.5 Gy in five fractions for localized disease: first clinical trial results.&quot; (Madsen BL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Mar 15;67(4):1099-105.)
**Phase I/II. 40 patients, localized PCA. SBRT 33.5/5 in 5 days. Median F/U 3.4 years
**Outcome: Actuarial 4-year bPFS (ASTRO) 70%, (nadir+2) 90% 
**Toxicity: Late G1-2 toxicity GU 45%, GI 37%; no Grade 3-4 toxicity; impotence 23%
**Conclusion: SBRT feasible, with minimal toxicity

===Clinical: Boost===
*'''Barcelona; 2009''' (2001-2004) {{PMID|19910135}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated Boost to the Dominant Tumor region with Intensity Modulated Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: A Sequential Dose Escalation Pilot Study.&quot; (Miralbell R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Nov 10. [Epub ahead of print])
**Phase I. 50 patients. Initial conventional 3D-CRT/IMRT 64-64.4 in 1.8-2 Gy/fx, follwed by SBRT boost. 10/2 -&gt; 12/2 -&gt; 14/2 -&gt; 16/2 @ 8 Gy/fx. Rectal balloon with 60 cc air. ADT 66%. 
**Outcome: 5-year bDFS 98%
**Toxicity: 5-year Grade 2+ GI 28%, Grade 2+ GU 18% and not correlated with dose
**Conclusion: Hypofractionated boost dose escalation is feasible, with excellent outcomes and acceptable long-term toxicity
**Comment: See {{PMID|19250768}} for same institution, concurrent protocol on HDR boost

===Dosimetry===
*'''UC San Francisco''' 
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18841856}} -- &quot;Simulated real time image guided intrafraction tracking-delivery for hypofractionated prostate IMRT.&quot; (Hossain S, Med Phys. 2008 Sep;35(9):4041-8.)
***Treatment planning. Review of intrafraction prostate movements during 50-70 min Cyberknife treatment time, then virtually treated with IMRT plan based on the observed motion over time. Nominal single fraction 9.5 Gy
***Outcome: For most cases, DVH impact minimal (~2%). However, with sporadic movements &gt;5mm, significant change. V100 could be reduced to &lt;85%
***Conclusion: Due to observed large amplitude sporadic prostate motion, online target correction is necessary for hypofractionated IMRT-SBRT
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20133073}} -- &quot;Dose Gradient Near Target-Normal Structure Interface for Nonisocentric CyberKnife and Isocentric Intensity-Modulated Body Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Hossain S, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Feb 2. [Epub ahead of print])
***Treatment planning. 8 patients treated with Cyberknife replanned with 9-field IMRT
***Outcome: CK plans better conformity (1.18 vs 1.44) but higher dose inhomogeneity (1.45 vs 1.28). Dose fall-off posterior CK 2.9%/mm vs IMRT 3.1%/mm, all directions 3.6%/mm vs 3.6%/mm
***Conclusion: Cyberknife capable of producing comparable dose gradient as IMRT

*'''San Diego CyberKnife Center; 2008''' {{PMID|18374232}} -- &quot;Virtual HDR CyberKnife treatment for localized prostatic carcinoma: dosimetry comparison with HDR brachytherapy and preliminary clinical observations.&quot; (Fuller DB, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Apr 1;70(5):1588-97.)
**Dosimetry. 10 patients treated with CyberKnife. Used HDR protocol 38/4
**Comparison: CK had comparable PTV, less V125 and V150, lower urethral dose, lower bladder Dmax but slower dose fall-off, similar rectal doses, and sharper dose fall-off
**Outcome: 4-month PSA decreased 86%
**Toxicity: acute toxicity mainly GU, IPSS median increase 10 points, return to baseline by 8 weeks, minimal GI toxicity
**Conclusion: It is possible to construct and deliver Cyberknife plans that closely recapitulate HDR dosimetry

*'''Stanford''' 
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18722274}} -- &quot;Intrafractional motion of the prostate during hypofractionated radiotherapy.&quot; (Xie Y, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Sep 1;72(1):236-46.)
**'''2008''' {{PMID|19147028}} -- &quot;Testicular dose from prostate cyberknife: a cautionary note.&quot; (King CR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Apr 1;70(5):1588-97.)
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17472885}} -- &quot;Investigation of linac-based image-guided hypofractionated prostate radiotherapy.&quot; (Pawlicki T, Med Dosim. 2007 Summer;32(2):71-9.)
**Comparison of Varian Trilogy and CyberKnife

*'''Virginia Mason; 2003''' {{PMID|14630263}} -- &quot;Intrafractional stability of the prostate using a stereotactic radiotherapy technique.&quot; (Madsen BL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Dec 1;57(5):1285-91.)
**Retrospective. 47 patients, each with 3 fiducial markers. 227 RT fractions reviewed. Also ragiographs at 6 min intervals
**Outcome: sup/inf 2.0 mm, ant/post 1.9 mm, right/left 1.4 mm. Radiographs 0-6 min 1.5 mm greatest, &gt;6 min 0.9 mm greatest
**Conclusion: Average intrafractional movement 2.0 mm or less. Most movement early, and recommend settling-in period before treatment

===Review===
*'''ASTRO; 2010''' {{PMID|20338473}} -- &quot;Stereotactic body radiotherapy for primary management of early-stage, low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer: report of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Emerging Technology Committee.&quot; (Buyyounouski MK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Apr;76(5):1297-304.)
*'''Stanford; 2007''' {{PMID|17641522}} -- &quot;Prostate cancer therapy with stereotactic body radiation therapy.&quot; (Pawlicki T, Front Radiat Ther Oncol. 2007;40:395-406.)

==Dose Modeling==
*'''Medical College of Wisconsin; 2008''' {{PMID|18039721}} -- &quot;Designing equivalent treatment regimens for prostate radiotherapy based on equivalent uniform dose.&quot; (Li XA, Br J Radiol. 2008 Jan;81(961):59-68. Epub 2007 Nov 26.)
**Modelling. EUD using two sets: a/b = 3.1 Gy and alpha = 0.15 Gy-1; a/b = 1.5 Gy and alpha = 0.04 Gy-1
**Outcome: Multiple equivalent alternative regimens calculated (e.g. EBRT 76/38 == EBRT 63/21 == I-125 156 Gy == Pd-103 128 Gy == HDR 42/4)</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Palliation/Spinal Cord Compression/Randomized</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Spinal Cord Compression Randomized Evidence'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Steroids==
*'''Copenhagen''' -- 96 mg dexamethasone vs. control
**Randomized. 57 patients with spinal cord compression. Arm 1) high-dose dexamethasone (IV bolus 96mg, then 96 mg x3 days, then 10 day taper) vs. Arm 2) no steroids
**'''1994''' {{PMID|8142159}} -- &quot;Effect of high-dose dexamethasone in carcinomatous metastatic spinal cord compression treated with radiotherapy: a randomised trial.&quot; (Sorensen S, Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(1):22-7.)
***Outcome: Gait function dexamethasone 81% vs. control 63%, 6-months later 59% vs. 33%. Median OS no difference
***Toxicity: Significant side effects 11%
***Conclusion: High-dose glucocorticoid therapy should be given as adjunct

*'''Rotterdam''' -- bolus 10 mg IV vs. bolus 100 mg IV
**Randomized. 37 patients with cord compresion. Arm 1) Dexamethasone bolus 10 mg IV vs. Arm 2) dexamethasone bolus 100 mg IV. Both followed by dexamethasone 16 mg daily
**'''1989''' {{PMID|2771077}} -- &quot;Initial bolus of conventional versus high-dose dexamethasone in metastatic spinal cord compression.&quot; (Vecht CJ, Neurology. 1989 Sep;39(9):1255-7.)
***Outcome: Improved neurologic status: moderate 8% vs. high 25% (NS). Overall no difference in pain, ambulation, or bladder function
***Conclusion: No difference
***Comment: Small trial, and clinically significant difference (8% vs. 25%) if real

==Surgery==
*'''Bluegrass Neuro-Oncology Consortium''' (1992-2002) -- Surgery + RT vs. RT alone
**Randomized. ''Stopped early after meeting stopping rule.'' 101 patients, paraplegia &lt;=48 hours. Spinal cord compression from mets (excluded radiosensitive histologies, CNS primary). Decadron 100 mg, then 24 mg Q6. Arm 1) Surgery + RT vs. Arm 2) RT alone. 32 unable to walk (16 vs. 16). RT 30/10, field 8cm wide and one VB above/below lesion. RT started within 14 days post-op, or within 24 hrs of randomization. Endpoint ability to walk. 
**'''2008''' {{PMID|16112300}} -- &quot;Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial.&quot; (Patchell RA, Lancet. 2005 Aug 20-26;366(9486):643-8.)
***Ability to walk: surgery + RT 84% vs. RT alone 57% (SS). Length of response: 122 days vs. 13 days (SS). No improvement: surgery + RT 19% vs. RT alone 62% (SS)
****If ambulatory: Ability to walk 94% vs. 74% (SS); duration of response 153 days vs. 54 days (SS)
****If non-ambulatory: Ability to walk 62% vs. 19% (SS); duration of response 59 days vs. 0 days (SS)
***Cross-over: ambulatory patients treated with RT alone and failed, then treated with surgery: 30% able to walk
***Continence: surgery + RT 156 days vs. RT alone 17 days (SS); OS 126 days vs. 100 days (SS)
***Conclusion: Direct decompression + RT better than RT alone, even for patients who are ambulatory

==RT Dose==
*'''Italy''' (1998-2002) -- 16/2 (over 1 week) vs. 15/3 + 15/5 (over 2 weeks)
**Randomized. 300 patients, short life expectancy (&lt;=6 months), with metastatic spinal cord compression. Dexamethasone 8 mg IV BID, taper after end of RT. Arm 1) Short-course RT (8 Gy x 2 over 7 days) vs Arm 2) Split-course RT (5 Gy x 3, 4 day break, 3 Gy x 5). RT 2 VBs above and below.
**'''2005''' {{PMID|15738534}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Short-Course Versus Split-Course Radiotherapy in Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression: Results of a Phase III, Randomized, Multicenter Trial.&quot; (Maranzano E et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3308-10.) 
***Outcome: Pain relief short 56% vs long 59% (NS), ambulation 68% vs. 71% (NS), bladder function 90% vs. 89% (NS). Median OS 4 months. Recurrence 2%, all in short course
***Toxicity: Grade 1-2 dysphagia 14%, Grade 1-2 diarrhea 7%
***Conclusion: Both regimens effective, short-course more convenient for patients</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Palliation/Brain Metastases/Overview</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Brain Metastases Overview'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Incidence==
*Estimated 170,000 - 200,000 new cases in US per year
*Incidence increasing, likely due to improvements in systemic therapy and greater use of MRI  
*On autopsy, ~10-30% of cancer patients have brain metastases
**Lung cancer 34%, breast cancer 30%, melanoma 72% {{ref|Posner}}
*Metastatic brain tumors 10x more common than primary brain tumors
*Single metastasis = only one lesion in the brain, regardless of extra-cranial status
*Solitary metastasis = CNS metastasis as the only site of disease

==Staging==
*No official staging system exists

==Prognostic Factors==
===Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA)===
Utilize [http://www.brainmetGPA.com www.brainmetGPA.com] for most updated information. Since Sperduto 2012, there have been at least 5 Sperduto papers with updates which are all accounted for in the GPA Index calculator. Looks like last update was in 2017. Bookmark using Safari on your phone to add to homepage as an app. 

* '''All sites now stratify for age''' (except RCC). 
* '''All sites now stratify for presence of extracranial disease'''.
* '''All sites now stratify for number of brain mets''': 
** Lung cancer and RCC now 1-4 / 5+ BM. 
** Melanoma and GI now 1 / 2-3 / 4+ BM. 
** Breast now 1 / 2+ BM.

'''Lung cancer''' now includes histology (AC including EGFR/ALK vs. SqCC), # BM now (1-4 / 5+).

* '''MS up to 4y if EGFR/ALK+''', 1-4 BM only, any age KPS 90+. Note: These numbers likely do not reflect Osimertinib as first line.
* '''MS up to 2y if non-targetable AC''', 1-4 BM only, any age KPS 90+
* '''MS up to 1y if SqCC''', 1-4 BM only, any age KPS 90+.

'''RCC''' now includes Hgb ( &gt; 12 g/dL), # of BM now (1-4 / 5+). Note: The only DS-GPA not accounting for age.

* '''MS up to 3y''' if 1-4 BM only, Hgb ≥ 11.5, KPS 90+.

'''Melanoma''' now includes BRAF positive, # of BM (1 / 2-3 / 4+) and presence of extracranial dz. 

* '''MS up to 3y''' if solitary brain met and BRAF positive.

'''Breast cancer''' now includes number of brain mets (1 / 2+) and presence of extracranial dz. 

* '''MS up to 3y for HER2+'''/LumB/TP if solitary brain met, any age KPS 90+.
* '''MS up to 2y for LumA''' if solitary brain met, any age KPS 90+.
* '''MS up to 2y for TN''' if solitary brain met, &lt; 60y and KPS 70+.
* MS up to 1y for TN if solitary brain met and any age KPS 70+.

'''GI''' now includes number of brain mets (1 / 2-3 / 4+) and presence of extracranial dz. 

* '''MS up to 1.5y''' for solitary brain met and KPS 90+.

&lt;br /&gt;

*'''2012''' (1993-2010) {{PMID|22203767}} -- &quot;Summary report on the graded prognostic assessment: an accurate and facile diagnosis-specific tool to estimate survival for patients with brain metastases.&quot; (Sperduto PW, J Clin Oncol. 2012 Feb 1;30(4):419-25. )
**Retrospective. 3,940 pts from 11 institutions. Updated GPA.

{|border=0
|-
|width=40|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''GPA Criteria For Brain Metastases'''
|-
| Prognostic Factor 
| colspan = &quot;5&quot; align = &quot;center&quot; | Points 
|-
! colspan = &quot;6&quot; | '''NSCLC or SCLC'''
|-
| &amp;nbsp; 
! 0 !! 0.5 !! 1 
! width=&quot;50&quot; | - 
! width=&quot;50&quot; | - 
|-
| Age, years || &gt;60 || 50-60 || &lt;50 || colspan = 2 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| KPS || &lt;70 || 70-80 || 90-100 || colspan = 2 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| ECM || Present || &amp;nbsp; || Absent || colspan = 2 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
|No. of BM || &gt;3 || 2-3 || 1 || colspan = 2 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| Total points
! 0-1 !! 1.5 - 2 !! 2.5 - 3 !! 3.5 - 4 
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;right&quot;
| Median survival (mo.)
| scope = &quot;row&quot; align = &quot;right&quot; | 3.0 || 5.5 || 9.4 || 14.8 || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan = &quot;6&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan = &quot;6&quot; | '''Melanoma '''
|-
| &amp;nbsp; 
! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! - !! - 
|-
| KPS || &lt;70 || 70-80 || 90-100
| colspan = 2 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| No. of BM || &gt;3 || 2-3 || 1
| colspan = 2 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| Total points
! 0-1 !! 1.5 - 2 !! 2.5 - 3 !! 3.5 - 4 
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;right&quot;
| Median survival (mo.)
| 3.4 || 4.7 || 8.8 || 13.2 || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan = &quot;6&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan = &quot;6&quot; | '''Breast'''
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! 0 !! 0.5 !! 1 !! 1.5 !! 2
|-
| KPS || &amp;le;50 || 60 || 70-80 || 90-100 || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| Subtype || Basal || n/a || LumA || HER2 || LumB
|-
| Age || &amp;ge;60 || &lt;60 
| colspan = 3 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| Total points
! 0-1 !! 1.5 - 2 !! 2.5 - 3 !! 3.5 - 4 
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;right&quot;
| Median survival (mo.)
| 3.4 || 7.7 || 15.1 || 25.3 || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan = &quot;6&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan = &quot;6&quot; | '''Renal cell'''
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! - !! - 
|-
| KPS || &lt;70 || 70-80 || 90-100 
| colspan = 2 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| No. of BM || &gt;3 || 2-3 || 1 
| colspan = 2 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| Total points
! 0-1 !! 1.5 - 2 !! 2.5 - 3 !! 3.5 - 4 
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;right&quot;
| Median survival (mo.)
| 3.3 || 7.3 || 11.3 || 14.8 || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan = &quot;6&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | '''GI'''
|-
| &amp;nbsp; 
! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| KPS || &lt;70 || 70 || 80 || 90 || 100
|-
| Total points
! colspan = 2 | 0-1 
! 2 !! 3 !! 4 
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;right&quot;
| Median survival (mo.)
| colspan = 2 | 3.1 
| 4.4 || 6.9 || 13.5 || &amp;nbsp;
|}
|}

*'''2009''' (1985-2007) {{PMID|19942357}} -- &quot;Diagnosis-Specific Prognostic Factors, Indexes, and Treatment Outcomes for Patients with Newly Diagnosed Brain Metastases: A Multi-Institutional Analysis of 4,259 Patients.&quot; (Sperduto PW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Nov 24. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 4,259 patients from 11 institutions. Development of Diagnosis-Specific GPA (DS-GPA)
**Outcome: For NSCLC/SCLC need 4 prognostic factors (age, KPS, ECM, number of brain mets). For renal cell/melanoma need 2 prognostic factors (KPS/number of brain mets). For breast/GI need 1 prognostic factor (KPS)
**Conclusion: Significant prognostic factors varied by diagnosis.
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
{| border=&quot;1&quot; 
|+ '''GPA Criteria For Brain Metastases'''
! Variable !! 0 Points !! 0.5 Points !! 1 Point !! 2 Points !! 3 Points !! 4 Points
|-
! colspan=7 | '''NSCLC/SCLC'''
|-
| Age || align=&quot;center&quot; | &gt;60 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 50-59 || align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;50 || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | -
|-
| KPS || align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;70 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 70-80 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 90-100 || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | -
|-
| No. Cranial Mets || align=&quot;center&quot; | &gt;3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2-3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | -
|-
| Extra-cranial Mets || align=&quot;center&quot; | Present || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | Absent || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | -
|-
| colspan=7 | '''Renal/Melanoma'''
|-
| KPS || align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;70 || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; |  70-80 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 90-100 || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | -
|-
| No. Cranial Mets || align=&quot;center&quot; | &gt;3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2-3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | -
|-
| colspan=7 | '''Breast/GI'''
|-
| KPS || align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;70 || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | 70 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 80 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 90 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 100
|}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{| border=&quot;1&quot; 
|+ '''Median OS Survival (months)'''
! width=&quot;80&quot; | GPA Score !! width=&quot;70&quot; | NSCLC !! width=&quot;70&quot; | SCLC !! width=&quot;70&quot; | Melanoma !! width=&quot;70&quot; | Renal cell !! width=&quot;70&quot; | Breast !! width=&quot;70&quot; | GI
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 0-1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3.0 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2.8 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3.4 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3.3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 6.1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3.1
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1.5-2.5 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 6.5 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 5.3|| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4.7 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 7.3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 9.4 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 4.4
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3.0 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 11.3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 9.6|| align=&quot;center&quot; | 8.8 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 11.3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 16.9 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 6.9
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3.5-4.0 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 14.8 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 17.0|| align=&quot;center&quot; | 13.2 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 14.8 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 18.7 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 13.5
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Overall || align=&quot;center&quot; | 7.0|| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4.9 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 6.7 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 9.6 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 11.9 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 5.4
|}
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
*'''2008''' {{PMID|17931798}} -- &quot;A new prognostic index and comparison to three other indices for patients with brain metastases: an analysis of 1,960 patients in the RTOG database.&quot; (Sperduto PW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Feb 1;70(2):510-4. Epub 2007 Oct 10.)
**Retrospective. 1960 patients enrolled on 5 RTOG trials (7916, 8528, 8905, 9104, 9508). GPA index developed. Comparison of existing indices (GPA vs RPA vs Basic Score vs SIR)
**Outcome: Median OS by GPA 0-1 points 2.6 months; GPA 1.5-2.5 points 3.8 months; GPA 3 points 6.9 months; GPA 3.5-4 points 11.0 months (SS). RPA and GPA best discrimination
**Conclusion: GPA as prognostic as RPA and least subjective/easiest to use
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
{| border=&quot;1&quot; 
|+ '''GPA Criteria For Brain Metastases'''
! Variable !! 0 Points !! 0.5 Points !! 1 Point
|-
| Age || align=&quot;center&quot; | &gt;60 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 50-59 || align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;50 
|-
| KPS || align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;70 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 70-80 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 90-100
|-
| Cranial Mets || align=&quot;center&quot; | &gt;3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2-3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
|-
| Extra-cranial Mets || align=&quot;center&quot; | Present || align=&quot;center&quot; | - || align=&quot;center&quot; | Absent
|}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{| border=&quot;1&quot; 
|+ '''GPA Survival'''
! GPA Score !! Median OS
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 0-1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2.6 months 
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1.5-2.5 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3.8 months
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3.0 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 6.9 months
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3.5-4.0 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 11.0 months
|}
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===Recursive Partitioning Analysis (RPA)===
*'''1997 RTOG''' (1979-1993) - {{PMID|9128946}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) brain metastases trials.&quot; Gaspar L et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Mar 1;37(4):745-51.
**Analysis of factors related to outcome in previous RTOG brain metastasis trials (RTOG 79-16, 85-28, 89-05). About 1/2 of pts had solitary mets.


{| border=&quot;1&quot; 
|+ '''RPA Stages For Brain Metastases'''
! Stage !! Characteristics !! Median Survival (mo)
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | I || KPS &gt;=70, age &lt;65, primary controlled, no other extracranial mets || align=&quot;center&quot; | 7.1
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | II || all others || align=&quot;center&quot; | 4.2
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | III || KPS &lt;70 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2.3
|}


*RPA validation study using RTOG 91-04 - {{PMID|10863071}}
*RPA does not predict survival with 4 or more brain metastases (Germany) - {{PMID|12540980}}


'''Number of Mets'''
*'''RTOG 7916''' {{PMID|8420868}} -- ''CT characteristics of patients with brain metastases treated in RTOG study 79-16.'' (Swift PS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Jan 15;25(2):209-14.)
**Pre- and post-treatment CT analysis for prognostic factors
**Improved survival: &lt;=3 mets (especially for RPA Stage I patients)

==Natural history (no treatment)==
Duration of survival with symptomatic mets:
*without treatment - one month{{ref|2}}; 
*with steroids - two months{{ref|3}}. 


==Steroids==
*Corticosteroids should be used at onset for all symptomatic patients
*If stable, can start with 8mg BID dexamethasone (or equivalent)
*If whole brain RT, should receive steroids at least 48 hours before treatment to decrease chance of herniation (works well for weekend call)
*Two dosing schedules to consider
**start 8mg BID, begin taper during Week 2 of RT by 2-4mg every fifth day. If symptoms (tumor or steroid withdrawal), go back up a level for 4-8 days, then restart taper. If symptoms after steroids discontinued, restart full regimen (Posner JB, ''Neurologic Complications of Cancer'', Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1995:37, 77, 311)
**start 8mg BID x4 days, then 4mg BID x4 days, then 2mg BID until treatment completed ({{PMID|1726656}})


*'''AANS/CNS; 2010''' {{PMID|19957014}} -- &quot;The role of steroids in the management of brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline.&quot; (Ryken TC, J Neurooncol. 2010 Jan;96(1):103-14. Epub 2009 Dec 3.)
**Asymptomatic patients: insufficient evidence
**Mild symptoms: dexamethasone 4-8 mg/day 
**Moderate/severe symptoms: dexamethasone 16 mg/day
**Duration: Slow taper over 2 week period or longer

==Seizures==
*Prophylaxis against seizures is not recommended.  
*A Meta-Analysis showed lack of efficacy for seizure prophylaxis
**Mayo - {{PMID|15595331}}, 2004 &amp;mdash; &quot;Seizure prophylaxis in patients with brain tumors: a meta-analysis.&quot; Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Dec;79(12):1489-94.
*2010 AANS/CNS Guidelines do not recommend routine prophylactic use of anticonvulsants ({{PMID|19957015}})

==When to Treat?==
*Consider no RT if expected survival &lt; 30 days and KPS &lt;=60
*Expected median survival &lt;3 months
**prostate: hormone-resistant
**breast: failure of 3rd line chemotherapy
**lung: failure of 1st line chemotherapy
**colon: ascites or liver failure
**liver mets and doubling LFTs q month
**SVC syndrome
**hypercalcemia
**HIV with CD4 &lt;25 and RNA &gt;100K
**CHF Class IV with EF &lt;20%
**Creatinine &gt;8
**pO2 &lt;55 and pCO2 &gt;50


*'''Wisconsin, 2007''' {{PMID|17401015}} -- &quot;Regression after whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases correlates with survival and improved neurocognitive function.&quot; (Li J, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Apr 1;25(10):1260-6.)
**Subset analysis of PIII trial. 135 patients had evaluation of neurocognitive function. &quot;Good responders&quot; defined as tumor shrinkage &gt;45%, &quot;poor responders&quot; tumor shrinkage &lt;45% as a function of population mean
**Conclusion: Tumor shrinkage correlates with survival and neurocognitive preservation. Neurocognitive function stable/improved in long-term survivors. Tumor progression affects neurocognitive function more than WBRT

==Therapy==
*Whole brain RT, given in 30 Gy in 10 fractions, remains the generic standard treatment. However, for those with expected longer survival (&gt;6 months), neurocognitive sequelae can be severe with schedules &gt;=3 Gy/fx
*For patients with a single met, especially if their extra-cranial disease is controlled, local treatment (SRS or surgery) and WBRT provides survival benefit, as well as local control benefit
*The role of SRS alone has not yet been established
*For patients with multiple mets, the optimal management has not yet been established
*Algorithm for initial treatment of brain mets from {{PMID|17673619}} (See Review below)
**If KPS &lt;70: ''WBRT''
**If KPS &gt;=70
***If active extracranial disease
****1 met: ''WBRT +/- SRS''
****2+ mets: ''WBRT''
***If controlled extracranial disease
****1 met: ''Surgery +/- WBRT'' or ''SRS +/- WBRT''
****2-3 mets: ''WBRT +/- Surgery'' or ''WBRT +/- SRS''
****&gt;3 mets: ''WBRT''

==Patterns of relapse==
*{{PMID|9614957}}, 1998 &amp;mdash; &quot;Patterns of relapse and late toxicity after resection and whole-brain radiotherapy for solitary brain metastases.&quot; Nieder C et al. Strahlenther Onkol. 1998 May;174(5):275-8.
**Retrospective. 66 pts treated with surgery -&gt; WBRT. Relapse 27% after 1 yr, 55% after 2 yrs. High local relapse rate for melanoma, non-breast adenoca, and squamous cell. Failure elsewhere in the brain was influenced by systemic disease activity. Size did not correlate with local failure.

==Reirradiation==
Usually with radiosurgery, but few pts may require reirradiation of the whole brain or partial brain. 8 Gy in 2 weeks to 30.6 Gy in 3 weeks. 

'''''Whole Brain Reirradiation:'''''

*'''1980: Rush Presbyterian (Chicago)''' {{PMID|7448697}} -- &quot;Results of re-irradiation for cerebral metastases.&quot; (Kurup P, Cancer.  1980 Dec 15;46(12):2587-9.)
**56 pts. Retreatment dose 20 Gy / 10 fractions. Some pts received multiple re-treatments.
**Good response in 18 pts(32%), partial response in 24(42%). Median duration of response 2.5 months. Median survival 3.5 months.

*'''1988: Colorado''' {{PMID|2841266}} -- &quot;Brain metastases: results and effects of re-irradiation.&quot; (Hazuka MB, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Aug;15(2):433-7.)
**44 pts. Varying doses. Retreatment: median 25 Gy / 3.0 Gy per fraction (range: 6-36 Gy, 2-4 Gy/fx). 1st course: 30/10 (median). 
**Median survival 8 weeks. 27% showed partial neurological improvement; 55% failed to respond or had worsening function. Brain necrosis in 3 pts at autopsy.
**Conclusion: &quot;It is concluded that retreatment of brain metastases is seldom worthwhile. Survival is usually short and most importantly, the quality of survival frequently is not improved.&quot;

*'''1990: NYU''' {{PMID|2305074}} -- &quot;Cerebral metastases: value of reirradiation in selected patients.&quot; (Cooper JS, Radiology. 1990 Mar;174(3 Pt 1):883-5.) 
**52 pts. Retreatment: 25 Gy in 10 fractions. 1st course: 30/10.
**Neuro improvement in 42%. Survival 5 months. 

*'''1996: Mayo''' {{PMID|8621282}} -- &quot;Analysis of outcome in patients reirradiated for brain metastases.&quot; (Wong WW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Feb 1;34(3):585-90.)
**86 pts. Varying doses. Retreatment: median 20 Gy / 10 fractions. 1st course: 30/10 (median).
**Neuro symptoms cleared in 27%, partially improved in 43%, 29% no change or worsened. Median survival 4 months. 

*'''2011: MGH''' (2002-2008) {{PMID|21620583}} -- &quot;Outcomes After Whole Brain Reirradiation in Patients with Brain Metastases.&quot; (Son CH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 May 26. [Epub ahead of print])
**17 pts w/ brain mets treated initially with WBRT (median 35 Gy, 2.5 Gy/fx) and given whole brain reirradiation (median 21.6 Gy [range 14-30 Gy]; median 1.8 Gy/fx [range 1.5-2.0 Gy/fx]). 
**Of 10 pts w/ complete f/u information, 8 experienced complete or partial improvement in symptoms; 2 did not improve. Time to radiographic progression 5.2 months. Median OS (after initial diagnosis of brain mets) 24.7 mo. Median survival after reirradiation 5.2 mo. In 6 pts with stable extracranial disease, MS after re-RT 19.8 mo vs 2.5 mo with extracranial disease progression. Side effects mild to moderate
**Conclusion: reirradiation of brain mets may be appropriate in selected pts, especially those with controlled extracranial disease.


'''''Reirradiation after PCI:'''''
Reirradiation for subsequent brain metastases after prophylactic cranial irradiation

*'''Institut Gustave-Roussy''' (1985-93) - trials PCI85 and PCI88
**{{PMID|12075744}}, 2002 &amp;mdash; &quot;Patterns of failure after prophylactic cranial irradiation in small-cell lung cancer: analysis of 505 randomized patients.&quot; (Arriagada R, Ann Oncol. 2002 May;13(5):748-54.)
**Analysis of two randomized trials (+/- PCI) looking at patterns of failure
**Overall 5-yr rates of brain metastases were 59% (PCI-) and 43% (PCI+). PCI dose was 24-30 Gy (with &lt;= 3Gy/fx); commonly 24 Gy (3Gy x 8) was used.
**Per protocol, patients developing brain metastases were treated with 50 Gy in 28 fractions if no prior PCI or 39 Gy in 22 fractions (approx 1.77 Gy/fx) if prior PCI.

==Review==
*'''Harvard; 2007''' {{PMID|17673619}} -- &quot;Multidisciplinary management of brain metastases.&quot; (Eichler AF, Oncologist. 2007 Jul;12(7):884-98.)
*'''Wisconsin; 2006''' {{PMID|16525185}} -- &quot;Whole-brain radiotherapy in the management of brain metastasis.&quot; (Khuntia D, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Mar 10;24(8):1295-304.)

==Treatment Toxicity==
*Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Toxicity/Brain|Brain Treatment Toxicity]] section
*Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Toxicity/Parotid|Acute Parotitis]] section
*Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Toxicity/Skin|Phenytoin-Induced Dermatitis]] section

==Cognitive function==
'''''Methylphenidate (d-MPH)'''''
*'''Wake Forest, 2007''' {{PMID|17869448}} -- &quot;A Phase III, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial of d-threo-methylphenidate HCl in Brain Tumor Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy.&quot; (Butler JM Jr, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Sep 13; [Epub ahead of print])
**Randomized. 68 patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors. Arm 1) prophylactic d-MPH 5mg BID -&gt; 15mg BID vs. Arm 2) observation. Outcome measure QOL and cognitive function
**Outcome: No difference in fatigue, QOL, or cognitive function
**Conclusion: Prophylactic d-MPH not beneficial in brain tumor patients

*'''1989 MSKCC''' {{PMID|2725874}} -- ''Radiation-induced dementia in patients cured of brain metastases.'' (DeAngelis LM, Neurology. 1989 Jun;39(6):789-96.)
**Retrospective. 12 patients with delayed complications of WBRT
**WBRT given: total dose only 25-39 Gy, but given in 3-6 Gy/fx
**Complications (median 14 months, 5-36 months): progressive dementia, ataxia, urinary incontinence causing severe disability; death in 7/12 patients (from side effects, not tumor recurrence). CT scan: cortical atrophy, radionecrotic lesions
**Conclusion: incidence of severe WBRT-induced dementia 2-5%. Fraction too high.

'''''Memantine'''''
*'''RTOG 0614, 2013''' {{PMID|23956241}} -- &quot;Memantine for the prevention of cognitive dysfunction in patients receiving whole-brain radiotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.&quot; (Brown PD, Neuro Oncol 2013 Aug 16; [Epub ahead of print])
**Randomized. 554 patients treated for CNS metastatic disease with whole brain RT (3750 cGy at 250 cGy/fx) randomized to 1) Memantine during and after RT (total 24 weeks) or 2) placebo.
**Primary Outcome: Less decline in delayed recall with memantine but borderline statistical significance (p=0.059).  Probably related to loss of study power over time.  
**Secondary Outcomes: Time to cognitive failure improved with memantine (54% vs. 65% at 24 weeks; p=0.01).  No difference in PFS or OS.
**Toxicity: No difference.  28% grade 3-4, half of which was attributable to therapy (same in each arm).
**Conclusion: Patients treated with memantine had better cognitive function over time; specifically, memantine delayed time to cognitive decline and reduced the rate of decline in memory, executive function, and processing speed in patients receiving WBRT.  Primary endpoint not technically met, perhaps due to patient loss over time.

==See also==
*[[Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Metastatic|Radiation Oncology:Melanoma]] - data related specifically to brain mets from melanoma
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Kidney#Brain_Mets|Radiation Oncology:Renal Cell]] - data related specifically to brain mets from renal cell CA
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Supportive_care/Thromboembolism|Radiation Oncology:Thromboembolism]] - information on anticoagulation and brain mets

==External links==
*[http://www.cancernetwork.com/journals/oncology/o9907b.htm Oncology] - Management of Brain Metastases. Wen PJ and Loeffler JS. Vol 13, No 7 (July 1999)

==Footnotes==
*{{note|1}} - {{PMID|13172684}} - &quot;Roentgen-ray therapy of cerebral metastases.&quot; Cancer. 1954 Jul;7(4):682-9.
*{{note|2}} - {{PMID|718475}} - &quot;Treatment for patients with cerebral metastases.&quot; Markesbery WR et al. Arch Neurol. 1978 Nov;35(11):754-6.
*{{note|3}} - {{PMID|14264031}} - &quot;USE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS IN THE PALLIATIVE TREATMENT OF METASTATIC BRAIN TUMORS.&quot; Ruderman NB et al. Cancer. 1965 Mar;18:298-306. (No abstract online)
*{{note|Posner}} - {{PMID|570349}} (No abstract) - &quot;Intracranial metastases from systemic cancer.&quot; Posner JB et al. Adv Neurol. 1978;19:579-92.</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Brain Metastases: Surgery'''&lt;/big&gt;

==Overview==
*'''AANS/CNS; 2010''' {{PMID|19960230}} -- &quot;The role of surgical resection in the management of newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline.&quot; (Kalkanis SN, J Neurooncol. 2010 Jan;96(1):33-43. Epub 2009 Dec 4.)
**Recommendations apply to adults with newly diagnosed single brain metastasis amenable to surgical resection
**Surgical resection plus WBRT vs surgical resection alone
***(Level 1): Surgical resection followed by WBRT superior for local control and overall brain control
**Surgical resection plus WBRT vs SRS +/- WBRT
***(Level 2): Surgical resection plus WBRT and SRS plus WBRT both represent effective treatment strategies, resulting in relatively equal survival rates
***(Level 3): SRS alone may provide equivalent function and survival, so long as detection of distant sites of failure and salvage SRS are possible
**Surgical resection plus WBRT vs WBRT alone
***(Level 1): Surgical resection plus WBRT is superior to WBRT alone in patients with good performance status and limited extracranial disease. There is insufficient evidence for other patients

==WBRT +/- Surgery==
*Several retrospective series showed benefit of adding surgery to WBRT for single brain metastases
*Three randomized trials were performed; 2 showed benefit, while 1 showed no difference. 
*Overall, surgery + WBRT offers better local control, decreased recurrence, and probably improved survival over WBRT alone
*Survival outcomes are not improved with surgery for patients with active extra-cranial disease, or poor performance status


*'''Canada Multi-Institutional''' (1989-1993) -- WBRT 30/10 vs. Surgery + WBRT 30/10
**Randomized. 84 patients. Single brain metastasis, KPS &gt;50, no lymphoma/SCLC. Dexamethasone per institutional policy. Arm 1) WBRT 30/10 vs. Arm 2) Surgery + WBRT 30/10. Treatment within 3 weeks of CT scan.
**'''1996''' {{PMID|8839553}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A randomized trial to assess the efficacy of surgery in addition to radiotherapy in patients with a single cerebral metastasis.&quot; (Mintz AH, Cancer. 1996 Oct 1;78(7):1470-6.) 
***Outcome: Median OS WBRT 6 months vs. surgery + WBRT 6 months (NS). No difference in QoL
***Conclusion: No benefit from adding surgery to whole brain RT
**Comment: Worse baseline KPS than Kentucky and Netherlands studies.

*'''University Hospital Leiden''' (Netherlands)(1985-90) -- WBRT 40/20 BID vs. Surgery + WBRT 40/20 BID
**Randomized. 63/66 patients. Single brain metastasis. Arm 1)  Pts randomized to resection + WBRT vs WBRT alone. XRT was to whole brain 2Gy BID for 40 Gy over 2 weeks. No MRI.
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8498838}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment of single brain metastasis: radiotherapy alone or combined with neurosurgery?&quot; (Vecht CJ, Ann Neurol. 1993 Jun;33(6):583-90.)
***Outcome: Stable extracranial disease: median OS 7 months vs. 12 months. Progressive extracranial disease: median OS 5 months both groups (NS). 
***Functional independence: Stable extracranial disease: 4 months vs. 9 months. Progressive extracranial disease: 2.5 months both groups (NS). More rapid and longer after surgery + RT
**'''1994''' {{PMID|8040016}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The choice of treatment of single brain metastasis should be based on extracranial tumor activity and age.&quot;  (Noordijk EM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Jul 1;29(4):711-7.)
***Outcome: median OS WBRT 6 months vs. surgery + WBRT 10 months (SS). Stable extracranial disease (7 months vs 12 months), active extracranial disease (5 months both groups). Age independent predictor (60 years). Majority of deaths due to systemic progression
***Conclusions: surgery and radiotherapy should be offered over radiotherapy alone. However, for patients with active extracranial disease, radiotherapy alone is sufficient.

*'''University of Kentucky / Patchell#1''' (1985-1988) -- WBRT 36/12 vs. Surgery + WBRT 36/12
**Randomized. 48 patients. Suspected &lt;u&gt;single&lt;/u&gt; brain metastasis. Dexamethasone 4mg Q6 hours. Arm 1) (biopsy) then WBRT vs. Arm 2) Surgery + WBRT. Surgery within 72 hours of randomization. WBRT within 14 days of surgery; within 48 hours of randomization or biopsy; dose 36/12
**'''1990''' {{PMID|2405271}} - &quot;A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain.&quot; (Patchell RA, N Engl J Med. 1990 Feb 22;322(8):494-500. 
***Outcome: Local recurrence WBRT 52% vs surgery + WBRT 20% (SS); time-to-recurrence 5 months vs &gt;14 months (SS). Distant brain recurrence 13% vs. 20% (NS). QoL (KPS &gt;=70, functionally independent) 2 months vs. 9 months (SS)
***Survival: Median OS 3 months vs. 9 months (SS), &quot;neurologic death&quot; 6 months vs. 14 months (SS). No difference in &quot;systemic death&quot;. 
***Toxicity: operative mortality 4%, operative morbidity 8%
***Conclusion: Patients with single metastasis treated with surgery + RT live longer, have fewer recurrences, and better quality of life than patients treated with RT alone

*'''SWOG/RTOG; 1990''' (1983-1986) {{PMID|2220663}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Solitary brain metastasis: Results of an RTOG/SWOG protocol evaluating surgery + RT vs RT alone.&quot; (Sause W, Am J Clin Oncol 3:427-432, 1990)
**Prospective, non-randomized. Originally a randomized trial, but due to poor accrual was changed to a registry study. 80/97 patients. RT alone (n=55) and surgery + RT (n=25). 
**Outcome: Improved/stabilized function RT alone 59% vs. surgery + RT 79%. Recurrence 45% vs. 22%. Improved survival for surgery + RT when corrected for other factors
**Conclusion: Study suggests improvement in survival advantage for surgical resection

==Surgery +/- WBRT==
*'''Patchell study #2''', 1998 (1989-97) - {{PMID|9809728}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial.&quot; Patchell RA. JAMA. 1998 Nov 4;280(17):1485-9.  
**95 pts. Randomized. &lt;u&gt;Single&lt;/u&gt; brain met. Pts with complete resection (verified by MRI) randomized to postoperative whole brain RT or observation.  Dose was 50.4 Gy over 5.5 weeks. Allowed to have other sites of metastases, but KPS &gt;= 70%.
**Median f/u 43-48 wks. Postop RT was associated with less recurrence anywhere in the brain (18% vs 70%), at the site of resection (10% vs 46%), as well as other areas in the brain (14% vs 37%). Decreased neurologic death (6 of 43 pts, 14%; vs 17 of 39, 44%).  No difference in overall survival (unlike Patchell #1) or length of time patient remained independent.
**Criticism: non-standard whole brain RT dose

*'''EORTC 22952-26001''' -- Randomized, Surgery/SRS +/- WBRT
**See page at [[Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Brain_Metastases/SRS#Radiosurgery_+/-_WBRT | Radiosurgery +/- WBRT]]

==Surgery + SRS==
*Randomized Trials published in 2017 by RTOG and MDACC

*'''Henry Ford; 2012''' (2000-2011) {{PMID|22806080}} -- &quot;Radiosurgery to the surgical cavity as adjuvant therapy for resected brain metastasis.&quot; (Robbins JR, Neurosurgery. 2012 Nov;71(5):937-43)
**Retrospective. 85 patients, surgery + postop SRS without adjuvant WBRT. The median marginal radiosurgery dose was 16 Gy, and median target volume was 13.96 cm.  
**Outcome: Median follow-up time was 11.2 months. Overall local control was 81.2%. The 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year rates of local control were 88.7%, 81.4%, and 75.7%, respectively. Median overall survival time was 12.1 months. From initial treatment until death or last follow-up, only 30 patients (35%) received WBRT as salvage treatment.
**Conclusion: Radiosurgery to the surgical cavity without WBRT achieved excellent local control of resected brain metastasis. Close imaging follow-up allows early intervention for any new metastasis.

*'''UC Irvine; 2009''' (1999-2007) {{PMID|18922650}} -- &quot;Resection followed by stereotactic radiosurgery to resection cavity for intracranial metastases.&quot; (Do L, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Feb 1;73(2):486-91. Epub 2008 Oct 14.)
**Retrospective. 30 patients, surgery + postop SRS/SRT. Dose SRS 15-18 Gy, SRT 22-27.5 Gy in 4-6 fractions.
**Outcome: LR 13%, regional recurrence 63%. 1-year LRFS 82%, neurologic deficit-free survival 67%, OS 51%. Salvage WBRT in 47%
**Conclusion: Postop SRS/SRT to resection cavity is feasible

*'''Allegheny General; 2008''' (2000-2006) {{PMID|18183353}} -- &quot;Single session stereotactic radiosurgery boost to the post-operative site in lieu of whole brain radiation in metastatic brain disease.&quot; (Quigley MR, J Neurooncol. 2008 May;87(3):327-32. Epub 2008 Jan 9.)
**Retrospective. 32 patients, surgery for single met + postop linac SRS. 21 solitary, 11 multiple mets. Median cavity dose 14 Gy to 80% isodose, median met dose 15.5 Gy. Median F/U 14 months
**Outcome: Median OS 16 months. Local recurrence 6%. Distant brain recurrence 28%, treated with WBRT
**Conclusion: Use of SRS after surgery results in recurrence comparable to WBRT 

*'''Pittsburgh; 2008''' {{PMID|18414136}} -- &quot;TUMOR BED RADIOSURGERY AFTER RESECTION OF CEREBRAL METASTASES.&quot; (Mathieu D, Neurosurgery. 2008 Apr 9 [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 40 patients, surgery + tumor bed boost with GKS. Single met 67%. Median cavity 9.1 ml, Median margin dose 16 Gy. Median F/U 13 months
**Outcome: Local control 73%; new remote brain mets in 54%. Symptomatic RT effects in 5%
**Conclusion: Tumor bed SRS effective local control

*'''Stanford; 2008''' (1998-2006) {{PMID|17881139}} -- &quot;Stereotactic radiosurgery of the postoperative resection cavity for brain metastases.&quot; (Soltys SG, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jan 1;70(1):187-93. Epub 2007 Sep 19.)
**Retrospective. 72 patients with 76 cavities, resected, SRS (Cyberknife) to resection cavity. Median marginal dose 18.6 Gy (15-30 Gy). Average tumor volume 9.8 cm3. Median F/U 8.1 months
**Outcome: 6-month LC 88%, 12-month LC 79%. Only predictor of LC was increasing conformality indices
**Conclusion: SRS to resection cavity is favorable to historical controls. Recommend 2mm margin

*'''MSKCC, 2006''' [http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO/menuitem.34d60f5624ba07fd506fe310ee37a01d/?vgnextoid=76f8201eb61a7010VgnVCM100000ed730ad1RCRD&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=40&amp;abstractID=30173 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;A phase II trial of stereotactic radiosurgery boost following surgical resection for solitary brain metastases.&quot; (Narayana A, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2006 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I. Vol 24, No. 18S (June 20 Supplement), 2006: 1552)
**Phase II. 25 patients accrued out of 50 total. Solitary brain met, KPS&gt;70. SRS with BrainLab to 15-22 Gy single fraction.
**Outcome: 4 local failures (mean time to failure 9.5 months). 1-year LC 35%. 24% additional brain mets. 24% additional WBRT, 8% additional SRS, 4% additional surgery
**Toxicity: 1 patient radiation necrosis requiring surgery at 6 months
**Conclusion: preliminary - surgery-SRS appears inferior to surgery-WBRT data for local control, good salvage with WBRT

*'''UCSD, 2006''' {{PMID|17018888}} -- &quot;Focal radiation therapy of brain metastases after complete surgical resection.&quot; (Bahl G, Med Oncol. 2006;23(3):317-24.)
**Retrospective. 7 patients. SRS or fractionated RT (54/27)
**Outcome: 4/7 local recurrence; time-to-recurrence 3.8 months. Out-of-field recurrence 1/7
**Conclusion: Further studies necessary given small number of patients

==Brachytherapy==
'''''GliaSite'''''
*'''Multi-institutional; 2006''' {{PMID|16961129}} -- &quot;Results of a phase II trial of the GliaSite radiation therapy system for the treatment of newly diagnosed, resected single brain metastases.&quot; (Rogers LR, J Neurosurg. 2006 Sep;105(3):375-84.)
**Phase II. Single met only. 62 patients implanted GliaSite, 54 received BT. 60 Gy prescribed at 1 cm. No WBRT. 43% had extracranial mets.
**Outcome: MRI-based LR 82-87%; median OS 10 months; cause of death neurological in 11%
**Reoperation in 13/62 patients: 9 radiation necrosis, 2 mix, 2 tumor recurrence
**Predictors of survival: extracranial mets, tumor size, radionecrosis
**Conclusion: GliaSite has similar outcome (LR, OS, functional independence) as WBRT

==Guidelines==
*Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Brain_Metastases/Guidelines|Brain Metastases Official Guidelines]] page</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Whole Brain Radiation Therapy'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*30 Gy in 10 fractions considered standard treatment after RTOG 6901 
*Most commonly used for palliation, commonly defined as objective tumor response by CT or decrease in steroid dose
**Princess Margaret Hospital, 2001 - {{PMID|11578731}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiotherapy for brain metastases: defining palliative response.&quot;  Bezjak A et al. Radiother Oncol. 2001 Oct;61(1):71-6. 
***Seeks to determine the palliative response using performance status in patients with symptomatic brain mets.
*Median survival 4-7 months
*Routine use of WBRT now debated, since chemotherapy and SRS offer modest benefit with fewer neurological sequelae. Newer measurements of neurological sequelae done with before radiation show that tumor and not radiation possibly more likely to have caused sequelae previously thought to be from radiation (see PCI of small cell lung ca).


==History==
Have been doing palliative whole brain radiotherapy for a long time {{ref|1}}.


==Steroids +/- RT==
*'''ECOG''' -- prednisone +/- whole brain RT
**Randomized. 48 patients. Brain metastases (by radioisotope brain scan, EEG, echo, angiogram, of CSF studies), and histologically proven cancer. Extracranial disease status not considered. Arm 1) Prednisone 40 mg QD x 4 weeks, then 30 mg QD until disease progression vs. Arm 2) Prednisone 40 mg QD + whole brain RT 4000 r in 22-29 days. At the end, further randomized to +/- prednisone 30 mg daily. Clinical criteria used since imaging unreliable
**'''1971''' {{PMID|5541678}} -- &quot;The management of metastases to the brain by irradiation and corticosteroids.&quot; (Horton J, Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1971 Feb;111(2):334-6.)
***Outcome: Clinical &quot;remission&quot; prednisone 63% vs. prednisone + RT 61%; duration of remission 5 weeks vs. 11 weeks (wide range); median OS 10 weeks vs 14 weeks 
***Toxicity: Alopecia
***Conclusion: Combination of radiation and prednisone offers only a slight advantage over prednisone alone

* '''MRC''' -- dexamethasone +/- whole brain RT
** Randomized. 538 patients. Patients with brain metastases unsuitable for stereotactic radiation therapy or surgery and with &quot;uncertainty in the clinicians’ or patients’ minds about the potential benefit of WBRT&quot; were included. 60% of patients with KPS &lt;80.     Arm 1) dexamethasone + WBRT 20/4 vs. Arm 2) dexamethasone alone.
** '''2016''' {{PMID|27604504}} -- &quot;Dexamethasone and supportive care with or without whole brain radiotherapy in treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases unsuitable for resection or stereotactic radiotherapy (QUARTZ): results from a phase 3, non-inferiority, randomised trial.&quot; (Mulvenna P, Lancet. 2016 Oct 22;388(10055):2004-2014.)
*** Outcome: QALY (quality of life adjusted years) dexamethasone + WBRT 46.4 days vs. dexamethasone 41.7 days (difference of 4.7 days well within the 90% CI). No difference overall quality of life or dexamethasone use.
*** Toxicity: more drowsiness, hair loss, nausea, and dry or itchy scalp in dexamethasone + WBRT arm.
*** Conclusion: WBRT offers no benefit in overall survival, quality of life or decrease of dexamethasone need in this patient group.

==Dose and fractionation studies==
*Despite numerous studies testing numerous combinations of dose and fractionation, outcomes remain the same (and poor) as 30/10 established with RTOG 6901
*Representative regimens tried: 10/1, 12/2, 20/5, 30/6, 30/10, 35/15, 18/3 + 18/3 split, 37.5/15, 40/15, 50/20, 50/23, 54/34 BID

*'''Kogarah, Australia''' -- 40/20 BID vs 20/4 QD
**Randomized. 113 patients, brain mets, stable or absent extracranial disease, ECOG &lt;3. Surgical resection 36%. Arm 1) 40/20 BID vs. Arm 2) 20/4. Primary outcome intracranial control and QoL. 
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19836153}} -- &quot;Randomized Comparison of Whole Brain Radiotherapy, 20 Gy in Four Daily Fractions Versus 40 Gy in 20 Twice-Daily Fractions, for Brain Metastases.&quot; (Graham PH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: Median OS 40 Gy 6.1 months vs. 20 Gy 6.6 months (NS). Intracranial progression 44% vs. 64% (SS). Median time-to-CNS-progression 9 months vs 5 months (SS). Salvage RT/surgery 4% vs. 21% (SS). CNS death 32% vs. 52% (SS)
***Toxicity: Minimal. QoL clinically improved in 20 Gy arm over 40 Gy arm, but (NS).
***Conclusion: Intracranial control better with 40/20 BID than 20/4 QD; should be considered for better prognosis patients

*'''RTOG 9104''', 1997 (1991-1995) - {{PMID|9336134}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A randomized phase III study of accelerated hyperfractionation versus standard in patients with unresected brain metastases: a report of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9104.&quot; Murray KJ et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Oct 1;39(3):571-4.
**Compared accelerated hyperfractionation (AH) 54.4 Gy BID (1.6 Gy/fx) vs accelerated fractionation (AF) 30 Gy in 10 fx in pts with unresected brain mets. All had KPS &gt; 70 (RPA class 1 and 2). AH regimen consisted of 32 Gy in 10 days to the whole brain, plus a boost of 22.4 Gy to each tumor.
**Equivalent survival in both arms (median 4.5 mo). For patients with solitary metastases, no difference in survival seen between arms.

*'''1996 Royal College of Radiologists''' (UK), (1990-93) - {{PMID|8934050}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Final results of the Royal College of Radiologists' trial comparing two different radiotherapy schedules in the treatment of cerebral metastases.&quot; Priestman TJ et al. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1996;8(5):308-15.
**533 pts. 30 Gy in 10 fx vs 12 Gy in 2 fx (in 2 days). 
**Median survival 84 days (10 fractions) vs 77 days (2 fractions), with the difference confined to those in the better prognostic group.

*'''RTOG 8905''' 1989-1993 {{PMID|7673021}} -- &quot;Results of a randomized comparison of radiotherapy and bromodeoxyuridine with radiotherapy alone for brain metastases: report of RTOG trial 89-05.&quot; (Phillips TL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Sep 30;33(2):339-48.)
**Randomized. 72 patients treated with RT 37.5/15 or RT 37.5/15 + BrdU x 3 weeks
**Comparable outcome (6.1 months, 4.3 months median survival)

*'''RTOG 8528''' 1986-1989 
**{{PMID|8435812}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Improved survival duration in patients with unresected solitary brain metastasis using accelerated hyperfractionated radiation therapy at total doses of 54.4 gray and greater. Results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 85-28.&quot; (Epstein BE et al. Cancer. 1993 Feb 15;71(4):1362-7.)
**{{PMID|8330997}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Phase I/II trial of accelerated fractionation in brain metastases RTOG 85-28. (Sause WT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Jul 15;26(4):653-7.)
**Phase I/II dose escalation, accelerated hyperfractionated XRT for unresected ''solitary'' brain met. Dose was 32 Gy BID (1.6 Gy/fx) plus an escalating-dose boost for a total of 48-70.4 Gy. Controlled primary tumors.
**Significantly increased survival doses &gt;54 Gy
**NOTE: these results were not validated in the randomized trial RTOG 91-04

*'''1993 Institut Gustave-Roussy''' (France) 1993 - {{PMID|7681997}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Results of a randomized clinical trial comparing two radiation schedules in the palliative treatment of brain metastases.&quot; Haie-Meder C et al. Radiother Oncol. 1993 Feb;26(2):111-6. 
**216 pts. 18 Gy in 3 fx (in 3 days), 6 Gy/fx, vs. same regimen plus a 2nd course one month later which was either the same regimen again or 25 Gy/10 fractions (total 36 Gy-43 Gy).
**No difference in survival.

*'''RTOG 7916''' 1979-1983 - {{PMID|1993631}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A randomized phase III protocol for the evaluation of misonidazole combined with radiation in the treatment of patients with brain metastases (RTOG-7916).&quot; Komarnickly LT et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Jan;20(1):53-8.
**859 pts. Randomized between 2 fractionation schedules (30 Gy/10 fx vs 30 Gy/6 fx over 3 weeks) and with or without misonidazole. 
**No difference in survival for any arm. Brain failure cause of death in 1/3 of pts. 

*'''Royal Marsden Hospital''' (UK), 1990 - {{PMID|2116386}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The influence of extent and local management on the outcome of radiotherapy for brain metastases.&quot; Hoskin PJ et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990 Jul;19(1):111-5.
**Retrospective. Of a total of 164 pts receiving whole brain RT (35 Gy in 15 fx), 50 pts in addition received boosts of 15 Gy/8 fx. No difference in overall survival or neurologic death. 

*'''RTOG 7606''' 1976-1979 {{PMID|6171553}} -- &quot;The palliation of brain metastases in a favorable patient population: a randomized clinical trial by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.&quot; (Kurtz JM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1981 Jul;7(7):891-5.)
**Randomized. 255 patients, favorable prognosis from prior trials (controlled primary tumor &amp; no extracranial mets), treated with 30/10 or 50/20
**Comparable outcomes (4.5, 4.2 months median survival)

*'''RTOG 6901 &amp; 7361; Ultra-rapid''' 1971-1976 {{PMID|6174490}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Ultra-rapid high dose irradiation schedules for the palliation of brain metastases: final results of the first two studies by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.&quot; (Borgelt B, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1981 Dec;7(12):1633-8.)
**59 patients from the 2 trials treated with either 10/1 or 12/2
**Comparable outcomes (3.7, 3.2 months median survival); worse than in prior trials (4 weeks vs. 10 weeks)

*'''RTOG 6901 &amp; 7361'''
**This pair of trials is often considered together. Randomized to 5 different dose schemes.
**RTOG 6901 (1971-1973) - 910 pts. 30/10, 30/15, 40/15, 40/20
**RTOG 7361 (1973-1976) - 902 pts. 20/5, 30/10, 40/15
**{{PMID|6154024}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The palliation of brain metastases: final results of the first two studies by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.&quot;  (Borgelt B et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 Jan;6(1):1-9.)
***6901: (30/10, 30/15, 40/15, 40/20) - MS 21, 18, 18, 16 wks or 4.8, 4.1, 4.1, 3.6 months
***7361: (20/5, 30/10, 40/15) - MS 15, 15, 18, wks or 3.4, 3.4, 3.6 months
***Comparable outcomes. Shorter schedules (30/10 or 20/5) as effective for palation as longer schedules. Established 30/10 as standard treatment.
**{{PMID|6169424}} -- &quot;Equivalence of radiation schedules for the palliative treatment of brain metastases in patients with favorable prognosis.&quot; (Gelber RD, Cancer. 1981 Oct 15;48(8):1749-53.)
***Subset of favorable prognosis pts, n=561 (breast cancer w/o soft tissue mets, lung ca with primary absent or no extracerebral mets, or other with no extracerebral mets).
***Favorable pts MS 28 weeks vs 11 weeks. Median time to neurologic progression or death: 21 wks (breast), 13 wks (lung), 15 wks (other). Number without neurol. progression at last f/u: 41%, 46%, 33%. No significant benefit seen for higher dose in this subset.
***No evidence of superior palliation with higher doses in favorable subset of pts

==Adjuvant WBRT==
'''''WBRT after Surgical Resection:'''''
*See: [[Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Brain_Metastases/Surgery#Surgery_+/-_WBRT | Surgery +/- WBRT]]

'''''WBRT after SRS:'''''
*See: [[Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Brain_Metastases/SRS#Radiosurgery_+/-_WBRT | Radiosurgery +/- WBRT]]

==Chemo-RT==
===Temozolomide===
*'''Lanzhou, China; 2010''' {{PMID|19881333}} -- &quot;Concomitant or adjuvant temozolomide with whole-brain irradiation for brain metastases: a meta-analysis.&quot; (Liu R, Anticancer Drugs. 2010 Jan;21(1):120-8.)
**Meta-analysis. 4 trials, 280 patients. Whole brain RT vs WBRT + temozolomide
**Outcome: WBRT+TMZ superior in objective response, partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease
**Toxicity: WBRT+TMZ worse for Grade 3 GI toxicity and myelosuppression
**Conclusion: Combination may moderately improve response rate but increase toxicity

===Thalidomide===
*'''RTOG 0118''' (2002-2004) 
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to non-superiority.'' 183 accrued patients from goal of 332 patients. Multiple (&gt;3), large (&gt;4 cm), or midbrain metastases from extracranial disease, PS 0-1. Arm 1) WBRT 37.5/15 vs. Arm 2) WBRT 37.5/15 + thalidomide
**'''2007''' {{PMID|18164847}} -- &quot;A Phase III Study of Conventional Radiation Therapy Plus Thalidomide versus Conventional Radiation Therapy for Multiple Brain Metastases (RTOG 0118).&quot; (Knisely JP, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Dec 28 [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: median OS 3.9 months for both arms
***Toxicity: 48% discontinued thalidomide due to toxicity
***Conclusion: No survival benefit for thalidomide; significant toxicity
**'''2007''' {{PMID|18164829}} -- &quot;Prospective Evaluation of Quality of Life and Neurocognitive Effects in Patients with Multiple Brain Metastases Receiving Whole-Brain Radiotherapy with or without Thalidomide on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Trial 0118.&quot; (Corn BW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Dec 28 [Epub ahead of print])
***QoL outcomes with Spitzer Quality of Life Index (SQLI) and Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE)
***Outcome: Baseline SQLI predicted survival; slow steady neurocognitive decline in both arms but SQLI remained stable
***Conclusion: QoL and neuropsychologica testing can be prospectively evaluated

===Motexafin gadolinium===
*'''Wisconsin; 2003''' {{PMID|12829672}} -- &quot;Survival and neurologic outcomes in a randomized trial of motexafin gadolinium and whole-brain radiation therapy in brain metastases.&quot; (Mehta MP, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jul 1;21(13):2529-36.)
**Randomized. 401 patients (251 NSCLC). Arm 1) 30 Gy WBRT vs. Arm 2) concurrent MGd 5mg/kg/d
**Outcome: no difference in survival (4.9 months vs. 5.2 months, NS) or time-to-neurologic progression (9.5 months vs. 8.3 months, NS). Improvement in neurologic progression in NSCLC patients
**Conclusion: No benefit, except possibly for NSCLC brain mets

===Topotecan===
*'''Germany''' -- WBRT vs. WBRT + topotecan
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to slow accrual''. 96/320 patients with SCLC or NSCLC, with brain metastases. Arm 1) WBRT 40/20 vs. Arm 2) WBRT 40/20 + topotecan 0.4 mg/m2
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19127261}} -- &quot;A phase III trial of topotecan and whole brain radiation therapy for patients with CNS-metastases due to lung cancer.&quot; (Neuhaus T, Br J Cancer. 2009 Jan 27;100(2):291-7. Epub 2009 Jan 6.) Median F/U 2.8 years
***Outcome: No difference in LR or PFS
***Conclusion: No significant advantage for concurrent topotecan in patients with lung cancer, but number too small

*'''Cologne; 2007''' (Germany)(1999-2001) {{PMID|17379446}} -- &quot;A phase I/II trial of topotecan and radiation therapy for brain metastases in patients with solid tumors.&quot; (Hedde JP, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jul 1;68(3):839-44.)
**Phase I/II. 75 patients. WBRT 40/20 + topotecan 0.2 mg/m2/d to 0.5 mg/m2/d within 2 hours of RT
**Outcome: Response rate 72%; OS 4.2 months and 7.5 months among responders
**Toxicity: MTD topotecan 0.4 mg/m2/d; Grade 3-4 toxicity 20%
**Conclusion: Recommend a Phase III trial

===Bromodeoxyuridine===
*'''RTOG 89-05; 1995''' (1989-93) - {{PMID|7673021}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Results of a randomized comparison of radiotherapy and bromodeoxyuridine with radiotherapy alone for brain metastases: report of RTOG trial 89-05.&quot; Phillips TL et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Sep 30;33(2):339-48. 
**Randomized. 72 patients, KPS &gt;=70, primary absent, controlled, or under RT; no other mets. WBRT 37.5/15 +/- bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd)
**Outcome: Median OS RT alone 6.1 months vs. RT + BrdUrd 4.3 months (NS)
**Conclusion: No benefit for BrdUrd</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Brain Metastases: SRS'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*WBRT alone and SRS alone have same OS and LC, but published as abstract only.
*WBRT + SRS showed KPS benefit overall, and OS benefit in single met compared to WBRT alone
*WBRT alone comparable to WBRT + SRS, in active extracranial disease (or poor performance status). Unclear if WBRT needed in controlled extracranial disease or if SRS is sufficient; retrospective evidence suggests worse outcome without it
*No published randomized trial of surgery vs. SRS alone for single met. Retrospective study suggests improved LC with SRS over surgery
*1 mm margin better than none


*'''AANS/CNS; 2010''' {{PMID|19960227}} -- &quot;The role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline.&quot; (Linskey ME, J Neurooncol. 2010 Jan;96(1):45-68. Epub 2009 Dec 4.)
**Target population: Adults, with lesions amenable to SRS (&lt;3 cm diameter, &lt;1 cm midline shift) and KPS &amp;ge; 70
**SRS + WBRT vs WBRT alone
***(Level 1): SRS + WBRT improved survival in single brain met
***(Level 2): SRS + WBRT improved local control and functional status in 1-4 brain mets
***(Level 3): SRS + WBRT may improve survival for patients with 2-3 brain mets
***(Level 4): SRS + WBRT may improve survival for patients with multiple mets and KPS &lt;70
**SRS + WBRT vs SRS alone
***(Level 2): SRS alone may provide equivalent survival; conflicting evidence of local and distal recurrence. Careful surveillance warranted
**Surgery + WBRT vs SRS +/- WBRT
***(Level 2): Surgery + WBRT vs SRS + WBRT both effective treatement strategies
***(Level 3): Surgery + WBRT vs SRS alone conflicting evidence
**SRS alone vs WBRT alone
***(Level 3): SRS alone appears superior for survival advantage

==Radiosurgery vs surgery==
*'''Cochrane Review, 2006''' {{PMID|16437498}} -- &quot;Surgery versus radiosurgery for patients with a solitary brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer.&quot; (Fuentes R, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD004840.)
**No randomized trials. 686 references found, but none of sufficiently good quality for this review
**Conclusion: No meaningful conclusions can be drawn

*'''Mayo Clinic''', 2003 (1991-99) - {{PMID|12654423}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A comparison of surgical resection and stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of solitary brain metastases.&quot; O'Neill BP et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Apr 1;55(5):1169-76.
**Retrospective. 74 pts neurosurgery, 23 radiosurgery. Median f/u 20 mos. No difference in OS. 0% of RS pts had local recurrence vs 58% of NS group. 
**Improved local control for radiosurgery compared to neurosurgery.

==WBRT or Radiosurgery==
*'''Rhode Island Hospital / Brown University''' - &lt;u&gt;ASTRO abstract #7&lt;/u&gt; &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized treatment of brain metastasis with gamma knife radiosurgery, whole brain radiotherapy or both.&quot; Chougule PB et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48(3 Suppl 1): 114.
**96 pts. 1-3 mets. No difference in median survival. Local brain control rate 87% (RS), 91% (RS+WBRT), vs 62% (WBRT). New brain lesions in 43% vs 19% vs 23%.
**51 pts had surgical resection of large, symptomatic lesions prior to randomization

*'''University of Cologne; 2004''' {{PMID|15127155}} -  &quot;Linac radiosurgery versus whole brain radiotherapy for brain metastases. A survival comparison based on the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis.&quot; (Kocher M. Strahlenther Onkol. 2004 May;180(5):263-7.)
**Retrospective analysis with historical controls. 
**Group 1. 117 pts (1991-1998) with 1-3 mets receiving SRS alone. 22% had salvage therapy.
**Group 2. 138 pts (1978-1991) with 1-3 mets receiving WBRT. 7% had salvage therapy (WBRT)
**OS stratified by RPA Class.  
**RPA I	   - SRS: 25m  vs. 4.7m (very few pts)
**RPA II   - SRS: 5.9m vs. 4.1m (SS)
**RPA III  - SRS: 4.2m vs. 2.5m (NS)
**Conclusion: &quot;Radiosurgery in patients with one to three cerebral metastases results in a substantial survival benefit only in younger patients with a low systemic tumor burden when compared to WBRT alone. It cannot be excluded that this effect is partially caused by the available salvage options after radiosurgery.&quot;

==WBRT +/- Radiosurgery==
*One randomized trial (RTOG 95-08), suggests KPS benefit to WBRT + SRS, and survival benefit for 1 met. Patients RPA 2 with controlled extracranial disease


===Randomized===
*'''RTOG 95-08''' (1996-2001) -- WBRT vs WBRT + SRS
**Randomized. 331 patients, 1-3 brain mets with maximum diameter 4 cm, RPA class 1 (26%) or class 2 (74%), lung 63%. Arm 1) WBRT 37.5/15 vs Arm 2) WBRT + radiosurgery (24-18-15 Gy based on size) 
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15158627}} [http://rtog.org/pdf_document/Lancet_Brain_Mets_Reprint.pdf Full text] &amp;mdash; &quot;Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial.&quot; (Andrews DW, Lancet. 2004 May 22;363(9422):1665-72.)
***Outcome: Mean OS WBRT 5.7 months vs WBRT+SRS 6.5 months (NS); single metastasis 4.9 months vs 6.5 months (SS) though (NS) on multivariate analysis. Higher 3-month response rate and control at 1 yr (71% vs 82%). No difference in overall time to progression (any intracranial failure) and no difference in neurologic death. Local recurrence 43% more likely with WBRT than WBRT+SRS. Improved KPS (4% vs 13%) and decreased steroid use at 6 months but no difference in mental status. 
***Toxicity: Acute G3+ WBRT 0% vs WBRT+SRS 3%; Late G3+ 3% vs 6%
***Conclusion: WBRT+SRS improved KPS, no difference in OS. Benefit in OS for single metastasis

*'''Pittsburgh''' -- WBRT vs WBRT + SRS
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped early after significant interim benefit in local control for WBRT+SRS arm''. 27 patients, 2-4 brain metastases &lt;2.5 cm, KPS &amp;ge; 70. Arm 1) WBRT 30/12 vs Arm 2) WBRT + SRS 16 Gy. Primary outcome brain control.
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10487566}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for patients with multiple brain metastases.&quot; Kondziolka D et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Sep 1;45(2):427-34. 
***Outcome: 1-year local failure WBRT 100% vs WBRT+SRS 8% (SS); time-to-failure 6 months vs 36 months (SS). Median OS WBRT 7.5 months vs WBRT+SRS 11 months (NS). However, patients in WBRT arm who received salvage SRS median OS 11 months (NS to WBRT+SRS), while patients who received only WBRT median OS 7 months (SS to WBRT+SRS)
***Conclusion: WBRT+SRS significantly improves control of brain disease; WBRT alone does not provide effective and lasting control

===Non-Randomized===
*'''Multi-institutional; 1996''' - {{PMID|8641923}} -- &quot;A multiinstitutional outcome and prognostic factor analysis of radiosurgery for resectable single brain metastasis.&quot; (Auchter RM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Apr 1;35(1):27-35.)
**Multi-institutional retrospective. 122 patients, single resectable met, KPS &gt;=70. Median follow-up 31 months
**RT: WBRT (dose range 25-40 Gy, median 37.5 Gy) + SRS (dose range 10-27 Gy, median 17 Gy)
**Local control 86%, median survival 56 weeks, 1-year OS 53%
**Conclusion: WBRT + SRS is viable, should be tested in a randomized setting

*'''Multi-institutional; 2001''' (1988-98) - {{PMID|11567817}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiosurgery for patients with brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis, stratified by the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis method.&quot; (Sanghavi SN et al, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Oct 1;51(2):426-34.)
**Retrospective, multi-institutional. 502 pts, WBRT + RS, stratified by RPA class I-III. Compared with historical controls receiving WBRT alone. Number of metastases not specified (but all metastases were treated with RS).
**Overall MS 10.7 months. Addition of RS boosted median survival (16.1, 10.3, and 8.7 for Class I, II, and III) vs WBRT alone (7.1, 4.2, and 2.3).
**Addition of RS may improve survival in selected pts. Benefit seen in all RPA classes.

==Radiosurgery +/- WBRT==
'''''Open trials:'''''
*'''NCCTG-N0574''' [http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/NCCTG-N0574 protocol link]
**Open trial by North Central Cancer Group and ACOSOG
**SRS +/- WBRT in patients with 1 to 3 cerebral metastases:
***Primary endpoint: overall survival
***Secondary endpoints: time to CNS (brain) failure, QOL/duration of functional independence/long-term neurocognitive status, post-treatment toxicity.

===Randomized===
*'''EORTC 22952-26001''' (1996-2007) -- Randomized, Surgery/SRS +/- WBRT
**Randomized. Pts with 1-3 mets &amp;le; 3.5 cm (&amp;le; 2.5 cm for 2-3 lesions), and no or stable systemic disease or asymptomatic primary tumors, PS 0-2. Treated with surgical resection (160) or SRS (199). Randomized to: adjuvant WBRT 30/10 or observation. Primary endpoint: PS deterioration to &gt;2.
**'''2009:''' [http://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016%2809%2901079-7/fulltext ASTRO Abstract #9] -- &quot;Adjuvant Whole Brain Radiotherapy vs. Observation after Radiosurgery or Surgical Resection of 1–3 Cerebral Metastases - Results of the EORTC 22952-26001 Study.&quot; (Kocher M)
***359 pts (353 elig.). Surgery for 160 pts (96% solitary), SRS for 185 pts (multiple in 33%). 
***Median time to PS progression: 10 months (obs) vs 9.5 (WBRT), no diff. Intracranial progression (@6 months and 24 months) 39.7% and 54.2% (obs) vs 15.2%/31.2% (WBRT). Reduction of local failure (31.3% vs 16.4%) and elsewhere intracranial failures (32.4% vs 17.6%). Neurological cause of death in 43% vs 25%.
***Conclusion: Adjuvant WBRT reduces the frequency of intracranial relapse at both initially treated and new sites and reduces the risk of neurologic death. However, it fails to prolong functional independence and overall survival.
**'''2011''' {{PMID|21041710}} -- &quot;Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation after radiosurgery or surgical resection of one to three cerebral metastases: results of the EORTC 22952-26001 study.&quot; (Kocher M, J Clin Oncol. 2011 Jan 10;29(2):134-41.)
***Median time to PS progression (to &gt;2) 10 months (obs) vs 9.5 (WBRT), NS. Similar OS: 10.9 vs 10.7. WBRT reduced the 2 yr relapse rate at initial sites and new sites. Neuro cause of death in 44% vs 28%.
***Conclusion: &quot;After radiosurgery or surgery of a limited number of brain metastases, adjuvant WBRT reduces intracranial relapses and neurologic deaths but fails to improve the duration of functional independence and overall survival.&quot;


*'''MD Anderson''' (2001-2007) -- SRS vs SRS + WBRT
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to significantly worse cognitive outcome in WBRT+SRS arm.'' 58 of expected 90 patients. RPA I-II (KPS &gt;=70), 1-3 brain mets (57% single). Arm 1) SRS (dose per RTOG 9005; median 19 Gy) vs. Arm 2) SRS first (median 20 Gy) + WBRT 30/12. No concurrent chemo. Primary endpoint neurocognitive function using HVLT-R recall test at 4 months
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19801201}} -- &quot;Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial.&quot; (Chang EL, Lancet Oncol. 2009 Nov;10(11):1037-44. Epub 2009 Oct 2.). Median F/U 9 months
***Outcome: Significant decline in 4-month recall SRS 24% vs. SRS+WBRT 52% (SS). Functional brain assessment no difference. 1-year LC 67% vs. 100% (SS); 1-year distant brain control 45% vs. 73% (SS). 1-year CNS DFS 27% vs. 73% (SS). Median OS 15 months vs. 6 months (SS). Salvage much more aggressive in SRS only arm
***Toxicity: SRS 7% Grade 4. 
***Conclusion: Patients treated with SRS + WBRT were at greater risk of memory decline at 4 months. Recommend SRS as initial treatment

*'''Japan JROSG 99-1''' (1999-2003) -- SRS vs SRS + WBRT
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to low likelihood of showing a difference.'' 132 of expected 188 patients. 1-4 mets, size &lt; 3cm. RPA I-II (85% RPA II). 50% active extracranial disease.  11 centers in Japan. Arm 1) SRS alone (dose if &lt;2cm 22-25 Gy, if 2-3cm 18-20 Gy) vs. Arm 2) WBRT 30/10 followed by SRS. SRS dose reduced by 30%. Primary endpoint OS
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16757720}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Stereotactic Radiosurgery Plus Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy vs Stereotactic Radiosurgery Alone for Treatment of Brain Metastases: A Randomized Controlled Trial.&quot; (Aoyama H et al. JAMA 2006;295 2483-2491.)
***Outcome: Median OS SRS 8.0 months vs. SRS + WBRT 7.5 months (NS); 1-year OS 28% vs. 38% (NS); CNS death 19% vs. 23% (NS). 1-year LC ~75% vs. ~90% (SS); 1-year distant brain control 36% vs. 59% (SS). Decreased need for salvage brain treatment (10 pts vs 29 pts) with WBRT. No difference in neurocognitive measures
***Conclusion: SRS alone can be a reasonable strategy, with close monitoring and salvage retreatment
**'''2015''' {{PMID|26181254}} &quot;Stereotactic Radiosurgery With or Without Whole-Brain Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases: Secondary Analysis of the JROSG 99-1 Randomized Clinical Trial.&quot; (Aoyama H et al. JAMA Oncol. 2015 Jul;1(4):457-64)
***Secondary Analysis of the 88 Lung Cancer patients (n=132) based on diagnosis-specific Graded Prognostic Assessment (DS-GPA)
***Outcome: Significantly better OS was observed with the addition of WBRT + SRS in patients with favorable prognosis.  In the GPA 2.5-4.0 group (favorable prognosis pts) WBRT + SRS vs SRS alone, median survival time of 16.7 months vs 10.6 months (P = .04). However, no such difference was observed in the  unfavorable GPA 0.5-2.0 group (P = .86). 5 yr OS dramatically better in favorable prognosis pts (24% vs 4% - P value not provided).
***Conclusion:  The important role of WBRT for patients with BMs from NSCLC with a favorable prognosis should be considered

===Non-Randomized===
*'''Pittsburgh; 2005''' {{PMID|15803013}} -- &quot;Radiosurgery with or without whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases: the patients' perspective regarding complications.&quot; (Kondziolka D, Am J Clin Oncol. 2005 Apr;28(2):173-9.)
**Retrospective. 200 patients treated with SRS +/- WBRT (69%). Patients perspective via questionnaires
**After WBRT: hair loss 88%, excess fatigue 95% (5% SRS), short term memory 72%, long-term memory 33%, concentration 61%, depression 54%. WBRT + SRS 63% thought they had side effects vs. SRS 34% (SS)

*'''Multi-institutional; 2002''' {{PMID|12062592}} -- &quot;A multi-institutional review of radiosurgery alone vs. radiosurgery with whole brain radiotherapy as the initial management of brain metastases.&quot; (Sneed PK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Jul 1;53(3):519-26.)
**Retrospective. 10 institutions. 569 patients (268 RS alone vs. 301 RS+WBRT)
**Median survival: no difference
**Conclusion: Omission of WBRT doesn't seem to compromise length of survival

*'''Heidelberg; 1998''' (Germany) {{PMID|9817276}}, 1998 &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiosurgery alone or in combination with whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases.&quot;  Retrospective data from Pirzkall (JCO 1998) found no difference in survival in 236 pts treated with SRS versus SRS + WBRT, who had 1-3 brain metastases.  In subset of patients WITHOUT extracranial disease, omitting WBRT decreased median survival from 15.4 months to 8.3 months

==Radiosurgery alone==
*'''Freiburg; 2003''' (Germany) {{PMID|12699548}}, 2003 &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiosurgery followed by planned observation in patients with one to three brain metastases.&quot; Lutterbach J et al. Neurosurgery. 2003 May;52(5):1066-73.
**101 pts. Up to 3 mets, 3 cm or less. 
**1-year brain failure free progression rate was 51%. RPA groups predicted survival

*'''Kentucky; 2002''' {{PMID|11872278}}, 2002 &amp;mdash; &quot; Risk  of symptomatic brain tumor recurrence and neurologic deficit after radiosurgery alone in patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases: results and implications.&quot;  (Regine WF, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Feb 1;52(2):333-8.)
**Retrospective. 36 patients.
**Median OS: 9 months; symptomatic brain tumor recurrence 47% 
**Risk of symptomatic brain tumor recurrence after SRS alone: At 18 months, an 80% risk of relapse within the brain with SRS; and neurologic deficit-free survival drops to 50% at 12 months.  (stays stable at 18 months) 
**Conclusion: Use of primary SRS alone in this setting is associated with an increasingly significant risk of BTR with increasing survival time, as well as increasing neurological deficits

*'''RTOG 90-05''' (1990-1994) - dose escalation study
**156 pts. Recurrent primary brain tumors or recurrent brain metastases. Previously treated with RT. 
**First report (1996) - {{PMID|8621289}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiosurgery for the treatment of previously irradiated recurrent primary brain tumors and brain metastases: initial report of radiation therapy oncology group protocol (90-05).&quot; Shaw E et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Feb 1;34(3):647-54. 
**Final report (2000) - {{PMID|10802351}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Single dose radiosurgical treatment of recurrent previously irradiated primary brain tumors and brain metastases: final report of RTOG protocol 90-05.&quot; Shaw et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 May 1;47(2):291-8.
**Results: maximum tolerated doses were 24 Gy, 18 Gy, and 15 Gy for tumors &lt;/= 20 mm, 21-30 mm, and 31-40 mm. The MTD for tumors &lt;20 mm was actually not reached, but they did not increase the dose beyond 24 Gy. Incidence of radionecrosis 11% at 2 yrs. Grade 3-5 neurotoxicity associated with tumor size, tumor dose, and KPS. 


==For radioresistant tumors==
*'''ECOG E6397''' 2005 - {{PMID|16314647}}  &amp;mdash; &quot;Phase II trial of radiosurgery (RS) for 1 to 3 newly diagnosed brain metastases from renal cell, melanoma, and sarcoma: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study (E6397).&quot; Manon RR et al. 
**Melanoma, sarcoma, renal cell. Maximum of 4 cm tumor. 
**Stable disease in 32%, 42% with progressive disease.

==For 4 or more metastases==
*'''Pittsburgh; 2006''' (1995-2005) - {{PMID|16338097}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Stereotactic radiosurgery for four or more intracranial metastases.&quot; Bhatnagar AK et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Mar 1;64(3):898-903.
**Retrospective. 205 pts treated with GKRS for 4 or more metastases in one session. Median number of lesions was 5. 17% had GKRS alone, 46% with WBRT, 38% for progression after WBRT.
**Median OS was 8 months. 1-yr LC was 71%. By RPA classificiation, median OS was 18 months (class I), 9 months (II), and 3 months (III). Total treatment volume, rather than number of lesions, was the most significant predictor of survival
**Conclusion: improved survival for pts treated with GKRS compared to historical controls by RPA classification in this retrospective study. Some pts with 4 or more lesions should be considered for GKRS.


==Brainstem lesions==
*'''UCSF; 2008''' (1991-2005) {{PMID|17628747}} -- &quot;Gamma knife radiosurgery for brainstem metastases: the UCSF experience.&quot; (Kased N, J Neurooncol. 2008 Jan;86(2):195-205.)
**Retrospective. 42 pts (44 lesions: 7 midbrain, 31 pons, 6 medulla). Median target volume 0.26 cc; median tumor diameter 0.9 cm. Prescribed dose 16 Gy (50% isodose median). 
**Brainstem lesion FFP 90% at 6 months, 77% at 1 yr. 4 pts had brainstem complications. Poor brainstem outcome associated with melanoma and RCC histology and brainstem lesion volume &amp;ge; 1 mL. 
**Conclusion: SRS provided excellent local control with low morbidity

*'''Virginia; 2006''' (1989-2005) {{PMID|17219825}} -- &quot;Gamma knife surgery for metastatic brainstem tumors.&quot; (Yen CP, J Neurosurg. 2006 Aug;105(2):213-9.)
**Retrospective. 53 patients (8 midbrain, 42 pons, 3 medulla). Mean volume 2.8 cm3 (0.05-21). Prescription dose mean 17.6 Gy (9-25). 37 patients with follow-up imaging
**Conclusion: GKS prolongs survival compared to observation; risks are low

*'''Marseille, 2006''' (France)(1992-2001) {{PMID|16385327}} -- &quot;Brainstem metastases: management using gamma knife radiosurgery.&quot; (Fuentes S, Neurosurgery. 2006 Jan;58(1):37-42; discussion 37-42.)
**Retrospective. 28 patients (9 midbrain, 17 pons, medulla 2). Mean max diameter 17.2 mm (10-30). Mean dose 19.6 Gy (11-30)
**Conclusion: GKS valuable modality for safe and effective treatment

==SRS Margins==
*'''Maastricht, 2006''' {{PMID|16814946}} -- &quot;A pathology-based substrate for target definition in radiosurgery of brain metastases.&quot; (Baumert BG, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Sep 1;66(1):187-94.)
**Retrospective. Autopsy of 45 patients
**Infiltration present in 48/76 mets (63%). SCLC and melanoma infiltration &gt;=1mm, other tumors &lt;1mm. NSCLC highest percentage of mets with infiltration (70%)
**Conclusion: Margin of ~1mm should be added to visible lesion

*'''Paris, 2003''' {{PMID|12885447}} -- &quot;Radiosurgery for brain metastasis: impact of CTV on local control.&quot; (Noel G, Radiother Oncol. 2003 Jul;68(1):15-21.)
**Retrospective. 61 patients. Median KPS 80. 23 no progression of systemic, 38 progressive disease. RT 38 initial SRS, 23 relapse/progression after WBRT. Median f/u 10.5 months
**RT margins: 1994-1995 no margin, mean min GTV dose 14.6 Gy. 1995-2000 1 mm margin (GTV -&gt; CTV), mean min GTV dose 16.8 Gy
**2-year LC rate: 51% vs. 90% (SS), 8 recurrences vs. 2 recurrences (SS). Margin only multivariate predictor of LC
**No difference in OS, no difference in side effects


==SRS Fractionation==
*'''Toronto; 2007''' {{PMID|17852114}} -- &quot;Fractionated (split dose) radiosurgery in patients with recurrent brain metastases: implications for survival.&quot; (Davey P, Br J Neurosurg. 2007 Aug 8;:1-5)
**Prospective. 2 SRS protocols, planning based on CT with contrast. 69 patients 2 fractions, 35 patients 1 fraction
**Outcome: Median OS fractionated 7.5 months vs. single fraction 4 months
**Conclusion: Fractionated SRS should be further investigated

*'''Erlangen, Germany; 2007''' (2000-2005) {{PMID|17960338}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for brain metastases--results from three different dose concepts.&quot; (Fahrig A, Strahlenther Onkol. 2007 Nov;183(11):625-30.)
**Retrospective. 150 patients with 228 brain metastases. Treated with Novalis. Three different dose schedules: A) 5 x 7 Gy, B) 10 x 4 Gy, C) 7 x 5 Gy. Median PTV 6.1 cm3 (0.02 - 100)
**Outcome: CR 42%, PR 30%, NC 21%, PD 7%. Median OS 16 months
**Toxicity: Dependent on PTV and dose schema; 10 x 4 Gy well tolerated without side effects
**Conclusion: Hypofractionated SRS is effective and safe; if volume &gt;15 cm3, 10 x 4 Gy seem advantageous; but other fractionations have higher response rates

==Guidelines==
*Please see the [[Radiation Oncology/Palliation/Brain Metastases/Guidelines|Brain Metastases Guidelines]] page</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Primary Androgen Deprivation Therapy'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Primary ADT Outcomes==
*'''SEER data; 2008''' (1992-2002) {{PMID|18612114}} -- &quot;Survival following primary androgen deprivation therapy among men with localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Lu-Yao GL, JAMA. 2008 Jul 9;300(2):173-81.)
**Cohort study. 19,271 men, age &gt;=66, clinical T1-T2 prostate cancer, no definitive local therapy. Comparison of primary androgen deprivation (PADT) vs. conservative management. PADT in 41%
**Outcome: 10-year CSS PADT 80% vs. conservative management 83% (HR 1.17, SS); 10-year OS 30% vs. 30% (NS). 
**Subset GS8-10: 10-year CSS PADT 60% vs. conservative management 54% (HR 0.84, SS); 10-year OS 17% vs. 15% (NS)
**Conclusion: Primary androgen deprivation does not improve survival in cT1-T2 patients, and worsens cancer-specific survival. For Gleason 8-10, it improves cancer specific survival, but still has no impact on overall survival

==Primary ADT vs. Deferred ADT==
:See also: [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Advanced_disease#Immediate vs delayed hormonal therapy|Advanced disease#Immediate vs delayed hormonal therapy]] for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer

&lt;br&gt;
*'''EORTC 30891''' (1990-1999) -- Immediate ADT vs. Deferred ADT
**Randomized. 985 with clinical T0-4 N0-2 M0, refused or were not suitable for local definitive treatment. Excluded if &gt; 80 years, pain from prostate, ureteric obstruction. Arm 1) Immediate androgen deprivation vs. Arm 2) Deferred androgen deprivation at symptomatic progression.
**'''8-years; 2006''' {{PMID|16622261}} -- &quot;Immediate or deferred androgen deprivation for patients with prostate cancer not suitable for local treatment with curative intent: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Trial 30891.&quot; (Studer UE, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Apr 20;24(12):1868-76.) Median F/U 7.8 years
***Outcome: Median OS immediate ADT 7.4 years vs deferred ADT 6.5 years (HR 1.25, SS). Most deaths due to prostate cancer (36%) or cardiovascular disease (34%). No difference in prostate cancer-specific deaths. Median time-to-start deferred ADT 7 years; 44% of patients who died never needed ADT
***Conclusion: Immediate ADT provides modest but statistically significant increase in overall survival, but no difference prostate cancer survival
**'''Timing of ADT; 2008''' {{PMID|18191322}} -- &quot;Using PSA to guide timing of androgen deprivation in patients with T0-4 N0-2 M0 prostate cancer not suitable for local curative treatment (EORTC 30891).&quot; (Studer UE, Eur Urol. 2008 May;53(5):941-9. Epub 2007 Dec 27.)
***Evaluation of PSA kinetics (PSA at baseline, PSA-DT, time to PSA relapse (&gt;2 ng/ml))
***Conclusion: Baseline PSA &gt;50 ng/ml or PSA-DT &lt;12 months increased risk for PCA death, and might benefit from immediate ADT. Other patients more likely to die of non-PCA causes, and could be spared ADT
**''See also:'' '''SAKK 08/88''' (Swiss multi-center) - {{PMID|15483020}} -- &quot;Immediate versus deferred hormonal treatment for patients with prostate cancer who are not suitable for curative local treatment: results of the randomized trial SAKK 08/88.&quot; (Studer, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Oct 15;22(20):4109-18.)  Similar trial design.

'''''Reviews:'''''
*'''2007''' {{PMID|17395971}} [http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org/content/14/1/1.full Full text] -- &quot;Early versus delayed endocrine therapy for prostate cancer.&quot; (Schroder FH, Endocr Relat Cancer. 2007 Mar;14(1):1-11.)

==Primary ADT vs. ADT + Radiation==
===Randomized===
*'''SPCG-7/SFUO-3''' (1996-2002) -- ADT vs ADT + RT
**Randomized. 875 with locally advanced prostate cancer T1b-T2 G2-G3 or T3 (78%) and PSA &lt;70 and N0 (if PSA &gt;11, then PLND). Arm 1) ADT (total androgen blockade x3 months, then continuous flutamide 250 mg) vs. Arm 2) Same ADT + RT 70 Gy to prostate/SV. Breast RT in 80% to prevent gynecomastia
**'''Outcome; 2008''' {{PMID|19091394}} -- &quot;Endocrine treatment, with or without radiotherapy, in locally advanced prostate cancer (SPCG-7/SFUO-3): an open randomised phase III trial.&quot; (Widmark A, Lancet. 2009 Jan 24;373(9660):301-8. [Epub ahead of print]). Median F/U 7.6 years
***Outcome: 10-year CSS ADT 76% vs. ADT + RT 88% (SS); 10-year OS 61% vs. 70% (SS); 10-year bPFS 25% vs. 74% (SS)
***Toxicity: Urethral stricture ADT 0% vs. ADT + RT 2% (SS), urgency 8% vs 14% (SS), urinary incontinence 3% vs. 7% (SS), erectile dysfunction 81% vs. 89% (SS)
***Conclusion: In patients with high risk or locally advance PCA, addition of RT to ADT improved survival, with acceptable side effects
**'''QoL; 2009''' {{PMID|19286422}} -- &quot;Quality of life in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer given endocrine treatment with or without radiotherapy: 4-year follow-up of SPCG-7/SFUO-3, an open-label, randomised, phase III trial.&quot; (Fransson P, Lancet Oncol. 2009 Apr;10(4):370-80. Epub 2009 Mar 13.)
***QoL information from 872 (99%) patients
***Outcome: 4-year urinary moderate/severe bother ADT 12% vs ADT + RT 18% (SS), dysuria 2% vs. 4% (SS); bowel bother 7% vs. 11% (SS); erectile dysfunction 72% vs. 85% (SS). QoL similar
***Conclusion: RT significantly increased some toxicity, but none serious. Given the substantial outcome benefit, increase in symptoms acceptable and has little effect on QoL

*'''Intergroup T94-0110 (NCIC PR.3, MRC PR07, SWOG JPR3)''' (1995-2005) -- ADT vs ADT + RT
**Randomized. 1205 patients, locally advanced (T3/T4, n=1057) or high risk localized (T2 and PSA &gt;40, n=119; T2 and PSA &gt;20 and GS &gt;=8, n=25) N0Nx. Arm 1) lifelong ADT (bilateral orchiectomy or LHRH agonist) vs. Arm 2) lifelong ADT and RT 65-69 Gy. RT given to prostate +/- SV +/- pelvic RT. 
**'''2010''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=74&amp;abstractID=49170 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;Intergroup randomized phase III study of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) plus radiation therapy (RT) in locally advanced prostate cancer (CaP)&quot; (Warde PR, J Clin Oncol 28:7s, 2010 (suppl; abstr CRA4504)) Median F/U 6.0 years
***Outcome: 6-year death rate ADT 29% vs ADT + RT 24% (HR 0.8, SS); 10-year cancer-specific death rate ADT 23% vs ADT + RT 15% (HR 0.57, SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 2+ GI toxicity ADT 1.3% vs ADT + RT 1.8% (NS)
***Conclusion: Substantial overall and disease-specific survival for addition of radiation therapy to androgen deprivation
**'''2011''' {{PMID|22056152}} -- &quot;Combined androgen deprivation therapy and radiation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: a randomised, phase 3 trial.&quot; (Warde P, Lancet. 2011 Dec 17;378(9809):2104-11.)
***7-yr OS 66% ADT vs 74% ADT + RT (HR 0.77, SS). Increased late GI toxicity.
***Conclusion: &quot;The benefits of combined modality treatment--ADT and RT--should be discussed with all patients with locally advanced prostate cancer.&quot;
**'''2015; Final Report''' {{PMID|25691677}} -- &quot;Final Report of the Intergroup Randomized Study of Combined Androgen-Deprivation Therapy Plus Radiotherapy Versus Androgen-Deprivation Therapy Alone in Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Mason MD, J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jul 1;33(19):2143-50. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.57.7510. Epub 2015 Feb 17.). Median F/U 8 years
***Outcome: 10-year OS ADT 49% vs ADT+RT 55% (SS); bPFS 46% vs 74% (SS)
***Grade 3+ Toxicity: impotence/libido ADT 29% vs ADT+RT 33% (NS); hot flashes 8% vs 5% (NS); urinary frequency 4% vs 7% (NS); ischemia 3% vs 5% (NS). No evidence of difference in caradiovascular toxicity
***Conclusion; Overall survival benefit maintained at 8 year median follow up
**'''2015; Long Term QOL''' {{PMID|26014295}} -- &quot;Impact of Radiotherapy When Added to Androgen-Deprivation Therapy for Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: Long-Term Quality-of-Life Outcomes From the NCIC CTG PR3/MRC PR07 Randomized Trial.&quot; (Brundage M, J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jul 1;33(19):2151-7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.57.8724. Epub 2015 May 26.)
***Questionnaires at 6 months, 1 year, 3 years
***Toxicity: 6-months: RT significant impact on bowel symptoms, diarrhea, urinary function, erectile dysfunction. No difference in toxicity by 3-year end point; both arms showed significant deterioration
***Conclusion: Addition of RT to ADT had only modest and transient negative impact on quality of life

*'''MRC''' (1980-1985) -- orchiectomy vs RT vs orchiectomy + RT
**Randomized, 3 arms. 277 patients, clinically localized prostate cancer (T2-T4NxM0). Arm 1) RT alone vs Arm 2) orchiectomy alone vs Arm 3) RT + orchiectomy
**'''1992''' {{PMID|1422689}} -- &quot;Treatment of advanced localised prostatic cancer by orchiectomy, radiotherapy, or combined treatment. A Medical Research Council Study. Urological Cancer Working Party--Subgroup on Prostatic Cancer.&quot; (Fellows GJ, Br J Urol. 1992 Sep;70(3):304-9.)
***Outcome: Orchiectomy (orchiectomy alone or orchiectomy + RT) superior to RT alone in DMFS. No difference in local control or overall survival
***Conclusion: Orchiectomy superior to RT alone in metastatic-free survival

===Retrospective===
*'''M.D. Anderson; 2001''' (1984-1998) - {{PMID|11489709}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Addition of radiation therapy to androgen ablation improves outcome for subclinically node-positive prostate cancer.&quot; Zagars GK et al. Urology. 2001 Aug;58(2):233-9.
**Retrospective. Node positive. 225 pts. Treated with androgen ablation alone or combination of RT and androgen ablation. All pts had nodal disease detected by staging pelvic lymphadenectomy, but no nodal mets detected clinically or by CT. Androgen ablation was for an indefinite time. RT begun within 3 months of lymphadenectomy. RT was four-field box to prostate + periprostatic tissues (not including wide field pelvic nodes) to 46 Gy followed by a boost to 60-78 Gy. 
**Median f/u 8.2 yrs. OS at 5,10, and 13 years was 83%, 46%, and 21% for hormone alone group. OS was 92% and 67% at 5 and 10 years for combined modality group, which was not S.S. different from an age-matched cohort without prostate cancer. NED rate was 91% and 80% at 5 and 10 yrs (RT group) vs 41% and 25%.

==Primary ADT vs Primary RT==
*'''Uro-Oncology Study Group''' -- pelvic RT vs delayed ADT
**Randomized. 73 patients, prostate limited to pelvis without evidence of node or bone extension. Arm 1) Pelvic RT vs. Arm 2) delayed hormonal therapy
**'''1984''' {{PMID|6423840}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy versus delayed androgen deprivation for stage C carcinoma of the prostate.&quot; (Paulson DF, J Urol. 1984 May;131(5):901-2.)
***Outcome: Failure RT 32% vs. ADT 33% (NS)
***Conclusion: No difference in outcome</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Combined Androgen Deprivation Therapy and RT'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Summary of hormonal results==
*Combined effect of ADT and RT (both cell kill and re-growth velocity) is largest when ADT is done prior to RT, based on animal studies 
*Based on a Canadian trial, 3 months neoadjuvant ADT has same outcome as 8 months neoadjuvant ADT. Benefit for high-risk patients with 8 months likely due to duration, not the fact it was neoadjuvant (i.e. similar benefit might have been seen with 8 months NACHT-ADJ strategy)
*For high risk - adjuvant hormonal therapy improves survival (RTOG 85-31, EORTC, RTOG 92-02 for G8-10, EPC for locally advanced).  Survival benefit seen for both castration-based therapy (RTOG, EORTC) and non-castration based therapy (EPC)
*Intermediate risk - neoadjuvant/concurrent hormonal therapy may improve survival (RTOG 86-10 for G2-6, bulky (T2-4), N-/+; Harvard)
*Low risk - no benefit of hormones; RTOG 94-08 maturing


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Trial !! Year !! Eligibility !! ADT Type !! Arm 1 !! Arm 2 !! OS !! CSS !! bPFS
|-
| '''RTOG 85-31''' || 1987-1992 || cT3, pT3, or N+: (Non-bulky) || GnRH || None || ADJ until progression || SS || SS || SS
|-
| '''RTOG 86-10''' || 1987-1991 || cT2-T4, N+: (Bulky) || GnRH/AR || None || NACHT 4 months || NS || SS || SS
|-
| '''EORTC 22863''' || 1987-1995 || cT1-T2, GS 8-10 or cT3-T4 any grade (Majority) || GnRH || None || CONC-ADJ 3 years || SS || SS || SS
|-
| '''Quebec L-101''' || 1991-1994 || cT2a-T4 || GnRH/AR || None || NEO 3 mo vs NACHT-ADJ 10 mo || N/A || N/A || SS
|-
| '''RTOG 92-02''' || 1992-1995 || cT2c-T4, PSA &lt;150 || GnRH/AR || NACHT 4 months || NACHT-ADJ 2 years || NS || SS || SS
|-
| '''RTOG 94-08''' || 1994-2001 || cT1b-T2b, PSA &lt;20 || GnRH/AR || None || NACHT 4 months || SS || SS || SS
|-
| '''Quebec L-200''' || 1994-1999 || cT2a-T3 || GnRH/AR || NACHT 5 months || NACHT-ADJ 10 mo || N/A || N/A || NS
|-
| '''Casodex EPC''' || 1995-1998 || Any || AR || None || ADJ 2 yrs or until progression || NS || SS || SS
|-
| '''RTOG 94-13''' || 1995-1999 || &gt;15% LN risk by Roach, PSA &lt;100 || GnRH/AR || NACHT 4 months || ADJ 4 months || NS || NS || NS
|-
| '''Harvard/DFCI''' || 1995-2001 || cT1b-T2b and PSA &gt;10 or GS ≥7 || GnRH/AR || None || NACHT-ADJ 6 months || SS || SS || SS
|-
| '''Canada''' || 1995-2001 || cT1c-T4 || GnRH/AR || NEO 3 months || NEO 8 mo || NS || NS || NS
|-
| '''TROG 96.01''' || 1996-2000 || cT2b-T4 || GnRH/AR || None || NACHT 3 mo vs NACHT 6 mo || N/A || SS(6m) || SS
|-
| '''EORTC 22961''' || 1997-2002 || cT1c-T2bN+ or cT2c-T4 || GnRH/AR || CONC-ADJ 6 months || CONC-ADJ 3 years || SS || SS || N/A
|-
| '''ICORG 97-01''' || 1997-2001 || PSA &gt; 20 or GS ≥7 or cT3-T4 || GnRH/AR || NEO 4 months || NEO 8 months || NS || NS || NS
|-
| '''PCS IV''' || 2000-2008 || PSA &gt; 20 or GS ≥ 8 or cT3-T4 || GnRH/AR || NACHT-ADJ 36 months || NACHT-ADJ 18 months || NS || NS || NS
|-
| '''EORTC 22991''' || 2001-2008 || T1b-c PSA&gt;10 or G ≥ 7; or T2a || GnRH/AR || None || CONC-ADJ 6 months || || || SS
|-
| '''RTOG 99-10''' || 1999-2004 || G 7 PSA&lt;20 or G 2-6 PSA 10-100 or T1 G8-10 PSA &lt; 20 || GnRH/AR || NACHT 4 months || NACHT 9 months || NS || NS || NS
|-
| '''DART01/05''' || 2005-2010 || Int to high risk || GnRH/AR || NACHT 4 months || NACHT-ADJ 28 months || SS || SS || SS
|}


NCCN Guidelines (v2.2011):
*Low risk: No ADT
*Intermediate risk: RT +/- short term neoadjuvant/concomitant/adjuvant ADT (4-6 months)
*High risk: RT + long-term neoadjuvant/concomitant/adjuvant ADT (2-3 years) (category 1)
*Locally Advanced: RT + Long-term neoadjuvant/concomitant/adjuvant ADT (2-3yrs) (category 1)

==Radiobiology==
*'''Fox Chase; 2003''' {{PMID|12909211}} -- &quot;Effect of sequencing of androgen deprivation and radiotherapy on prostate cancer growth.&quot; (Kaminski JM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Sep 1;57(1):24-8.)
**Rat prostate tumors. Orchiectomy done for ADT, androgen restoration with testosterone implants on day 14. RT 7/1. Seven groups: Sham (ADT + testosterone day 0), ADT (ADT -&gt; testosterone day 14), RT alone day 7, RT alone day 3, RT during ADT, RT before ADT, RT after ADT. Doubling time evaluated
**Outcome: Group 1 (sham) shortest Td (5.4 days); Group 7 (RT after ADT) longest Td (32.6 days); Groups 2-6 similar
**Conclusion: Neoadjuvant ADT prolonged suppresion of tumor growth, even after testosterone replacement

*'''Harvard; 1997''' {{PMID|9276373}} -- &quot;Androgen deprivation and radiation therapy: sequencing studies using the Shionogi in vivo tumor system.&quot; (Zietman AL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Jul 15;38(5):1067-70.)
**Shionogi adenocarcinoma, androgen dependent, grown as allograft in SCID mice. Bilateral orchiectomy done for ADT. Orchiectomy done either neoadjuvant (12 days prior to RT) or adjuvant (1-12 days post RT)
**Outcome: TCD50 significantly lower if ADT prior to RT
**Conclusion: Sequence/timing of RT and ADT crucial

==Neoadjuvant and concurrent androgen deprivation==
*'''TROG 96.01''' (Trans Tasman Radiation Oncology Group; Australia)(1996-2000) -- ADT None vs 3 months vs 6 months
**''Note:'' possible name confusion with [[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/9601|RTOG 96-01]], which is a post-prostatectomy salvage RT trial.
**Randomized. 802 men with locally advanced PCA (T2b-T4N0). Treated with 1) RT alone 66/33 vs. RT + 3 month AST (goserelin+flutamide starting 2 months prior to RT) vs. RT + 6 months AST (starting 5 months prior to RT). 
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16257791}} -- &quot;Short-term androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: results from the Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group 96.01 randomised controlled trial.&quot; (Denham JW, Lancet Oncol. 2005 Nov;6(11):841-50.) Median F/U 5.9 years
***5-year outcomes: bF 0 mo 14% vs. 3 mo 20% (SS) vs. 6 mo 21% (SS, NS) Local failure: 10% vs. 6% (SS) vs. 4% (SS, NS); distant failure 7% vs. 8% (NS) vs. 5% (SS, SS); PCA-specific survival: 34% vs. 35% (NS) vs. 35% (NS)
***Conclusion: 6 months AST before/during improves outlook of patients with locally advanced PCA. 3 months and 6 months comparable with local control, 6 months benefit for distant mets and freedom from salvage
**'''Surrogate endpoints; 2008''' {{PMID|18929505}} -- &quot;Time to biochemical failure and prostate-specific antigen doubling time as surrogates for prostate cancer-specific mortality: evidence from the TROG 96.01 randomised controlled trial.&quot;
***TTBF and PSADT can be useful as surrogate endpoints for prostate cancer-specific mortality
**'''False failures; 2009''' {{PMID|19176272}} -- &quot;Recognizing false biochemical failure calls after radiation with or without neo-adjuvant androgen deprivation for prostate cancer&quot; (Denham JW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jun 1;74(2):404-11. Epub 2009 Jan 26.)
***Comparison of ASTRO (61%) vs. Pheoenix (58%) failure. ASTRO 16% false failure, Phoenix 8% false failures. Most associated with &quot;plateuing&quot; in PSA values after nadir. Particularly common in ADT arms
***Conclusion: Phoenix definition 50% less false failures compared with ASTRO definition. Failures should be confirmed by further PSA rise, since may be part of plateau process
**'''PSA Variables; 2010''' {{PMID|20350786}} -- &quot;A Comparison of the Prognostic Value of Early PSA Test-Based Variables Following External Beam Radiotherapy, with or without Preceding Androgen Deprivation: Analysis of Data from the TROG 96.01 Randomized Trial.&quot; (Lamb DS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Mar 27. [Epub ahead of print])
***Retrospective. PSA-related variables evaluated for prognostic impact: initial PSA (iPSA), PSA at 2 months (2PSA), PSA (4PSA) at 4 months, PSA nadir (nPSA). Endpoints bPFS, local progression, DM, CSS
***Outcome: nPSA powerful predictor of all outcomes; iPSA, 2PSA and 4PSA only predicted for bPFS. nPSA correlated with iPSA, GS, and T-stage, and were significantly higher in men not treated with ADT
***Conclusion: Post-RT PSA nadir is the strongest prognostic indicator for outcome
**'''10-years; 2011''' {{PMID|21440505}} -- &quot;Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: 10-year data from the TROG 96.01 randomised trial.&quot; (Denham JW, Lancet Oncol. 2011 May;12(5):451-9.) -- Median F/U 10.6 y
***Both 3-mo and 6-mo NADT lead to a decrease in PSA progression, decreased local progression, and improved EFS compared to RT alone. In the 6-mo arm, there was a greater improvement for these 3 outcomes compared to the 3-mo arm. 
***For the 6-mo arm only, there was improved distant progression (HR 0.49), prostate cancer-specific mortality (0.49), and overall survival (0.63); these were no improvement seen in the 3-mo arm (0.89, 0.86, 0.84). 
***No increase in treatment-related morbidity with NADT.
***Conclusion: 6 months of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation is an effective treatment option for locally advanced prostate cancer

*'''Harvard''' (DFCI 95096) (1995-2001) - 6 months vs. no ADT  
**Randomized. 206 men. Intermediate/High Risk: T1b-T2b (1992 staging), PSA &gt;= 10 or Gleason &gt;= 7; allowed low risk pts (n=5) if radiographic ECE/SVI based on endorectal MRI. Arm 1) 70 Gy 3D XRT (did not treat the pelvis) vs. Arm 2) 6 months androgen suppression (leuprolide/goserelin + flutamide) beginning 2 months prior to RT.
**'''5-years; 2004''' {{PMID|15315996}} &amp;mdash; &quot;6-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial.&quot; (D'Amico et al. JAMA. 2004 Aug 18;292(7):821-7.) Median F/U 4.5 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS RT+AST 88% vs RT alone 78% (SS). 5-year survival free of salvage androgen suppression 82% vs 57% (SS). Decreased cancer-specific mortality.
***Conclusion: Addition of 6 months of AST confers survival benefit
**'''8-years; 2008''' {{PMID|18212313}} -- &quot;Androgen suppression and radiation vs radiation alone for prostate cancer: a randomized trial.&quot; (D'Amico AV, JAMA. 2008 Jan 23;299(3):289-95.)
***Postrandomization evaluation of comorbidity impact via ACE-27. Comorbidity none 66%, minimal 11%, moderate 22%, severe 12%.  Median F/U 7.6 years
***Outcome: 8-year OS RT+AST 74% vs. RT alone 61% (SS); PCA-specific mortality significantly better (HR 4.1)
***Comorbidity: None/minimal OS 90% vs. 64% (SS); moderate/severe OS 25% vs. 54% (NS)
***Conclusion: Addition of 6 months AST increases OS, though possibly only in men with no/minimal comorbidities
**'''ADT Duration; 2008''' {{PMID|18565884}} -- &quot;Risk of prostate cancer recurrence in men treated with radiation alone or in conjunction with combined or less than combined androgen suppression therapy.&quot; (D'Amico AV, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 20;26(18):2979-83.)
***Post-hoc analysis. Does duration of ADT impact risk of PSA failure. Groups adjusted for known prognostic factors (PSA level, GS 8-10, cT2). Median F/U 8.2 years
***Outcome: Each additional ADT month, decreased risk (HR 0.81, SS) of PSA failure
***Conclusion: Increased risk of recurrence with &lt;6 compared with 6 months of ADT
**'''Comorbidities; 2009''' {{PMID|19864082}} -- &quot;Radiation With or Without 6 Months of Androgen Suppression Therapy in Intermediate- and High-Risk Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: A Postrandomization Analysis by Risk Group.&quot; (Nguyen PL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Oct 26. [Epub ahead of print])
***Post-hoc analysis. Adult Comorbidity Evaluation 27 score used. Median F/U 8.2 year
***Outcome: ADT benefit restricted to men with no/mild comorbidity in intermediate risk (7-year OS 91% vs. 86%, SS) and high-risk groups (89% vs. 51%, SS). No benefit in either group for men with moderate/severe comorbidity
***Conclusion: ADT survival benefit seen only in men with no/mild comorbidity, but not in men with moderate/severe comorbidity
**'''Failure PSA kinetics; 2009''' {{PMID|19858385}} -- &quot;Evaluating the Combined Effect of Comorbidity and Prostate-Specific Antigen Kinetics on the Risk of Death in Men After Prostate-Specific Antigen Recurrence.&quot; (Wo JY, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 26. [Epub ahead of print])
***Post hoc analysis. PSA kinetics after failure reviewed. Median F/U 8.4 years
***Outcome: 89 PSA failures (43%), all-cause deaths 74 (36%). Increasing PSA velocity at recurrence (HR 1.6, SS) and moderate/severe comorbidity (HR 7.9, SS) associated with all-cause mortality. PSA velocity at recurrence associated with all-cause mortality for no/minimal comorbidity (SS) but not for moderate/severe comorbidity (NS) patients
***Conclusion: These findings support judicious use of salvage AST, particularly in men with moderate/severe comorbidities
**'''Older men; 2010''' {{PMID|19395186}} -- &quot;Survival following radiation and androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer in healthy older men: implications for screening recommendations.&quot; (Nguyen PL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Feb 1;76(2):337-41. Epub 2009 Apr 22.)
***Post hoc analysis. 78 healthy men older than median age 72, 24 &quot;not healthy&quot; men older than median age 73
***Outcome: In healthy men (mild/no comorbidity), 8-year mortality RT+ADT 16% vs RT alone 41% (SS). In not healthy men (moderate/severe comorbidity), worse mortality (numbers not given) with RT+ADT than RT alone (HR 5.2, SS). More cardiac deaths with ADT (60% vs 29%)
***Conclusion: In older healthy men, RT + ADT improved surival, but in men with comorbidities it worsened survival
**'''Intermediate risk; 2014''' {{PMID|24604289}} -- &quot;The likelihood of death from prostate cancer in men with favorable or unfavorable intermediate-risk disease.&quot; (Keane FK, Cancer. 2014 Mar 6. [Epub ahead of print])
***Using subclassification proposed by Zumsteg, divided intermediate risk pts into unfavorable and favorable intermediate risk groups. 
***Included 197 of 206 pts. High risk (51 pts, 25.9%), Unfavorable Intermediate risk (102, 51.8%), Favorable Intermediate risk (44, 22.3%).
***Median f/u 14.3 yr. 127 deaths (64.5%), 22/127 deaths from PC (17.3%) -- PCSM: 0 deaths (Fav-Int), 13 (Unfav-Int), 9 (High risk). Increased risk of PCSM for High risk vs Unfav-Int, but NS (HR 1.59). 15-yr PCSM: 20.0% (High risk), 13.1% (Unfav-Int), 0% (Fav-Int). 
***Increased PCSM for RT alone vs RT+HT (HR 4.13), SS.  
***Conclusion: &quot;The lack of PC deaths among men with favorable intermediate-risk PC suggests that adding AST may not reduce their risk of PCSM; whereas many men with unfavorable intermediate-risk PC are at risk for harboring occult PC with Gleason scores from 8 to 10 and, if proven, would benefit from long-term AST. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and targeted biopsy of suspicious lesions should be considered to identify PC with Gleason scores from 8 to 10 in these men.&quot;

*'''[[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/9408|RTOG 94-08]]''' (1994-2001) -- 4 months vs no ADT
**Randomized. 1979 pts. Lower risk patients (T1b-2b and PSA &lt; 20; any Gleason). Same hormone schema as RTOG 86-10 (flutamide + Lupron/Zoladex, 2 months before + during RT). RT was to the prostate only (not pelvic LN) if PSA &lt; 10 and Gleason 2-6 or if lymph node dissection negative (regardless of PSA). Others received pelvic RT. Total dose 66.6 Gy / 1.8 or 68.4/1.8 (if prostate only).
**'''2011''' {{PMID|21751904}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy and short-term androgen deprivation for localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Jones CU, N Engl J Med. 2011 Jul 14;365(2):107-18.) -- Median f/u 9.1 yrs
***Median f/u 9.1 yrs. OS at 10yrs: 62% (RT + Hormones) vs 57% (RT only), SS (HR=1.17). DSS 96% vs 93% (SS; HR 1.84). No difference in deaths from intercurrent disease. Biochemical failure (Phoenix def.) 26% vs 41% (SS, HR=1.74). Positive re-biopsy at 2 yr (of 843 pts biopsied) 21% vs 39% (SS). No increase in acute or late GI, GU, or Heme toxicity. 
***By risk groups: low risk (685 pts), int risk (1068 pts), high risk (226 pts). 8-yr OS: 76%/73% low, 72%/66% int, 66%/58% high risk; DSS 98%/99%, 98%/92%, 92%/88%; biochemical failure: 20%/30%, 25%/42%, 28%/47%. 
***All groups showed improved biochemical failure rate with hormonal therapy. For DSS and OS, largest improvement for intermediate risk group: 8-yr OS 72% vs 66% and DSS 98% vs 92%. 
***Conclusion: Addition of 4 months of HT to RT modestly improved overall survival of early stage prostate cancer pts treated with low dose RT (66 Gy). Improvement seen also in DSS, biochemical failure, and prostate re-biopsy. Intermediate risk subgroup showed the largest improvement. The use of hormones in the low risk population is not supported.

*'''Quebec L-101''' (1991-94) -- no ADT vs 3 months neoadjuvant vs. neoadjuvant/concurrent/adjuvant 10 months
**Randomized. 120 patients. T2a-T4. Arm 1) RT 64/32 alone, 2) 3 months neoadjuvant combination hormonal therapy (flutamide + LHRH agonist) + RT (no concurrent), or 3) hormonal therapy 3 months before, during, and 6 months after RT. Endpoint: Biopsy recurrence at 1 year and 2 years. 1-year biopsy compliance 77%, 2-year 57%
**'''1997''' {{PMID|9069293}}, 1997 &amp;mdash; &quot;Beneficial effect of combination hormonal therapy administered prior and following external beam radiation therapy in localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Laverdiere J et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997; 37:247-52.)
***Outcome: 1-year biopsy rate RT 62% vs. RT + 3 months 30% vs. RT + 10 months 4% (SS). 2-year biopsy rate 65% vs. 28% vs. 5% (SS)
***Conclusion: Higher rate of positive biopsies without ADT
**'''2004''' {{PMID|14767287}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The efficacy and sequencing of a short course of androgen suppression on freedom from biochemical failure when administered with radiation therapy for T2-T3 prostate cancer.&quot; (Laverdiere J et al. J Urol. 2004 Mar;171(3):1137-40.) Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: 7-year bNED RT 42% vs. RT + 3 months 66% (SS) vs. RT + 10 months 69% (SS, NS)
***Conclusion: Adding short course (6 months) of adjuvant ADT after neoadjuvant/concurrent ADT provided no further advantage

*'''[[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/8610|RTOG 86-10]]''' &quot;Bulky Trial&quot; (1987-91) - 4 months vs. no ADT
**Randomized. 471 patients. Bulky primary tumors (T2-T4), palpable tumor 5 x 5 cm. Allowed LN+ if below common iliac. Allowed bulky disease (unlike 85-31). Randomized to goserelin + flutamide 2 months before and 2 months during XRT, versus no AD. XRT to 45 Gy to pelvis, with boost to 65-70 Gy. RT fields to L5/S1 level if LN- but extend to L2-L3 if LN+. 
**'''5-years; 1995''' {{PMID|7716842}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Androgen deprivation with radiation therapy compared with radiation therapy alone for locally advanced prostatic carcinoma: a randomized comparative trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.&quot; Pilepich et al. Urology. 1995 Apr;45(4):616-23.
***5-year PFS 36% vs 15%. No difference in overall survival.
**'''8-years; 2001''' {{PMID|11483335}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 86-10 of androgen deprivation adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate.&quot; Pilepich MV et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Aug 1;50(5):1243-52. 
***8-year LC 42% vs 30% (p=0.02), DM 34% vs 45% (p=0.04), DFS 33% vs 21% (p=0.004), bDFS 24% vs 10% (p&lt;0.0001), cause-specific mortality 23% vs 31% (p=0.05), overall survival 53% vs 44% (p=0.10)
***Beneficial effect in Gleason 2-6, with improved overall survival 70% vs 52% (p=0.015). 
***For Gleason 7-10, no improvement in LRC or OS.
**'''10-years; 2008''' {{PMID|18172188}}  &amp;mdash; &quot;Short-Term Neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy and External-Beam Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: Long-Term Results of RTOG 8610.&quot; Roach M et al. J Clin Oncol 2008 Feb 1;26(4):585-91.
***Outcome: 10-yr OS AST 43% vs control 34% (NS), median OS 8.7 vs 7.3 yrs (NS, p=0.12). Improved DSM (23% vs 36%, SS), DM (35% vs 47%, SS), DFS (11% vs 3%, SS), and BF (65% vs 80%, SS). No difference in fatal cardiac events.
***Conclusion: Significant improvement in DFS, DSM but no difference in OS. No risk of fatal cardiac events

==Concurrent + adjuvant androgen ablation==
*'''EORTC 22991''' (2001-2008) -- RT +/- concurrent/adjuvant ADT x 6 months
**[http://www.cotrec.org/repertoireCotrec/EORTC%2022991/Protocol-22991-version%202.0.pdf Protocol]
**Randomized. 819 pts. Enrolled: 1) T1b-T1c N0, PSA &gt; 10 or G ≥ 7; and 2) T2a N0 (Any G, PSA &lt; 50). Includes intermediate risk and high risk.  
**Randomization: 1) RT alone (include 3D or IMRT; dose 70, 74, or 78 Gy physician choice). 2) RT + 6 months hormonal therapy (goserelin 3 month x 2 injections, beginning on first day of RT; bicalutamide x 1 month, starting 7 days prior to LHRH).
**'''2014''' [http://www.estro.org/binaries/content/assets/pdf-files-and-documents/pdf-events-2013/estro33_abstractbook_webpart1bis.pdf ESTRO Annual Meeting 2014] (Apr 4-8, 2014) -- &quot;3D-CRT/IMRT with/without short term androgen deprivation in localized T1b-cT2aN0M0 prostate cancer (EORTC 22991)&quot; (Bolla M, Abstract #OC-0522)
***[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140406214415.htm Press release]
***Median f/u 7.2 yrs. Biochemical progression reduced by 47% with RT+HT, regardless of RT dose and modality (IMRT or 3D) -- 17.5% vs 30.7%. Improved freedom from clinical progression: 88.7% vs 80.8%. 
**'''2016''' {{PMID|26976418}} -- &quot;Short Androgen Suppression and Radiation Dose Escalation for Intermediate- and High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer: Results of EORTC Trial 22991.&quot; (Bolla M, J Clin Oncol. 2016 May 20;34(15):1748-56.)
***Six months of concomitant and adjuvant AS improves biochemical and clinical DFS of intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer.
**'''12-years; 2021''' {{PMID|34310202}} -- &quot;Short Androgen Suppression and Radiation Dose Escalation in Prostate Cancer: 12-Year Results of EORTC Trial 22991 in Patients With Localized Intermediate-Risk Disease&quot; (Bolla M, J Clin Oncol. 2021 Sep 20;39(27):3022-3033. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.00855. Epub 2021 Jul 26.). Median F/U 12.2 years. 
***Outcome: EFS EBRT+AS 37% vs EBRT 56% (SS). Events PSA relapse 49% or death 45%. 10-year DMFS 79% vs 73% (p 0.06). 10-year OS 80% vs 74% (p=0.08)
***Conclusion: Concominant/adjuvant AS x6 months significantly improves EFS and DFS, but not OS.
**Comment: demonstrates improved results with addition of HT in intermediate to high risk pts despite use of higher doses of RT than previously.

*'''EORTC 22863''' (1987-1995) -- RT +/- concurrent/adjuvant ADT x3 years
**Randomized. 415 patients with T1-2 WHO grade 3 (GS 8-10) or T3-4 any grade, N0-1. RT alone vs RT + concurrent/adjuvant goserelin. Goserelin monthly starting on first day of RT, total of 3 years. RT pelvis 50/25 + boost 20/10 
**'''1997''' {{PMID|9233866}} - &amp;mdash; &quot;Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin&quot; Bolla et al. The New England Journal Of Medicine. Volume 337, Issue 5 , July 31, 1997, Pages 295-300.
**'''5-years; 2002'''  {{PMID|12126818}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial.&quot; Bolla M et al. Lancet. 2002 Jul 13;360(9327):103-6. Median F/U 5.5 years
***Outcome: 5-yr OS - RT+ADT 78% vs RT alone 62% (SS), disease-specific survival 94% vs 79%, DFS 74% vs 40% (SS).
***Conclusion: AST during and 3 years after EBRT improves DFS and OS
**'''10-years; 2010''' {{PMID|20933466}}  -&amp;mdash; &quot;External irradiation with or without long-term androgen suppression for prostate cancer with high metastatic risk: 10-year results of an EORTC randomised study.&quot; Bolla M et al. Lancet Oncol 11: 1066-1073, 2010.
***Outcome: 10 yr OS - RT+ADT 58.1% vs. RT alone 39.8% (SS); DFS - RT+ADT 47.7% vs. RT 22.7% (SS); CaP mortality - RT+ADT 10.3% vs. RT alone 30.4% (SS)

==Neoadjuvant/Concurrent vs Adjuvant ADT==
*'''[[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/9413|RTOG 94-13]]''' (1995-99) -- 4 months NACHT vs 4 month AHT (also pelvis vs prostate RT)
**Randomized. 1323 patients. High risk patients with estimated risk of LN involvement of 15% or more by the Roach equation and PSA &lt; 100. Pts with T2c-T4 tumors and Gleason &gt;=6 were allowed regardless of LN risk. 2x2 randomization. Randomized to whole-pelvic (WP) vs prostate-only (PO) RT, and combined neoadjuvant + concurrent hormonal therapy (NCHT) vs adjuvant hormonal therapy (AHT). ''ADT:'' Total androgen suppression with goserelin or leupron + flutamide. For NCHT, total of 4 months - 2 months before and 2 months during RT. For AHT, began following RT for total of 4 months. ''RT:'' Dose 70.2 Gy to prostate. For WP RT, 50.4 Gy to pelvis (16x16 field), followed by boost to prostate only.  PO RT was to prostate + SV only.
**[[Radiation Oncology/Prostate:External_Beam_RT#Field Size |'''See section under &quot;Small vs extended fields&quot; for more details''']]
**'''7-years; 2007''' {{PMID|17531401}} -- &quot;An Update of the Phase III Trial Comparing Whole Pelvic to Prostate Only Radiotherapy and Neoadjuvant to Adjuvant Total Androgen Suppression: Updated Analysis of RTOG 94-13, With Emphasis on Unexpected Hormone/Radiation Interactions.&quot; (Lawton CA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 1;69(3):646-55.) Median F/U for alive patients 7.0 years
***Outcome: PFS WPRT+NHT 62% vs. PORT+NHT 66% vs. WPRT+AHT 69% vs. PORT+AHT 62% (NS); also no difference in OS. By pairs, no difference between WPRT and PORT, and no difference between NHT and AHT. No difference in LF or DM
***Toxicity: No difference in RT Grade 3+ toxicity among the 4 arms
***Conclusion: No benefit for NHT + WPRT compared with PORT + AHT
**Comment: the benefit of neoadjuvant hormones combined with irradiation to the pelvic lymph nodes seen initially implies that the benefit of hormones is in increasing the effectiveness of RT on the lymph nodes (which receive low dose RT) vs that of increasing local control in the prostate which receives a high dose of RT.

==Adjuvant androgen deprivation==
*'''Casodex Early Prostate Cancer Program (EPC)''' (1995-1998) -- Casodex vs. placebo
**Randomized, double blind, placebo. 8113 patients. Comprised of 3 separate trials: North America (Trial 23), Europe (Trial 24), and Scandinavia (SPCG-6, Trial 25). Pts with non-metastatic disease on bone scan, stages T1-4. Primary treatment with RT, surgery, or watchful waiting. Randomized to +/- adjuvant bicalutamide (Casodex) 150 mg. For 2 yrs (North America) or until progression (other 2 trials). Localized defined as clinical or pathological T1-T2N0-Nx, locally advanced defined as T3-T4 any N or any TN+. Surgical procedures, RT techniques, and dose-fractionation schedules not specified. Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy permitted in Trials 23-24
**'''Original; 2002''' {{PMID|12131282}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Bicalutamide as immediate therapy either alone or as adjuvant to standard care of patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer: first analysis of the early prostate cancer program.&quot; See WA et al. J Urol. 2002 Aug;168(2):429-35.
**'''5-years; 2004''' {{PMID|15540740}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Bicalutamide 150 mg in addition to standard care in patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer: results from the second analysis of the early prostate cancer program at median followup of 5.4 years.&quot; Wirth MP et al. J Urol. 2004 Nov;172(5 Pt 1):1865-70. 
**'''RT 5-years; 2005''' - {{PMID|16145740}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Bicalutamide ('Casodex') 150 mg as adjuvant to radiotherapy in patients with localised or locally advanced prostate cancer: results from the randomised Early Prostate Cancer Programme.&quot; Tyrrell CJ et al. Radiother Oncol. 2005 Jul;76(1):4-10.
***RT subset (n=1370)
***Outcome: If locally advanced, bicalutamide improved PFS by 53% (SS). Clinical PFS bicalutamide 33% vs. placebo 49% (SS). No difference in localized disease
***Toxicity: breast pain (75%), gynecomastia (67%) which were mild/moderate &gt;90%
***Conclusion: Bicalutamide significantly improved PFS in locally advanced patients; there was no significant benefit for localized patients
**'''RT 7-years; 2006''' {{PMID|16896884}} -- &quot;The addition of bicalutamide 150 mg to radiotherapy significantly improves overall survival in men with locally advanced prostate cancer.&quot; (See WA, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug;132 Suppl 1:S7-16.) Median F/U 7.2 years
***RT subset (n=1370); locally advanced 22%, localized 78%. EBRT 93%, EBRT + BT 6%. Median EBRT dose 64 Gy
***Outcome: Overall events bPFS 57% vs. 47% (SS), cPFS 67% vs. 61% (SS), OS 74% vs. 69% (NS)
****Locally advanced: bicalutamide improved bPFS by 59% (SS), cPFS by 44% (SS), DSS by 24% (SS), and OS by 35% (SS).  
****Localized: no difference in cPFS or OS, benefit for bPFS 59% vs 53% (SS)
***Conclusion: In patients with locally advanced disease, survival benefit for adjuvant Casodex, but no benefit in localized prostate cancer
**'''SPCG-6; 2006''' {{PMID|17130095}} -- &quot;Bicalutamide 150 mg in addition to standard care for patients with early non-metastatic prostate cancer: updated results from the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Period Group-6 Study after a median follow-up period of 7.1 years.&quot; (Iversen P, Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2006;40(6):441-52.)
***Scandinavian subset. 1218 patients. Watchful waiting 81%. Median F/U 7.1 years 
***Outcome: disease progression bicalutamide 48% vs. placebo 56% (SS), no difference in localized patients (HR 0.85, NS) but significant benefit for locally advanced patients (HR 0.47, SS). Median time-to-progression 8.8 years vs. 7.1 years. Overall survival 39% vs. 40% (NS), trend to worse outcome with bicalutamide in localized disease (HR 1.23, NS), significant benefit in locally advanced disease (HR 0.65, SS)
***Watchful waiting group: trend to worse outcome with bicalutamide in localized disease (HR 1.18, NS), significant benefit in locally advanced disease (HR 0.67, SS)
***Toxicity: Breast pain 64%, gynecomastia 58%, impotence 17% (vs. 7%), decreased libido 4% (vs. 1%), abnormal LFTs 3% (vs. 0.8%). Withdrawal due to adverse events 21% vs. 9%
***Conclusion: Bicalutamide plus standard care offers significant benefit for patients with locally advanced disease, not for localized disease

*'''[[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/8531|RTOG 85-31]]''' &quot;High Risk Non-Bulky Trial&quot; (1987-92) - long term (indefinite) hormones
**Randomized. 977 patients. ''Scheme:'' XRT alone vs XRT + long-term adjuvant goserelin (Zoladex). ''Eligibility:'' cT3 or pT3 (after prostatectomy) or N+ regional nodes (including common iliac or paraaortics). Bulky patients (primary tumor volume &gt; 25 cm by product of two dimensions) not allowed unless they had +LN outside of the pelvis (i.e. common iliac or paraaortic). (Bulky pts were enrolled on parallel study 86-10.) ''Hormones:'' Goserelin started during last week of XRT and continued monthly until progression. ''Radiation technique:'' For patients with LN+ disease within the pelvis: upper border at L5/S1 interspace, lower border 5-6 cm below pubic symphysis, lateral borders for AP/PA 2cm lateral to pelvic brim.  For positive common iliac nodes, extended up to L2/L3 interspace to include paraaortic nodes.  For positive periaortic LN, extend to body of T11.  ''Dose:'' 65-70 Gy definitive. 60 Gy for post-op. 44-46 Gy to pelvic field followed by boost.
**''See also:'' [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Adjuvant_RT#RT_.2B_Hormones|Adjuvant RT]] for an analysis of post-operative patients treated on 85-31  
**'''Initial results; 1997''' {{PMID|9060541}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Phase III trial of androgen suppression using goserelin in unfavorable-prognosis carcinoma of the prostate treated with definitive radiotherapy: report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 85-31.&quot; Pilepich MV et al. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Mar;15(3):1013-21.
**'''8-years; 2001''' {{PMID|11240234}} &amp;mdash; Lawton et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Mar 15;49(4):937-46. &quot;Updated results of the phase III Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trial 85-31 evaluating the potential benefit of androgen suppression following standard radiation therapy for unfavorable prognosis carcinoma of the prostate.&quot;
**'''10-years; 2005''' {{PMID|15817329}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Androgen suppression adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in prostate carcinoma--long-term results of phase III RTOG 85-31.&quot; (Pilepich MV, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Apr 1;61(5):1285-90.). Median F/U 7.6 years (11 for living patients)
***10-year outcome: OS 49% vs. 39% (SS); LF 23% vs. 38% (SS); DM 24% vs. 39% (SS); disease-specific mortality 16% vs. 22% (SS)
***Conclusion: In unfavorable prognosis, adjuvant AST improves survival
**'''N+ patients; 2005''' {{PMID|15681524}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Androgen suppression plus radiation versus radiation alone for patients with stage D1/pathologic node-positive adenocarcinoma of the prostate: updated results based on national prospective randomized trial Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 85-31.&quot; Lawton CA et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 1;23(4):800-7.
***173 pts were N+. Median f/u 9.5 yrs for alive pts. PFS (PSA &lt; 1.5) was 54% vs 33% at 5 years and 10% vs 4% at 9 years (This was S.S. both for patients with and without prostatectomy). Distant mets 28% vs 50% at 9 years (S.S. for pts without prostatectomy only). OS 72% vs 50% at 5 years and 62% vs 38% at 9 years. This was S.S. in multivariant analysis but N.S. in univariate analysis.
**'''Obesity; 2007''' {{PMID|17999404}} -- &quot;Obesity and mortality in men with locally advanced prostate cancer: analysis of RTOG 85-31.&quot; (Efstathiou JA, Cancer. 2007 Nov 12; [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: 5-year DSM BMI &lt;25 6% vs. BMI 25-30 13% vs. BMI &gt;30 12% (SS). BMI not associated with non-prostate CA or all-cause mortality. True in multivariate analysis
***Conclusion: Baseline BMI independently associated with higher PCA specific mortality in locally advanced PCA
**'''Cardiovascular; 2008''' {{PMID|19047297}} -- &quot;Cardiovascular Mortality After Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: RTOG 85-31.&quot; (Efstathiou JA, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print])
***Retrospective analysis. Median F/U 8.1 years
***Outcome: CV mortality ADT 8% vs. no ADT 11% (NS); not significant on multivariate analysis
***Conclusion: GnRH agonists do not seem to increase DV mortality in men with locally advanced prostate CA
**'''ADT Salvage; 2010''' {{PMID|20356687}} -- &quot;Timing of Salvage Hormonal Therapy in Prostate Cancer Patients With Unfavorable Prognosis Treated With Radiotherapy: A Secondary Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 85-31.&quot; (Souhami L, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Mar 29. [Epub ahead of print])
***See also: [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Recurrence after RT#Androgen ablation]]
***Subset analysis, relapsing patients in RT alone arm. Defined early salvage as initiated with PSA &lt;10 and late-salvage as &gt;10. Median F/U 11 and 13 years
***Outcome: Early salvage significantly improved OS (HR 1.5, SS), no difference in local failure or cancer-specific mortality
***Conclusion: Early introduction of salvage hormonal therapy improved OS but not CSS. Randomized trial is warranted

'''''Adjuvant hormonal therapy after prostatectomy:'''''
*Trials including RP pts only:
**See [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Prostatectomy#Adjuvant chemotherapy]]
*Trials including RP pts along with RT or WW 
**See above: RTOG 85-31 and Casodex Early Prostate Cancer Program (EPC)

==Androgen suppression duration==
'''Randomized''' 
*'''DART01/05 GICOR''' (Spain) (2005-2010) - intermediate and high risk. 4 months neoadj/concur (2/2) vs 28 months (2/2+24).
**Randomized. 355 pts. Intermediate to high risk. Randomized to: 1) 4 months of neoadjuvant/concurrent (2/2) + RT, or 2) 4 months (2/2) + RT followed by additional 24 months (total of 28 months). 
***RT: 76-82 Gy. 
**[https://www.astro.org/uploadedFiles/Main_Site/News_and_Media/Media_Resources/Press_Kits/Annual_Meeting_2014/Zapatero%20Slides_Formatted_v5.pdf ASTRO Annual meeting 2014 slides]
**'''2015''' {{PMID|25702876}} -- &quot;High-dose radiotherapy with short-term or long-term androgen deprivation in localised prostate cancer (DART01/05 GICOR): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.&quot; (Zapatero A, Lancet Oncol. 2015 Mar;16(3):320-7.)
***Median f/u 5 yrs. Improved 5-yr bDFS (81% vs 90%), OS (95% vs 86%), metastasis-free survival (94% vs 83%). Improvements were more evident in high risk disease patients. 
***Conclusion: Compared with short-term androgen deprivation, 2 years of adjuvant androgen deprivation combined with high-dose radiotherapy improved biochemical control and overall survival in patients with prostate cancer, particularly those with high-risk disease, with no increase in late radiation toxicity. Longer follow-up is needed to determine whether men with intermediate-risk disease benefit from more than 4 months of androgen deprivation.
**'''2022''' {{PMID|35427469}} -- &quot;High-dose radiotherapy and risk-adapted androgen deprivation in localised prostate cancer (DART 01/05): 10-year results of a phase 3 randomised, controlled trial.&quot; (Zapatero A, Lancet Oncol. 2022 May;23(5):671-681.)
***Median f/u 10 yrs. No difference in bDFS, OS, or metastasis-free surival.  10-yr bDFS 70.2% for LTAD vs 62.3% STAD (NS); OS 78.4% vs 73.3% STAD (NS) ; metastasis-free survival 76.0% vs 70.9% (NS).
***For high risk subgroup: bDFS 67.2% vs 53.7% (NS), OS 78.5% vs 67.0% (p=0.05), MFS 76.6% vs 65.0% (NS).   HR = 0.73 (bDFS), 0.58 (OS), 0.89 (MFS). 
***Conclusion: &quot;After an extended 10-year follow-up, we were unable to support the significant benefit of LTAD reported at 5 years. However, the magnitude of the benefit was clinically relevant in high-risk patients. Intermediate-risk patients treated with high-dose radiotherapy do not benefit from LTAD. A biological characterisation with the inclusion of genomic testing is needed in the decision-making process.&quot;

*'''[[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/9910|RTOG 99-10]]''' (1999-2004) - Intermediate risk, 2 vs 7 months neoadjuvant TAA + concurrent (2+2 vs 7+2) for total 4 mo vs 9 mo.
**Randomized. 1579 pts. Intermediate to high risk. Randomized to: 1) 8 weeks of androgen suppression followed by RT with an additional 8 weeks of concurrent AS (16 weeks total), or 2) 28 weeks followed by RT + 8 weeks concurrent AS (36 weeks total). 
***Allowed Gleason 2-6 with PSA 10-100 (intermediate to high risk); G 7 and PSA &lt; 20 (intermediate risk); and T1, G 8-10, PSA &lt; 20 (high risk). Intermediate risk: 84%, high risk 15%. 
***Antiandrogen (bicalutamide or flutamide) started 14 days before first LHRH injection and continued until last day of RT. 
***RT: 70.2 Gy in 39 fractions. When treated, pelvic lymph nodes were included to 46.8 Gy.
**'''2015''' {{PMID|25534388}} -- &quot;Duration of androgen suppression before radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: radiation therapy oncology group randomized clinical trial 9910.&quot; (Pisansky TM, J Clin Oncol. 2015 Feb 1;33(4):332-9.)
***Median f/u 9.4 yrs. 10 yr DSS 95% vs 96%; OS 66% vs 67%; biochemical failure 27% vs 27%.
***Conclusion: Extending AS duration from 8 weeks to 28 weeks before radiotherapy did not improve outcomes.

*'''PCS IV''' (Quebec) (2000-2008) -- AST 36 months vs 18 months
**Randomized. 630 pts. High risk, node-negative (PSA &gt; 20, G &gt;= 8, or T3-T4). 
***RT: 44 Gy to pelvis, 70 Gy to prostate. RT started 4 months after AB. Androgen blockade(AB): bicalutamide 50 mg x 1 month; goserelin q3months for 36 months (arm 1) vs 18 months (arm 2) total. 
***Pt characteristics: Median PSA 16, median Gleason 8. Most had T2 or T3 disease.
**'''2013''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=134&amp;abstractID=107219 ASCO Abstract] (Genitourinary Cancers Symposium) Abstract #3 -- &quot;High-risk prostate cancer treated with pelvic radiotherapy and 36 versus 18 months of androgen blockade: Results of a phase III randomized study.&quot; (Nabid A, J Clin Oncol 31, 2013 (suppl 6; abstr 3))
***Median f/u 77 months (6.4 yr). 
***OS+CSS: 5-yr OS 92.1% vs 86.8% (p=0.052). 5-yr CSS 97.6% vs 96.4% (NS).  10-yr OS 63.6% vs 63.2% (NS). 10-yr DSS 87.2% vs 87.2% (NS).
****Cause of death: 71/310 pts (22.9%) in arm 1 and 76/320 (23.8%) in arm 2 had died. 116 deaths out of 147 (78.9%) were from causes other than prostate cancer. 
***BRFS: No sig. difference in bRFS, RF, or DF.
***Conclusion: &quot;Our study shows that long term AB can be safely reduced from 36 to 18 months without compromising outcomes. Analysis of treatment impact on quality of life is now under review.&quot;
**'''2018''' {{PMID|29980331}} -- &quot;Duration of Androgen Deprivation Therapy in High-risk Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Phase III Trial.&quot; (Nabid A, Eur Urol. 2018 Jul 3.[Epub ahead of print])
***Median f/u 9.4 yr. 5-yr OS 91% vs 86% (p=0.07), 10-yr 62% vs 62% (NS); HR 1.02 (NS). QOL favored short arm. 
***Biochemical failure: 5-yr 12% vs 16%, 10-yr 25% vs 31%; HR 0.71 (SS). 
***Disease-specific survival: 10-yr 91% vs 92% (NS). Disease-free survival: 5-yr 77% vs 69% (SS), 10-yr 45% vs 39% (p=0.055); HR 0.84 (p=0.08). 
***Subgroup analysis: no interaction between ADT duration and G8-10 vs G7 or less for any endpoint.
***Conclusion: In localized HRPC, our results support that 36 mo is not superior to 18 mo of ADT. ADT combined with RT can potentially be reduced to 18 mo in selected men without compromising survival or QoL. Thus, 18 mo of ADT appears to represent a valid option in HRPC.

*'''Irish Clinical Oncology Research Group (ICORG) 97-01''' (1997-2001) -- AST 4 months vs 8 months prior to RT
**Randomized. 261 pts. Localized, node-negative, intermediate to high risk: PSA &gt; 20, Gleason 7-10, or T3-T4. Neoadjuvant LHRH (triptorelin) monthly plus flutamide, randomized for duration of 4 months vs 8 months. RT began within 1 month of the end of AST. 70 Gy in 35 fractions prescribed to PTV.
**'''2011''' {{PMID|20797824}} -- &quot;A randomized trial (Irish clinical oncology research group 97-01) comparing short versus protracted neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Armstrong JG, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Sep 1;81(1):35-45.)
***Median f/u 102 mo (8.5 y). No sig. difference in OS, BFFS, or PCSS. 5-yr OS 90% (short) vs 83% (long), NS. BFFS 66% vs 63%.
***Conclusion: &quot;No statistically significant difference was found in biochemical failure-free survival between 4 months and 8 months of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer.&quot;
**'''Salvage Hormonal Therapy''': {{PMID|22658512}} -- &quot;Early salvage hormonal therapy for biochemical failure improved survival in prostate cancer patients after neoadjuvant hormonal therapy plus radiation therapy-a secondary analysis of irish clinical oncology research group 97-01.&quot; (Mydin AR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Jan 1;85(1):101-8.)
***See [[Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Recurrence after RT#Androgen ablation|Recurrence after RT]]
**'''Erectile dysfunction; 2012''' {{PMID|22682750}} -- &quot;The effect of short term neo-adjuvant androgen deprivation on erectile function in patients treated with external beam radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer: an analysis of the 4- versus 8-month randomised trial (Irish Clinical Oncology Research Group 97-01).&quot; (Daly PE, Radiother Oncol. 2012 Jul;104(1):96-102.) 
***For details, see page at [[Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Erectile dysfunction|Erectile dysfunction]]

*'''EORTC 22961''' (1997-2002) -- AST 6 months vs. AST 3 years
**Randomized. 970 men. Locally advanced prostate cancer (T1c-T2b pN1-N2 M0 or cT2c-T4 N0-N2 M0), PSA up to 40x normal, Hb &gt;10. 3D-CRT pelvis + prostate boost 70 Gy. AST 6 months (complete androgen blockade) initiated 1st day of RT. If no progression, Arm 1) observation vs Arm 2) AST 2.5 years (LHRH triptorelin). 72% completed full 3 years.  Median F/U 6.4 year
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19516032}} -- &quot;Duration of Androgen Suppression in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer&quot; (Bolla M, N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 11;360(24):2516-2517.)
***Outcome: 5-year OS 6-months 81% vs. 3-years 85% (HR 1.4, SS); 5-year CSS 95% vs. 97% (HR 1.7, SS).
***Toxicity: 6 month AST hot flashes 29%, gynecomastia 7%, incontinence 10%. 3 year AST hot flashes 39%, gynecomastia 18%. Quality of life comparable between arms. No difference in fatal cardiac events (4% vs. 3%)
***Conclusion: Combination of RT + 3 years AST provides superior survival to 6 month AST in locally advanced cancer

*'''Canada multicenter''' (1995-2001) -- ADT 3 vs 8 months prior to RT
**Randomized. 378 patients. Clinically localized cT1-T4 (low 26%, intermediate 43%, high risk 31%). Median PSA 9.7 ng/ml Arm 1) Flutamide + goserelin x3 months vs. Arm 2) Same x8 months. Subsequently prostate RT 66 Gy. If LN+ risk &gt;10-15%, treated pelvis. No concurrent ADT
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15337535}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Report of a multicenter Canadian phase III randomized trial of 3 months vs. 8 months neoadjuvant androgen deprivation before standard-dose radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer.&quot; Crook J et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Sep 1;60(1):15-23.
****Median f/u 44 mos. No difference in the 3 yr (66-68%) or 5 yr (61-62%) FFF rate. Suggestion of benefit for 8 month duration of hormones for the high-risk pts for DFS, but N.S. 
***Conclusion: no benefit for longer length of neoadjuvant hormones
**'''2009''' {{PMID|18707821}} -- &quot;Final report of multicenter Canadian Phase III randomized trial of 3 versus 8 months of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy before conventional-dose radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer.&quot; (Crook J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Feb 1;73(2):327-33. Epub 2008 Aug 15.) Median F/U 6.6 years
***Outcome: 5-year bPFS 3 months 72% vs. 8 months 75% (NS); OS 81% vs. 79% (NS). Improved DFS for high-risk patients with 8 months (71% vs. 42%, SS)
***Conclusion: Longer neoadjuvant HT before standard RT didn't alter patterns of failure
**'''PSA response; 2010''' {{PMID|19395187}} -- &quot;Is biochemical response more important than duration of neoadjuvant hormone therapy before radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer? An analysis of the 3- versus 8-month randomized trial.&quot; (Alexander A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Jan 1;76(1):23-30.)
***Subset analysis. Evaluated pre-RT post-hormone PSA (PRPH-PSA)
***Outcome: bPFS if PRPH-PSA &lt;0.1 55% vs &gt;0.1 49% (SS), no difference by treatment arm. MVA predictors of outcome PRPH-PSA, GS, initial PSA, and Tstage, but not ADT duration
***Conclusion: Biochemical response to neoadjuvant ADT before RT, not duration necessary to reach it, is crucial determinant of benefit

*'''Quebec L-200''' (1994-1999) -- Neoadjuvant/concurrent (5 months) vs neoadjuvant/concurrent/adjuvant (10 months) ADT
**Randomized. 325 patients, cT2-T3 prostate cancer. Arm 1) RT + neoadjuvant/concurrent ADT (5 months) using LHRH agonist + antiandrogen vs. Arm 2) RT + neoadjuvant/concurrent/adjuvant (10 months) ADT. Endpoint bNED by Vancouver definition
**'''2004''' {{PMID|14767287}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The efficacy and sequencing of a short course of androgen suppression on freedom from biochemical failure when administered with radiation therapy for T2-T3 prostate cancer.&quot; (Laverdiere J et al. J Urol. 2004 Mar;171(3):1137-40.) 
***Outcome: 4-year bNED 65%, no difference between arms
***Conclusion: Adding short course (5 months) of adjuvant ADT after neoadjuvant/concurrent ADT provided no further advantage

*'''[[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/9202|RTOG 92-02]]''' (1992-95) -- 4 months versus 2 years ADT
**Randomized. 1554 patients with locally advanced PCA. T2c-T4 (T2 45%, T3 50%); PSA &lt;150 (PSA &lt;=30 in 67%), allowed N+ (N+ 4%, Nx 87%) but excluded LN+ at common iliac or higher chains. Goserelin 3.6 mg SC qM + flutamide 250 mg TID for 2 months before and 2 months during XRT. Then Arm 1) observation (ST-ADT) vs. Arm 2) 2 years of goserelin (LT-ADT). XRT pelvis 45 Gy, followed by a boost to 65-70 Gy. 
**'''5-years; 2003''' {{PMID|14581419}} [http://www.jco.org/cgi/content/full/21/21/3972 Full Text] &amp;mdash; &quot;Phase III trial of long-term adjuvant androgen deprivation after neoadjuvant hormonal cytoreduction and radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 92-02.&quot; (Hanks GE, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Nov 1;21(21):3972-8. Median F/U 5.8 years
***Outcome: 5-year DFS ST-AST 28% vs. LT-AST 46% (SS); LR 12% vs. 6% (SS); OS 78% vs. 80% (NS)
***Subset analysis (GS 8-10): OS ST-AST 71% vs LT-AST 81% (SS); all other points also (SS)
***Conclusion: Long-term ADT improves DFS over short-term ADT, survival benefit for GS 8-10 subset
**'''10-years; 2008''' {{PMID|18413638}} -- &quot;Ten-Year Follow-Up of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 92-02: A Phase III Trial of the Duration of Elective Androgen Deprivation in Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer.&quot; (Horwitz EM, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Apr 14 [Epub ahead of print]). Median F/U 11.3 years
***Outcome: 10-year DFS ST-ADT 13% vs. LT-ADT 22% (SS), DSS 84% vs. 89% (SS), LR 22% vs. 12% (SS); OS 52% vs. 54% (NS)
***Subset analysis (GS 8-10): OS ST-AST 32% vs. LT-AST 45%; all other points also SS
***Conclusion: LT-ADT is superior to ST-ADT for DFS; not powered for OS. On subgroup analysis, GS 8-10 has survival advantage


'''Retrospective'''
*'''Harvard; 2008''' {{PMID|18565884}} -- &quot;Risk of prostate cancer recurrence in men treated with radiation alone or in conjunction with combined or less than combined androgen suppression therapy.&quot; (D'Amico AV, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 20;26(18):2979-83.)
**Subset analysis. 206 men with localized unfavorable-risk prostate CA enrolled on Harvard trial RT vs. RT + AST x 6 months. Regression analysis to evaluate impact of duration of antiandrogen use. Median F/U 8.2 years
**Outcome: Recurrence risk significantly decreased (HR 0.81) with each additional month of ADT, after adjustment for PSA, GS, or cT2
**Conclusion: Less than 6 months ADT leads to increased risk of recurrence compared with 6 months of ADT

*'''Harvard; 2007''' (1987-2000) {{PMID|17397033}} -- &quot;Short- vs long-term androgen suppression plus external beam radiation therapy and survival in men of advanced age with node-negative high-risk adenocarcinoma of the prostate.&quot; (D'Amico AV, Cancer. 2007 May 15;109(10):2004-10.)
**Pooled analysis. 311 men on 3 randomized trials. 6 months vs. 3 years of AST for locally advanced or high grade localized PCA. Median F/U 5.9 years
**No difference between 6 months and 3 years


'''''Sequencing neoadjuvant RT:'''''
*'''Columbia University''' (1997-2002) - phase II. Begin RT after maximum response to AD
**123 pts. PSA &gt; 4 or Gleason &gt;= 8 (83% were &quot;high risk&quot;). Pts with PSA &gt; 50 required to have lymphadenectomy. All pts received androgen deprivation (Lupron + Flutamide) for a total of 9 months. RT began after &quot;maximum response to RT&quot;, by assessment with PSA and DRE, but no later than 6 months. RT to 70.2 Gy (75.6 Gy in 12 pts). Treatment to prostate + SV (no pelvic lymph nodes?). IMRT allowed but not required.
**{{PMID|17194907}}, '''2007''' &amp;mdash; &quot;Phase II study of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation followed by external-beam radiotherapy with 9 months of androgen deprivation for intermediate- to high-risk localized prostate cancer.&quot; Heymann JJ et al. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jan 1;25(1):77-84.
***Median f/u 45 mo. Median time to begin RT 4.7 months after start of AD (28% with undetectable PSA, 46% with unchanged &quot;nadir&quot; PSA, 10% rising, 14% at 6 months).  Biochemical failure defined as PSA &gt; 1.5 and 2 consecutive rises. 5-yr bDFS 63%, cDFS 75%, DSS 99%, OS 89%. Pts initiating RT after 6 mos of AD had lower DFS (82% failure rate) vs undetectable PSA (33% failure) and PSA nadir (29%). 65% remained potent.
**Conclusion: this strategy of timing the start of RT with maximum response to hormonal therapy gives results comparable to past studies. High-risk subgroup (pts without maximum response after 6 months of AD) is identified and warrants further study.

==Intermediate Risk Disease==
'''''Subclassification: Favorable and Unfavorable Intermediate Risk:'''''
*see Zumsteg and Spratt et at [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Prostate_Overview#Subclassification]]


'''''Androgen Deprivation Therapy + RT in Intermediate Risk Disease:'''''

*'''Harvard/DFCI'''
**See details at [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Hormones/Adjuvant_ADT#Neoadjuvant and concurrent androgen deprivation|NACHT]] section
**Included largely intermediate risk pts with localized prostate cancer, +/- 6 months ADT.
**Improvement in PCSM for ADT given in pts with Unfavorable Intermediate risk but not in Favorable Intermediate Risk (0% mortality). 


*'''Review,2012''': {{PMID|22652234}} - ADT for intermediate risk prostate cancer with dose escalated EBRT (Zumsteg ZS, Lancet Oncol. 2012 Jun;13(6):e259-69.) 


*'''MDACC''' (1993-2008) - Retrospective
**3 groups of men were treated with dose-escalated IMRT or 3D conformal RT (75.6-78 Gy). 1) 327 intermediate risk pts, RT alone; 2) 218 intermediate risk pts, RT and &lt;6 months ADT; 3) 274 low risk pts, RT alone.
**Within the group of intermediate risk pts treated with RT alone, used recursive partitioning analysis using Gleason, T Stage, and PSA to identify prognostic groups based on risk of PSA recurrence.
**'''2011''' [http://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016%2811%2900904-7/fulltext ASTRO Abstract]  &quot;Is Androgen Deprivation Therapy Necessary in Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer Patients Treated in the Dose Escalation Era?&quot; (Castle KO, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, Volume 81, Issue 2, Supplement , Pages S40-S41, 1 October 2011)
**'''2013''' {{PMID|22836052}} &quot;Is Androgen Deprivation Therapy Necessary in Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer Patients Treated in the Dose Escalation Era?&quot; (Castle KO. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Mar 1;85(3):693-9. Epub 2012 Jul 24).
***Median f/u 58 mo. Group 1 pts (Intermediate risk, RT alone) were classified into 3 groups based on T stage and Gleason. PSA was not a major contributing factor.
****Prognostic group 1 (&quot;favorable&quot;): T2b or less, GS 6; or T1c or less, G 3+4 (188 pts)
****Prognostic group 2 (&quot;marginal&quot;): T2a-b, G 3+4 (71 pts)
****Prognostic group 3 (&quot;unfavorable&quot;): T2c OR G 4+3 (68 pts)
***The greatest benefit from ADT was seen for the unfavorable intermediate-risk pts (5-yr bDFS 74% RT alone vs 94% RT+ADT). Favorable: 94% vs 95%. The bDFS for favorable intermediate risk pts treated with RT alone was similar to that for low risk pts treated with RT (98%). Marginal: 91% vs 100% (p=0.07). 
***Conclusion: Pts with favorable int-risk prostate cancer did not benefit from the addition of ADT. However, ADT did improve bDFS for pts with G 4+3 or higher volume disease. Consideration should be given to a personalized approach based on tumor characteristics and comorbidities.

==Meta-analysis==
*'''Combined analysis''' (3 trials) (1996-2001) -- 3, 4, or 6 months HT
**Using individual pt data from 3 international randomized trials: TROG 96.01 (NACHT 3 mo vs 6 mo), ICORG 97-01 (NEO 4 mo vs 8 mo), and DFCI 95096 (NACHT 6 mos vs none).
**761 &quot;unfavorable risk&quot; pts (GS &gt;= 7, PSA &gt; 10, or T2b or higher). RT doses 66-70 Gy. AST consisted of LHRH agonist + flutamide.
**'''2011''' {{PMID|22042952}} -- &quot;Duration of short-course androgen suppression therapy and the risk of death as a result of prostate cancer.&quot; (D'Amico AV, J Clin Oncol. 2011 Dec 10;29(35):4682-7.)
***Median f/u 10.9 y. 263 deaths (111; 42% from PC). 6 months vs 3-4 months of AST associated with reduced risk of PCSM (HR 0.55). By Gleason score, GS &lt;=6 (NS), GS 7 (HR = 0.47, SS), GS 8-10 (NS) for benefit of longer AST. 
***Conclusion: &quot;AST durations of no less than 6 months should be considered when treating GS 7 PC with conventional dose RT.&quot;

*'''Harvard Meta-analysis; 2011'''
**See information below (under AST Toxicity / Cardiovascular)

*'''Rome; 2009''' {{PMID|19484790}}-- &quot;Does hormone treatment added to radiotherapy improve outcome in locally advanced prostate cancer?: meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.&quot; (Bria E, Cancer. 2009 May 29.)
**Meta-analysis. 7 trials, 4387 patients
**Outcome: AST improved bFailure by 10% (RR 0.76, SS), clinical PFS by 8% (RR 0.81, SS), CSS by 5% (RR 0.76, SS), and OS 5% (RR 0.86, SS). Number needed to treat (NNT) 10, 13, 18, and 20 respectively. Local relapse decreased by 36%, distant release by 28%
**Toxicity: No significant difference
**Conclusion: AST + RT significantly decreases recurrence and mortality

*'''NHS Trust, UK; 2009''' {{PMID|19493624}} -- &quot;Adjuvant hormone therapy for localised and locally advanced prostate carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.&quot; (Shelley MD, Cancer Treat Rev. 2009 Jun 1. [Epub ahead of print])
**Radiation: RT + AHT improved 5-year OS (OR 1.3, SS), DSS (OR 2.1, SS), DFS (OR 1.9, SS)
**Prostatectomy: No OS benefit, DFS (OR 3.7, SS)
**Toxicity: gynecomastia, impotence, GI, hematological
**Conclusion: Significant benefit associated with use of AHT for prostate cancer

*''''RTOG Meta-analysis; 2000'''' - {{PMID|10837944}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Predicting long-term survival, and the need for hormonal therapy: a meta-analysis of RTOG prostate cancer trials.&quot; Roach M et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jun 1;47(3):617-27.
**Meta-analysis. 2200 men, from 5 RTOG trials - 7506, 7706, 8307, 8531, 8610. Stratified into 4 RTOG prognostic groups (see [[Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Localized_Prostate_Cancer#Definitions_of_Risk_Groups|here]]). 
**Overall survival and disease-specific survival benefit with use of long-term hormones for Groups 3 and 4 (high risk). Improved DSS but not OS for short term (4 mos) hormones in Group 2 (int risk, most pts with bulky or T3 disease). Too few pts in Group 1 (low risk) received hormones, so were not analyzed.


'''''Review'''''
*'''EORTC; 2007''' {{PMID|17594359}} -- &quot;Adjuvant treatment to radiation: combined hormone therapy and external radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer.&quot; (Bolla M, BJU Int. 2007 Jul;100 Suppl 2:44-7.)

* Critical Review; 2010 {{PMID|20975876}} -- &quot;Combining radiation therapy and androgen deprivation for localized prostate cancer-a critical review.&quot; (Dal Pra A, Curr Oncol. 2010 Oct;17(5):28-38.)

==AST Toxicity==
===Gynecomastia===
*''Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Supportive_care/Gynecomastia|Gynecomastia]] supportive care page''


===Cardiovascular===
*'''Decision Analysis; 2013''' {{PMID|23400678}} -- &quot;Death from high-risk prostate cancer versus cardiovascular mortality with hormonal therapy: a decision analysis.&quot; (Lester-Coll NH, Cancer 2013 May 15;119(10):1808-15.)
**Markov decision analysis model that compared quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) in men aged 50, 60, and 70 years who received RT and no HT, 6 months of HT (short-term), or 3 years of HT (long-term) for high-risk prostate cancer stratified by cardiac risk group.
** Long-term HT improved QALE (range, 1.4-5.4 years) for men aged 50 or 60 years except those with MI; whereas, for men aged 70 years with 4 cardiac risk factors, short-term and long-term HT yielded identical QALE.
**Conclusion: Men who received RT for high-risk prostate cancer and had a history of MI experienced net harm when they received HT. Men without MI gained a QALE benefit from HT, even if they had up to 4 cardiac risk factors.

*'''Harvard Meta-analysis; 2011''' {{PMID|22147380}} -- &quot;Association of androgen deprivation therapy with cardiovascular death in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.&quot; (Nguyen PL, JAMA. 2011 Dec 7;306(21):2359-66.)
**Meta-analysis of randomized trials of androgen deprivation therapy in non-metastatic prostate cancer. 4141 pts from 8 trials.
**CV death in pts receiving ADT vs controls not significantly different (11.0% vs 11.2%). No difference seen for long-duration ADT (&gt;= 3 yrs): 11.5% vs 11.5%; or with short-duration (6 months or less): 10.5% vs 10.3%. 
**ADT associated with lower PCSM 13.5% vs 22.1% and lower all-cause mortality 37.7% vs 44.4%.
**Conclusion: ADT use was not associated with increased cardiovascular death but was associated with lower PCSM and mortality.

*'''Toremifene Trial''' (2003-2005)
**Randomized. 1389 men, prostate cancer, receiving long-term ADT (&gt;6 months, or intermittently for &gt;12 months, or bilateral orchiectomy). Arm 1) Toremifene 80 mg/d (second generation SERM) vs. Arm 2) placebo
**'''Lipid effect; 2008''' {{PMID|18398147}} -- &quot;Toremifene improves lipid profiles in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: interim analysis of a multicenter phase III study.&quot; (Smith MR&lt; J Clin Oncol. 2008 Apr 10;26(11):1824-9.)
***Interim analysis of 188 patients. Fasting serum lipids compared at baseline and 1 year later
***Outcome: total cholesterol toremifene -8% vs. placebo -1% (SS); LDL -8% vs. +1% (SS); HDL +0.5% vs. -5% (SS); triglycirides -13% vs. +7% (SS)
***Conclusion: Tofemifene significantly improved lipid profile

*'''Harvard, 2007''' (1995-2001) {{PMID|17557956}} -- &quot;Influence of androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer on the frequency and timing of fatal myocardial infarctions.&quot; (D'Amico AV, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 10;25(17):2420-5.)
**Retrospective pooled analysis. 3 trials evaluating AST (0 vs. 3 vs. 6; 3 vs. 8; 0 vs. 6)
**Age &gt;65: 6 month AST shorter time to fatal MI vs. no AST (SS); no difference between 3 months and 6-8 months
**Conclusion: 6+ month AST leads to earlier onset of fatal MI in age &gt;65. Recommend cardiac evaluation and/or intervention prior to starting AST</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Radiation Physics Equations'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Diagnostic Radiology==
*Film
**&lt;math&gt;OD = log (\frac{I_0}{I_t})&lt;/math&gt;, where OD is optical density, &lt;math&gt;I_0&lt;/math&gt; is amount of incident light, and &lt;math&gt;I_t&lt;/math&gt; is amount of transmitted (measured) light
**&lt;math&gt;I_t = I_0 \cdot 10^{-OD}&lt;/math&gt;
**OD values are additive
**H and D curve (Hurter-Driffield) gives relationship between OD and absorbed dose. Sigmoid shape
***Flat region: OD independent of dose
***Toe region: OD increases rapidly
***Linear region: OD increases linearly with dose
***Saturation region: OD doesn't increase as function of dose

==Photon Dosimetry==
*Atomic coefficient dependence 
Note: Probability of interation is not the same as mass attenuation coefficient
Consult Page 36-39 of IAEA text (radiation oncology physics)
Below are the Mass attenuation coefficient dependencies
**Coherent scattering ≈ Z
**[[w:Photoelectric_effect|Photoelectric absorption]] ≈ Z&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/E&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
**[[w:Compton_scattering|Compton scattering]] ≈ independent of Z, ≈ 1/E, ≈ electrons/gram
**[[w:Pair_production|Pair production]] ≈ Z
**[[w:Triple_production|Triple production]] ≈ Z&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
*Hounsfield units
**HU = 1000* (μ&lt;sub&gt;tissue&lt;/sub&gt; - μ&lt;sub&gt;water&lt;/sub&gt;) / μ&lt;sub&gt;water&lt;/sub&gt;
*Heterogeneity corrections
**Lung: 10 cm of lung ≈ 3 cm of tissue = 3.3x 
**Bone: 10 cm of bone ≈ 16 cm of tissue = 0.6x 
**With higher energy, less correction necessary (since Compton effect is 1/E)
**With higher energy, slower build-up at lung/tumor interface, and thus possibly underdosing
**If no correction, higher dose at prescription point due to lower attenuation in lung
*LET
**Specific ionization: number of ion pairs formed per unit path length; depends on velocity and particle charge
**Energy transferred to medium per unit path length (energy gain)
**LET is proportionate to (Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; * ρ) / (v&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; * Z)
**LET = Specific ionization * W
*Stopping power
**Energy deposited by particle; depends on charge and density of medium
***Colisional: lost due to collisional processes (secondary electrons); predominates, especially at lower energies
***Radiative: lost due to radiative processes (photons, high energy secondary electrons)
***Restricted stopping power: energy lost by particle per unit length, locally absorbed
*Inverse square law: I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/I&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = (r&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;/r&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
*Back scatter factor (SSD setup): BSF = Exposure at surface / Exposure in air
**Dose = Exposure (X) * f * BSF
**Only applies at low energies, dmax at surface
*Peak scatter factor (SSD setup): PSF = Dose at dmax / Dose in air
===d_max===
'''Photon d_max (cm)'''
*Co-60 0.5
*4MV 1.0
*6MV 1.5
*10MV 2.5
*15MV 3.0
*18MV 3.2
*20MV 3.5
*25MV 4.0

In most centers, we have 6MV, 10MV and 18MV so
*6MV : 1.5cm
*10MV : 2.5cm
*18MV : 3.2cm

'''Photon attenuation'''
*Co-60 ~4.0% per 1 cm depth
*6MV ~3.5% per 1 cm depth
*20MV ~2.0% per 1 cm depth

===PDD===
*Percent depth dose (SSD setup): PDD = Dose at depth / Dose at dmax
'''Two components: patient attenuation and inverse square dose fall-off'''

Factors that affect PDD:
*Energy ==&gt; Increases
*Field size ==&gt; Increases
*SSD ==&gt; Increases
*Depth ==&gt;Decreases

D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; * (PDD&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; / PDD&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;)

By energy at 100 cm SSD, 10x10 field, and depth of 10cm
*Co-60 56%
*4MV 61%
*6MV 67%
*10MV 73%
*20MV 80%
*25MV 83%

===Equivalent squares===
*Square area that has the same PDD as the rectangular field
*&lt;math&gt;ES = \frac{4\cdot area}{perimeter} = \frac{2WL}{W + L}&lt;/math&gt; --- This is only true for W = L since &lt;math&gt; \frac{A}{P} = \frac{w}{4}&lt;/math&gt; 


*Otherwise: 


*&lt;math&gt; ES = \frac{area}{perimeter} = \frac{WL}{2(W + L)}&lt;/math&gt;.
**See, The Physics of Radiation Therapy by Khan, Chapter 9, p. 185.


*Equivalent Square for circular field &lt;math&gt;=0.89 \times D&lt;/math&gt; (D=diameter)
**See reference [http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nahu/dmrp/pdf_files/Chapter6.pdf]. 
**A square with side a will be equivalent to a circle with radius r when they have the same area, &lt;math&gt;a^2 = \pi \times r^2&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;a = r \sqrt \pi&lt;/math&gt;, or &lt;math&gt;a = 0.89 \times D&lt;/math&gt;
*Elliptical fields:
**Equivalent diameter of elliptical fields:
**&lt;math&gt;D = \frac {2ab} {(a + b)}&lt;/math&gt; -- see {{PMID|15507419}}

===Skin dose===

Factors that affect Skin dose:
*Energy ==&gt; Decreases
*SSD ==&gt; Decreases
*Field size ==&gt; Increases
*Bolus ==&gt; Increases
*Oblique incidence ==&gt;Increases

===Dose Ratios===
*Mayneord F-factor: &lt;math&gt;f = \left(\frac{SSD_2+d_{max}}{SSD_1+d_{max}}\right)^2\left(\frac{SSD_1+d}{SSD_2+d}\right)^2&lt;/math&gt;
*&lt;math&gt;PDD_2 = PDD_1 \cdot f&lt;/math&gt;
Tissue air ratio (SAD setup): '''TAR''' = Dose at depth / Dose in air

Tissue phantom ratio (SAD setup): '''TPR''' = Dose at depth / Dose at reference depth

Tissue maximum ratio (SAD setup): '''TMR''' = Dose at depth / Dose at dmax

*&lt;math&gt;D_2=D_1\cdot \frac{TMR_2}{TMR_1}\cdot\left(\frac{SAD}{SSD+d_2}\right)^2&lt;/math&gt; via inverse square correction 

===MU Calculation===
Treatment time or monitor units: &lt;math&gt;MU = \frac{\mbox{dose at prescription point}}{OF \cdot PDD \cdot FSC \cdot WF \cdot TF \cdot ISF}&lt;/math&gt;
:where OF is the output factor, WF is the wedge factor, TF is the tray factor, and ISF is the inverse square factor.

===Wedges===
*Wedge angle: angle by which the isodose curve is turned by the wedge, typically at 10 cm
*Hinge angle: angle between the central axes of two incident beams
*&lt;math&gt;WA = 90 - HA/2&lt;/math&gt;
*Dose for arbitrary wedge field θ using flying wedge or dynamic wedge = W&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;*dose&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; + W&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;*dose&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;, where W&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 1-W&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;, and W&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt; = tan θ/tan 60
===Penumbra===
*P = s * (SSD + d - SDD) / SDD, where s is source width and SDD is source-diaphragm/collimator distance
===Superficial energies===
*HVL (in Al or Cu) specifies penetrability of low-energy photon beam. HVL is determined by the combination of kVp and filtration (different combinations can give same HVL)
*Typically short SSD is used
*Compared with electrons, superficial photons have sharper penumbra, deliver higher skin dose, but also higher dose to underlying tissues
===Blocks===
*Dose under 1.5 cm width block (5 HVL), in 15 x 15 cm field, 6 MV, 5 cm depth is ~15% of open field dose. Transmitted dose is ~3% (shielded by 5 HVL), scattered dose from open field contributes the rest
===Scattered dose===
*Patient with pacemaker, if dose to pacemaker to be &lt;5%, need to be at least 2cm from 6 MV beam edge
*Patient with breast tangents, ovaries 20 cm from field: dose to ovaries ~0.5%
*Dose at 1 m laterally from treatment beam: ~0.1%

==Treatment margins==
*PTV margin 
** PTV margin = 2.5 (quadratic sum of standard deviation of all preparation (systematic) errors) + 0.7 * (quadratic sum of standard deviation of all execution (random) errors) {{PMID|10863086}} ('''2000:''' van Herk M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jul 1;47(4):1121-35.)
** PTV margin = 2.5 sigma + 0.7 delta (cover CTV for 90% of patients with 95% isodose)

==Electron Dosimetry==
*Probability of bremsstrahlung interaction: Z&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
*X-ray emission spectrum proportionate to kVp&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; * mAs / d&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, also depends on amount of filtration
*Lead block thickness to attenuate 95%: t&lt;sub&gt;Pb&lt;/sub&gt; (mm) = Electron energy / 2
**Cerrobend block thickness t&lt;sub&gt;Cerr&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.2 * t&lt;sub&gt;Pb&lt;/sub&gt;
*Range
**Practical range in water: R&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; (cm) = Electron energy / 2
**R50: depth at which dose is 50% of maximum
*Depth of calibration
**I50: Find depth of 50% ionization in water
**R50: Calculate R50 = 1.029 * I50 - 0.06 if &lt;10 cm depth, R50=1.059 * I50 - 0.37 if &gt;10 cm depth
**d&lt;sub&gt;ref&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.6 * R50 - 0.1
**Energy is specified by the R50 parameter
*Typically treated as SSD setup
**No physical source in accelerator head; clinical beams appears to emerge from a &quot;virtual source&quot;. Can be found by backprojecting beam profiles at different depths
**Virtual SSD shorter than actual (photon) SSD
**Inverse square corrections can be done on virtual SSD for large fields; for small fields effective SSD should be determined
** Output Dose rate = Applicator Dose rate * Back scatter factor(cutout)/Back scatter factor(Applicator)/ (SSD/SSD+SO)^2  (SSD= Source to surface distance &amp; SO= Stand Off)

==Radiation Quality==
*Half Value Layer: HVL = ln 2 / μ
*Tenth Value Layer: 1 TVL = 3.32 HVL
*Attenuation: N = N&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; * e&lt;sup&gt;-μx&lt;/sup&gt;, where N is number of photons remaining, μ is linear attenuation coefficient, x is thickness of block
*Attenuation: N = N&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; * (1/2)&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;, where n is number of HVLs

==Brachytherapy==
*1 Ci = 37 x 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; Bq
*Activity: A = A&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; * e&lt;sup&gt;-λt&lt;/sup&gt;
*Activity: A = A&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; * (1/2)&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;, where n is number of half-lives elapsed
*Specific activity: SA = A / m = λ * (N&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; / A&lt;sub&gt;W&lt;/sub&gt;)
*Half-life: t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; = ln 2 / λ
*Mean (average) life: t&lt;sub&gt;avg&lt;/sub&gt; = 1 / λ = 1.44 * t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;
*Permanent implant: Dose&lt;sub&gt;total&lt;/sub&gt; = Dose rate&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; * t&lt;sub&gt;avg&lt;/sub&gt;
*Temporary implant: Dose&lt;sub&gt;total&lt;/sub&gt; = Dose rate&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; * t&lt;sub&gt;avg&lt;/sub&gt; * (1 - exp(-t/t&lt;sub&gt;avg&lt;/sub&gt;) = Dose rate&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; * t&lt;sub&gt;avg&lt;/sub&gt; * (1 - exp(-λt))
*Exposure rate: X = Γ * Α / d&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
**Where Γ is gamma constant, A is activity, and d is distance from source
*Dose rate: D = S&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; * Λ * G * F * g
**Where S&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; is air-kerma strength, Λ is dose-rate constant, G is geometry factor (see below), F is anisotropy factor, and g is radial dose function
*Geometry factor G(r,θ)
**Point source: 1/r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 
**Line source: (θ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; - θ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;)/Ly, where L is length of line, y is distance
*ICRU dose rate:
**Low 0.4 - 2.0 Gy/h
**Medium 2.0 - 12.0 Gy/h
**High &gt;12.0 Gy/h
*Brachytherapy systems
**Paterson-Parker (Manchester): non-uniform needles (1/3, 1/2, 2/3 center vs periphery depending on plane size), uniform dose
**Quimby: uniform needles, non-uniform dose (higher in center)

==Shielding==
*Workload (W): Beam-on time (in Gy at 1 m from source)
*Use factor (U): Fraction of time beam aimed at particular target (dimensionless)
*Occupancy factor (T): Fraction of time area is occupied by an individual (dimensionless)
*Distance (d): from isocenter to area of interest (m)
*Barrier transmission factor (B): amount of radiation passing through barrier
*Permissible dose (P): maximum dose for an area of interest (Gy)
*Shielding equations
**Primary barrier dose equation: &lt;math&gt;D = B\cdot\frac{WUT}{d^2}&lt;/math&gt;
**Primary barrier shielding equation: &lt;math&gt;B=\frac{Pd^2}{WUT}&lt;/math&gt;
**Secondary barrier scattering equation: &lt;math&gt;B=\frac{P}{\alpha WT}d_{iso}^2d_{wall}^2\frac{400}{F}&lt;/math&gt;
:::where α is the scattered fraction, d&lt;sub&gt;iso&lt;/sub&gt; is the distance from the source to the isocenter, d&lt;sub&gt;wall&lt;/sub&gt; is the distance from the isocenter to the wall, and F is the maximum field area in cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.
:*Secondary barrier leakage equation: &lt;math&gt;B=\frac{1000Pd_{head}^2}{WT}&lt;/math&gt;
:::where d&lt;sub&gt;head&lt;/sub&gt; is the minimum distance from the linac head to the wall.

==Internal Sources==
*Effective half-life: Accounts for physical half-life and for biologic half-life, always less than either
*t&lt;sub&gt;eff,uptake&lt;/sub&gt; = (t&lt;sub&gt;biol, uptake&lt;/sub&gt; * t&lt;sub&gt;phys&lt;/sub&gt;) / (t&lt;sub&gt;biol, uptake&lt;/sub&gt; + t&lt;sub&gt;phys&lt;/sub&gt;)
*t&lt;sub&gt;eff,elim&lt;/sub&gt; = (t&lt;sub&gt;biol, elim&lt;/sub&gt; * t&lt;sub&gt;phys&lt;/sub&gt;) / (t&lt;sub&gt;biol, elim&lt;/sub&gt; + t&lt;sub&gt;phys&lt;/sub&gt;)


==Radiation Protection==
*Dose equivalent (H): Absorbed dose (D) * W&lt;sub&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt; * N
**W&lt;sub&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt;, previously known as Q, is the quality factor
**N is geometry factor
**Unit in Sievert (Sv)
*Effective dose equivalent (H&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;): Sum of H for a given tissue across different radiation types (e.g. for nuclear explosion)
**Formerly known as &quot;equivalent&quot; dose
*Effective dose (E): Sum of H&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; for whole body across different tissues
**Gonads have W&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.12 (lower than lung/breasts/stomach/bone marrow/colon)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Guidelines</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>4675694</id>
      <parentid>4567395</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T11:01:56Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Prostate Cancer Guidelines'''&lt;/big&gt;

==General==
*'''NCCN:''' Prostate Cancer
**[http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/prostate.pdf Guideline link]
*'''NCI:''' Health Professional PDQ
**[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/healthprofessional Guideline link]
*'''ACR:''' Prostate Main Page
**[http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyProstateWorkGroup.aspx Guideline link]
*'''AUA:''' Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
**[http://www.auanet.org/content/guidelines-and-quality-care/clinical-guidelines.cfm?sub=pc Guideline link]
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17509297}} -- &quot;Guideline for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer: 2007 update.&quot; (Thompson I, J Urol. 2007 Jun;177(6):2106-31.)
*'''NICE:''' Summary of NICE guidance
**[http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG58/Guidance/pdf/English Guideline link]
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18340076}} -- &quot;Diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer: summary of NICE guidance.&quot; (Graham J, BMJ. 2008 Mar 15;336(7644):610-2.)
*'''EAU:''' European Association of Urology
**'''2012''' [http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/08%20Prostate%20Cancer_LR%20March%2013th%202012.pdf PDF] [http://www.uroweb.org/guidelines/online-guidelines/ Website] &quot;Guidelines on Prostate Cancer&quot;
*'''ESMO:''' European Society for Medical Oncology
**'''2012''' {{PMID|23303340}} [http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/01/08/annonc.mds624.full link] -- &quot;Prostate cancer: ESMO Consensus Conference Guidelines 2012&quot;

==Screening==
*'''ACS:''' Prostate Cancer: Early Detection
**[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Prostate_Cancer_Early_Detection.asp?sitearea=&amp;level= Guideline link]
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20200110}} -- &quot;American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update 2010.&quot; (Wolf AM, CA Cancer J Clin. 2010 Mar-Apr;60(2):70-98. Epub 2010 Mar 3.)


==Pretreatment Staging==
*'''ACR:''' Pretreatment Staging
**[http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyProstateWorkGroup/PretreatmentStagingProstateCancerDoc7.aspx Guideline link]


==General Radiation Therapy==
*'''German S3:''' Localized and Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20180061}} -- &quot;[Radiation therapy for prostate cancer in the new S3 guideline. Part 1: localized and locally advanced prostate cancer] [Article in German]&quot; (Bohmer D, Urologe A. 2010 Feb;49(2):211-5.)
*'''German S3:''' Postoperative Radiation Therapy and Brachytherapy
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20180062}} -- &quot;[Radiation therapy for prostate cancer in the new S3 guideline. Part 2: postoperative radiation therapy and brachytherapy] [Article in German]&quot; (Martin T, Urologe A. 2010 Feb;49(2):216-20.)
*'''ACR:''' Definitive EBRT for Stage T1-T2
**[http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyProstateWorkGroup/DefinitiveExternalBeamIrradiationinStageT1andT2ProstateCancerUpdateinProgressDoc1.aspx Guideline link]
*'''ACR:''' EBRT Treatment Planning
**[http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyProstateWorkGroup/ExternalBeamRadiationTherapyTreatmentPlanningforClinicallyLocalizedProstateCancerDoc2.aspx Guideline link]

==Hormonal Therapy==
*'''ASCO:''' 
**'''2006''' {{PMID|17404365}} -- Initial hormonal management of androgen-sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer: 2006 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15184404}} -- American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations for the initial hormonal management of androgen-sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer

==Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer==
*'''ACR:''' Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer
**[http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyProstateWorkGroup/LocallyAdvancedHighRiskProstateCancerDoc3.aspx Guideline link]


==Node Positive Prostate Cancer==
*'''ACR: Node Positive Prostate Cancer'''
**[http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyProstateWorkGroup/NodePositiveProstateCancerDoc4.aspx Guideline link]


==Adjuvant RT==
*'''ACR: Post-Radical Prostatectomy Radiation'''
**[http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyProstateWorkGroup/PostradicalProstatectomyIrradiationinProstateCancerDoc6.aspx Guideline link]


==Salvage RT==
*'''ASTRO:''' Guidelines for re-biopsy and rising PSA after RP
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10561174}} [http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/17/4/1155 Full text] -- Guidelines for prostate re-biopsy after radiation and for radiation therapy with rising prostate-specific antigen levels after radical prostatectomy

==Active Surveillance==
*'''ASCO / Cancer Care Ontario'''
**'''2016''' {{PMID|26884580}} -- &quot;Active Surveillance for the Management of Localized Prostate Cancer (Cancer Care Ontario Guideline): American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement.&quot; (Chen R, J Clin Oncol. 2016 Feb 16 -- online ahead of print)

==Permanent Brachytherapy==
*'''ACR:''' Permanent Source Brachytherapy
**[http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/guidelines/Low_Dose_Rate_Brachytherapy.pdf Guideline link]
**'''2010''' {{PMID|21106306}} -- &quot;American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) and American College of Radiology (ACR) practice guideline for the transperineal permanent brachytherapy of prostate cancer.&quot; (Rosenthal SA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Feb 1;79(2):335-41. Epub 2010 Nov 23.) 
*'''ABS:''' Low dose-rate guidelines
**[http://www.americanbrachytherapy.org/guidelines/prostate_low-doseratetaskgroup.pdf Guideline link] (may be out of date)
**'''2012''' {{PMID|22265434}} -- &quot;American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for transrectal ultrasound-guided permanent prostate brachytherapy.&quot;
**'''Morbidity; 2002''' {{PMID|12243823}} &amp;mdash; &quot;American Brachytherapy Society recommendations for reporting morbidity after prostate brachytherapy.&quot; (Nag S et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Oct 1;54(2):462-70.)
**'''&lt;sup&gt;103&lt;/sup&gt;Pd; 2000''' {{PMID|10802349}} &amp;mdash; &quot;American brachytherapy society recommendations for clinical implementation of NIST-1999 standards for (103)palladium brachytherapy. The clinical research committee of the American Brachytherapy Society.&quot; (Beyer D et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 May 1;47(2):273-5.)
**'''Postimplant Dosimetry; 2000''' {{PMID|10656396}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The American Brachytherapy Society recommendations for permanent prostate brachytherapy postimplant dosimetric analysis.&quot; (Nag S et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jan 1;46(1):221-30.)
**'''Transperineal; 1999''' {{PMID|10386635}} &amp;mdash; &quot;American Brachytherapy Society (ABS) recommendations for transperineal permanent brachytherapy of prostate cancer.&quot; (Nag S et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Jul 1;44(4):789-99.)
*'''ABS:''' High dose-rate guidelines
**[http://www.americanbrachytherapy.org/guidelines/HDRTaskGroup.pdf Guideline link] (may be out of date)
**'''2012''' {{PMID|22265435}} -- &quot;American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy.&quot;
*'''Cesium Advisory Group:''' Permanent prostate brachytherapy with Cs-131
**'''Cesium; 2008''' {{PMID|18782682}} -- &quot;Recommendations for permanent prostate brachytherapy with (131)Cs: a consensus report from the Cesium Advisory Group.&quot; (Bice WS, Brachytherapy. 2008 Oct-Dec;7(4):290-6. Epub 2008 Sep 7.)
*'''NICE:''' Low dose-rate brachytherapy
**[http://guidance.nice.org.uk/IPG132/Guidance/pdf/English Guideline link]

==Contouring==
*'''RTOG:''' Pelvic LN Atlas
**[http://www.rtog.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=glmTGKHTmr0%3d&amp;tabid=234 Guideline link]
*'''RTOG:''' Post-op Volumes
**[http://www.rtog.org/atlases/Post-OpProstateContoursAtlas/main.html Post-Op Contouring Atlas] ({{PMID|19394158}})

==Cryotherapy==
*'''NICE:''' Cryotherapy
**[http://guidance.nice.org.uk/IPG145/Guidance/pdf/English Guideline link]


==High-intensity focused ultrasound==
*'''NICE:''' HIFU guidance
**[http://guidance.nice.org.uk/IPG118/Guidance/pdf/English Guideline link]


==Hormone refractory prostate cancer==
*'''NICE:''' HRPC guidance
**[http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA101/Guidance/pdf/English Guideline link]


==Toxicity==
*'''AUA:''' Erectile dysfunction 
**[http://www.auanet.org/content/guidelines-and-quality-care/clinical-guidelines/main-reports/edmgmt/content.pdf Guideline link]
*'''NICE:''' Erectile dysfunction
**[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7259/499 Guideline link]</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Anatomy</title>
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      <parentid>4101937</parentid>
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        <username>Jcb</username>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Prostate Anatomy and Target Definition'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Contouring Landmarks==
*'''Michigan; 2009''' {{PMID|19515511}} -- &quot;Radiographic and Anatomic Basis for Prostate Contouring Errors and Methods to Improve Prostate Contouring Accuracy.&quot; (McLaughlin PW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jun 8. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 300 patients. Comparison of CT and MRI contours using deformable registration
**Conclusion: Many prostate CT contouring errors can be improved without MRI fusion


==Prostate Apex Location==
*'''UT San Antonio; 2008''' {{PMID|18164852}} -- &quot;Anatomic-based three-dimensional planning precludes use of catheter-delivered contrast for treatment of prostate cancer.&quot; (Boersma M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 May 1;71(1):51-7. Epub 2007 Dec 31.)
**15 patients simulated +/- bladder, urethral and rectal contrast. Prostatic base and apex identified
**Outcome: On lateral view, urethra exits prostate ~17 mm below posterior-most fusion of pubic symphysis
**Conclusion: Prostatic apex can easily and consistently be identified


==Seminal Vesicles==
*'''Michigan; 2009''' {{PMID|19147014}} -- &quot;Evaluating the relationships between rectal normal tissue complication probability and the portion of seminal vesicles included in the clinical target volume in intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer.&quot; (Gluck I, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Feb 1;73(2):334-40.)
**Treatment planning. 10 patients, 3 matched IMRT plans: SV 1cm, SV 2 cm, and entire SV. Prescribed 79.2 Gy
**Outcome: Mean rectal NTCP 14% vs. 17% vs 18%; correlated with size of PTV-rectum overlap (r=0.86, SS) but not SV volume. Magnitude of difference modest in high-dose range
**Conclusion: SV treatment (2cm or comprehensive) is feasible without exceeding RTOG dose-volume limits

*'''Beaumont; 2002''' (1987-2000) {{PMID|12377319}} -- &quot;Treatment of prostate cancer with radiotherapy: should the entire seminal vesicles be included in the clinical target volume?&quot; (Kestin L, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Nov 1;54(3):686-97.)
**Retrospective. 344 RP specimens reviewed for SV involvement. Low risk 31%. Median SV length 3.5 cm (0.7 - 8.5 cm). 
**Outcome: SV involvement in 15% patients (51 patients, 81 SV+). If low risk, only 1% SV+; if intermediate/high risk, 27% SV+. If only one high-risk feature (PSA &gt;10, GS &gt;=7, or cT2b), 15% SV+
**SV anatomy: median length of SV involvement 1.0 cm (0.2-3.8 cm). SV+ &lt;1cm in 59%, &lt;2cm 94%. No factor predictive of involved length
**Conclusion: Proximal 2.0-2.5 cm of SV should be included in CTV if PSA &gt;10, GS &gt;=7, or cT &gt;=T2b


==Neurovascular Bundle==
*'''Columbia; 2004''' {{PMID|15145159}} -- &quot;Localization of neurovascular bundles on pelvic CT and evaluation of radiation dose to structures putatively involved in erectile dysfunction after prostate brachytherapy.&quot; (Wright JL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jun 1;59(2):426-35.)
**Right/left NVB identified on 9 prostate MRIs. Method for localizing NVBs on CT developed


==Pelvic Lymph Nodes==
*'''RTOG; 2009'''
**[https://www.rtog.org/CoreLab/ContouringAtlases/ProstatePelvicLymphNodes.aspx RTOG Pelvic LNs Guideline]
**{{PMID|18947938}} (2009) - RTOG consensus guidelines
**{{PMID|18947941}} (2009) - Variation in definition of CTVs among RTOG GU experts

==Post-RP Volumes==
*'''RTOG; 2009'''
**[http://www.rtog.org/atlases/Post-OpProstateContoursAtlas/Post-Op%20Positive%20Apex%20Margins.ppt RTOG Positive Apex Guideline (.ppt)]
**[http://www.rtog.org/atlases/Post-OpProstateContoursAtlas/Post-Op%20Positive%20Seminal%20Vesicle.ppt RTOG Positive SV Guideline (.ppt)]
**{{PMID|19394158}} (2009) - &quot;Development of RTOG Consensus Guidelines for the Definition of the Clinical Target Volume for Postoperative Conformal Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer&quot; (Michalski JM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Feb 1;76(2):361-8.)

*'''Princess Margaret; 2007''' {{PMID|17967303}} -- &quot;Anatomic boundaries of the clinical target volume (prostate bed) after radical prostatectomy.&quot; (Wiltshire KL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 15;69(4):1090-9.)
**Anatomic boundaries described for CTV (prostate bed)

*'''EORTC; 2007''' {{PMID|17706307}} -- &quot;Guidelines for target volume definition in post-operative radiotherapy for prostate cancer, on behalf of the EORTC Radiation Oncology Group.&quot; (Poortmans P, Radiother Oncol. 2007 Aug;84(2):121-7. Epub 2007 Aug 13.)
**Recommendations for target volumes


==Prostadoodle==
*[http://www.prostadoodle.com/ Prostadoodle link] 
*CT and MR atlas for radiographic landmarks for prostate contouring (Microsoft Powerpoint format).


==Contouring Intervention==
*'''Princess Margaret''' (2007) -- interactive prostate MRI/CT vs general anatomy CT contouring
**Randomized. 31 trainees. Pretest contouring of prostate and rectum. Then randomized Arm 1) interactive session on prostate volumes using fused CT/MRI vs Arm 2) interactive session on general contouring using CT. Then retested
**'''2010''' {{PMID|19467804}} -- &quot;Effectiveness of educational intervention on the congruence of prostate and rectal contouring as compared with a gold standard in three-dimensional radiotherapy for prostate.&quot; (Szumacher E, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Feb 1;76(2):379-85. Epub 2009 May 19.)
***Outcome: No difference in score gains between groups. No difference in prostate contour, but improved rectal contour
***Conclusion: Similar improvement in technical performance; participants in both groups satisfied


==Contouring Webinars==
*[https://astro.webex.com/ec0606l/eventcenter/recording/recordAction.do?theAction=poprecord&amp;AT=pb&amp;renewticket=0&amp;isurlact=true&amp;recordID=21923257&amp;apiname=lsr.php&amp;rKey=c678dca6d7f44059&amp;format=short&amp;needFilter=false&amp;&amp;SP=EC&amp;rID=21923257&amp;siteurl=astro&amp;actappname=ec0606l&amp;actname=%2Feventcenter%2Fframe%2Fg.do&amp;rnd=7092809750&amp;entappname=url0108l&amp;entactname=%2FnbrRecordingURL.do eContouring Webinar with Michael Zelefsky, M.D.]</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Palliation/Lung metastases</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Lung Metastases'''&lt;/big&gt;

*'''TROG 13.01 SAFRON II''' (2015 - 2018) -- Single vs Multifraction SABR
**Randomized. Phase II. 13 institutions in AUS/NZ. 90 patients, 113 oligometastases to lung. Eligible if 1-3 oligomets, &gt;2 cm from central structures, tumor size &lt;5 cm. No systemic therapy +/- 3 weeks of SABR. Arm 1) 28/1 Gy vs Arm 2) 48/3 Gy daily
**'''2023''' {{PMID|37179526}} -- &quot;Long-Term Outcomes of TROG 13.01 SAFRON II Randomized Trial of Single- Versus Multifraction Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy for Pulmonary Oligometastases&quot; (Siva, J Clin Oncol. 2023 Jul 1;41(19):3493-3498. doi: 10.1200/JCO.23.00150. Epub 2023 May 14.). Median F/U 5.4 years
***Outcome: 3-year pool OS 70% and 4-year pooled OS 51%, no difference by arm (HR 1.1). No difference in DFS. Further local therapy in 91% patients. First relapse was extra-thoracic in 28%
***Conclusion: Single fraction clinically effective, and more cost-effective

*'''Colorado; 2009''' {{PMID|19255320}} -- &quot;Multi-institutional phase I/II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung metastases.&quot; (Rusthoven KE, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 1;27(10):1579-84. Epub 2009 Mar 2.)
**Phase I/II. 38 patients, 63 lesions, 1-3 lesions. 71% prior chemo. Median GTV 4.2 ml (0.2-52.3 ml). SBRT 60/3 @ 20 Gy/fx. Median F/U 15 months
**Outcome: Actuarial LC 1-year 100%, 2-years 96%. Median OS 19 months
**Toxicity: Grade 3 toxicity 8% (3/38), symptomatic pneumonitis 3% (1/38)
**Conclusion: High-dose SBRT safe and effective</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Units of Measurement/Length</title>
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        <username>Rex Valerio</username>
        <id>3628187</id>
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      <comment>Fix French name in references: &quot;Poids es Mesures&quot; to &quot;Poids et Mesures&quot; (4 occurrences)</comment>
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      <text bytes="5654" sha1="rct7phgiypio14pv7s1xs0rok7fvz8s" xml:space="preserve">{{quantity
|quantity = Length
|sym      = l
|dim      = L
|si       = metre
|sisym    = m
|cgs      = centimetre
|cgssym   = cm
|imp      = foot
|impsym   = ft
}}


==SI units==

The base unit of length in the SI system is the '''metre'''. This has had several definitions over time:

;1889
:The [[w:BIPM|International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] defines the metre as the distance between two marks on a platinum-iridium alloy bar (the [[:w:International Prototype Metre|International Prototype Metre]]). This prototype is kept in a vault in Sèvres, near Paris.
;1960
:The 11th [[w:CPGM|General Conference on Weights and Measures]]&lt;ref&gt;
 {{cite book
 | editor = [[:w:CPGM|Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures]]
 | title = Compte rendu des séances de la 11&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; Conférence générale des Poids et Mesures 
 | year = 1960
 | publisher = Gauthier-Villars
 | location = Paris
 | pages = 85
 }}
&lt;/ref&gt; redefines the metre in terms of a specific number of wavelengths of light of a specific frequency in a vacuum. It is defined to be 1&amp;thinsp;650&amp;thinsp;763.7'''3''' wavelengths of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by an electron transitioning between the levels 2p&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; and 5d&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; of the krypton-86 (&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Kr) atom in a vacuum. The metre is now defined in terms of reproducible physical effects, rather than a synthetic artifact.
;1983
:The 17th General Conference on Weights and Measures&lt;ref&gt;
 {{cite book
 | editor = Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures
 | title = Compte rendu des séances de la 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; Conférence générale des Poids et Mesures 
 | year = 1983
 }}
&lt;/ref&gt; redefines the metre in terms of the distance traversed by light (having a universally constant speed in a vacuum) in a specific time. It is defined as the distance traveled by a beam of light in a vacuum in 1/299&amp;thinsp;792&amp;thinsp;45'''8''' [[Units of measurement/Time|second]]. This is the current definition. This has the effect that the speed of light is defined to be exactly 299&amp;thinsp;792&amp;thinsp;45'''8''' m/s.

{| class=wikitable style=&quot;text-align:center; margin: 1em auto 1em auto&quot; width=400
|-
|+Conversion of metric units of length&lt;ref&gt;After
 {{cite book
 | editor = Diem, K., Lentner, C. (ed.)
 | title = Documenta Geigy Scientific Tables
 | edition = 7th ed.
 | year = 1970
 | publisher = J.R. Geigy S.A.
 | location = Basle
 '''Bold text'''| chapter = Physics
 | pages = 200
 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!colspan=2|A
|rowspan=10|
!colspan=7|B
|-
|'''Unit'''||'''Symbol'''
|'''pm'''
|'''nm'''
|'''μm'''
|'''mm'''
|'''cm'''
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|'''m'''
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|'''km'''
|-
|picometre
|pm
|&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;-9&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;-10&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;-12&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;-15&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|ångström&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
|Å
|10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;8&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;10&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;13&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|nanometre
|nm
|10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;6&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;9&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;12&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|micrometre
|μm
|10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;6&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;9&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|millimetre
|mm
|10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;6&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|centimetre
|cm
|10&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;
|10&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|metre
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|m
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|kilometre
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|km
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|style=&quot;border-top:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black;&quot;|&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|colspan=10 style=&quot;font-size:88%&quot; align=left|
:*1 '''A''' unit = ''b'' '''B''' units (b given in the table)
:*&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; Ångström is accepted for use with, but not defined by the SI system. Its use is officially discouraged by the [[:w:CIPM|CIPM]].
|}

==Imperial units==

One international yard is defined as 0.914&amp;thinsp;'''4''' m 

==Astronomical units==

{{clear}}
==External links==

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>rct7phgiypio14pv7s1xs0rok7fvz8s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Physics/Dose evaluation</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>220127</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675676</id>
      <parentid>3933548</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T10:20:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4675676</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1509" sha1="mqend618j8skx8un2909yw5ng37vduj" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Dose Evaluation'''&lt;/big&gt;

*[[Bragg-Gray cavity theory]]
**Radiation dose in a cavity volume of material to the dose that would exist in a surrounding medium in the absence of the cavity volume
*[[Spencer-Attix Cavity Theory]]
**Hugo Bouchard. Phys Med Biol. 2012. A theoretical re-examination of Spencer-Attix cavity theory ({{PMID|22572534}})

*'''Duke; 2006''' {{PMID|17056197}} -- &quot;Dosimetric feasibility of cone-beam CT-based treatment planning compared to CT-based treatment planning.&quot; (Yoo S, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Dec 1;66(5):1553-61.)
**Conclusion: CBCT treatment planning is feasible; dosimetry comparable to CT-based plans

*'''UCSF; 2005''' {{PMID|15936579}} -- &quot;Method to account for dose fractionation in analysis of IMRT plans: modified equivalent uniform dose.&quot; (Park CS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jul 1;62(3):925-32.)
**Modified equivalent uniform dose (mEUD) that accounts for dose fractionation using biologically effective dose for use in IMRT plans

*'''Colorado; 2003''' {{PMID|12674231}} -- &quot;How should we describe the radioblologic effect of extracranial stereotactic radlosurgery: equivalent uniform dose or tumor control probability?&quot; (Kavanagh BD, Med Phys. 2003 Mar;30(3):321-4.)
**EUD appears more robust, TCP more valuable for post-hoc estimation

*'''Harvard; 1997''' {{PMID|9029544}} -- &quot;Reporting and analyzing dose distributions: a concept of equivalent uniform dose.&quot; (Niemierko A, Med Phys. 1997 Jan;24(1):103-10.)</text>
      <sha1>mqend618j8skx8un2909yw5ng37vduj</sha1>
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    <title>Category:Under-construction templates</title>
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    <id>224898</id>
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      <parentid>4674241</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T21:59:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JJPMaster</username>
        <id>3095725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>not a valid csd reason</comment>
      <origin>4675590</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="lfh3lbxk3od6ygifvsr4lqfd057nk8i" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Maintenance templates]]</text>
      <sha1>lfh3lbxk3od6ygifvsr4lqfd057nk8i</sha1>
    </revision>
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    <title>OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-54602-53</username>
        <id>3628139</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Attempt to add a TOC</comment>
      <origin>4675545</origin>
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      <text bytes="29058" sha1="ssa8vj90ezkhv9hynjr8qunocmgu15e" xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

=== Command line usage ===
OpenSCAD can not only be used as a GUI, but also handles command line arguments.

OpenSCAD (DEV/nightly) 2025.08.17 has these options

&lt;pre&gt;
Usage: openscad.exe [options] file.scad
Allowed options:
  --export-format arg               overrides format of exported scad file when
                                    using option '-o', arg can be any of its
                                    supported file extensions.  For ascii stl
                                    export, specify 'asciistl', and for binary
                                    stl export, specify 'binstl'.  Ascii export
                                    is the current stl default, but binary stl
                                    is planned as the future default so
                                    asciistl should be explicitly specified in
                                    scripts when needed.

  -o [ --o ] arg                    output specified file instead of running
                                    the GUI. The file extension specifies the
                                    type: stl, off, wrl, amf, 3mf, csg, dxf,
                                    svg, pdf, png, echo, ast, term, nef3,
                                    nefdbg, param, pov. May be used multiple
                                    times for different exports. Use '-' for
                                    stdout.

  -O [ --O ] arg                    pass settings value to the file export
                                    using the format section/key=value, e.g
                                    export-pdf/paper-size=a3. Use --help-export
                                    to list all available settings.
  -D [ --D ] arg                    var=val -pre-define variables
  -p [ --p ] arg                    customizer parameter file
  -P [ --P ] arg                    customizer parameter set
  --enable arg                      enable experimental features (specify 'all'
                                    for enabling all available features): roof
                                    | input-driver-dbus | lazy-union |
                                    vertex-object-renderers-indexing |
                                    textmetrics | import-function |
                                    predictible-output

  -h [ --help ]                     print this help message and exit
  --help-export                     print list of export parameters and values
                                    that can be set via -O
  -v [ --version ]                  print the version
  --info                            print information about the build process

  --camera arg                      camera parameters when exporting png:
                                    =translate_x,y,z,rot_x,y,z,dist or
                                    =eye_x,y,z,center_x,y,z
  --autocenter                      adjust camera to look at object's center
  --viewall                         adjust camera to fit object
  --backend arg                     3D rendering backend to use: 'CGAL'
                                    (old/slow) [default] or 'Manifold'
                                    (new/fast)
  --imgsize arg                     =width,height of exported png
  --render arg                      for full geometry evaluation when exporting
                                    png
  --preview arg                     [=throwntogether] -for ThrownTogether
                                    preview png
  --animate arg                     export N animated frames
  --animate_sharding arg            Parameter &lt;shard&gt;/&lt;num_shards&gt; - Divide
                                    work into &lt;num_shards&gt; and only output
                                    frames for &lt;shard&gt;. E.g. 2/5 only outputs
                                    the second 1/5 of frames. Use to
                                    parallelize work on multiple cores or
                                    machines.
  --view arg                        =view options: axes | crosshairs | edges |
                                    scales
  --projection arg                  =(o)rtho or (p)erspective when exporting
                                    png
  --csglimit arg                    =n -stop rendering at n CSG elements when
                                    exporting png
  --summary arg                     enable additional render summary and
                                    statistics: all | cache | time | camera |
                                    geometry | bounding-box | area
  --summary-file arg                output summary information in JSON format
                                    to the given file, using '-' outputs to
                                    stdout
  --colorscheme arg                 =colorscheme: *Cornfield | Metallic |
                                    Sunset | Starnight | BeforeDawn | Nature |
                                    Daylight Gem | Nocturnal Gem | DeepOcean |
                                    Solarized | Tomorrow | Tomorrow Night |
                                    ClearSky | Monotone

  -d [ --d ] arg                    deps_file -generate a dependency file for
                                    make
  -m [ --m ] arg                    make_cmd -runs make_cmd file if file is
                                    missing
  -q [ --quiet ]                    quiet mode (don't print anything *except*
                                    errors)
  --hardwarnings                    Stop on the first warning
  --trace-depth arg                 =n, maximum number of trace messages
  --trace-usermodule-parameters arg =true/false, configure the output of user
                                    module parameters in a trace
  --check-parameters arg            =true/false, configure the parameter check
                                    for user modules and functions
  --check-parameter-ranges arg      =true/false, configure the parameter range
                                    check for builtin modules
  --debug arg                       special debug info - specify 'all' or a set
                                    of source file names
  -s [ --s ] arg                    stl_file deprecated, use -o
  -x [ --x ] arg                    dxf_file deprecated, use -o
&lt;/pre&gt;

Export help
&lt;pre&gt;
OpenSCAD version 2025.08.17

List of settings that can be given using the -O option using the
format '&lt;section&gt;/&lt;key&gt;=value', e.g.:
openscad -O export-pdf/paper-size=a6 -O export-pdf/show-grid=false

Section 'export-pdf':
  - paper-size (enum): [a6,a5,&lt;a4&gt;,a3,letter,legal,tabloid]
  - orientation (enum): [&lt;portrait&gt;,landscape,auto]
  - show-filename (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - show-scale (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - show-scale-message (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - show-grid (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - grid-size (double): 1.000000 : &lt;10.000000&gt; : 100.000000
  - add-meta-data (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - meta-data-title (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-author (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-subject (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-keywords (string): &quot;&quot;
Section 'export-3mf':
  - color-mode (enum): [&lt;model&gt;,none,selected-only]
  - unit (enum): [micron,&lt;millimeter&gt;,centimeter,meter,inch,foot]
  - color (string): &quot;#f9d72c&quot;
  - material-type (enum): [color,&lt;basematerial&gt;]
  - decimal-precision (int): 1 : &lt;6&gt; : 16
  - add-meta-data (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - meta-data-title (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-designer (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-description (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-copyright (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-license-terms (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-rating (string): &quot;&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;


OpenSCAD 2021.01 has these options:
 Usage: openscad [options] file.scad
 Allowed options:
  --export-format arg          overrides format of exported scad file when
                               using option '-o', arg can be any of its
                               supported file extensions.  For ascii stl
                               export, specify 'asciistl', and for binary stl
                               export, specify 'binstl'.  Ascii export is the
                               current stl default, but binary stl is planned
                               as the future default so asciistl should be
                               explicitly specified in scripts when needed.
  
  -o [ --o ] arg               output specified file instead of running the
                               GUI, the file extension specifies the type: stl,
                               off, wrl, amf, 3mf, csg, dxf, svg, pdf, png,
                               echo, ast, term, nef3, nefdbg (May be used
                               multiple time for different exports). Use '-'
                               for stdout
  
  -D [ --D ] arg               var=val -pre-define variables
  -p [ --p ] arg               customizer parameter file
  -P [ --P ] arg               customizer parameter set
  --enable arg                 enable experimental features (specify 'all' for
                               enabling all available features): roof |
                               input-driver-dbus | lazy-union |
                               vertex-object-renderers |
                               vertex-object-renderers-indexing |
                               vertex-object-renderers-direct |
                               vertex-object-renderers-prealloc | textmetrics
  
  -h [ --help ]                print this help message and exit
  -v [ --version ]             print the version
  --info                       print information about the build process
  
  --camera arg                 camera parameters when exporting png:
                               =translate_x,y,z,rot_x,y,z,dist or
                               =eye_x,y,z,center_x,y,z
  --autocenter                 adjust camera to look at object's center
  --viewall                    adjust camera to fit object
  --imgsize arg                =width,height of exported png
  --render                     for full geometry evaluation when exporting png
  --preview arg                [=throwntogether] -for ThrownTogether preview
                               png
  --animate arg                export N animated frames
  --view arg                   =view options: axes | crosshairs | edges |
                               scales | wireframe
  --projection arg             =(o)rtho or (p)erspective when exporting png
  --csglimit arg               =n -stop rendering at n CSG elements when
                               exporting png
  --summary arg                enable additional render summary and statistics:
                               all | cache | time | camera | geometry |
                               bounding-box | area
  --summary-file arg           output summary information in JSON format to the
                               given file, using '-' outputs to stdout
  --colorscheme arg            =colorscheme: *Cornfield | Metallic | Sunset |
                               Starnight | BeforeDawn | Nature | DeepOcean |
                               Solarized | Tomorrow | Tomorrow Night | Monotone
  
  -d [ --d ] arg               deps_file -generate a dependency file for make
  -m [ --m ] arg               make_cmd -runs make_cmd file if file is missing
  -q [ --quiet ]               quiet mode (don't print anything *except*
                               errors)
  --hardwarnings               Stop on the first warning
  --check-parameters arg       =true/false, configure the parameter check for
                               user modules and functions
  --check-parameter-ranges arg =true/false, configure the parameter range check
                               for builtin modules
  --debug arg                  special debug info - specify 'all' or a set of
                               source file names

=== Export options ===

When called with the &lt;code&gt;-o&lt;/code&gt; option, OpenSCAD does not start the GUI, but executes the given file and exports to the &lt;i&gt;output_file&lt;/i&gt; in a format depending on the extension (&lt;code&gt;.stl&lt;/code&gt; / &lt;code&gt;.off&lt;/code&gt; / &lt;code&gt;.dxf&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;.csg&lt;/code&gt;).  

Some versions use -s/-d/-o to determine the output file format instead; check with &quot;openscad --help&quot;.

If the option &lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt; is given in addition to an export command, all files accessed while building the mesh are written in the argument of &lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt; in the syntax of a Makefile.

For at least 2015.03-2+, specifying the extension &lt;code&gt;.echo&lt;/code&gt; causes openscad to produce a text file containing error messages and the output of all &lt;code&gt;echo()&lt;/code&gt; calls in &lt;code&gt;filename&lt;/code&gt; as they would appear in the console window visible in the GUI. Multiple output files are not supported, so using this option you cannot also obtain the model that would have normally been generated.

Note:  When exporting to STL, the GUI defaults to binary STL (smaller, faster) and the CLI defaults to ASCII STL (larger, slower).  Post-processing pipelines may prefer ASCII STL; they should explicitly say `--export-format asciistl` in preparation for the default eventually changing to binary STL.

==== Camera and image output ====

For 2013.05+, the option to output a &lt;code&gt;.png&lt;/code&gt; image was added. There are two types of cameras available for the generation of images.  

The first camera type is a 'gimbal' camera that uses Euler angles, translation, and a camera distance, like OpenSCAD's GUI viewport display at the bottom of the OpenSCAD window.

The second camera type is a 'vector' camera, with an 'eye' camera location vector and a 'lookat' center vector. 

--imgsize x,y chooses the .png dimensions and --projection chooses orthogonal or perspective, as in the GUI. 

By default, cmdline .png output uses Preview mode (f5) with OpenCSG. For some situations it may be desirable to output the full render, with CGAL. This is done by adding '--render' as an option.

=== Constants ===

In order to pre-define variables, use the &lt;code&gt;-D&lt;/code&gt; option. It can be given repeatedly. Each occurrence of &lt;code&gt;-D&lt;/code&gt; must be followed by an assignment. Unlike normal OpenSCAD assignments, these assignments don't define variables, but constants, which cannot be changed inside the program, and can thus be used to overwrite values defined in the program at export time.

If you want to assign the -D variable to another variable, the -D variable MUST be initialized in the main .scad program

 param1=17;       // must be initialized
 val=param1;      // param1 passed via -D on cmd-line
 echo(val,param1); // outputs 17,17

without the first line, val would be undefined.

The right hand sides can be arbitrary OpenSCAD expressions, including mathematical operations and strings.

Be aware that your shell (bash, cmd, etc.) parses the arguments before passing them to &lt;code&gt;openscad&lt;/code&gt;, therefore you need to properly quote or escape arguments with special characters like spaces or quotation marks. For example to assign a string &lt;code&gt;production&lt;/code&gt; to a &lt;code&gt;quality&lt;/code&gt; parameter one has to ensure the &lt;code&gt;&quot;&lt;/code&gt; characters OpenSCAD expects aren't stripped by the shell. In bash one could write:

 openscad -o my_model_production.stl -D 'quality=&quot;production&quot;' my_model.scad

or from the Windows prompt:

 openscad.com -o my_model_production.stl -D &quot;quality=&quot;&quot;production&quot;&quot;&quot; my_model.scad

or you may need to escape the inner quotes instead:

 openscad -o my_model_production.stl -D &quot;quality=\&quot;production\&quot;&quot; my_model.scad

Note that this sort of double-escaping isn't necessary when executing OpenSCAD from another process that isn't using a shell, because each argument is passed separately. For example a Java application might start a process like so:

    pb = new ProcessBuilder(&quot;/usr/bin/openscad&quot;,
      &quot;-o&quot;, &quot;my_model_production.stl&quot;,
      &quot;-D&quot;, &quot;quality=\&quot;production\&quot;&quot;,
      &quot;my_model.scad&quot;);

// 12-Pole Fuse Box with Cover (EV Application)

// ================= PARAMETERS =================
length = 100;
width = 40;
height = 35;
wall = 2.5;

fuse_w = 4.2;
fuse_l = 12;
fuse_h = 12;

x_pitch = 8.5;
y_pitch = 14;

cover_height = 5;

// ================= MAIN HOUSING =================
difference() {
    cube([length, width, height]);

    // Hollow inside
    translate([wall, wall, wall])
        cube([length-2*wall, width-2*wall, height]);

    // Fuse slots (2 rows x 6 columns)
    for (row = [0:1]) {
        for (col = [0:5]) {
            x = 10 + col * x_pitch;
            y = 10 + row * y_pitch;

            translate([x, y, 5])
                cube([fuse_w, fuse_l, fuse_h]);
        }
    }
}

// ================= COVER =================
translate([0, 0, height])
    cube([length, width, cover_height]);

// ================= MOUNTING HOLES =================
for (x = [10, length-10]) {
    translate([x, width/2, 0])
        cylinder(h=height, d=5, center=false);
}

=== Processing all .scad files in a folder ===

Example to convert all the .scad in a folder into .stl:

In a folder with .scad files, make a .bat file with text:
    FOR %%f in (*.scad)  DO openscad -o &quot;%%~nf.stl&quot; &quot;%%f&quot; 

If it closes without processing, check to set the PATH by adding openscad directory to:

      Start - Settings - Control Panel - System - Advanced tab - Environment Variables - System Variables, select Path, then click Edit.
Add the openscad directory to the list


=== Makefile example ===

The &lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;-m&lt;/code&gt; options only make sense together. (&lt;code&gt;-m&lt;/code&gt; without &lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt; would not consider modified dependencies when building exports, &lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt; without &lt;code&gt;-m&lt;/code&gt; would require the files to be already built for the first run that generates the dependencies.)

Here is an example of a basic Makefile that creates an .stl file from an .scad file of the same name:

 # explicit wildcard expansion suppresses errors when no files are found
 include $(wildcard *.deps)
 
 %.stl: %.scad
 	openscad -m make -o $@ -d $@.deps $&lt;

When &lt;code&gt;make my_example.stl&lt;/code&gt; is run for the first time, it finds no .deps files, and must depend on &lt;code&gt;my_example.scad&lt;/code&gt;. Because &lt;code&gt;my_example.stl&lt;/code&gt; is not yet present, it gets created unconditionally. If OpenSCAD finds missing files, it calls &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt; to build them, and it lists all used files in &lt;code&gt;my_example.stl.deps&lt;/code&gt;.

When &lt;code&gt;make my_example.stl&lt;/code&gt; is called subsequently, it finds and includes &lt;code&gt;my_example.stl.deps&lt;/code&gt; and check if any of the files listed there, including &lt;code&gt;my_example.scad&lt;/code&gt;, changed since &lt;code&gt;my_example.stl&lt;/code&gt; was built, based on their time stamps. Only if that is the case, it builds &lt;code&gt;my_example.stl&lt;/code&gt; again.

==== Automatic targets ====

When building similar .stl files from a single .scad file, there is a way to automate that too:

 # match &quot;module foobar() { // `make` me&quot;
 TARGETS=$(shell sed '/^module [a-z0-9_-]*().*make..\?me.*$$/!d;s/module //;s/().*/.stl/' base.scad)
 
 all: ${TARGETS}
 
 # auto-generated .scad files with .deps make make re-build always. keeping the
 # scad files solves this problem. ([[Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment|explanations are welcome]].)
 .SECONDARY: $(shell echo &quot;${TARGETS}&quot; | sed 's/\.stl/.scad/g')
 
 # explicit wildcard expansion suppresses errors when no files are found
 include $(wildcard *.deps)
 
 %.scad:
 	echo -ne 'use &lt;base.scad&gt;\n$*();' &gt; $@
 
 %.stl: %.scad
 	openscad -m make -o $@ -d $@.deps $&lt;

All objects that are supposed to be exported automatically have to be defined in &lt;code&gt;base.scad&lt;/code&gt; in an own module with their future file name (without the &quot;.stl&quot;), and have a comment like &quot;&lt;code&gt;// make me&lt;/code&gt;&quot; in the line of the module definition. The &quot;&lt;code&gt;TARGETS=&lt;/code&gt;&quot; line picks these out of the base file and creates the file names. These are built when &lt;code&gt;make all&lt;/code&gt; (or &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt;, for short) is called.

As the convention from the last example is to create the .stl files from .scad files of the same base name, for each of these files, an .scad file must be generated. This is done in the &quot;&lt;code&gt;%.scad:&lt;/code&gt;&quot; paragraph; &lt;code&gt;my_example.scad&lt;/code&gt; is a simple OpenSCAD file:

 use &lt;base.scad&gt;
 my_example();

The &quot;&lt;code&gt;.SECONDARY&lt;/code&gt;&quot; line is there to keep &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt; from deleting the generated .scad files. Its presence helps determine which files no longer need to be rebuilt; please post ideas about what exactly goes wrong there (or how to fix it better) on the [[Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment|talk]] page!

=== Windows notes ===

On Windows, openscad.com should be called from the command line as a wrapper for openscad.exe. This is because Openscad uses the 'devenv' solution to the Command-Line/GUI output issue. Typing 'openscad' at the cmd.exe prompt calls the .com program wrapper by default.

=== MacOS notes ===

On MacOS the binary is normally hidden inside the App folder. If OpenSCAD is installed in the global Applications folder, it can be called from command line like in the following example that just shows the OpenSCAD version:

 macbook:/$ /Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD -v
 OpenSCAD version 2013.06

Alternatively, you may create a symbolic link to the binary to make calls from the command line easier:

  macbook:/$ sudo ln -sf /Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD /usr/local/bin/openscad

Now you can call &lt;code&gt;openscad&lt;/code&gt; directly without having to type in the full path.

  macbook:/$ openscad -v
  OpenSCAD version 2015.03-3

On some versions of MacOS, you might get the following error when attempting to run openscad via that link:

  This application failed to start because it could not find or load the Qt platform plugin &quot;cocoa&quot;.

  Reinstalling the application may fix this problem.
  Abort trap: 6

You can fix this by creating a wrapper script to invoke the executable directly:

  sudo rm -f /usr/local/bin/openscad
  echo '#!/bin/sh' &gt; test
  echo '/Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD &quot;$@&quot;' &gt;&gt; test
  chmod +x test ; sudo mv test /usr/local/bin/openscad
 
== Automation ==
There are many solutions to automate Openscad operation, the following examples use Microsoft Powershell which is available either on Windows, on Linux (in deb and snap packages) or on MacOS.

Such script file shall be written on a text editor, much preferably a code editor with syntax coloring for powershell (e.g. VS code, Sublime text).

Note that while powershell script may be started directly from file browser in Linux, for debugging you may want to start script from a terminal window in order to see messages from script or OpenScad.

First you shall define the program call for your system and set it in a variable, adjust according your system

On Windows this may depends from your system disk, could be simpler if your environment variable are well set:
&lt;pre&gt;$scad = &quot;c:`&quot;/Program Files/OpenSCAD/openscad.exe`&quot;&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;
On Linux simply:
&lt;pre&gt;$scad = &quot;openscad&quot; &lt;/pre&gt;
On MacOS this may be:
&lt;pre&gt;$scad = &quot;/Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;

If you want to be capable to use a variation of openscad, say the nightly version, set the openscad version you want.
&lt;pre&gt;$scad = &quot;openscad-nightly&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Outputting different parts of a model ===
The first automation that you may want is to output automatically many parts from the same scad file.

You can use a variable ‘part’ to select the part to output.

code of 'mymodel.scad' might be:
&lt;pre&gt;
part = 0;  // [0:Ensemble, 1:Part 1, 2:Part 2, 3:Part 3]
...
if (part==1) {
...
}
else if (part==2) {
...
}
else if (part==3) {
...
}
&lt;/pre&gt;
and the automation file ‘mybatch.ps1’ will be:
&lt;pre&gt;
#!/usr/bin/env pwsh
# Above 'shebang' line required on Linux for automatic execution of powershell from a direct launch on file browser. 'mybatch.ps1' file attributes shall be made executable first.
#Powershell part batch generator
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodelpart1.stl -D part=1 mymodel.scad&quot;
Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodelpart2.stl -D part=2 mymodel.scad&quot;
Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodelpart2.stl -D part=3 mymodel.scad&quot;
Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow
&lt;/pre&gt;
-Wait parameter impose the task to be finished before continuing the script

-NoNewWindow will execute the script in the existing window without starting a new one

Note there is no space around the '=' sign for parameters

You may want to change any other parameter than 'part' at will, including or not a part number, in this case the argument list might be:
&lt;pre&gt;
$arglist = &quot;-o somepart.stl -D myvar1=value1 -D myvar2=value2 mymodel.scad&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

Note that if the value is a string, double quotes shall be escaped by a bactick ` : -D myvals=`&quot;myparam`&quot; for them not to be interpreted as the $arglist string end or start.

You may also define a string by setting it between simple quotes but that prevent you to use variables which will be interpreted when running command.

So the execution line became:
&lt;pre&gt;
Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== BOM or datasheet exportation ===
Another frequent request is to export a BOM or a specification

This could be done by adapting your program to echo the stuff you want, by example:
&lt;pre&gt;
echoout = 0;  //0 is normal screen echo, 1 will be BOM, 2 will be data Specification
if (echoout==0) {
  echo(&quot;Normal echo&quot;);
}
...
if (echoout==1) {
  echo(&quot;Part 1 : description1&quot;);
  echo(&quot;Part 2 : description2&quot;);
  echo(&quot;Part 3 : description3 dimensions:&quot;, part3dim1,&quot;x&quot;,part3dim2);
}
...
if (echoout==2) {
  echo(str(&quot;First parameter =&quot;, var1));
  echo(str(&quot;Second parameter =&quot;, var2));
  echo(str(&quot;Third parameter =&quot;, var3));
}
&lt;/pre&gt;
Writing your own echo module may help.

then to obtain an output, your argument list may became:
&lt;pre&gt;$arglist = &quot;-o mymodel_BOM.txt -D echoout=1 --export-format echo mymodel.scad&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;
and
&lt;pre&gt;$arglist = &quot;-o mymodel_data.txt -D echoout=2 --export-format echo mymodel.scad&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;

However, the outputted text will have 'ECHO:' written at the beginning of each line and text will be set between &quot;, that you want to remove with following commands:
&lt;pre&gt;
$fc = Get-Content .\mymodel_BOM.txt  #get whole file in $fc variable
if($fc) { #check if the file have any content
  $fc = $fc -replace 'ECHO: ', '' #remove 'ECHO: ' text
  $fc = $fc -replace '&quot;' , '' #remove '&quot;' char - this is optional
  $fc &gt; .\mymodel_BOM.txt   #send variable content to the file which will be overwritten
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Using datasets ===
An interesting option is to use Customizer datasets, however Customizer datasets variable values supersedes any values than you try to define in the command line:

The solution is to rename the parameter you need to modify and copy it to a variable that the command line will then be capable to change.

In your scad you may find:
&lt;pre&gt;
cpart = 0;  // [0:ensemble, 1:Part 1, 2:Part 2, 3:Part 3] //This variable will be recorded in the dataset, so not modifiable
part=cpart; // 'part' variable can be manipulated by the command line
//Argument list for all your runs could then be:
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodeldataset1part1.stl -D part=1 -p mymodel.json -P dataset1 mymodel.scad&quot;
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodeldataset1part2.stl -D part=2 -p mymodel.json -P dataset1 mymodel.scad&quot;
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodeldataset2part1.stl -D part=1 -p mymodel.json -P dataset2 mymodel.scad&quot;
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodeldataset2part2.stl -D part=2 -p mymodel.json -P dataset2 mymodel.scad&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;
Do the same for any parameter that you want to manipulate in the command Line when using datasets:
&lt;pre&gt;
//This is parameter1
cvar1 = value1;
var1 = cvar1;
//This is parameter 2
cvar2 = value2;
var2 = cvar2;
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Browsing datasets ===
A step further might be to automate the dataset browsing. You shall read the json file which contains all datasets:

A regular expression can then filter dataset names:
&lt;pre&gt;
$regex='\&quot;(?!parameterSets)([^\&quot;]+)\&quot;\:\s\{' # This regex extract anything between &quot;&quot; followed by ': {' excluding 'parameterSets'
$jfile = &quot;./mymodel.json  #directory localisation required by powershell
foreach($line in Get-Content $jfile) { # read json file Line by Line
  if($line -match $regex) { # We found a dataset name
    $dataset = $Matches.1  # dataset is the part captured by the regex parenthesis, will also be used in the part name
    Write-Output &quot;Dataset: $dataset&quot; #Output to console debugging info
    $datasetname = $dataset -replace ' ' , '_' #replace space by underscore
    #Dataset name containing often space character shall be set between double quotes
    #We may use simple quotes to define strings containing double quotes around dataset name
    $arglist = &quot;-o + mymodel&quot; + $datasetname + '.stl -p mymodel.json -P &quot;' + $dataset + '&quot; mymodel.scad'
    Write-Output &quot;Argument list: $arglist&quot; #Output to console debugging info
    Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow
  }
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

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    </revision>
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      <text bytes="29068" sha1="bc85212zdocatolpojyz3aihgl1neef" xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

=== Command line usage ===
OpenSCAD can not only be used as a GUI, but also handles command line arguments.

OpenSCAD (DEV/nightly) 2025.08.17 has these options

&lt;pre&gt;
Usage: openscad.exe [options] file.scad
Allowed options:
  --export-format arg               overrides format of exported scad file when
                                    using option '-o', arg can be any of its
                                    supported file extensions.  For ascii stl
                                    export, specify 'asciistl', and for binary
                                    stl export, specify 'binstl'.  Ascii export
                                    is the current stl default, but binary stl
                                    is planned as the future default so
                                    asciistl should be explicitly specified in
                                    scripts when needed.

  -o [ --o ] arg                    output specified file instead of running
                                    the GUI. The file extension specifies the
                                    type: stl, off, wrl, amf, 3mf, csg, dxf,
                                    svg, pdf, png, echo, ast, term, nef3,
                                    nefdbg, param, pov. May be used multiple
                                    times for different exports. Use '-' for
                                    stdout.

  -O [ --O ] arg                    pass settings value to the file export
                                    using the format section/key=value, e.g
                                    export-pdf/paper-size=a3. Use --help-export
                                    to list all available settings.
  -D [ --D ] arg                    var=val -pre-define variables
  -p [ --p ] arg                    customizer parameter file
  -P [ --P ] arg                    customizer parameter set
  --enable arg                      enable experimental features (specify 'all'
                                    for enabling all available features): roof
                                    | input-driver-dbus | lazy-union |
                                    vertex-object-renderers-indexing |
                                    textmetrics | import-function |
                                    predictible-output

  -h [ --help ]                     print this help message and exit
  --help-export                     print list of export parameters and values
                                    that can be set via -O
  -v [ --version ]                  print the version
  --info                            print information about the build process

  --camera arg                      camera parameters when exporting png:
                                    =translate_x,y,z,rot_x,y,z,dist or
                                    =eye_x,y,z,center_x,y,z
  --autocenter                      adjust camera to look at object's center
  --viewall                         adjust camera to fit object
  --backend arg                     3D rendering backend to use: 'CGAL'
                                    (old/slow) [default] or 'Manifold'
                                    (new/fast)
  --imgsize arg                     =width,height of exported png
  --render arg                      for full geometry evaluation when exporting
                                    png
  --preview arg                     [=throwntogether] -for ThrownTogether
                                    preview png
  --animate arg                     export N animated frames
  --animate_sharding arg            Parameter &lt;shard&gt;/&lt;num_shards&gt; - Divide
                                    work into &lt;num_shards&gt; and only output
                                    frames for &lt;shard&gt;. E.g. 2/5 only outputs
                                    the second 1/5 of frames. Use to
                                    parallelize work on multiple cores or
                                    machines.
  --view arg                        =view options: axes | crosshairs | edges |
                                    scales
  --projection arg                  =(o)rtho or (p)erspective when exporting
                                    png
  --csglimit arg                    =n -stop rendering at n CSG elements when
                                    exporting png
  --summary arg                     enable additional render summary and
                                    statistics: all | cache | time | camera |
                                    geometry | bounding-box | area
  --summary-file arg                output summary information in JSON format
                                    to the given file, using '-' outputs to
                                    stdout
  --colorscheme arg                 =colorscheme: *Cornfield | Metallic |
                                    Sunset | Starnight | BeforeDawn | Nature |
                                    Daylight Gem | Nocturnal Gem | DeepOcean |
                                    Solarized | Tomorrow | Tomorrow Night |
                                    ClearSky | Monotone

  -d [ --d ] arg                    deps_file -generate a dependency file for
                                    make
  -m [ --m ] arg                    make_cmd -runs make_cmd file if file is
                                    missing
  -q [ --quiet ]                    quiet mode (don't print anything *except*
                                    errors)
  --hardwarnings                    Stop on the first warning
  --trace-depth arg                 =n, maximum number of trace messages
  --trace-usermodule-parameters arg =true/false, configure the output of user
                                    module parameters in a trace
  --check-parameters arg            =true/false, configure the parameter check
                                    for user modules and functions
  --check-parameter-ranges arg      =true/false, configure the parameter range
                                    check for builtin modules
  --debug arg                       special debug info - specify 'all' or a set
                                    of source file names
  -s [ --s ] arg                    stl_file deprecated, use -o
  -x [ --x ] arg                    dxf_file deprecated, use -o
&lt;/pre&gt;

Export help
&lt;pre&gt;
OpenSCAD version 2025.08.17

List of settings that can be given using the -O option using the
format '&lt;section&gt;/&lt;key&gt;=value', e.g.:
openscad -O export-pdf/paper-size=a6 -O export-pdf/show-grid=false

Section 'export-pdf':
  - paper-size (enum): [a6,a5,&lt;a4&gt;,a3,letter,legal,tabloid]
  - orientation (enum): [&lt;portrait&gt;,landscape,auto]
  - show-filename (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - show-scale (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - show-scale-message (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - show-grid (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - grid-size (double): 1.000000 : &lt;10.000000&gt; : 100.000000
  - add-meta-data (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - meta-data-title (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-author (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-subject (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-keywords (string): &quot;&quot;
Section 'export-3mf':
  - color-mode (enum): [&lt;model&gt;,none,selected-only]
  - unit (enum): [micron,&lt;millimeter&gt;,centimeter,meter,inch,foot]
  - color (string): &quot;#f9d72c&quot;
  - material-type (enum): [color,&lt;basematerial&gt;]
  - decimal-precision (int): 1 : &lt;6&gt; : 16
  - add-meta-data (bool): &lt;true&gt;/false
  - meta-data-title (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-designer (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-description (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-copyright (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-license-terms (string): &quot;&quot;
  - meta-data-rating (string): &quot;&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;


OpenSCAD 2021.01 has these options:
 Usage: openscad [options] file.scad
 Allowed options:
  --export-format arg          overrides format of exported scad file when
                               using option '-o', arg can be any of its
                               supported file extensions.  For ascii stl
                               export, specify 'asciistl', and for binary stl
                               export, specify 'binstl'.  Ascii export is the
                               current stl default, but binary stl is planned
                               as the future default so asciistl should be
                               explicitly specified in scripts when needed.
  
  -o [ --o ] arg               output specified file instead of running the
                               GUI, the file extension specifies the type: stl,
                               off, wrl, amf, 3mf, csg, dxf, svg, pdf, png,
                               echo, ast, term, nef3, nefdbg (May be used
                               multiple time for different exports). Use '-'
                               for stdout
  
  -D [ --D ] arg               var=val -pre-define variables
  -p [ --p ] arg               customizer parameter file
  -P [ --P ] arg               customizer parameter set
  --enable arg                 enable experimental features (specify 'all' for
                               enabling all available features): roof |
                               input-driver-dbus | lazy-union |
                               vertex-object-renderers |
                               vertex-object-renderers-indexing |
                               vertex-object-renderers-direct |
                               vertex-object-renderers-prealloc | textmetrics
  
  -h [ --help ]                print this help message and exit
  -v [ --version ]             print the version
  --info                       print information about the build process
  
  --camera arg                 camera parameters when exporting png:
                               =translate_x,y,z,rot_x,y,z,dist or
                               =eye_x,y,z,center_x,y,z
  --autocenter                 adjust camera to look at object's center
  --viewall                    adjust camera to fit object
  --imgsize arg                =width,height of exported png
  --render                     for full geometry evaluation when exporting png
  --preview arg                [=throwntogether] -for ThrownTogether preview
                               png
  --animate arg                export N animated frames
  --view arg                   =view options: axes | crosshairs | edges |
                               scales | wireframe
  --projection arg             =(o)rtho or (p)erspective when exporting png
  --csglimit arg               =n -stop rendering at n CSG elements when
                               exporting png
  --summary arg                enable additional render summary and statistics:
                               all | cache | time | camera | geometry |
                               bounding-box | area
  --summary-file arg           output summary information in JSON format to the
                               given file, using '-' outputs to stdout
  --colorscheme arg            =colorscheme: *Cornfield | Metallic | Sunset |
                               Starnight | BeforeDawn | Nature | DeepOcean |
                               Solarized | Tomorrow | Tomorrow Night | Monotone
  
  -d [ --d ] arg               deps_file -generate a dependency file for make
  -m [ --m ] arg               make_cmd -runs make_cmd file if file is missing
  -q [ --quiet ]               quiet mode (don't print anything *except*
                               errors)
  --hardwarnings               Stop on the first warning
  --check-parameters arg       =true/false, configure the parameter check for
                               user modules and functions
  --check-parameter-ranges arg =true/false, configure the parameter range check
                               for builtin modules
  --debug arg                  special debug info - specify 'all' or a set of
                               source file names

=== Export options ===

When called with the &lt;code&gt;-o&lt;/code&gt; option, OpenSCAD does not start the GUI, but executes the given file and exports to the &lt;i&gt;output_file&lt;/i&gt; in a format depending on the extension (&lt;code&gt;.stl&lt;/code&gt; / &lt;code&gt;.off&lt;/code&gt; / &lt;code&gt;.dxf&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;.csg&lt;/code&gt;).  

Some versions use -s/-d/-o to determine the output file format instead; check with &quot;openscad --help&quot;.

If the option &lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt; is given in addition to an export command, all files accessed while building the mesh are written in the argument of &lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt; in the syntax of a Makefile.

For at least 2015.03-2+, specifying the extension &lt;code&gt;.echo&lt;/code&gt; causes openscad to produce a text file containing error messages and the output of all &lt;code&gt;echo()&lt;/code&gt; calls in &lt;code&gt;filename&lt;/code&gt; as they would appear in the console window visible in the GUI. Multiple output files are not supported, so using this option you cannot also obtain the model that would have normally been generated.

Note:  When exporting to STL, the GUI defaults to binary STL (smaller, faster) and the CLI defaults to ASCII STL (larger, slower).  Post-processing pipelines may prefer ASCII STL; they should explicitly say `--export-format asciistl` in preparation for the default eventually changing to binary STL.

==== Camera and image output ====

For 2013.05+, the option to output a &lt;code&gt;.png&lt;/code&gt; image was added. There are two types of cameras available for the generation of images.  

The first camera type is a 'gimbal' camera that uses Euler angles, translation, and a camera distance, like OpenSCAD's GUI viewport display at the bottom of the OpenSCAD window.

The second camera type is a 'vector' camera, with an 'eye' camera location vector and a 'lookat' center vector. 

--imgsize x,y chooses the .png dimensions and --projection chooses orthogonal or perspective, as in the GUI. 

By default, cmdline .png output uses Preview mode (f5) with OpenCSG. For some situations it may be desirable to output the full render, with CGAL. This is done by adding '--render' as an option.

=== Constants ===

In order to pre-define variables, use the &lt;code&gt;-D&lt;/code&gt; option. It can be given repeatedly. Each occurrence of &lt;code&gt;-D&lt;/code&gt; must be followed by an assignment. Unlike normal OpenSCAD assignments, these assignments don't define variables, but constants, which cannot be changed inside the program, and can thus be used to overwrite values defined in the program at export time.

If you want to assign the -D variable to another variable, the -D variable MUST be initialized in the main .scad program

 param1=17;       // must be initialized
 val=param1;      // param1 passed via -D on cmd-line
 echo(val,param1); // outputs 17,17

without the first line, val would be undefined.

The right hand sides can be arbitrary OpenSCAD expressions, including mathematical operations and strings.

Be aware that your shell (bash, cmd, etc.) parses the arguments before passing them to &lt;code&gt;openscad&lt;/code&gt;, therefore you need to properly quote or escape arguments with special characters like spaces or quotation marks. For example to assign a string &lt;code&gt;production&lt;/code&gt; to a &lt;code&gt;quality&lt;/code&gt; parameter one has to ensure the &lt;code&gt;&quot;&lt;/code&gt; characters OpenSCAD expects aren't stripped by the shell. In bash one could write:

 openscad -o my_model_production.stl -D 'quality=&quot;production&quot;' my_model.scad

or from the Windows prompt:

 openscad.com -o my_model_production.stl -D &quot;quality=&quot;&quot;production&quot;&quot;&quot; my_model.scad

or you may need to escape the inner quotes instead:

 openscad -o my_model_production.stl -D &quot;quality=\&quot;production\&quot;&quot; my_model.scad

Note that this sort of double-escaping isn't necessary when executing OpenSCAD from another process that isn't using a shell, because each argument is passed separately. For example a Java application might start a process like so:

    pb = new ProcessBuilder(&quot;/usr/bin/openscad&quot;,
      &quot;-o&quot;, &quot;my_model_production.stl&quot;,
      &quot;-D&quot;, &quot;quality=\&quot;production\&quot;&quot;,
      &quot;my_model.scad&quot;);

// 12-Pole Fuse Box with Cover (EV Application)

// ================= PARAMETERS =================
length = 100;
width = 40;
height = 35;
wall = 2.5;

fuse_w = 4.2;
fuse_l = 12;
fuse_h = 12;

x_pitch = 8.5;
y_pitch = 14;

cover_height = 5;

// ================= MAIN HOUSING =================
difference() {
    cube([length, width, height]);

    // Hollow inside
    translate([wall, wall, wall])
        cube([length-2*wall, width-2*wall, height]);

    // Fuse slots (2 rows x 6 columns)
    for (row = [0:1]) {
        for (col = [0:5]) {
            x = 10 + col * x_pitch;
            y = 10 + row * y_pitch;

            translate([x, y, 5])
                cube([fuse_w, fuse_l, fuse_h]);
        }
    }
}

// ================= COVER =================
translate([0, 0, height])
    cube([length, width, cover_height]);

// ================= MOUNTING HOLES =================
for (x = [10, length-10]) {
    translate([x, width/2, 0])
        cylinder(h=height, d=5, center=false);
}

=== Processing all .scad files in a folder ===

Example to convert all the .scad in a folder into .stl:

In a folder with .scad files, make a .bat file with text:
    FOR %%f in (*.scad)  DO openscad -o &quot;%%~nf.stl&quot; &quot;%%f&quot; 

If it closes without processing, check to set the PATH by adding openscad directory to:

      Start - Settings - Control Panel - System - Advanced tab - Environment Variables - System Variables, select Path, then click Edit.
Add the openscad directory to the list


=== Makefile example ===

The &lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;-m&lt;/code&gt; options only make sense together. (&lt;code&gt;-m&lt;/code&gt; without &lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt; would not consider modified dependencies when building exports, &lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt; without &lt;code&gt;-m&lt;/code&gt; would require the files to be already built for the first run that generates the dependencies.)

Here is an example of a basic Makefile that creates an .stl file from an .scad file of the same name:

 # explicit wildcard expansion suppresses errors when no files are found
 include $(wildcard *.deps)
 
 %.stl: %.scad
 	openscad -m make -o $@ -d $@.deps $&lt;

When &lt;code&gt;make my_example.stl&lt;/code&gt; is run for the first time, it finds no .deps files, and must depend on &lt;code&gt;my_example.scad&lt;/code&gt;. Because &lt;code&gt;my_example.stl&lt;/code&gt; is not yet present, it gets created unconditionally. If OpenSCAD finds missing files, it calls &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt; to build them, and it lists all used files in &lt;code&gt;my_example.stl.deps&lt;/code&gt;.

When &lt;code&gt;make my_example.stl&lt;/code&gt; is called subsequently, it finds and includes &lt;code&gt;my_example.stl.deps&lt;/code&gt; and check if any of the files listed there, including &lt;code&gt;my_example.scad&lt;/code&gt;, changed since &lt;code&gt;my_example.stl&lt;/code&gt; was built, based on their time stamps. Only if that is the case, it builds &lt;code&gt;my_example.stl&lt;/code&gt; again.

==== Automatic targets ====

When building similar .stl files from a single .scad file, there is a way to automate that too:

 # match &quot;module foobar() { // `make` me&quot;
 TARGETS=$(shell sed '/^module [a-z0-9_-]*().*make..\?me.*$$/!d;s/module //;s/().*/.stl/' base.scad)
 
 all: ${TARGETS}
 
 # auto-generated .scad files with .deps make make re-build always. keeping the
 # scad files solves this problem. ([[Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment|explanations are welcome]].)
 .SECONDARY: $(shell echo &quot;${TARGETS}&quot; | sed 's/\.stl/.scad/g')
 
 # explicit wildcard expansion suppresses errors when no files are found
 include $(wildcard *.deps)
 
 %.scad:
 	echo -ne 'use &lt;base.scad&gt;\n$*();' &gt; $@
 
 %.stl: %.scad
 	openscad -m make -o $@ -d $@.deps $&lt;

All objects that are supposed to be exported automatically have to be defined in &lt;code&gt;base.scad&lt;/code&gt; in an own module with their future file name (without the &quot;.stl&quot;), and have a comment like &quot;&lt;code&gt;// make me&lt;/code&gt;&quot; in the line of the module definition. The &quot;&lt;code&gt;TARGETS=&lt;/code&gt;&quot; line picks these out of the base file and creates the file names. These are built when &lt;code&gt;make all&lt;/code&gt; (or &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt;, for short) is called.

As the convention from the last example is to create the .stl files from .scad files of the same base name, for each of these files, an .scad file must be generated. This is done in the &quot;&lt;code&gt;%.scad:&lt;/code&gt;&quot; paragraph; &lt;code&gt;my_example.scad&lt;/code&gt; is a simple OpenSCAD file:

 use &lt;base.scad&gt;
 my_example();

The &quot;&lt;code&gt;.SECONDARY&lt;/code&gt;&quot; line is there to keep &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt; from deleting the generated .scad files. Its presence helps determine which files no longer need to be rebuilt; please post ideas about what exactly goes wrong there (or how to fix it better) on the [[Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment|talk]] page!

=== Windows notes ===

On Windows, openscad.com should be called from the command line as a wrapper for openscad.exe. This is because Openscad uses the 'devenv' solution to the Command-Line/GUI output issue. Typing 'openscad' at the cmd.exe prompt calls the .com program wrapper by default.

=== MacOS notes ===

On MacOS the binary is normally hidden inside the App folder. If OpenSCAD is installed in the global Applications folder, it can be called from command line like in the following example that just shows the OpenSCAD version:

 macbook:/$ /Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD -v
 OpenSCAD version 2013.06

Alternatively, you may create a symbolic link to the binary to make calls from the command line easier:

  macbook:/$ sudo ln -sf /Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD /usr/local/bin/openscad

Now you can call &lt;code&gt;openscad&lt;/code&gt; directly without having to type in the full path.

  macbook:/$ openscad -v
  OpenSCAD version 2015.03-3

On some versions of MacOS, you might get the following error when attempting to run openscad via that link:

  This application failed to start because it could not find or load the Qt platform plugin &quot;cocoa&quot;.

  Reinstalling the application may fix this problem.
  Abort trap: 6

You can fix this by creating a wrapper script to invoke the executable directly:

  sudo rm -f /usr/local/bin/openscad
  echo '#!/bin/sh' &gt; test
  echo '/Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD &quot;$@&quot;' &gt;&gt; test
  chmod +x test ; sudo mv test /usr/local/bin/openscad
 
=== Automation ===
There are many solutions to automate Openscad operation, the following examples use Microsoft Powershell which is available either on Windows, on Linux (in deb and snap packages) or on MacOS.

Such script file shall be written on a text editor, much preferably a code editor with syntax coloring for powershell (e.g. VS code, Sublime text).

Note that while powershell script may be started directly from file browser in Linux, for debugging you may want to start script from a terminal window in order to see messages from script or OpenScad.

First you shall define the program call for your system and set it in a variable, adjust according your system

On Windows this may depends from your system disk, could be simpler if your environment variable are well set:
&lt;pre&gt;$scad = &quot;c:`&quot;/Program Files/OpenSCAD/openscad.exe`&quot;&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;
On Linux simply:
&lt;pre&gt;$scad = &quot;openscad&quot; &lt;/pre&gt;
On MacOS this may be:
&lt;pre&gt;$scad = &quot;/Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;

If you want to be capable to use a variation of openscad, say the nightly version, set the openscad version you want.
&lt;pre&gt;$scad = &quot;openscad-nightly&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== Outputting different parts of a model ====
The first automation that you may want is to output automatically many parts from the same scad file.

You can use a variable ‘part’ to select the part to output.

code of 'mymodel.scad' might be:
&lt;pre&gt;
part = 0;  // [0:Ensemble, 1:Part 1, 2:Part 2, 3:Part 3]
...
if (part==1) {
...
}
else if (part==2) {
...
}
else if (part==3) {
...
}
&lt;/pre&gt;
and the automation file ‘mybatch.ps1’ will be:
&lt;pre&gt;
#!/usr/bin/env pwsh
# Above 'shebang' line required on Linux for automatic execution of powershell from a direct launch on file browser. 'mybatch.ps1' file attributes shall be made executable first.
#Powershell part batch generator
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodelpart1.stl -D part=1 mymodel.scad&quot;
Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodelpart2.stl -D part=2 mymodel.scad&quot;
Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodelpart2.stl -D part=3 mymodel.scad&quot;
Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow
&lt;/pre&gt;
-Wait parameter impose the task to be finished before continuing the script

-NoNewWindow will execute the script in the existing window without starting a new one

Note there is no space around the '=' sign for parameters

You may want to change any other parameter than 'part' at will, including or not a part number, in this case the argument list might be:
&lt;pre&gt;
$arglist = &quot;-o somepart.stl -D myvar1=value1 -D myvar2=value2 mymodel.scad&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

Note that if the value is a string, double quotes shall be escaped by a bactick ` : -D myvals=`&quot;myparam`&quot; for them not to be interpreted as the $arglist string end or start.

You may also define a string by setting it between simple quotes but that prevent you to use variables which will be interpreted when running command.

So the execution line became:
&lt;pre&gt;
Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow
&lt;/pre&gt;

==== BOM or datasheet exportation ====
Another frequent request is to export a BOM or a specification

This could be done by adapting your program to echo the stuff you want, by example:
&lt;pre&gt;
echoout = 0;  //0 is normal screen echo, 1 will be BOM, 2 will be data Specification
if (echoout==0) {
  echo(&quot;Normal echo&quot;);
}
...
if (echoout==1) {
  echo(&quot;Part 1 : description1&quot;);
  echo(&quot;Part 2 : description2&quot;);
  echo(&quot;Part 3 : description3 dimensions:&quot;, part3dim1,&quot;x&quot;,part3dim2);
}
...
if (echoout==2) {
  echo(str(&quot;First parameter =&quot;, var1));
  echo(str(&quot;Second parameter =&quot;, var2));
  echo(str(&quot;Third parameter =&quot;, var3));
}
&lt;/pre&gt;
Writing your own echo module may help.

then to obtain an output, your argument list may became:
&lt;pre&gt;$arglist = &quot;-o mymodel_BOM.txt -D echoout=1 --export-format echo mymodel.scad&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;
and
&lt;pre&gt;$arglist = &quot;-o mymodel_data.txt -D echoout=2 --export-format echo mymodel.scad&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;

However, the outputted text will have 'ECHO:' written at the beginning of each line and text will be set between &quot;, that you want to remove with following commands:
&lt;pre&gt;
$fc = Get-Content .\mymodel_BOM.txt  #get whole file in $fc variable
if($fc) { #check if the file have any content
  $fc = $fc -replace 'ECHO: ', '' #remove 'ECHO: ' text
  $fc = $fc -replace '&quot;' , '' #remove '&quot;' char - this is optional
  $fc &gt; .\mymodel_BOM.txt   #send variable content to the file which will be overwritten
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

==== Using datasets ====
An interesting option is to use Customizer datasets, however Customizer datasets variable values supersedes any values than you try to define in the command line:

The solution is to rename the parameter you need to modify and copy it to a variable that the command line will then be capable to change.

In your scad you may find:
&lt;pre&gt;
cpart = 0;  // [0:ensemble, 1:Part 1, 2:Part 2, 3:Part 3] //This variable will be recorded in the dataset, so not modifiable
part=cpart; // 'part' variable can be manipulated by the command line
//Argument list for all your runs could then be:
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodeldataset1part1.stl -D part=1 -p mymodel.json -P dataset1 mymodel.scad&quot;
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodeldataset1part2.stl -D part=2 -p mymodel.json -P dataset1 mymodel.scad&quot;
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodeldataset2part1.stl -D part=1 -p mymodel.json -P dataset2 mymodel.scad&quot;
$arglist = &quot;-o mymodeldataset2part2.stl -D part=2 -p mymodel.json -P dataset2 mymodel.scad&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;
Do the same for any parameter that you want to manipulate in the command Line when using datasets:
&lt;pre&gt;
//This is parameter1
cvar1 = value1;
var1 = cvar1;
//This is parameter 2
cvar2 = value2;
var2 = cvar2;
&lt;/pre&gt;

==== Browsing datasets ====
A step further might be to automate the dataset browsing. You shall read the json file which contains all datasets:

A regular expression can then filter dataset names:
&lt;pre&gt;
$regex='\&quot;(?!parameterSets)([^\&quot;]+)\&quot;\:\s\{' # This regex extract anything between &quot;&quot; followed by ': {' excluding 'parameterSets'
$jfile = &quot;./mymodel.json  #directory localisation required by powershell
foreach($line in Get-Content $jfile) { # read json file Line by Line
  if($line -match $regex) { # We found a dataset name
    $dataset = $Matches.1  # dataset is the part captured by the regex parenthesis, will also be used in the part name
    Write-Output &quot;Dataset: $dataset&quot; #Output to console debugging info
    $datasetname = $dataset -replace ' ' , '_' #replace space by underscore
    #Dataset name containing often space character shall be set between double quotes
    #We may use simple quotes to define strings containing double quotes around dataset name
    $arglist = &quot;-o + mymodel&quot; + $datasetname + '.stl -p mymodel.json -P &quot;' + $dataset + '&quot; mymodel.scad'
    Write-Output &quot;Argument list: $arglist&quot; #Output to console debugging info
    Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow
  }
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

 {{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>bc85212zdocatolpojyz3aihgl1neef</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Pancreas/RTOG Pancreas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>227837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675657</id>
      <parentid>4408987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T09:27:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4675657</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1916" sha1="7c87d2xiv0p5yl60u4eif01ec4vasss" xml:space="preserve">*[http://www.rtog.org/ RTOG Website]  
*Wikibooks list of [[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials|RTOG trials]]

{|border=1 width=100%
|+'''Pancreatic Cancer: RTOG OPEN TRIALS''' 
|''Number''||''Title''
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|}


{|border=1 width=100%
|+'''Pancreatic Cancer: RTOG CLOSED TRIALS'''
|''Number''||''Title'' || ''Publication''
|-
|[https://silver1.phila.acr.org/Clinical_RTOG/RTOGSecureLink.html?file=\\Testsite\TestSite\members/protocols/0411/0411.pdf 04-11] &lt;br&gt;[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00114179 Clinicaltrials.gov] || Phase II Study of Capecitabine, Bevacizumab, and Radiotherapy Followed By Maintenance Therapy Comprising Gemcitabine and Bevacizumab in Patients With Unresectable Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer || {{PMID|19636002}}
|-
|[https://silver1.phila.acr.org/Clinical_RTOG/RTOGSecureLink.html?file=\\Testsite\TestSite\members/protocols/0020/0020.pdf 00-20] &lt;br&gt;[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00026104 Clinicaltrials.gov] || Combination Chemotherapy Plus Radiation Therapy With or Without Tipifarnib in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer || [http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=41&amp;abstractID=43 ASCO GI 2006]
|-
|[http://rtog.org/members/protocols/98-12/pdf.html 98-12] &lt;br&gt;[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00003591 Clinicaltrials.gov] || A Phase II Study of External Irradiation (50.4 Gy) and Weekly Paclitaxel (Taxol) for Non-Metastatic, Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer  || {{PMID|14758134}}
|-
|[[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/9704|97-04]] &lt;br&gt;[http://rtog.org/members/protocols/97-04/97-04.pdf 97-04] &lt;br&gt;[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00003216 Clinicaltrials.gov] || A Phase III Study of Pre and Post Chemoradiation 5-FU vs. Pre and Post Chemoradiation Gemcitabine for Postoperative Adjuvant Treatment of Resected Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma || {{PMID|18319412}} &lt;br&gt;More..
|}


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>7c87d2xiv0p5yl60u4eif01ec4vasss</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Pancreas/Guidelines</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>228964</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675653</id>
      <parentid>2528578</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T09:19:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4675653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1563" sha1="r0cpzl8ro8dbfwhbkkjvvm0hlsor3xo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Pancreatic Cancer Official Guidelines'''&lt;/big&gt;

'''''Tumor Markers'''''
*'''ASCO:''' Use of Tumor Markers in GI Malignancies
**'''2006''' [http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/reprint/24/33/5313 Guideline link] {{PMID|17060676}} -- &quot;ASCO 2006 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in gastrointestinal cancer.&quot; (Locker GY, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Nov 20;24(33):5313-27.)

'''''Resectable and Borderline Resectable'''''
*'''American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association''' 
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19390900}} [http://www.surgonc.org/uploadedFiles/Educational/Combined_Modality_Treatment_of_Resectable_and_Borderline_Resectable_Pancreas_Cancer_Expert_Consensus_Statement_2009.pdf PDF] -- &quot;Combined modality treatment of resectable and borderline resectable pancreas cancer: expert consensus statement.&quot; (Abrams RA, Ann Surg Oncol. 2009 Jul;16(7):1751-6.)

'''''Locally Advanced'''''
*'''American-French Consensus''' (RTOG and GERCOR)
**'''2012''' {{PMID|22768988}}  -- &quot;Radiotherapy technical considerations in the management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer: American-French consensus recommendations.&quot; (Huguet F, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Aug 1;83(5):1355-64.)

'''''Contouring'''''
*'''RTOG'''
**'''2012''' {{PMID|22483737}} &quot;Radiation therapy oncology group consensus panel guidelines for the delineation of the clinical target volume in the postoperative treatment of pancreatic head cancer.&quot; (Goodman KA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012 Jul 1;83(3):901-8.)
*'''American-French Consensus'''
**See above at &quot;Locally Advanced&quot;


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>r0cpzl8ro8dbfwhbkkjvvm0hlsor3xo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wiki Dispute Resolution/Introduction</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>240012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675610</id>
      <parentid>1931527</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:31:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omphalographer</username>
        <id>3427146</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>delete</comment>
      <origin>4675610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="565" sha1="ng2ilvoyawhhl2m5pg7nxldy1driw7l" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|Orphaned introduction}}

This book will explore existing and proposed dispute resolution process and practices on wikis, with special attention paid to the wikis in the Wikimedia Foundation family.

It will provide guidance to those puzzled about how to handle disputes over content, user behavior, or policy.

It will describe traditional dispute resolution in other organizations and look at how this applies or might apply to wikis.

It will also consider the unique problems of wikis as distinct from organizations which meet face-to-face.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ng2ilvoyawhhl2m5pg7nxldy1driw7l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Palliation/SVC Syndrome</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>240459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675652</id>
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        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
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      <text bytes="10234" sha1="iqzoafa13zs5mnby0qcsl2au4tb9sy7" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}

&lt;big&gt;'''Superior Vena Cava Syndrome'''&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;
Histologic diagnosis is essential for choosing appropriate therapy
&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

==Epidemiology==
*~15,000 cases in US per year
* Caused by invasion/compression of SVC by mass in right lung, lymph nodes, mediastinal structures, or thrombosis within the SVC
* Historically syphilitic thoracic aortic aneurysms, fibrosing mediastinitis (histoplasmosis) and other untreatable infections were frequent causes
* Currently (since 1980s) malignancy is the most common cause ~ 70-90%
* Non-malignant causes (10-30%): Thrombosis (indwelling vascular devices), fibrosing mediastinitis, postradiation fibrosis
* Of all SVC cases related to malignancy
** Presenting symptom in previously undiagnosed malignancy in 60% of cases
** NSCLC in 50%, SCLC in 25% and NHL in 10%
* 2-4% of Lung cancers cause SVC
* 2-4% of NH Lymphomas (DLBCL and Lymphoblastic lymphoma) cause SVC
* Hodgkins lymphoma is rarely a cause, in spite of its predilection for mediastinum
* Prognosis on average is 6 months life expectancy 
* But approximately 10% to 20% survive longer than 2 years
*Survival of malignant SVC patients similar to survival of comparable tumor type/stage patients without it 

==Etiology==
*Malignancy (~65%)
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
|-
! Tumor Type !! Proportion
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/Lung/NSCLC|NSCLC]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 50%
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/Lung/SCLC|SCLC]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 22%
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL|Lymphoma]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 12%
|-
| Metastatic cancer || align=&quot;center&quot; | 9%
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/Peds/Germ_cell|Germ cell]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3%
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/Thymoma|Thymoma]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2%
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/Lung/Mesothelioma|Mesothelioma]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1%
|- 
| Other cancers || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1%
|}
*Intra-vascular devices (~33%)
*Infections (rare)

==Anatomy==
* Collateral veins arise from the azygos, internal mammary, lateral thoracic, paraspinous, and esophageal venous systems

==Clinical Presentation==
*Symptoms may develop over weeks to months
*Dyspnea is most common presenting symptom
*Increased venous pressure
**Edema in torso, arms, neck, and head (exacerbated when lying down)
**Laryngeal edema, leading to cough, hoarseness, dyspnea, stridor, dysphagia
**Cerebral edema, leading to headaches, confusion, and coma
*Decreased venous return
**Hemodynamic compromise
**Development of collateral venous return


&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;table border=1 style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;background:white;{{Text default color}}; border:1px solid gray;&quot; cellpadding=5px align=center&gt;

&lt;caption&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Proposed grading system for superior vena cava syndrome (See {{PMID|18670297}})&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;/caption&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Grade&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Category&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Incidence %&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Definition&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Asymptomatic&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Radiographic superior vena cava obstruction in the absence of symptoms&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 	Mild &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	25 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	Edema in head or neck (vascular distention), cyanosis, plethora&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 	Moderate &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	50 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	Edema in head or neck with functional impairment (mild dysphagia, cough, mild or moderate impairment of head, jaw or eyelid movements, visual disturbances caused by ocular edema)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 	Severe 	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;10 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	Mild or moderate cerebral edema (headache, dizziness) or mild/moderate laryngeal edema or diminished cardiac reserve (syncope after bending)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 	Life-threatening &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 	5 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	Significant cerebral edema (confusion, obtundation) or significant laryngeal edema (stridor) or significant hemodynamic compromise (syncope without precipitating factors, hypotension, renal insufficiency)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 	Fatal &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	&amp;lt; 1 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	Death &lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

==Workup==
* CXR, CT Scan
* Consider: sputum cytology, pleural fluid cytology,  bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, VATS

==Treatment==
'''Medical Management'''
*Elevate head to decrease hydrostatic pressure and cerebral edema
*Remove indwelling catheter (if secondary to thrombosis)
*Consider glucocorticoids (decadron 4mg q6), although risk is that it will obliterate existing histology in case first biopsy is insufficient
*Consider loop diuretics
*Anticoagulation benefit not clear, although some recommend thrombolysis followed by anticoagulation


'''Radiation Therapy'''
*&lt;u&gt;Emergent&lt;/u&gt; RT is no longer considered necessary if patient is stable and diagnosis is not established ({{PMID|7234887}})
**RT prior to biopsy can obscure histologic diagnosis ({{PMID|3701390}})
**Endovascular stents in severely symptomatic patients provide more rapid relief
*Consider Emergency RT (and endovascular stent) if
**Stridor from severe laryngeal edema
**Coma from cerebral edema
*RT dose/schedule
**Start RT as soon as possible. Initially use high-dose fractions (3-4 Gy) for 2 or 3 days if treating curatively to 60-70Gy, followed by standard 1.8-2 Gy/fx
**Not unusual to palliate with 3Gy x 10, or 4Gy x 5 or 2.5Gy x 15
*Symptomatic relief can be apparent in 72 hours, complete relief can be seen by 2 weeks (78% SCLC, 63% NSCLC)
*However, SVC patency improvement only in 31%, so some symptom relief probably due to development of collateral circulation over time
*Many patients will recur symptomatically prior to death
*Consider Chemotherapy before or with RT if:
**SCLC, NHL &amp; germ cell tumors
* In the absence of distant metastasis, aggressive management is indicated
* Symptomatic relief within the first 30 days might be a good prognostic factor


'''Endovascular Stent''' 
*Stent can be placed before tissue diagnosis (unlike RT)
**Results in rapid relief of symptoms
**~ 90% patients report symptomatic relief ({{PMID|17546400}})
*Indications to consider:
**Significant respiratory distress, although lymphomas and germ cell tumors respond rapidly to chemo and/or RT
**Post-RT recurrence
**Mesothelioma, since they don't respond well to chemo or RT
*Recurrence post-stent is &lt; 40% (average is 13%)
*No evidence for durable benefit of angioplasty alone


'''Chemotherapy'''
* Chemotherapy is initially preferred for SVC in
** SCLC, NHL &amp; germ cell tumors with ~75% response
*Addition of RT can reduce recurrence of symptoms
*Review of 2 randomized trials and 44 single institution series showed no difference in symptom relief, DFS, and OS between RT only, chemo only, or chemo-RT
 

==Literature==
*'''Meta-analysis, 2002''' {{PMID|12555872}} -- &quot;Steroids, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and stents for superior vena caval obstruction in carcinoma of the bronchus: a systematic review.&quot; (Rowell NP, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2002 Oct;14(5):338-51.)
**2 randomized and 44 nonrandomized studies reviewed. SVC present in 10% of patients with SCLC and 2% of patients with NSCLC
**Relief of SVCO: SCLC chemo 77% vs. RT 78%; NSCLC chemo 59% vs. RT 63%. Not related to RT fractionation schedule or chemo regimen
**Conclusion: Chemotherapy and RT are effective in some patients, stent may provide relief in higher proportion and more rapidly. Effectiveness of steroids uncertain

*'''Sao Paolo, 1999''' (Brazil) &lt;u&gt;Abstract&lt;/u&gt; &quot;Neoadjuvant chemotherapy vs radiotherapy alone for superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) due to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): preliminary results of randomized phase II trial.&quot; (Pereira JR, Eur J Cancer 1999;35(Suppl 4):260.
**Randomized. ''Terminated early due to larger number of treatment-related deaths in chemo arm.'' 34 patients with NSCLC. Treated with immediate RT + cisplatin vs. cisplatin/epirubicin/vinblastine. Info from {{PMID|12555872}}
**Outcome: no difference in relief or survival, but larger number of treatment-related deaths in chemo-only arm

*'''Washington University, 1987''' {{PMID|3558044}} -- &quot;Role of irradiation in the management of superior vena cava syndrome.&quot; (Armstrong BA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987 Apr;13(4):531-9.)
**Retrospective. 125 patients with SVC syndrome. 
**Outcome: 80% good to excellent symptomatic relief. 2-week relief initial high dose (3-4 Gy/fx x3) 70% vs. low dose (2 Gy/fx) 56% (p=0.09). 1-year OS lymphoma 41%, SCLC 24%, NSCLC 17%. Combined chemo-RT didn't improve response, symptom relief or survival. Recurrence of SVC syndrome in 13%
**Toxicity: Minimal, dysphagia most common 26%

*'''London''' (UK)(no dates given) -- SCLC: chemo +/- RT 
**Randomized. 37/366 patients with SCLC enrolled in trial of chemotherapy +/- RT presented with SVC obstruction. 9 relapsed during chemo and were not randomized. Induction chemotherapy (adriamycin + vincristine + cyclophosphamide alternating with cyclophosphamide + MTX) x4 cycles then randomized Arm 1) RT 40/20 AP/PA vs. Arm 2) continued chemotherapy. Both consolidated with 8 cycles of chemotherapy
**'''1983''' {{PMID|6310812}} -- &quot;Treatment of obstruction of the superior vena cava by combination chemotherapy with and without irradiation in small-cell carcinoma of the bronchus. (Spiro SG, Thorax. 1983 Jul;38(7):501-5.)
***Outcomes: After induction chemo, 21/37 (57%) CR, 10/37 (27%) PR of SVC symptoms. Median OS identical.
***Conclusion: Chemo alone effective for SVC; no benefit for consolidative RT induction chemo x4 cycles

*'''Oklahoma/Virginia''' -- high dose RT vs. nitrogen mustard + RT
**Randomized. 28 patients with SVC syndrome, 22 completed treatment. Arm 1) nitrogen mustard 0.4 mg/kg, then in 3-8 days RT 40-50 Gy in 1.5-2.0 Gy/fx vs. Arm 2) RT only (4 Gy/fx until drop in venous pressure at least 30 mm H2O or 20 Gy, then 2 Gy/fx for total 40-50 Gy), diuretics as necessary. Tumor + 1cm margin. Delivered by 2 MeV Van de Graaff unit.
**'''1969''' {{PMID|4898825}} -- &quot;Treatment of malignant superior vena caval obstruction. A randomized study.&quot; (Levitt SH, Cancer. 1969 Sep;24(3):447-51.)
***Outcome: Time to venous pressure drop (NS), relief of symptoms (NS), duration of relief (NS), recurrence (NS), OS (NS)
***Toxicity: Combined arm more severe complications
***Conclusion: No difference between groups, suggest initially high daily dose

==Review==
*'''2007''' {{PMID|17476012}} -- &quot;Clinical practice. Superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes.&quot; (Wilson LD, N Engl J Med. 2007 May 3;356(18):1862-9.)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>OpenSSH/Client Applications</title>
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        <username>Larsnooden</username>
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On the client side, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)], [http://man.openbsd.org/scp.1 scp(1)], and [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] provide a wide range of capabilities.  Interactive logins and file transfers are just the tip of the iceberg.  

: [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] - The basic login shell-like client program.
: [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] - FTP-like program that works using the SSH protocol.
: [http://man.openbsd.org/scp.1 scp(1)] - File copy program that acts like rcp(1).

: [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] - The client configuration file.

==The SSH client==

[http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] is a program which provides the client side for secure, encrypted communications between  hosts over an insecure network.  Its main use is for logging into and  running programs on a remote host.  It can also be used to secure remote X11 connections and forward arbitrary TCP ports to secure legacy protocols.
ssh was made, in part, to replace insecure tools like '''rsh''' and '''telnet'''.  It has largely succeeded at this goal.  '''rsh''' and '''telnet''' are rarely seen anymore for interactive sessions or anywhere else.  
ssh can authenticate using regular passwords or with the help of a public-private key pair.  More options, such as use of Kerberos, smartcards, or one-time passwords can be configured.  

Remote login, authenticating via password:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ ssh fred@somehost.example.org 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Another way of logging in to the same account:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred somehost.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Remote programs can be run interactively when the client is run via the shell on the remote host.  Or they can be run directly when passed as an argument to the SSH client.  They can even be	 pre-configured in the authentication key or the server configuration.  

Run [http://man.openbsd.org/uname.1 uname(1)] on the remote machine:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred  somehost.example.org  &quot;uname -a&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

See what file systems are mounted and how much space is used there:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred  somehost.example.org  &quot;mount; df -h&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

It is possible to configure in great detail which programs are allowed by which accounts.  There are many combinations of options that give extra capabilities, such as re-using a single connection for multiple sessions or passing through intermediary machines.  The level of granularity can be increased even more with the help of '''sudo(8)'''.  

===SSH Client Environment Variables — Server Side===

Of course the foundation of most SSH activity centers around use of the shell.  Upon a successful connection, OpenSSH sets several environment variables. 

&lt;pre&gt;
SSH_CLIENT='192.168.223.17 36673 22'
SSH_CONNECTION='192.168.223.17 36673 192.168.223.229 22'
SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/6
&lt;/pre&gt;

'''SSH_CLIENT''' shows the address of the client system, the outgoing port number on the client system, and the incoming port on the server.  '''SSH_CONNECTION''' shows the address of the client, the outgoing port on the client, the address of the server and the incoming port on the server.  '''SSH_TTY''' names the pseudo-terminal device, abbreviated PTY, on the server used by the connection.  For more information on pseudo-terminals see [http://man.openbsd.org/ptm.4 ptm(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/tty.1 tty(1)] and [http://man.openbsd.org/tty.4 tty(4)].  

The login session can be constrained to a single program with a predetermined set of parameters using '''ForceCommand''' in the server configuration or '''Command=&quot;...&quot;''' in the authorized keys file.  When that happens an additional environment variable '''SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND''' gets set.

&lt;pre&gt;
SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND=echo &quot;hello, world&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

If the server has '''ExposeAuthInfo''' set, then the '''SSH_USER_AUTH''' environment variable points to a temporary file listing details about the authentication methods used to start the current session.  

&lt;pre&gt;
SSH_USER_AUTH=/tmp/sshauth.4JmbYfF0bhF6C17
&lt;/pre&gt;

The file is removed when the session ends.  

Other variables are set depending on the user's shell settings and the system's own settings.

===SSH Client Configuration Options===
{{RightHalf|'''[[w:Generic_Security_Services_Application_Program_Interface|GSSAPI]]''', or Generic Security Service Application Program Interface, a standard interface defined  by RFC 2743 to provide a means for independent modules with means for generic authentication and secure messaging.  Kerberos V is one of the more common examples of a service using it.  }}

Configuration options can be passed to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] as arguments, see the manual pages for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] and [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for the full list.

Connect very verbose output, [[w:Generic_Security_Services_Application_Program_Interface|GSSAPI]] authentication: 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -vv -K -l account host.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

A subset of options can be defined on the server host in the user's own authorized keys file, in conjunction with specific keys.  See [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] for which subset exactly.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot;&gt;
command=&quot;/usr/local/sbin/backup.sh&quot;,no-pty ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAQEAsY6u71N...
command=&quot;/usr/games/wump&quot;,no-port-forwarding,no-pty ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1...
environment=&quot;gtm_dist=/usr/local/gtm/utf8&quot;,environment=&quot;gtm_principal_editing=NOINSERT:EDITING&quot; ssh-rsa AAAA8a2s809poloh05yhh...
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that some directives, like setting the environment variables, are disabled by default and must be named in the server configuration before available to the client.  
More configuration directives can be set by the user in '''~/.ssh/config''' or by the system administrator in '''/etc/ssh/ssh_config'''.  These same configuration directives can be passed as arguments using '''-o'''.  See [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for the full list with descriptions.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ ssh  -l fred -o &quot;ServerAliveInterval=60&quot; -o &quot;Compression=yes&quot; server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The system administrators of the client host can set some global defaults in '''/etc/ssh/config'''.  Some of these global settings can be targeted to a specific group or user by using a '''Match''' directive.

For example, if a particular SSH server is available via port 2022, it may be convenient to have the client try that port automatically.  Some of OpenBSD’s anonymous CVS servers accept SSH connections on this port.  However, compression should not be used in this case because CVS already uses compression.  So it should be turned off.  Thus, one could specify something like the following in the '''$HOME/.ssh/config''' configuration file so that the default port is 2022 and the connection is made without compression:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host anoncvs anoncvs.example.org
        Compression no
        Port 2022
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

See [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for the client side and [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] for the server side for the full lists with descriptions.

==The SFTP client==

[http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] is an interactive file transfer program which performs all its operations over an encrypted SSH transport channel.  It may also use many features of [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)], such as public key authentication and compression.  It is also the name of the protocol used.  

The SFTP protocol is similar in some ways to the now venerable File Transfer Protocol (FTP), except that the entire session, including the login, is encrypted.  However, SFTP is not FTPS.  The latter old-fashioned FTP tunneled over SSH/SSL.  In contrast, SFTP is actually a whole new protocol.  [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] can also be made to start in a specific directory on the remote host.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ sftp fred@server.example.org:/var/www
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Frequently, SFTP is used to connect and log into a specified host and enter an interactive command mode.  See the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] for the available interactive commands such as '''get''', '''put''', '''rename''', and so on.  Also, the same configuration options that work for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] also apply to [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)].  [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] accepts all [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] options and these can be passed along as arguments at run time.  Some have explicit shortcuts.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ sftp -i ~/.ssh/some.key.ed25519 fred@server.example.org:/var/www
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

While others can be specified by naming them in full using the '''-o''' option.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ sftp -o &quot;ServerAliveInterval=60&quot; -o &quot;Compression=yes&quot; fred@server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Another way to transfer is to send or receive files automatically.  If a non-interactive authentication method is used, the whole process can be automatic using batch mode.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ sftp -b session.batch -i ~/.ssh/some_key_ed25519 fred@server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Batch processing only works with non-interactive authentication.

==The SCP client==

[http://man.openbsd.org/scp.1 scp(1)] is used for encrypted transfers of files between hosts and is used a lot like regular [http://man.openbsd.org/cp.1 cp(1)].  Since 9.0&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenSSH_9.0&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.openssh.org/txt/release-9.0 | title=OpenSSH 9.0 Release Notes | publisher=www.openssh.org | date=2022-04-08 | accessdate=2026-04-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it is based on the SFTP protocol under the hood, while the old version prior to that was inspired by the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Remote Copy Protocol (RCP) for which it has been a secure replacement.  Both the old and the new versions use SSH to encrypt the connection.  

The [http://man.openbsd.org/scp.1 scp(1)] client, unlike the SFTP client, is not based on any formal standard.  It has aimed at doing more or less what old '''rcp''' did and responded the same way.  Since with it the same program must be used at both ends of the connection and interoperability is required with other implementations of SSH.  Changes in functionality would probably break that interoperability, so new features are more likely to be added to [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] if at all.  Thus, it is best to lean towards using [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] instead when possible. Again, recent versions of [http://man.openbsd.org/scp.1 scp(1)] are a front end the SFTP protocol anyway.  

Copy from remote to local:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ scp myaccount@sftp.example.org:*.txt .
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Copy from local to remote, recursively:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ scp -r /etc/ myaccount@sftp.example.org:.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Being a front end for the SFTP protocol now, the new [http://man.openbsd.org/scp.1 scp(1)] client can cover most but not all of the behavior of the old client and is not quite bug-for-bug compatible.  One noticeable change which is fixed on the server side in OpenSSH 8.7 or later was the absence of tilde (~) expansion.  So the &quot;expand-path@openssh.com&quot; protocol extension has been added to support this.  Another area where there can potentially be trouble is when there are shell meta-characters, such as * or ?, in the file names.  

See also the section for the SFTP client above.

==GUI Clients==

There are a great many graphical utilities that support SFTP and SSH.  Many started out as transfer utilities with the outdated legacy protocol FTP and grew with the times to include SSH and SFTP support.  Sadly, many retain the epithet FTP program despite modernization.  Others are more general file managers that include SFTP support as one means of network transparency.  Most if not all provide full SFTP support including Kerberos authentication.  

Below is a partial list to give an idea of the range of options available.  

'''Bluefish''' is a website management tool and web page editor with built in support for SFTP.  Closed source competitors XMetaL and Dreamweaver are said to have at least partial support for SFTP.  No support for SFTP is available for Quanta+ or Kompozer as of this writing.  
http://bluefish.openoffice.nl/

'''Cyberduck''' is a remote file browser for the Macintosh.  It supports an impressive range of protocols in addition to SFTP.  
https://cyberduck.io/

'''Dolphin''' is a highly functional file manager for the KDE desktop, but can also be run in other desktop environments.  It includes SFTP support

'''Fetch''', by Fetch Softworks, is a reliable and well-known SFTP client for the Macintosh.  It has been around since 1989 and started life as just an FTP client.  It has many useful features combined with ease of use.  It is closed source, but academic institutions are eligible for a free of charge site license.  
http://fetchsoftworks.com/fetch/

'''Filezilla''' is presented as a FTP utility, but it has built in support for SFTP.  It is available for multiple platforms under the Free Software license, the GPL.  
http://filezilla-project.org/

'''FireFTP''' is a SFTP plugin for Mozilla Firefox.  Though it is presented as an FTP add-on, it supports SFTP.  It is available under both the MIT license and the GPL.
http://fireftp.net/

'''Fugu''', was developed by the University of Michigan research systems unix group.  It was a graphical front-end for SFTP on the Macintosh.  It was kicked to the curb in 2011 and the files archived at SourceForge.
https://sourceforge.net/projects/fugussh/files/

'''gFTP''' is a multi-threaded file transfer client
https://www.gftp.org/

'''JuiceSSH''' is an SSH Client for Android/Linux.  It uses the [http://www.jcraft.com/jsch/ jsch] Java implementation of SSH2.  
https://juicessh.com/

'''Konqueror''' is a file manager and universal document viewer for the KDE desktop, but can also be run in other environments. It includes SFTP support.  
https://apps.kde.org/konqueror/

'''lftp''' is a file transfer program that supports multiple protocols.  
http://lftp.yar.ru/

'''Midnight Commander''' is a visual file manager based on a text interface and thus usable over a terminal or console.  It includes SFTP support.  
https://midnight-commander.org/

'''Nautilus''' is the default file manager for the GNOME desktop, but can also be run in other environments.  It includes SFTP support

'''PCManFM''' is an extremely fast, lightweight, yet feature-rich file manager with tabbed browsing which is the default for LXDE.  It includes SFTP support.
https://lxqt-project.org/

'''PuTTY''' is another FOSS implementation of Telnet and SSH for both legacy and Unix platforms.  It is released under the MIT license and includes an SFTP client, PSFTP, in addition to an xterm terminal emulator and other tools like a key agent, Paegent.   It is written and maintained primarily by Simon Tatham.  
http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html 

'''Remmina''' is a remote desktop client written in GTK+ which supports multiple network protocols, including SSH.
https://www.remmina.org/

'''RemoteShell''' is the default SSH client for MorphOS, written in C using the GUI library Magic User Interface (MUI). The operating system also contains the command-line tools [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)], [http://man.openbsd.org/scp.1 scp(1)] and [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)].  
https://www.morphos-team.net/

'''SecPanel''' is a GUI for managing and running SSH and scp connections.  It is not a new implementation of the protocol or software-suite, but sits on top of either of the SSH software-suites
https://themediahost.de/secpanel/

'''Thunar''' is the default file manager for the XFCE desktop.  It includes SFTP support.  
https://docs.xfce.org/xfce/thunar/start

'''Transfer''' is the default SFTP client for MorphOS, written in C using the GUI library Magic User Interface (MUI).
https://www.morphos-team.net/

'''Yafc''' is Yet Another FTP Client and despite the name supports SFTP.  
https://yafc.sourceforge.net/

===Other GUI Programs with SFTP Support===

A small but growing number of graphical applications include SFTP support, some fully.  This allows reliable access to remote files more or less as if they were local.

'''celluloid''', a media player, can play remote files over SFTP.  It can accept full URLs pointing to specific files on SFTP services.  It is aware of [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] and can utilize shortcuts stored there.  

'''mpv''', also a media player, can play remote files over SFTP and is also aware of [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] settings.  

'''LibreOffice''' has SFTP support, but only for password authentication.  Keys and certificates are not supported, at least not as of LibreOffice version 24.  

A work-around for programs which don't support SFTP or lack full support for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] settings is to mount the remote directory via [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs] which is a user-space file system client.  

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{status|100%}}</text>
      <sha1>pmkyc7ftnp89beem4u4qswgeo9u8bjl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>OpenSSH/Client Configuration Files</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>248402</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675562</id>
      <parentid>4674759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T18:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>minor tweaks</comment>
      <origin>4675562</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34037" sha1="5xnlfpcvh0b3zdougr0ubfm7xqzh4nq" xml:space="preserve">Client configuration files can be per user or system wide, with the former taking precedence over the latter and run-time arguments in the shell overriding both.  In these configuration files, one parameter per line is allowed.  The syntax is the parameter name followed by its value or values.  Empty lines and lines starting with the hash ('''#''') are ignored.  An equal sign ('''=''') can be used instead of whitespace between the parameter name and the values.  Values are case-sensitive, but parameter names are not.  The first value assigned is used.  For key files, the format is different.  

With either type of file, there is no substitute for reading the relevant manual pages on the actual systems involved, especially because they match the specific versions which are in use.  

==System-wide Client Configuration Files==

System-wide client files set the default configuration for all users of OpenSSH clients on that system.  These defaults can be overridden in most cases by the user's own default settings in a local configuration file.  Both can be overridden, in many cases, by specifying various options or parameters at run time.  The prioritization is as follows:  

# run time arguments via the shell
# user's own configuration
# system-wide configuration

The first value obtained is used.  The user's own configuration file and the system-wide configuration file can also point to additional configuration files to be included using the '''Include''' directive starting with OpenSSH 7.3.  The '''Include''' directive can be specified anywhere in the configuration file even inside a '''Match''' or '''Host''' block.  Care should be used when nesting configurations.    

===''/etc/ssh/ssh_config''===

This file defines all the default settings for the client utilities for all users on that system.  It must be readable by all users.  The configuration options are described in detail in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)].

Below a shortcut is made for connecting to ''arc.example.org''.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host arc
        Port 2022
        HostName arc.example.org
        User fred
        IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa_arc
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

So with that configuration, it is enough to enter &lt;code&gt;ssh arc&lt;/code&gt; and the rest of the information gets filled in automatically.

===''/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts''===

This contains the system-wide list of known host keys used to verify the identity of the remote host and thus hinder impersonation or eavesdropping.  This file should be prepared by the system administrator to contain the public host keys of all necessary hosts.  It should be world-readable. 

See '''~/.ssh/known_hosts''' below for more explanation or see [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] for further details of the format of this file.

===''/etc/ssh/sshrc''===

This file resides on the server and programs in this file are executed there by [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] when the user logs in, just before the user's shell or designated program is started.  It is not run as root, but instead as the user who is logging in.  See the [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] manual page in the section &quot;SSHRC&quot; for more information.  If it sends anything to '''stdout''' that will interfere with SFTP sessions, among others.  So if any output is produced at all, it should be sent to '''stderr''' or else a log file.

==User-specific Client Configuration Files==

Users can override the default system-wide client settings and choose their own defaults.  For situations where the same change is made repeatedly it is recommended to add it to the user's local configuration.  

===Client-Side Files===

These files reside on the client machine.

====''~/.ssh/config''====

The user's own configuration file which, where applicable, overrides the settings in the global client configuration file, '''/etc/ssh/ssh_config'''.  The configuration options are described in detail in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)].  

This file must ''not'' be accessible to other users in any way.  Set strict permissions: read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.  It may group-writable if and only if that user is the only member of the group in question.

=====Local Override of Client Defaults=====

The file is usually named '''~/.ssh/config'''.  However, a different configuration file can be specified at runtime using the '''-F''' option.  General options intended to apply to all hosts can be set by matching all hosts and should be done at the end of the configuration file.  The first match takes precedence, therefore more specific definitions must come first and more general overrides at the end of the file.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host server1
        ServerAliveInterval	200
        HostName	203.0.113.76

Host *
        ExitOnForwardFailure	yes
        Protocol	2
        ServerAliveInterval	400
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Options given as runtime arguments will override even those in the configuration file.  However, not all options can be set or overriden by the user.  Those options which may not be set or overridden will be ignored.

====''~/.ssh/known_hosts''====

This file is local to the user account and contains the known keys for remote hosts.  Often these are collected from the hosts when connecting for the first time, but they can be added manually.  As with those keys stored in the global file, '''/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts''', these keys are used to verify the identity  of the remote host, thus protecting against impersonation or man-in-the-middle attacks.  With each subsequent connection the key will be compared to the key provided by the remote server.   If there is a match, the connection will proceed.  If the match fails, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] will fail with an error message.  If there is no key at all listed for that remote host, then the key's fingerprint will be displayed and there will be the option to automatically add the key to the file.  This file can be created and edited manually, but if it does not exist it will be created automatically by [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] when it first connects to a remote host.

The '''~/.ssh/known_hosts''' file  can use either hashed or clear text host names.  Even with hashed names, it can still be searched using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] using the '''-F''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -F server3.example.com 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The default file to be searched will be '''~/.ssh/known_hosts''' and the key is printed if found.  A different file can be searched using the '''-f''' option.  If a key must be removed from the file, the '''-R''' option works similarly to search by host and then remove it if found even if the host name is hashed.   
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -R server4.example.com -f ~/.ssh/known_hosts
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

When a key is removed, it will then be appended to the file '''~/.ssh/known_hosts.old''' in case it is needed later.  Again, see the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] for the format of these '''known_host''' files.  

If a non-default file is used  with either '''-F''' or '''-R''' then the name including the path must be specified using '''-f'''.  But '''-f''' is optional if the default file is intended.

If the global file '''/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts''' is used then it should be prepared by the system administrator to contain the public host keys of all necessary hosts and it should be world-readable. 

=====Manually Adding Public Keys to ~/.ssh/known_hosts =====

Manually adding public host keys to '''known_hosts''' is a matter of adding one unbroken line per key.  How the key is obtained is not important, as long as it is complete, valid, and '''guaranteed to be the real key and not a fake'''.  The utility [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] can fetch a key and [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] can be used to show the fingerprint for verification.  See examples in the cookbook chapter on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | Public Key Authentication]] for methods of verification.  
Again, the corresponding system-wide file is '''/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts'''

=====About the Contents of the known_hosts Files=====

The '''known_hosts''' file is for verifying the identity of other systems.  [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] can automatically add keys to the user's file, but they can be added manually as well.  The file contains a list of public keys for all the hosts which the user has connected to.  It can also include public keys for hosts that the user plans to log into but are not already in the system-wide list of known host keys.  Usually when connecting to a host for the first time, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] adds the remote host's public key to the user's '''known_hosts''' file, but this behavior can be tuned.  

The format is one public key or certificate per unbroken line.  Each line in contains a host name, number of bits, exponent, and modulus.  At the beginning of the line is either the host name or a hash representing the host name.  An optional comment can follow at the end of the line.  These can be preceded by an optional marker to indicate a certificate authority, if an SSH certificate is used instead of a SSH key.  These fields are separated by spaces.  It is possible to use a comma-separated list of hosts in the host name field if a host has multiple names or if the same key is used on multiple machines in a server pool.  Here are two examples for hosts with the basic host names:
	
&lt;pre&gt;
anoncvs.fr.openbsd.org,93.184.34.123 ssh-rsa AAAA...njvPw==	
anoncvs.eu.openbsd.org ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nz...cTqGvaDhgtAhw==
&lt;/pre&gt;
 
Non-standard ports can be indicated by enclosing the host name with square brackets and following with a colon and the port number.  Here are three examples referring to hosts listening for SSH on non-standard ports:
	
&lt;pre&gt;	
[ssh.example.org]:2222 ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nz...AKy2R2OE=	
[127.0.0.2]:4922 ssh-rsa AAAAB4mV...1d6j=	
[anga.funkfeuer.at]:2022,[78.41.115.130]:2022 ssh-rsa AAAAB...fgTHaojQ==	
&lt;/pre&gt;
Host name patterns can be created using &quot;'''*'''&quot; and &quot;'''?'''&quot; as wildcards and &quot;'''!'''&quot; to indicate negation. 

Up to one optional marker per line is allowed. If present it must be either '''@cert-authority''' or '''@revoked'''.  The former shows that the key is a certificate authority key, the latter flags the key as revoked and not acceptable for use.   

See [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] for further details on the format of this file and [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] for managing the keys.

===Server-Side Client Files===

These client files reside on the server.  By default they are kept in the user's directory.  However, the server can be configured to look for them in other locations if needed.  

====''~/.ssh/authorized_keys''====

'''authorized_keys''' is a one-key-per-line register of public ECDSA, RSA, ED25519, and MLDSA44-Ed25519 keys that this account can use to log in with.  The file's contents are not highly sensitive, but the recommended permissions are read/write for the user and not accessible by others.  As always, the whole key including options and comments must be on a single, unbroken line. 

&lt;pre&gt;
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAA...41Ev521Ei2hvz7S2QNr1zAiVaOFy5Lwc8Lo+Jk=
&lt;/pre&gt;

Lines starting with a hash (#) are ignored and can be used as comments.  Whitespace separates the key's fields, which are in sequence an optional list of login options, the key type (usually ssh-rsa or better like ecdsa-sha2-nistp256), the key itself encoded as base64, and an optional comment.  

If a key is followed by an annotation, the comment does not need to be wrapped in quotes.  It has no effect on what the key does or how it works.  Here is an annotated key, the comment having been generated with the '''-C''' option [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)]:

&lt;pre&gt;
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAA...zAiVaOFy5Lwc8Lo+Jk=  Fred @ Project FOOBAR
&lt;/pre&gt;

Keys can be preceded by a comma-separated list of options to affect what happens upon successful login.  The first key below forces the session to launch '''tinyfugue''' automatically, the second forcibly sets the PATH environment variable:

&lt;pre&gt;
command=&quot;/usr/bin/tinyfugue&quot; ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAA...OFy5Lwc8Lo+Jk=
environment=&quot;PATH=/bin:/usr/bin/:/opt/gtm/bin&quot; ssh-rsa AAAAB3N...4Y2t1j=
&lt;/pre&gt;

The format of '''authorized_keys''' is described in the [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] manual page.  Old keys should be deleted from the file when no longer needed.  The server can specify multiple locations for '''authorized_keys'''.  That is done using the '''AuthorizedKeysFile''' directive in the server's configuration.  See the next section, [[#Server-Side_Client_Key_Login_Options|Server-Side Client Key Login Options]], for details.

====''~/.ssh/authorized_principals''====

By default this file does not exist.  If it is specified in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)]  by the AuthorizedKeysFile or AuthorizedPrincipalsCommand directives in the server's configuration.  It contains a list of names which can be used in place of the username when authorizing a certificate.   This option is useful for role accounts, disjoint account namespaces and &quot;user@realm&quot;-style naming policies in certificates.  Principals can also be specified in '''authorized_keys'''.

====''~/.ssh/environment''====

If the server is configured to accept user-supplied, automatic changes to environment variables as part of the login process, then these changes can be set in this file.  

If the server, the environment file and an authorization key all try to change the same variable, the file '''environment''' takes precedence over what a key might contain.  Either one will override any environment variables that might have been passed by [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] using '''SendEnv'''.  

Authentication keys stored in '''authorized_keys''' can also be used to set variables.  See also the '''AcceptEnv''' and '''PermitUserEnvironment''' directives in the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)].

====''~/.ssh/rc''====

This is a script which is executed by [http://man.openbsd.org/sh.1 sh(1)] just before the user's shell or command is started.  It is not run if '''ForceCommand''' is used.  The script is run after reading the environment variables.  The corresponding global file, '''/etc/ssh/sshrc''', is not run if the user's '''rc''' script exists.

===Local Account Public / Private Key Pairs===

People might have a variety ECDSA, Ed25519, MLDSA44-Ed25519, and RSA keys stored in the file system.  Since version 8.2, two new key types ECDSA-SK and Ed25519-SK, along with corresponding certificate types are available for keys tied to FIDO/U2F tokens.  Since 10.6 there can be keys which use the MLDSA44-Ed25519 post-quantum signature algorithm.  Though individual accounts can maintain their own list of keys or certificates for authentication or to verify the identity of remote hosts in any directory, the most common location is in the '''~/.ssh/''' directory.  The naming convention for keys is only a convention but recommended to follow anyway.  Public keys usually have the same name as the private key, but with '''.pub''' appended to the name.  Trouble can arise if the names of the public and private keys do not match.  If there is more than one key pair, then [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] can use the '''-f''' option when generating keys to produce a useful name along with the '''-C''' option which embeds a relevant comment inside the key pair.  

People, programs, and scripts can authenticate using a private key stored on the system, or even a private key fetched from a smartcard, if the corresponding public key is stored in '''authorized_keys''' on the remote system.  The '''authorized_keys''' file is not highly sensitive, but the recommended permissions are read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.  The private keys, however, are very sensitive and should not be readable or even visible to other accounts.  They should never leave the client and should certainly never be put on the server.  See the chapter on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | Public Key Authentication]] for more discussion and examples.  

The keys can be preceded by a comma-separated list of options.  The whole key must be on a single, unbroken line.  No spaces are permitted, except within double quotes.  Any text after the key itself is considered a comment.  The '''authorized_keys''' file is a one-key-per line register of public RSA, Ed25519, MLDSA44-Ed25519, ECDSA, Ed25519-SK, and ECDSA-SK keys that can be used to log into a particular account.  See the section above on the '''authorized_keys''' file for more discussion.  

DSA support has been removed from OpenSSH starting with 10.0 in 2025 and was considered deprecated since 2015.  Therefore the time has passed for DSA keys.  They are no longer considered safe and should be replaced with better keys.  

Per-account [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Host-based_Authentication| Host-based Authentication Configuration]] is also possible using the '''~/.shosts''',  '''~/.rhosts''',  '''~/.ssh/environment''', and '''~/.ssh/rc''' files.

====Client Public Keys====

These are only the default names for the public keys.  The actual file name can be anything and the location be any directory.

'''~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub'''	'''~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub'''	'''~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub'''	'''~/.ssh/id_ecdsa-sk.pub'''	'''~/.ssh/id_ed25519-sk.pub'''  '''~/.ssh/id_ecdsa-sk_rk.pub'''	'''~/.ssh/id_ed25519-sk_rk.pub''' '''~/.ssh/id_mldsa44-ed25519.pub'''

Again, it can be a good idea to give more relevant names to keys.  The '''*-sk.pub''' keys are those bound with a hardware security token and the '''*-sk_rk.pub''' keys are those generated from resident keys stored within hardware security token.  

Public keys are mainly used on the remote server for key-based authentication.  Public keys are not sensitive and are allowed to be readable by anyone, unlike the private keys, but don't need to be.  A public key, minus comments and restriction options, can be regenerated from a private key if lost.  So while it can be useful to keep backups of the public key, it is not essential unlike for private keys.

====Client Private Keys====

Like with the client's public keys, the actual file names for the private keys can be anything and their location be in any directory.  Here are the default names for client private keys.  

'''~/.ssh/id_ecdsa'''	'''~/.ssh/id_ed25519'''	'''~/.ssh/id_rsa'''	'''~/.ssh/id_ecdsa-sk'''	'''~/.ssh/id_ed25519-sk'''  '''~/.ssh/id_ecdsa-sk_rk'''	'''~/.ssh/id_ed25519-sk_rk''' '''~/.ssh/id_mldsa44-ed25519'''

Private keys are always considered sensitive data and should be readable only by the user and not accessible by others.  In other words, they use mode 0600.  The directory they are in should also have mode 0700 or 0500.  If a private key file is accessible by others, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] will ignore it.  

It is possible to specify a passphrase when generating the key which will be used to encrypt the sensitive part of this file using AES128.  Until version 5.3, the cipher 3DES was used to encrypt the passphrase.  Old keys using 3DES that are given new passphrases will use AES128 when they are modified.

Private keys stored in hardware tokens as resident keys can be extracted and automatically used to generate their corresponding public key using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] with the '''-K''' option.  Such keys will default to being named '''id_ecdsa-sk_rk''',  '''id_ed25519-sk_rk''', or '''id_mldsa44-ed25519''', depending on the key type, though the file names can be changed after extraction.  A passphrase can be assigned to the private key upon extraction from the token to a file.  

While public keys can be generated from private keys, new private keys cannot be regenerated from public keys if the private keys are lost.  Nor can a new passphrase be set if the current one is forgotten.  Gone is gone, unlike the public keys, which can be regenerated from an existing private key if the private key is lost or forgotten then a whole new key pair must be generated and deployed.

===Legacy  Files===

These files might be encountered on very old or out of date systems but not on up-to-date ones.  

====''~/.shosts''====
====''~/.rhosts''====
'''.rhosts''' is a legacy from rsh containing a local list of trusted host-user pairs that are allowed to log in.  Login requests matching an entry were granted access.  

See also the global list of trusted host-user pairs, '''/etc/hosts.equiv'''

'''rhosts''' can be used as part of host-based authentication.  Otherwise it is recommended not to use rhosts for authentication, there are a lot of ways to misconfigure the '''.rhosts''' file.

====Legacy DSA Keys ~/.ssh/id_dsa ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub====

Deprecated DSA keys might be found named as '''id_dsa''' and '''id_dsa.pub''', but regardless of the name any usage should be tracked down.  Support for DSA both on the server and client was discontinued in OpenSSH 7.0 and fully removed in OpenSSH 10.0.  If DSA keys are found, the pair should be removed and replaced with a better type of key.

====Legacy SSH1 Protocol Keys ~/.ssh/identity ~/.ssh/identity.pub====

The files '''identity''' and '''identity.pub''' were for SSH protocol version 1, and thus deprecated.  If found they should be investigated as to what, if anything, uses them and why.  Then once any remaining usage is resolved they should be removed and replaced with newer key types.

==Mapping Client Options And Configuration Directives==

Many run-time options for the SSH client have corresponding configuration directives and vice versa.  The following is a quick overview.  It is not a substitute for getting familiar with the relevant manual pages, [https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] and [https://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] which are the relevant, authoritative, up-to-date resources on the matter.  

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;caption-side: bottom;&quot;
|+ Lookup Table of OpenSSH Client Options Versus Configuration Directives
|- style=&quot;border-bottom: thick solid #000;&quot;
! Directive
! Option
! Description
|-
! AddressFamily
! -4 / -6
| Limit connections to IPv4 or IPv6 only.
|-
! ForwardAgent
! -A / -a
| Forward or block forwarding from the authentication agent.
|-
! BindInterface
! -B
| Bind the outgoing connection to this network interface.
|-
! BindAddress
! -b
| Bind the outgoing connection to this network address.
|-
! Compression
! -C
| Specify whether to compress the data using [http://man.openbsd.org/gzip.1  gzip(1)]. 
|-
! Ciphers 
! -c
| Specify which cipher to use.
|-
! DynamicForward
! -D
| Designate a local port to be forwarded, say for SOCKS5.  
|-
! EscapeChar
! -e
| Specify an escape character for PTY sessions.  
|-
! ForkAfterAuthentication
! -f
| Drop client to background right before command execution.
|-
! GatewayPorts
! -g
| Whether other hosts are allowed to connect to local forwarded ports.  
|-
! PKCS11Provider
! -I
| Specify the path to the shared PKCS#11 library.  
|-
! IdentityFile
! -i
| Specify a particular certificate or private key to use for authentication.  
|-
! ProxyJump
! -J
| Connect to the destination via this host or hosts first.  
|-
! GSSAPIAuthentication
! -K / -k
| Enable or disable Generic Security Services Application Program Interface (GSSAPI) authentication.  
|-
! LocalForward
! -L
| Specify which local port or socket to forward to the specified remote system.
|-
! User
! -l
| Designate which account on the remote system to try.  
|-
! ControlMaster
! -M 
| Allow multiplexing of SSH sessions over a single TCP connection.  
|-
! MACs
! -m
| Designate which message authentication code (MAC) algorithms to try.  
|-
! SessionType
! -N / -s
| Invoke a designated subsystem or even prevent any command execution at all.  
|-
! StdinNull
! -n
| Prevent reading from '''stdin'''.
|-
! Tag
! -P
| Tag for use within '''Match'''.
|-
! Port
! -p
| Connect to this port on the remote system.  
|-
! LogLevel
! -q / -v
| Adjust the verbosity of logging messages from the client.
|-
! RemoteForward
! -R
| Specify which remote port or socket to forward to the specified local system.  
|-
! ControlPath
! -S
| Designate the control socket for multiplexing over this connection.  
|-
! RequestTTY
! -T / -t
| Prohibit or request a pseudo-TTY for the session.  
|-
! ForwardX11
! -X / -x
| Enable or prohibit X11 forwarding.  
|}

As of version 8.7 the '''-f''', '''-N''', and '''-n''' options also have corresponding client configuration directives in [https://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)].  Other directives, like WarnWeakCrypto do not have run time options.

==Server-Side Client Key Login Options==
The login options available for use in the local user authorized keys file might be overridden or blocked by the server's own settings.  However, within that constraint, the following options can be used.

'''cert-authority'''

Specifies that the listed key is a certification authority (CA) trusted to validate signed certificates for user authentication.  Certificates may encode access restrictions similar to key options.  If both certificate restrictions and key restrictions are present, then the most restrictive union of the two is applied.  

'''command=&quot;''program''&quot;'''

Specifies a program and its options to be executed when the key is used for authentication.  This is a good way of forcing a program to restrict a key to a single, specific operation such as a remote backup.  However, TCP and X11 forwarding are still allowed unless explicitly disabled elsewhere.

The program is run on a PTY if the client requests it, otherwise the default is to run without a TTY.  The default, running without a TTY, provides an 8-bit clean channel.  If the default has been changed, specify '''no-pty''' to get an 8-bit clean channel.  If no programs are allowed, then use an empty string &quot;&quot; to prevent anything from running.  
&lt;pre&gt;
no-pty,command=&quot;&quot; ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAID...mS1EkorvuQM7Ipl
&lt;/pre&gt;

If only one program is allowed, with specific options, then it can be spelled out explicitly.
&lt;pre&gt;
restrict,command=&quot;/usr/bin/svnserve -t --tunnel-user=fred&quot; ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NT...skSUlrRPoLyUq
&lt;/pre&gt;

Quotes provided in the program's options must be escaped using a backslash.  ('\')
&lt;pre&gt;
command=&quot;sh -c \&quot;mysqldump db1 -u fred1 -p\&quot;&quot; ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAID...mS1EkorvuQM7Ipl
&lt;/pre&gt;

This option applies to execution of the shell, another program, or a subsystem.  Thus any other programs specified by the user are ignored when '''command''' is present.  However, the program originally specified by the client remains available as the environment variable '''SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND'''.  That can be used by a script in a multiple-choice case statement, for example, to allow the account to select from a limited range of actions.

'''environment=&quot;''NAME''=''value''&quot;'''

Sets the value of an environment variable when this key is used to log in.  It overrides default values of the variable, if they exist.  This option can be repeated to set multiple variables up to 1024 discrete names.  First match wins in the case of repetition.   This option is only allowed if the '''PermitUserEnvironment''' option is set in the SSH server's configuration.  The default is that it is disabled.  This option used to be disabled automatically when '''UseLogin''' was enabled, but '''UseLogin''' has been deprecated.

'''expiry-time=&quot;''timespec''&quot;'''

Sets a date or date-time, either as a YYYYMMDD date or a YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS], after which the key will not be allowed to authenticate.  Otherwise the key will be considered valid indefinitely.  The system time zone is used.  

'''from=&quot;''pattern-list''&quot;'''

Either the canonical name of the remote host or its IP address required in addition to the key. Addresses and host names can be listed using a comma-separated list of patterns, see PATTERNS in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for more information on patterns, or use the CIDR address/masklen notation.

'''no-agent-forwarding / agent-forwarding'''

This option forbids the authentication agent from forwarding the key when it is used for authentication.  Alternately, it allows agent forwarding even if it was otherwise previously disabled by the '''restrict''' option.

'''no-port-forwarding / port-forwarding'''

Forbids TCP forwarding and any port forward requests by the client will return an error when this key is used for authentication.  Alternately, override the '''restrict''' option and allow port forwarding.  See also '''permitopen'''.  

'''no-pty / pty'''

TTY allocation is prohibited and any request to allocate a PTY will fail.  Alternately, TTY allocation is permitted, even if previously disabled by the '''restrict''' option.

'''no-touch-required'''

FIDO keys which have been created with the '''-O no-touch-required''' can use this method which makes the client skip the check for user presence.   

'''no-user-rc / user-rc'''

Use the '''no-user-rc''' option in '''authorized_keys''' to disable execution of '''~/.ssh/rc '''.  Alternately, use '''user-rc''' to override the '''restrict''' option.

'''no-X11-forwarding / x11-forwarding'''

Prevent X11 forwarding when this key is used for authentication and requests to forward X11 will return an error.  Alternately, override the '''restrict''' option and allow X11 forwarding.

'''permitlisten=&quot;[''host'':]''port''&quot;'''

'''permitopen=&quot;''host'':''port''&quot;'''

The '''permitlisten'''  setting limits remote port forwarding (&lt;code&gt;ssh -R&lt;/code&gt;) to only the specified port and, optionally, host.  In contrast, '''permitopen''' limits local port forwarding (&lt;code&gt;ssh -L&lt;/code&gt;) to only the specified host and port.  IPv6 addresses can be specified with an alternative syntax: host/port.  Multiple '''permitopen''' or '''permitlisten''' options may be used and must be separated by commas.  No pattern matching is performed on the specified host names, they must be literal host names or IP addresses.  Can be used in conjunction with agent-forwarding.  

'''principals=&quot;''name1''[,''name2'',...]&quot;'''

Specify a list of names that may be used in place of the username when authorizing a certificate trusted via the '''TrustedCAKeys''' option described in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)].

'''restrict'''

Disable all options, such as TTY allocation, port forwarding, agent forwarding, user-rc, and X11 forwarding all at once.  Specific options can then be explicitly allowed on an individual basis.

'''tunnel=&quot;''n''&quot;'''

Select a specific [http://man.openbsd.org/tun.4 tun(4)] device on the server.  Otherwise when a tunnel device is requested without this option the next available device will be used.

'''verify-required'''

Require user-verification, such as with a PIN, with FIDO keys.

==Managing Keys==

When working with keys there are some basic, hopefully common sense, actions that should take place to prevent problems.  The two most beneficial approaches are to use sensible names for the key files and to embed comments.  The '''-f''' option for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] allows a custom name to be set.   The '''-C''' option allows a comment to be embedded in both the public and private keys.  With the comment inside the private key, it can be regenerated automatically if a replacement public key is ever made using the '''-y''' option.  

Other than that, there are three main rules of thumb for managing keys:

* Keys should use strong passphrases.  If autonomous logins are required, then  the keys should be first loaded into an agent and used from there.  See [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)] to get started there.  It uses [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)] which many systems have installed and some have running by default.  

* Keys should always be stored in protected locations, even on the client side. This is especially important for private keys.  The private keys should not have read permissions for any user or group other than their owner.  They should also be kept in a directory that is not accessible by anyone other than the owner in order to limit exposure.

* Old and unused keys should be removed from the server.  In particular, keys without a known, valid purpose should be removed and not allowed to accumulate.  Using the comment field in the public key for annotation can help eliminate some of the confusion as to the purpose and owner once some time has passed.  Along those lines, keys should be rotated at intervals.  Rotation means generating new key pairs and removing the old ones.  This gives a chance to remove old and unused keys. It is also an opportunity to review access needs, whether access is required and if so at what level.  

Following the principle of least privilege can limit the chance for accidents or abuse.  If a key is only needed to run a specific application or script, then its login options should be limited to just what is needed.  See [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] for the &quot;AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT&quot; section on key login options.  For root level access, it is important to remember to configure '''/etc/sudoers''' or '''/etc/doas.conf''' appropriately.  Access there can be granted to a specific application and even limit that application to specific options.  

One major drawback to keys is that they never expire and are valid indefinitely in principle.  In contrast, certificates can be assigned a validity interval with an end date, after which they can no longer be used.  

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
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      <sha1>5xnlfpcvh0b3zdougr0ubfm7xqzh4nq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>OpenSSH/Utilities</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>248410</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675573</id>
      <parentid>4674760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T18:32:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>minor tweaks</comment>
      <origin>4675573</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7645" sha1="psc8thkqpzhn0sgvhr6z4g5ofqfjadu" xml:space="preserve">: [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)] - An authentication agent that can store private keys.
: [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)] - A tool which adds or removes keys to or from the above agent.
: [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] - A key generation tool.
: [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] - A utility for gathering public host keys from a number of hosts.
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/ssh-copy-id ssh-copy-id(1)] - Install a public key in a remote machine's '''authorized_keys''' register.
: ssh-vulnkey(1) - Check a key against blacklist of compromised keys

==ssh-agent==

[http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)] is a tool to hold private keys in memory for re-use during a session.  Usually it is started at the beginning of a session and subsequent windows or programs run as clients to the agent.  The environment variable '''SSH_AUTH_SOCK''' points applications to the socket used to communicate with the agent.  

==ssh-add==

[http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)] is a tool to load key identities into an agent for re-use.  It can also be used to remove identities from the agent.  The agent holds the private keys used for authentication.

==ssh-keyscan==

[http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] has been part of the OpenSSH suite since OpenSSH version 2.5.1 and is used to retrieve public keys.  Keys retrieved using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)], or any other method, must be verified by checking the key fingerprint to ensure the authenticity of the key and reduce the possibility of a man-in-the-middle attack.  The default is to request an ECDSA key using SSH protocol 2.  David Mazieres wrote the initial version of [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] and Wayne Davison added support for SSH protocol version 2.

==ssh-keygen==
[http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] is for generating key pairs or certificates for use in authentication, update and manage keys, or to verify key fingerprints.  It works with SSH keys and can do the following activities: 

* generate new key pairs, either ECDSA, Ed25519, MLDSA44-Ed25519, RSA, ECDSA-SK or Ed25519-SK.
* remove keys from known hosts
* regenerate a public key from a private key
* change the passphrase of a private key
* change the comment text of a private key
* show the fingerprint of a specific public key
* show ASCII art fingerprint of a specific public key
* load or read a key to or from a smartcard, if the reader is available

If the legacy protocol, SSH1, is used, then [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] can only generate RSA keys.  However, SSH1 is long since deprecated and the systems should be re-tooled if it is still found in use.  Also, although DSA keys can be generated, they are deprecated and should be replaced if found.  

One important use for key fingerprints is when connecting to a machine for the first time.  A fingerprint is a hash or digest of the public key.  Fingerprints can be transferred out of band and loaded into either the '''~/.ssh/known_hosts''' or '''/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts''' files in advance of the first connection.  The verification data for the key should be sent out of band.  It can be sent ahead of time by post, fax, SMS or a phone call instead or otherwise communicated in some way such that you can be sure it is authentic and unchanged.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred zaxxon.example.org
The authenticity of host 'zaxxon.example.org (203.0.113.114)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is SHA256:DnCHntWa4jeadiUWLUPGg9FDTAopFPR0c5TgjU/iXfw.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If you see that message and the key's fingerprint matches the one you were given in advance, then the connection is probably good.  If you see that and the key's fingerprint is different than what you were given in advance, then stop and disconnect and get on the phone or VoIP to work out the mistake.  Once the SSH client has accepted the key from the server, it is saved in '''known_hosts'''.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred galaga.example.org
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@    WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED!     @
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!
Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!
It is also possible that a host key has just been changed.
The fingerprint for the ECDSA key sent by the remote host is
SHA256:QIWi4La8svQSf5ZYow8wBHN4tF0jtRlkIaLCUQRlxRI.
Please contact your system administrator.
Add correct host key in /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message.
Offending ECDSA key in /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts:1
ECDSA host key for galaga.example.org has changed and you have requested strict checking.
Host key verification failed.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If you start to connect to a known host and you get an error like the one above, then either the first connection was to an impostor or the current connection is to an impostor, or something very foolish was done to the machine.  Regardless, disconnect and don't try to log in.  Contact the system administrator out of band to find out what is going on.&lt;ref name=&quot;SecurityFocus2004&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Brian Hatch |url=http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1806 |title=SSH Host Key Protection |publisher=SecurityFocus |year=2004 |accessdate=2013-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  It is possible that the server was reinstalled, either the whole operating system or just the OpenSSH server, without saving the old keys.  That would result in new keys being generated and explain their presence.  Either way, check with the system administrator before connecting to be sure.  

Hashed host names and addresses can be looked up in '''known_hosts''' using '''-F''' in [https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen ssh-keygen(1)].  Or else '''-R''' can be used to delete them.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -F sftp.example.org -f ~/.ssh/known_hosts
# Host sftp.example.org found: line 7 type RSA
|1|slYCk3msDPyGQ8l0lq82IbUTzBU=|KN7HPqVnJHOFX5LFmTXS6skjK4o= ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAIEA3cqqA6fZtgexZ7+4wxoLN1+YDvPfBtt4/m+N/RI8o95CXqvqZMIQjuVarVKjwRwt9pTJIVzf6bwjcNkrUx9dQqZNpNBkcvBRdmd775opWCAfkHEueKxkNx3Kb1yitz0dUaFkRwfTsXAjh+NleBq2ofAfjowu/zzCnnbAKy2R2OE=
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==ssh-copy-id==

'''ssh-copy-id''' is included in some distros to install a public key into a remote machine's '''authorized_keys''' file.  It is just a simple shell script so the '''authorized_keys''' file should still be checked manually after the first login to verify that everything went ok and that the key was copied as it should be.  

==ssh-vulnkey==

'''ssh-vulnkey''' was included in some versions of some GNU/Linux distros to check a key against a blacklist of compromised keys.  The blacklist was made necessary when a broken version of OpenSSL was distributed by some distros&lt;ref name=&quot;Debian_OpenSSL_vuln&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jake Edge |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/282230/ |title=Debian vulnerability has widespread effects |publisher=LWN |year=2008|accessdate=2013-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;, resulting in bad keys that were easily predicted and compromised.  Keys made while that broken version was in use that are found to have been compromised cannot be repaired and must be replaced.  The problem has since been fixed and new keys should be all right.

&lt;noinclude&gt;
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>OpenSSH/Cookbook/Remote Processes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>248416</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675546</id>
      <parentid>4674341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T17:44:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mention waypipe(1) for forwarding Wayland applications</comment>
      <origin>4675546</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35629" sha1="l86tqu9yb4k6et97274z10cl1t5aayb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{simple chapter navigation|previous=|next=The Client Configuration File}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

One of the main functions of OpenSSH is that of accessing and running programs on other systems.  That is, after all, one of the main purposes of the program.  There are several ways to expand upon that, either interactively or as part of unattended scripts.  So in addition to an interactive login, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] can be used to simply execute a program or script.  Logout is automatic when the program or script has run its course.  Some combinations are readily obvious.  Others require more careful planning.  Sometimes it is enough of a clue just to know that something can be done, at other times more detail is required.  A number of examples of useful combinations of using OpenSSH to run remote tasks follow.  

&lt;noinclude&gt;__TOC__&lt;/noinclude&gt;

==Run a Remote Process==

An obvious use of [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] is to run a program on the remote system and then exit.  Often this is a shell, but it can be any program available to the account.  For feedback, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] passes whatever exit value was returned by the remote process.  When a remote process is completed, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] will terminate and pass on the exit value of the last remote process to complete.  So in this way it can be used in scripts and the outcome of the remote processes can be used by the client system.

The following will run [http://man.openbsd.org/true.1 true(1)] on the remote system and return success, exit code 0, to the local system where [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] was run.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred server.example.org /bin/true
$ echo $?
0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The following will run [http://man.openbsd.org/false.1 false(1)] on the remote system and return failure, exit code 1, to the local system where [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] was run.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred server.example.org /bin/false
$ echo $?
1
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If any other values, from 0 to 255, were returned, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] will pass them back to the local host from the remote host.  

===Run a Remote Process and Capture Output Locally===

Output from programs run on the remote machine can be saved locally using a normal redirect.  Here we run [http://man.openbsd.org/dmesg.8 dmesg(8)] on the remote machine:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred server.example.org dmesg &gt; dmesg.from.server.log
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Interactive processes will be difficult or impossible to operate in that manner because no output will be seen.  For interactive processes requiring any user input, output can be piped through [http://man.openbsd.org/tee.1 tee(1)]  instead  to send the output both to the file and to '''stdout'''.  This example runs an anonymous FTP session remotely and logs the output locally.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred server.example.org &quot;ftp -a anotherserver&quot; | tee ftp.log
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

It may be necessary to force pseudo-TTY allocation to get both input and output to be properly visible.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -t -l fred server.example.org &quot;ftp -a anotherserver&quot; | tee /home/fred/ftp.log
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The simplest way to read data on one machine and process it on another is to use pipes.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh fred@server.example.org 'cat /etc/ntpd.conf' | diff /etc/ntpd.conf - 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Run a Local Process and Capture Remote Data===

Data can be produced on one system and used on another.  This is different than tunneling X, where both the program and the data reside on the other machine and only the graphical interface is displayed locally.  Again, the simplest way to read data on one machine and use it on another is to use pipes.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ cat /etc/ntpd.conf | ssh fred@server.example.org 'diff /etc/ntpd.conf -' 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In the case where the local program expects to read a file from the remote machine, a named pipe can be used in conjunction with a redirect to transfer the data.  In the following example, a named pipe is created as a transfer point for the data.  Then [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] is used to launch a remote process which sends output to '''stdout''' which is captured by a redirection on the local machine and sent to the named pipe so a local program can access the data via the named pipe.  

In this particular example, it is important to add a filter rule to [http://man.openbsd.org/tcpdump.8 tcpdump(8)] itself to prevent an infinite feedback loop if [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] is connecting over the same interface as the data being collected.  This loop is prevented by excluding either the SSH port, the host used by the SSH connection, or the corresponding network interface.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ mkfifo -m 600 netdata
$ ssh -fq -i /home/fred/.ssh/key_rsa \
        'sudo tcpdump -lqi eth0 -w - &quot;not port 22&quot;' &gt; netdata
$ wireshark -k -i netdata &amp;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Any '''sudo(8)''' privileges for [http://man.openbsd.org/tcpdump.8 tcpdump(8)] also need to operate without an interactive password, so great care and precision must be exercised to spell out in '''/etc/sudoers''' exactly which program and parameters are to be permitted and nothing more. The authentication for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] must also occur non-interactively, such as with a key and key agent.  Once the configurations are set, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] is run and sent to the background after connecting.   With [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] in the background the local application is launched, in this case [http://linux.die.net/man/1/wireshark wireshark(1)], a graphical network analyzer, which is set to read the named pipe as input.  

On some systems, process substitution can be used to simplify the transfer of data between the two machines.  Doing process substitution requires only a single line.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ wireshark -k -i &lt;( ssh -fq -i /home/fred/.ssh/key_rsa \
        'sudo tcpdump -lqi eth0 -w - &quot;not port 22&quot;' )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However, process substitution is not POSIX compliant and thus not portable across platforms.  It is limited to [http://linux.die.net/man/1/bash bash(1)] only and not present in other shells.  So, for portability, use a named pipe.

==Run a Remote Process While Either Connected or Disconnected==

There are several different ways to leave a process running on the remote machine.  If the intent is to come back to the process and check on it periodically then a terminal multiplexer is probably the best choice.  For simpler needs there are other approaches.  

===Run a Remote Process in the Background While Disconnected===

Many routine tasks can be set in motion and then left to complete on their own without needing to stay logged in.  When running remote process in background it is useful to spawn a shell just for that task.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -t -l fred server.example.org 'sh -c &quot;tar zcf /backup/usr.tgz /usr/&quot; &amp;' 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Another way is to use a terminal multiplexer.  An advantage with them is being able to reconnect and follow the progress from time to time, or simply to resume work in progress when a connection is interrupted such as when traveling.  Here [http://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1 tmux(1)] reattaches to an existing session or else, if there is none, then creates a new one.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -t -l fred server.example.org &quot;tmux a -d || tmux&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

On older systems, [http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen screen(1)] is often available.  Here it is launched remotely to create a new session if one does not exists, or re-attach to a session if one is already running.  So if no [http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen screen(1)] session is running, one will be created. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -t -l fred server.example.org &quot;screen -d -R&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Once a [http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen screen(1)] session is running, it is possible to detach it and close the SSH connection without disturbing the background processes it may be running.  That can be particularly useful when hosting certain game servers on a remote machine.  Then the terminal session can then be reattached in progress with the same two options.   

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -t -l fred server.example.org &quot;screen -d -R&quot;  
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

There is more on using terminal multiplexers [http://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1 tmux(1)] or  on  below.  In some environments it might be necessary to also use [http://linux.die.net/man/1/pagsh pagsh(1)], especially with Kerberos, see below.  Or [http://man.openbsd.org/nohup.1 nohup(1)] might be of use.

====Keeping Authentication Tickets for a Remote Process After Disconnecting====

Authentication credentials are often deleted upon logout and thus any remaining processes no longer have access to whatever the authentication tokens were used for.  In such cases, it is necessary to first create a new credential cache sandbox to run an independent process in before disconnecting.  
 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ pagsh
$ /usr/local/bin/a-slow-script.sh
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Kerberos and AFS are two examples of services that require valid, active tickets.  Using [http://linux.die.net/man/1/pagsh pagsh(1)] is one solution for those environments.

===Automatically Reconnect and Restore an SSH Session Using tmux(1) or screen(1)===

Active, running sessions can be restored after either an intentional or accidental break by using a terminal multiplexer.  Here [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] is to assume that the connection is broken after 15 seconds (three tries of five seconds each) of not being able to reach the server and to exit.  Then the [http://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1 tmux(1)] session is reattached or, if absent, created.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;$ while ! ssh -t fred@example.org -o 'ServerAliveInterval 5' \
	'tmux attach -d || tmux new-session'; \
  do true; \
  done&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then each time [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] exits, the shell tries to connect with it again and when that happens to look for a [http://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1 tmux(1)] session to attach to.  That way if the TCP or SSH connections are broken, none of the applications or sessions stop running inside the terminal multiplexer.  Here is an example for [http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen screen(1)] on older systems.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ while ! ssh -t fred@example.org -o 'ServerAliveInterval 5' \
	'screen -d -R'; \
  do true; \
  done
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The above examples give only an overly simplistic demonstration where at their most basic they are useful to resume a shell where it was after the TCP connection was broken.  Both [http://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1 tmux(1)] and [http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen screen(1)] are quite capable of much more and worth exploring especially for travelers and telecommuters.

See also the section on &quot;[[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication|Public Key Authentication]]&quot; to integrate keys into the process of automatically reconnecting.

===Sharing a Remote Shell===

Teaching, team programming, supervision, and creating documentation are some examples of when it can be useful for two people to share a shell.  There are several options for read-only viewing as well as for multiple parties being able to read and write.
  
====Read-only Monitoring or Logging====

Pipes and redirects are a quick way to save output from an SSH session or to allow additional users to follow along read-only.  

One sample use-case is when a router needs to be reconfigured and is available via serial console.  Say the router is down and a consultant must log in via another user's laptop's connection to access the router's serial console and it is necessary to supervise what is done or help at certain stages.  It is also very useful in documenting various activities, including configuration or installation.   

====Read-only Using tee(1)====

Capture shell activity to a log file and optionally use tail to watch it real time.  The utility [http://man.openbsd.org/tee.1 tee(1)], like a t-joint in plumbing, is used here to send output to two destinations, both '''stdout''' and a file.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh fred@server.example.org | tee /tmp/session.log
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The resulting file can be monitored live in another terminal using [http://man.openbsd.org/tail.1 tail(1)] or after the fact with a pager like [http://man.openbsd.org/less.1 less(1)].

=====Force Serial Session with Remote Logging Using tee(1)=====
The [http://man.openbsd.org/tee.1 tee(1)] utility can capture output from any program that can write to '''stdout'''.  It is very useful for walking someone at a remote site through a process, supervising, or building documentation. 

This example uses [http://man.openbsd.org/chroot.8 chroot(8)] to keep the choice of actions as limited as possible.  Actually building the chroot jail is a separate task.  Once built, the guest user is made a member of the group 'consult'. The serial connection for the test is on device ttyUSB0, which is a USB to serial converter and [http://man.openbsd.org/cu.1 cu(1)] is used for the connection.  [http://man.openbsd.org/tee.1 tee(1)] takes the output from [http://man.openbsd.org/cu.1 cu(1)] and saves a copy to a file for logging while the program is used.  The following is would go in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group consult
        ChrootDirectory /var/chroot-test
        AllowTCPForwarding no
        X11Forwarding no
        ForceCommand cu -s 19200 -l /dev/ttyUSB0 | tee /var/tmp/cu.log
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

With that one or more people can follow the activity in [http://man.openbsd.org/cu.1 cu(1)] as it happens using [http://man.openbsd.org/tail.1 tail(1)] by pointing it at the log file on the remote server.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ tail -f /var/tmp/cu.log
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Or the log can be edited and used for documentation.  It is also possible for advanced users of [http://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1 tmux(1)] or [http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen screen(1)] to allow read-only observers.

=====Scripting=====

It is possible to automate some of the connection.  Make a script, such as '''/usr/local/bin/screeners''', then use that script with the '''ForceCommand''' directive.  Here is an example of a script that tries to reconnect to an existing session.  If no sessions already exist, then a new one is created and automatically establishes a connection to a serial device.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;bash&quot;&gt;
#!/bin/sh

# try attaching to an existing screen session,
# or if none exist, make a new screen session

/usr/bin/screen -d -R || \
        /usr/bin/screen \
            /bin/sh -c &quot;/usr/bin/cu -s 19200 -l /dev/ttyUSB0 | \
            /usr/bin/tee /tmp/consultant.log&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

====Interactive Sharing Using a Terminal Multiplexer====

The terminal multiplexers [http://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1 tmux(1)] or [http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen screen(1)] can attach two or more people to the same session.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharing Terminal Sessions With Tmux And Screen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.howtoforge.com/sharing-terminal-sessions-with-tmux-and-screen
 |title=Sharing Terminal Sessions With Tmux And Screen |publisher=HowToForge |year=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The session can either be read-only for some or read-write for all participants.

=====tmux(1)=====

If the same account is going to be sharing the session, then it's
rather easy.  In the first terminal, start [http://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1 tmux(1)] where 'sessionname' is the
session name:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ tmux new-session -s sessionname
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then in the second terminal:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ tmux attach-session -t sessionname
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That's all that's needed if the same account is logged in from different locations and will share a session.  For different users, you have to set the permissions on the [http://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1 tmux(1)] socket so that both users can read and write it.  That will first require a group which has both users as members.  

Then after both accounts are in the shared group, in the first terminal, the one with the main account, start [http://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1 tmux(1)] as before but also assign a name for the session's socket.  Here 'sessionname' is the session name and 'sharedsocket' is the name of the socket:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ tmux -S /tmp/shareddir/sharedsocket new-session -s sessionname
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then change the group of the socket and the socket's directory to a group that both users share in common.  Make sure that the socket permissions allow the group to write the socket.  In this example the shared group is 'foo' and the socket is '''/tmp/shareddir/sharedsocket'''.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ chgrp foo /tmp/shareddir/
$ chgrp foo /tmp/shareddir/sharedsocket
$ chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o= /tmp/shareddir/
$ chmod u=rw,g=rw,o=  /tmp/shareddir/sharedsocket
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Finally, have the second account log in attach to the designated session using the shared socket.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ tmux -S /tmp/shareddir/sharedsocket attach-session -t sessionname
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

At that point, either account will be able to both read and write to the same session.

=====screen(1)=====

If the same account is going to share a [http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen screen(1)] session, then it's an easy procedure.  In the one terminal, start a new session and assign a name to it.  In this example, 'sessionname' is the name of the session:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ screen -S sessionname
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In the other terminal, attach to that session:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ screen -x sessionname
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If two different accounts are going to share the same [http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen screen(1)] session, then the following extra steps are necessary.  The first user does this when initiating the session:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ screen -S sessionname
^A :multiuser on
^A :acladd user2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then the second user does this:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ screen -x user1/sessionname
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In [http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen screen(1)], if more than one user account is used the &lt;code&gt;aclchg&lt;/code&gt; command can remove write access for the other user: &lt;code&gt;^A :aclchg user -w &quot;#&quot;&lt;/code&gt;.  Note that [http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen screen(1)] must run as SUID for multiuser support.  If it is not set, you will get an error message reminding you when trying to connect the second user.  You might also have to set permissions for '''/var/run/screen''' to 755.

==Display Remote Graphical Programs Locally Using X11 Forwarding==

It is possible to  run graphical programs on the remote machine and have them displayed locally by forwarding X11, the current implementation of the X Window system. X11 is used to provide the graphical interface on many systems.  See the website [http://www.x.org/ www.X.org] for its history and technical details.  It is built into most desktop operating systems.  It is even distributed as part of Macintosh OS X, though there it is not the default method of graphical display.  

X11 forwarding is off by default and must be enabled on both the SSH client and server if it is to be used.  

X11 also uses a client server architecture and the X server is the part that does the actual display for the end user while the various programs act as the clients and to the server.  Thus by putting the client and server on different machines and forwarding the X11 connections, it is possible to run programs on other computers but have them displayed and available as if they were on the user's computer.  

A note of caution is warranted.  Allowing the remote machine to forward X11 connections will allow it and its applications to access many devices and resources on the machine hosting the X server.  Regardless of the intent of the users, these are the devices and other resources accessible to the user account.  So forwarding should only be done when the other machine, that user account, and its applications are reliable.  

On the server side, to enable X11 forwarding by default, put the line below in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)], either in the main block or a '''Match''' block:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
X11Forwarding yes
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

On the client side, forwarding of X11 is also off by default, but can be enabled using three different ways.  It can be enabled in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] or else using either the '''-X''' or '''-Y''' run-time arguments.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred -X desk.example.org 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The connection will be slow, however.  If responsiveness is a factor, it may be relevant to consider a SOCKS proxy instead or some other technology all together like FreeNX.  

===Using '''ssh_config(5)''' to Specify X11 Forwarding===

X11 forwarding can be enabled in '''/etc/ssh_config''' for all accounts for all outgoing SSH connections or for just specific hosts by configuring [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)].

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
X11Forwarding yes
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

It is possible to apply [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] settings to just one account in '''~/.ssh/config''' to limit forwarding by default to an individual host by hostname or IP number.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host desk.example.org 
        X11Forwarding yes
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

And here it is enabled for a specific machine by IP number

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host 192.168.111.25 
        X11Forwarding yes
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Likewise, use limited pattern matching to allow forwarding for a subdomain or a range of IP addresses.  Here it is enabled for any host in the ''pool.example.org'' domain, any host from 192.168.100.100 to 192.168.100.109, and any host from 192.168.123.1 through 192.168.123.254:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host *.pool.example.org 
        X11Forwarding yes

Host 192.168.100.10?
        X11Forwarding yes

Host 192.168.123.*
        X11Forwarding yes
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Again, X11 is built-in to most desktop systems.  There is an optional add-on for OS X which has its roots in NextStep.  X11 support may be missing from some particularly outdated, legacy platforms, however.  But even there it is often possible to retrofit them using the right tools, one example being the tool [http://www.straightrunning.com/XmingNotes/ Xming].  Desktop systems with Wayland instead of X11 can make use of waypipe(1) to transparently proxy Wayland applications.

==Unprivileged sshd(8) Service==

It is possible to run [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] on a high port using an unprivileged account.  It will not be able to fork to other accounts, so login will be only possible on the same account which is running the unprivileged service.  

There are three general steps to running an unprivileged SSH service on a normal, unprivileged account.  

1) Prior to launching the SSH daemon under an unprivileged account, some unprivileged host keys must be created.  These keys will be used to identify this service to connecting clients, especially on return visits.  Their creation only needs to be done once per account and the passphrase must be left empty.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -q -t ed25519 -N '' \
        -f /home/fred/.ssh/ssh_host_key_ed25519 \
        -C 'unprivileged SSH host key for fred'
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If needed, do likewise for ECDSA and RSA keys.  Be sure that that the permissions are correct.  The directory which the keys are in and its parents should not be writable by other accounts and the private SSH host key itself must not be readable by any other accounts.  

2) When the keys are in place, test them by starting the SSH server manually.  One ways is by using the '''-h''' option to point to these alternative host key files.  Note that because the account is unprivileged only the ports from 1024 on up are available, in this example port 2222 is set using the '''-p''' option.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ /usr/sbin/sshd -D \
        -h /home/fred/.ssh/ssh_host_key_ed25519 \
        -h /home/fred/.ssh/ssh_host_key_ecdsa -p 2222
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Verify that the new service is accessible from another system.  Especially make sure that any packet filters, if they are any along the way, are set to pass the right port.  Incoming connections, and any packet filters, are going to have to take the alternative port into consideration in normal uses.  Another approach would be to add the unprivileged SSH service as an onion service.  See the   [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Proxies_and_Jump_Hosts#Providing_SSH_as_an_Onion_Service | chapter on Proxies and Jump Hosts]] about that.  

Note that the above examples use the default configuration file for the daemon.  If a different configuration file is needed for special settings, then add the '''-f''' option to the formula.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ /usr/sbin/sshd -D -f /home/fred/.ssh/sshd_config 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Specific configuration directives can be set for the unprivileged account by using an alternative configuration file.  Unprivileged host keys can be identified in that file along with a designated alternative listening port and many other customizations.  It might also be helpful to log the unprivileged service separately from any other SSH services already on the same system by changing the '''SyslogFacility''' directive to something other than AUTH which is the default.  

3) Automate the startup, if that is a goal.    

The '''-D''' option keeps the process from detaching and becoming a daemon.  During a test that might be useful, but later in actual use it might not be, it depends on how the process is launched.  

===What Unprivileged sshd(8) Processes Look Like===

Because an unprivileged account is being used, privilege separation will not occur and all the child process will run in the same account as the original [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] process.  Here's how that can look while listening on port 2222 for an incoming connection using an unprivileged account, using the default configuration file with a few overrides:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ pgrep -d , sshd | COLUMNS=200 xargs ps -w -o user,pid,args -p
USER         PID COMMAND
fred     1997992 sshd: /usr/sbin/sshd -h /home/fred/.ssh/ssh_host_key_ed25519 -h /home/fred/.ssh/ssh_host_key_ecdsa -p 2222 [listener] 0 of 10-100 startups
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then once someone has connected but not finished logging in yet, it can look like this.  A monitor is forked but even though it is labeled [priv] it is not privileged, and instead still running in the same unprivileged account as the parent process.  It in turn forks a child, here process 1998150, to manage the authentication: 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ pgrep -d , sshd | COLUMNS=200 xargs ps -w -o user,pid,args -p
USER         PID COMMAND
fred     1997992 sshd: /usr/sbin/sshd -h /home/fred/.ssh/ssh_host_key_ed25519 -h /home/fred/.ssh/ssh_host_key_ecdsa -p 2222 [listener] 1 of 10-100 startups
fred     1998149 sshd: fred [priv]
fred     1998150 sshd: fred [net]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Finally, once login has been successful, that unprivileged process is dropped and a new unprivileged process spun up to manage the interactive session.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ pgrep -d , sshd | COLUMNS=200 xargs ps -w -o user,pid,args -p
USER         PID COMMAND
fred     1997992 sshd: /usr/sbin/sshd -h /home/fred/.ssh/ssh_host_key_ed25519 -h /home/fred/.ssh/ssh_host_key_ecdsa -p 2222 [listener] 0 of 10-100 startups
fred     1998149 sshd: fred [priv]
fred     1998410 sshd: fred@pts/20
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Above, process 1998410 is managing the interactive session.

==Locking Down a Restricted Shell==

A restricted shell sets up a more controlled environment than what is normally provided by a standard interactive shell.  Though it behaves almost identically to a standard shell, it has many exceptions regarding capabilities that are whitelisted, leaving the others disabled.  The restrictions include, but are not limited to, the following:

* The SHELL, ENV, and PATH variables cannot be changed.
* Programs can't be run with absolute or relative paths.
* Redirections that create files can't be used (specifically &gt;, &gt;|, &gt;&gt;, &lt;&gt;).

Common high-end shells like [https://linux.die.net/man/1/bash bash(1)], [http://man.openbsd.org/man1/ksh.1 ksh(1)], and [https://linux.die.net/man/1/zsh zsh(1)] all can be launched in restricted mode.  See the manual pages for the individual shells for the specifics of how to invoke restrictions.  

Even with said restrictions, there are several ways by which it is trivial to escape from a restricted shell:  If normal shells are available anywhere in the path, they can be launched instead.  If regular programs in the available path provide shell escapes to full shells, they too can be used.  Finally, if [http://man.openbsd.org/man8/sshd.8 sshd(8)] is configured to allow arbitrary programs to be run independently of the shell, a full shell can be launched instead.  So there's more to safely using restricted shells than just setting the account's shell to &lt;code&gt;/bin/rbash&lt;/code&gt; and calling it a day.  Several steps are needed to make that as difficult as possible to escape the restrictions, especially over SSH.

(The following steps assume familiarity with the appropriate system administration tools and their use.  Their selection and use are not covered here.)

First, create a directory containing a handful of symbolic links that point to white-listed programs.  The links point to the programs that the account should be able to run when the directory is added to the PATH environment variable.  These programs  should have no shell escape capabilities and, obviously, they should not themselves be unrestricted shells.

If you want to prevent exploration of the system at large, remember to also lock the user into a chroot or jail.  Even without programs like ls(1) and cat(1), exploration is still possible (see below: &quot;ways to explore without ls(1) and cat(1)&quot;).

Symbolic links are used because the originals are, hopefully, maintained by package management software and should not be moved.  Hard links cannot be used if the original and whitelisted directories are in separate filesystems.  Hard links are necessary if you set up a chroot or jail that excludes the originals.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -l /usr/local/rbin/
total 8
lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel    22 Jan 17 23:08 angband -&gt; /usr/local/bin/angband
lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel     9 Jan 17 23:08 date -&gt; /bin/date
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel  2370 Jan 17 23:18 help
lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel    12 Jan 17 23:07 man -&gt; /usr/bin/man
lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel    13 Jan 17 23:09 more -&gt; /usr/bin/more
lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel    28 Jan 17 23:09 nethack -&gt; /usr/local/bin/nethack-3.4.3
...
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Next, create a minimal '''.profile''' for that account.  Set its owner to 'root'.  Do this for its parent directory too (which is the user's home directory).  Then, allow the account's own group to read both the file and the directory.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ cd /home/fred

$ cat .profile
PATH=/usr/games:/usr/local/rbin
export PATH HOME TERM

$ ls -ld . .profile
drwxr-xr-x  3 root  fred    512 Jan 17 23:20 .
-rw-r--r--  1 root  fred     48 Jan 17 23:20 .profile
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Next, create a group for the locked down account(s) and populate it.  Here the account is in the group ''games'' and will be restricted through its membership in that group.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ groups fred
fred games
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Next, lock down SSH access for that group or account through use of a '''ForceCommand''' directive in the server configuration and apply it to the selected group.  This is necessary to prevent trivial circumvention through the SSH client by calling a shell directly, such as with &lt;code&gt;ssh -t fred@server.example.org /bin/sh&lt;/code&gt; or similar.  Remember to disable forwarding if it is not needed.  For example, the following can be appended to [http://man.openbsd.org/man5/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] so that any account in the group 'games' gets a restricted shell no matter what they try with the SSH client.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group games
        X11Forwarding no
        AllowTcpForwarding no
        ForceCommand rksh -l
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that the restricted shell is invoked with the '''-l''' option by the '''ForceCommand''' so that it will be a login shell that reads and executes the contents of '''/etc/profile''' and '''$HOME/.profile''' if they exist and are readable.  This is necessary to set the custom PATH environment variable.  Again, be sure that '''$HOME/.profile''' is not in any way editable or overwritable by the restricted account.  Also note that this disables SFTP access by that account, which prevents quite a bit of additional mischief.

Last but not least, set the account's login shell to the restricted shell.  Include the full path to the restricted shell.  It might also be necessary to add it to the list of approved shells found in '''/etc/shells''' first.

==Print a Warning Locally Instead of Actually Connecting==

The '''ProxyCommand''' directive is used mostly to apply a specific connection command in place of the default client connection.  However, it can be an arbitrary shell command instead of an alternative connection method if a connection is not wanted.  With the configuration below, the client will not connect to anything but will instead print out a short note whenever a connection to ''old'' or ''old.example.org'' is attempted:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host old old.example.org
        ProxyCommand sh -c &quot;echo 'Use new.example.org instead.' &gt;&amp;2&quot;
        LogLevel quiet
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Any text to be shown must be sent via '''stderr''' instead of '''stdout'''.  Thus the redirection to file descriptor 2 is added to the end because it is the file descriptor for '''stderr'''.  With the above settings, a connection to ''old'' would look like this:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
$ ssh old
Use new.example.org instead.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that the reduced log level in that stanza suppresses the &quot;Connection closed by UNKNOWN port 65535&quot; error which would have otherwise been visible.

==Beware: ways to explore without ls(1) and cat(1)==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
# To see a list of files in the current working directory:
$ echo *

# To see the contents of a text file:
$ while IFS= read -r j; do echo &quot;$j&quot;; done &lt; .profile
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
{{status|100%}}</text>
      <sha1>l86tqu9yb4k6et97274z10cl1t5aayb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>OpenSSH/Cookbook/File Transfer with SFTP</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>248420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675514</id>
      <parentid>4540681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T13:58:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Preliminary review and update of the File Transfer with SFTP chapter</comment>
      <origin>4675514</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21233" sha1="5uzbmz25r9n4n0frdydyoxo26gk2hjc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{simple chapter navigation|previous=Automated Backup|next=Public Key Authentication}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

Basic SFTP service requires no additional setup.  It is a built-in part of the OpenSSH server and it is the subsystem [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] which then implements an SFTP file transfer.  See the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)].  Alternately, the [[OpenSSH/Server#The_SFTP_Server_Subsystem|internal-sftp]] subsystem can implement an in-process SFTP server which may simplify configurations using '''ChrootDirectory''' to force a different filesystem root on clients.

On the client, the same options and tricks are available for SFTP as for the regular SSH clients.  However, if using an odd port to connect, note that the SFTP client uses '''-P''' and not '''-p''' for that.  Also, some client options may have to be specified with the full SSH client option name using an '''-o''' argument.   For many dedicated graphical SFTP clients, it is possible to use a regular URL to point to the target, specifying &lt;code&gt;sftp://&lt;/code&gt; as the protocol.  Many file managers nowadays have built-in support for SFTP and could accept a URL like &lt;code&gt;sftp://fred@server.example.org/home/fred/Documents/&lt;/code&gt;.  See the earlier section [[OpenSSH/Client_Applications#GUI_Clients|GUI Clients]] about that.

==Basic SFTP==

SFTP provides a very easy to use and very easy to configure option for accessing a remote system.  Just to say it again, regular SFTP access requires no additional changes from the default configuration.  The usual clients can be used or special ones like [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].

===Automated SFTP===
SFTP uploads or downloads can be automated.  The prerequisite is [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | key-based authentication]].  Once key-based authentication is working, a batch file can be used to carry out activities via SFTP.  See the ''batchfile'' option '''-b''' in [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] for details.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sftp -b /home/fred/cmds.batch -i /home/fred/.ssh/foo_key_rsa server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a dash ('''-''') is used as the batch file name, SFTP commands will be read from '''stdin'''.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo &quot;put /var/log/foobar.log&quot; | sftp -b - -i /home/fred/.ssh/foo_key_rsa server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

More than one SFTP command can be sent, but then it is better to use the batch file mode.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo -e &quot;put /var/log/foobar.log\nput /var/log/munged.log&quot; | sftp -b - -i /home/fred/.ssh/foo_key_rsa server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The batch file mode can be very useful in cron jobs and in scripting.

==SFTP-only Accounts==

It is possible to limit members of a specific group to using only SFTP for interaction with the server using the '''ForceCommand''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)].  In that way, interactive shells and arbitrary commands become prohibited.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp

Match Group sftp-only
	AllowTCPForwarding no
	X11Forwarding no
	ForceCommand internal-sftp
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In that example, accounts to be restricted to SFTP must be added to the group 'sftp-only' first.  Once in that group, the '''Match''' block applies the restrictions upon login.  Note that disabling TCP forwarding does not improve security unless users are also denied shell access using the '''ForceCommand''', as they can otherwise in principle install their own forwarders.

See PATTERNS in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for more information on patterns available to '''Match'''.  

===Three Ways of Setting Permissions for Chrooted SFTP-Only Accounts===

It is common for a group of accounts to need to read and write files to their home directories on the server while having little or no reason to access the rest of the file system.  The [https://man.openbsd.org/chroot chroot(8)] utility can do that and OpenSSH provides a very easy to use and very easy to configure chroot for its internal SFTP subsystem.  

In some cases, it is enough to chroot users to their home directories.  However, this may not be as straight forward as it seems because in most cases home directories aren't owned by root and allow writing by at least one user.  SFTP chroot requires that the chroot target directory and all parent directories are owned by root and not writable by any others.  This can cause some difficulty but is quite necessary.  Without such ownership restrictions, it is quite feasible to escape the chroot.  &lt;ref name=&quot;OpensshSftpChrootCodeExecution&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.halfdog.net/Security/2018/OpensshSftpChrootCodeExecution/ |title=Openssh SFTP Chroot Code Execution |publisher=halfdog.net|accessdate=2018-01-09 |date=2018-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are at least three ways set permissions for home directories for chrooted SFTP-only accounts.  They each have strong advantages and a few drawbacks.  Therefore each will suit some particular situations but not others.   

====Option 1: Automatically Setting Only the Starting Directory====

If it is not practical to have the various account's home directories owned by root, a compromise can be made.  The '''ChrootDirectory''' directive can point to '''/home''', which must be owned by root anyway, and then a '''ForceCommand''' can then designate the user's home directory as the starting directory using the '''-d''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftp-only
        ChrootDirectory /home/
        ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

There the SFTP session chroots to '''/home/''' and then the internal SFTP server immediately changes the directory to the user directory below it.  The file permissions to go with those settings could look something like the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/*/
drwxr-xr-x  4 root  root  4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/
drwxr-x--- 14 user1 user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/
drwxr-x--- 14 user2 user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However, the SFTP client could still change directories and navigate to any of the other directories under '''/home/''' the usual way.  If it is necessary to hide the contents of the other home directories, [http://man.openbsd.org/chmod.1 chmod(1)] can be used to eliminate read access to the chroot target, but leave the eXecutable bit set so that the directory can still be traversed without seeing the contents.  Thus permissions could then be 0111 for '''/home''' with 0750, 0700, 0770, or 2770, and so on for the actual home directories underneath it.  Be sure to pay attention to the group memberships as well.

====Option 2: Nested Directories====

Nesting a directory under the chroot is one more way to hide all the other directories found within the chroot target.  The destination subdirectory would usually be writable by the unprivileged account, but of course the chroot target above it cannot not be writable by any other account than root.  

A common use case is when a web server's document root or server root is the chroot target.  For example, if each site has its own hierarchy under '''/var/www/''' such as '''/var/www/site1/''' then chroot can be put to use as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group team1
	ChrootDirectory /var/www/
	ForceCommand internal-sftp -d site1

Match Group team2
	ChrootDirectory /var/www/
	ForceCommand internal-sftp -d site2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The site directories can then be group writable while the parent '''/var/www/''' remains read-only for non-root users.

A similar approach can be taken with home directories.  In this example, the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive lock the accounts within the group 'sftp-only' into the directory above their respective homes and that is followed by the '''ForceCommand''' directive which then launches the session inside the actual home directory using the '''-d''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftp-only
        ChrootDirectory /home/%u
        AllowTCPForwarding no
        X11Forwarding no
        ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That way, with the right directory permission settings, and once logged in, the accounts in that group can only ever see their own files.  The '''%u''' is there twice on purpose, once as the chroot target and then again for the destination with the same name underneath.  Note the directory names with their ownership and permissions for the directories to go with those settings:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/*/ /home/*/*/
drwxr-xr-x  4 root  root  4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/
drwxr-x---  3 root  user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/
drwxr-x---  3 root  user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/
drwxr-x--- 14 user1 user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/user1/
drwxr-x--- 14 user2 user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/user2/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This particular arrangement also makes it easier to add chrooted, interactive shell access later on because system directories can be added to the chroot without being accessible by any of the other accounts.  

====Option 3: Split Ownership of the Home Directory and Its Contents====

As seen above there are several ways to deal with a chrooted SFTP service.  A third way would be to set the directory to be owned by root but not writable by the unprivileged account(s) but manually create the next layers of files and directories.  In this approach, the chroot target is still only writable by root, but it has been populated in advance with all the necessary files and directories, which are then set manually to have the appropriate permissions for use by the unprivileged account.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group team3
	ChrootDirectory /home/%u
	ForceCommand internal-sftp
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then with the following permissions, as a member of the group 'team3' the account 'fred' can log in and use any of the pre-made subdirectories and files in the usual ways, but cannot add anything to the chroot target itself.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ /home/fred/*
drwxr-xr-x  68 root root 4.0K Sep 4 15:40 /home/
drwxr-xr-x  21 root fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/
drwxr-xr-x   8 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:44 /home/fred/Documents
drwxr-xr-x   9 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Music
drwxr-xr-x 145 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Pictures
drwxr-xr-x   5 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Videos
drwxr-xr-x  98 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/WWW
-rw-------   1 fred fred     19407 Sep  4 15:42 .bash_history
-rw-r-----   1 fred fred       220 Sep  4 15:42 .bash_logout
-rw-r-----   1 fred fred      1468 Sep  4 15:42 .bashrc
-rw-------   1 fred fred     19407 Sep  4 15:42 .tmux.conf
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This method is quick to set up but the drawback is that it requires system administrator intervention each and every time a new directory or a new file is to be added to the home directory.  Root permissions are needed to  add anything and then set the permissions (and perhaps ownership) to allow the the unprivileged account write access without disturbing the settings for the chroot target itself.  

===Umask===

Starting with OpenSSH 5.4, the [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] can set a umask to override the default one set by the user’s account.  The in-process SFTP server, internal-sftp, accepts the same options as the external SFTP subsystem.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp -u 0022
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However it is important to remember that umasks only restrict permissions, never loosen them.  

Earlier versions of the SFTP servers can do the same thing through the use of a helper script, but that complicates chrooted directories a lot.  The helper script can be a regular script or it can be embedded inline in the configuration file though neither works easily in a chroot jail.  It’s often easier to get a newer version of [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] which supports umask as part of the server’s configuration.  Here is an inline helper script for umask in OpenSSH 5.3 and earlier, based on one by gilles@
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp /bin/sh -c 'umask 0022; /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server'
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Either way, this umask is server-side only.  The original file permissions on the client side will usually, but not always, be used when calculating the final file permissions on the server.  This depends on the client itself.  Most clients pass the file permissions on to the server, FileZilla being a notable exception.  As such, permissions can generally be tightened but not loosened.  For example, a file that is mode 600 on the client will not be automatically become 664 or anything else less than the original 600 regardless of the server-side umask.  That is unless the client does not forward the permissions, in which case only the server's umask will be used.  So for most clients, if you want looser permissions on the uploaded file, change them on the client side before uploading.

===Further Restricting Chrooted SFTP===

There are several additional common scenarios where chrooted access is restricted further.  

====Chrooted SFTP to Shared Directories====

Another common use case is to chroot a group of users to different levels of the web server they are responsible for.  For obvious reasons, symbolic links going from inside the jail to parts of the filesystem outside the chroot jail are not accessible to the chrooted users.  So directory hierarchies must be planned more carefully if there are special combinations of access.  See &quot;Option 2: Nested Directories in&quot; the earlier section on &quot;Chrooted SFTP-Only Accounts&quot;.  

In these kinds of directories, it may be useful to give different levels of access to more than just one group.  In that case, ACLs might be needed.

====Chrooted SFTP Accounts Accessible Only from Particular Addresses====

More complex matching can be done to make it possible to allow a group of users to use SFTP, and not a shell login, but only when they log in from a specific address or range of addresses.  They get no access at all when trying to connect from elsewhere but if they log in from the right addresses, they get SFTP and only SFTP, no shell.  All '''Match''' conditions, both the affirmative and negative matches, need to be accounted for.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp

Match Group sftp-only, Address 192.0.2.10
        AllowTCPForwarding no
        X11Forwarding no
        ForceCommand internal-sftp
        ChrootDirectory  /home/servers/

Match Group sftp-only, Address *,!192.0.2.10
        DenyGroups sftp-only
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that for negation a wildcard must be specified first and then the address or range to be excluded following it.  Mind the spaces or lack thereof.  Similar matching can be done for a range of addresses by specifying the addresses in CIDR address/mask format, such as ''192.0.2.0/24''.  Any number of criteria can be specified and only if all of them are met then the directive in the subsequent lines within the '''Match''' block take effect.  

The first '''Match''' block which fits is the one that takes effect, so care must be taken when constructing conditional blocks to make them fit the precise situation desired.  Also, any situations that don't fit a '''Match''' conditional block may fall through the cracks and will get the general configuration settings whatever they may be.  Specific user and source address combinations can be tested with the configurations using the '''-T''' and '''-C''' options with the server for more options.  See the section [[OpenSSH/Logging#Debugging_a_server_configuration| Debugging a Server Configuration]] for more.

====Chrooted SFTP with Logging====

Chroots are more difficult to set up if the '''internal-sftp''' in-process SFTP server is not used.  In that case, the logging daemon must have a socket in the chroot directory for the [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] subsystem to access, usually with the name '''./dev/log''' and then [https://man.openbsd.org/syslogd syslog(8)] must be configured to read that new socket in addition to what it is already set to read.  Either way, see the manual page for the [https://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server sftp-serer(8)] for more as the both the external and internal subsytems accept the same options.  Then see the chapters on [[OpenSSH/Logging|Logging]] for specifics.

===Chrooted Login Shells===

Making a chroot jail for interactive shells is difficult.  The chroot and all its components must be root-owned directories that are not writable by any other user or group.  The '''ChrootDirectory''' must contain the necessary files and directories to support the user's session.  For an interactive session this requires at least a shell, typically [http://linux.die.net/man/1/bash bash(1)], [http://man.openbsd.org/ksh.1 ksh(1)], or [http://man.openbsd.org/sh sh(1)], and basic device nodes inside '''/dev''' such as [http://man.openbsd.org/null null(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/zero zero(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stdin stdin(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stdout stdout(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stderr stderr(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/arandom arandom(4)], and [http://man.openbsd.org/tty tty(4)] devices.   Paths may contain the following tokens that are expanded at runtime once the connecting user has been authenticated: '''%%''' is replaced by a literal ''''%'''', '''%h''' is replaced by the home directory of the user being authenticated, and '''%u''' is replaced by the username of that user.

==sshfs(1) — SFTP File Transfer Via Local Folders==

Another way to transfer files back and forth via SFTP, or even use the files remotely, is to use [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)], the SSH userspace file system.  It is a Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE)   client operating over SFTP utilizing the server's SFTP-subsystem.  It can make a directory on the remote server accessible as if it were a local directory and in that way the files and directories within the mount point can be accessed by any program.  The user must have read-write privileges for the local mount point to make use of [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].  

The following creates a mount point, named '''mountpoint''' here, in the home directory if none exists.  Then [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)] mounts the remote server.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ test -d ~/mountpoint || mkdir --mode 700 ~/mountpoint
$ sshfs fred@server.example.org:. ~/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Reading or writing files via the SSHFS mount point is actually using SFTP to transfer data to or from the remote system.  The amount of bandwidth consumed by the transfers can usually be reduced using compression.  That can be important if the network connection has bandwidth caps or per-unit fees.  However, if speed is the only consideration, then compression can be avoided as it makes the transfer slower when the processors on either end are busy or not powerful enough or both.  About the only way to know is to test and see which method is faster.   Below, compression is specified with '''-C'''.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -C fred@server.example.org:. ~/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Or mount the remote directory with debugging output:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -o sshfs_debug fred@server.example.org:. /home/fred/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Named pipes will not work over [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].  

To unmount these remote directories and close the SFTP session use &lt;code&gt;fusermount -u&lt;/code&gt; if in the interactive shell.  Though on some systems the regular [http://man.openbsd.org/umount umount(8)] utility will work just fine instead.  Or use the graphical file manager's eject/unmount feature if in a graphical session on a desktop system.

===Using sshfs(1) With A Key ===

The '''ssh_command''' option is used to pass parameters from the SSHFS client onward to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] underneath it.  In this example it is used to have [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] point to a specific key to be used for authentication when mounting the remote directory. The remote directory here is '''/usr/src''', and the local directory is '''/home/fred/src'''.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -o ssh_command=&quot;ssh -i /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa&quot; fred@server.example.org:/usr/src /home/fred/src/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a usable key is already loaded into an available SSH agent, then [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] should find it automatically and use it on behalf of [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)] without needing intervention.

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
{{status|100%}}</text>
      <sha1>5uzbmz25r9n4n0frdydyoxo26gk2hjc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675521</id>
      <parentid>4675514</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T14:45:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>typo</comment>
      <origin>4675521</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21234" sha1="el7es6rzgf1j3c3t15bh7zg0xm1ltjl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{simple chapter navigation|previous=Automated Backup|next=Public Key Authentication}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

Basic SFTP service requires no additional setup.  It is a built-in part of the OpenSSH server and it is the subsystem [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] which then implements an SFTP file transfer.  See the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)].  Alternately, the [[OpenSSH/Server#The_SFTP_Server_Subsystem|internal-sftp]] subsystem can implement an in-process SFTP server which may simplify configurations using '''ChrootDirectory''' to force a different filesystem root on clients.

On the client, the same options and tricks are available for SFTP as for the regular SSH clients.  However, if using an odd port to connect, note that the SFTP client uses '''-P''' and not '''-p''' for that.  Also, some client options may have to be specified with the full SSH client option name using an '''-o''' argument.   For many dedicated graphical SFTP clients, it is possible to use a regular URL to point to the target, specifying &lt;code&gt;sftp://&lt;/code&gt; as the protocol.  Many file managers nowadays have built-in support for SFTP and could accept a URL like &lt;code&gt;sftp://fred@server.example.org/home/fred/Documents/&lt;/code&gt;.  See the earlier section [[OpenSSH/Client_Applications#GUI_Clients|GUI Clients]] about that.

==Basic SFTP==

SFTP provides a very easy to use and very easy to configure option for accessing a remote system.  Just to say it again, regular SFTP access requires no additional changes from the default configuration.  The usual clients can be used or special ones like [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].

===Automated SFTP===
SFTP uploads or downloads can be automated.  The prerequisite is [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | key-based authentication]].  Once key-based authentication is working, a batch file can be used to carry out activities via SFTP.  See the ''batchfile'' option '''-b''' in [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] for details.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sftp -b /home/fred/cmds.batch -i /home/fred/.ssh/foo_key_rsa server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a dash ('''-''') is used as the batch file name, SFTP commands will be read from '''stdin'''.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo &quot;put /var/log/foobar.log&quot; | sftp -b - -i /home/fred/.ssh/foo_key_rsa server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

More than one SFTP command can be sent, but then it is better to use the batch file mode.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo -e &quot;put /var/log/foobar.log\nput /var/log/munged.log&quot; | sftp -b - -i /home/fred/.ssh/foo_key_rsa server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The batch file mode can be very useful in cron jobs and in scripting.

==SFTP-only Accounts==

It is possible to limit members of a specific group to using only SFTP for interaction with the server using the '''ForceCommand''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)].  In that way, interactive shells and arbitrary commands become prohibited.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp

Match Group sftp-only
	AllowTCPForwarding no
	X11Forwarding no
	ForceCommand internal-sftp
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In that example, accounts to be restricted to SFTP must be added to the group 'sftp-only' first.  Once in that group, the '''Match''' block applies the restrictions upon login.  Note that disabling TCP forwarding does not improve security unless users are also denied shell access using the '''ForceCommand''', as they can otherwise in principle install their own forwarders.

See PATTERNS in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for more information on patterns available to '''Match'''.  

===Three Ways of Setting Permissions for Chrooted SFTP-Only Accounts===

It is common for a group of accounts to need to read and write files to their home directories on the server while having little or no reason to access the rest of the file system.  The [https://man.openbsd.org/chroot chroot(8)] utility can do that and OpenSSH provides a very easy to use and very easy to configure chroot for its internal SFTP subsystem.  

In some cases, it is enough to chroot users to their home directories.  However, this may not be as straight forward as it seems because in most cases home directories aren't owned by root and allow writing by at least one user.  SFTP chroot requires that the chroot target directory and all parent directories are owned by root and not writable by any others.  This can cause some difficulty but is quite necessary.  Without such ownership restrictions, it is quite feasible to escape the chroot.  &lt;ref name=&quot;OpensshSftpChrootCodeExecution&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.halfdog.net/Security/2018/OpensshSftpChrootCodeExecution/ |title=Openssh SFTP Chroot Code Execution |publisher=halfdog.net|accessdate=2018-01-09 |date=2018-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are at least three ways set permissions for home directories for chrooted SFTP-only accounts.  They each have strong advantages and a few drawbacks.  Therefore each will suit some particular situations but not others.   

====Option 1: Automatically Setting Only the Starting Directory====

If it is not practical to have the various account's home directories owned by root, a compromise can be made.  The '''ChrootDirectory''' directive can point to '''/home''', which must be owned by root anyway, and then a '''ForceCommand''' can then designate the user's home directory as the starting directory using the '''-d''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftp-only
        ChrootDirectory /home/
        ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

There the SFTP session chroots to '''/home/''' and then the internal SFTP server immediately changes the directory to the user directory below it.  The file permissions to go with those settings could look something like the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/*/
drwxr-xr-x  4 root  root  4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/
drwxr-x--- 14 user1 user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/
drwxr-x--- 14 user2 user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However, the SFTP client could still change directories and navigate to any of the other directories under '''/home/''' the usual way.  If it is necessary to hide the contents of the other home directories, [http://man.openbsd.org/chmod.1 chmod(1)] can be used to eliminate read access to the chroot target, but leave the eXecutable bit set so that the directory can still be traversed without seeing the contents.  Thus permissions could then be 0111 for '''/home''' with 0750, 0700, 0770, or 2770, and so on for the actual home directories underneath it.  Be sure to pay attention to the group memberships as well.

====Option 2: Nested Directories====

Nesting a directory under the chroot is one more way to hide all the other directories found within the chroot target.  The destination subdirectory would usually be writable by the unprivileged account, but of course the chroot target above it cannot not be writable by any other account than root.  

A common use case is when a web server's document root or server root is the chroot target.  For example, if each site has its own hierarchy under '''/var/www/''' such as '''/var/www/site1/''' then chroot can be put to use as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group team1
	ChrootDirectory /var/www/
	ForceCommand internal-sftp -d site1

Match Group team2
	ChrootDirectory /var/www/
	ForceCommand internal-sftp -d site2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The site directories can then be group writable while the parent '''/var/www/''' remains read-only for non-root users.

A similar approach can be taken with home directories.  In this example, the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive lock the accounts within the group 'sftp-only' into the directory above their respective homes and that is followed by the '''ForceCommand''' directive which then launches the session inside the actual home directory using the '''-d''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftp-only
        ChrootDirectory /home/%u
        AllowTCPForwarding no
        X11Forwarding no
        ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That way, with the right directory permission settings, and once logged in, the accounts in that group can only ever see their own files.  The '''%u''' is there twice on purpose, once as the chroot target and then again for the destination with the same name underneath.  Note the directory names with their ownership and permissions for the directories to go with those settings:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/*/ /home/*/*/
drwxr-xr-x  4 root  root  4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/
drwxr-x---  3 root  user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/
drwxr-x---  3 root  user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/
drwxr-x--- 14 user1 user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/user1/
drwxr-x--- 14 user2 user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/user2/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This particular arrangement also makes it easier to add chrooted, interactive shell access later on because system directories can be added to the chroot without being accessible by any of the other accounts.  

====Option 3: Split Ownership of the Home Directory and Its Contents====

As seen above there are several ways to deal with a chrooted SFTP service.  A third way would be to set the directory to be owned by root but not writable by the unprivileged account(s) but manually create the next layers of files and directories.  In this approach, the chroot target is still only writable by root, but it has been populated in advance with all the necessary files and directories, which are then set manually to have the appropriate permissions for use by the unprivileged account.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group team3
	ChrootDirectory /home/%u
	ForceCommand internal-sftp
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then with the following permissions, as a member of the group 'team3' the account 'fred' can log in and use any of the pre-made subdirectories and files in the usual ways, but cannot add anything to the chroot target itself.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ /home/fred/*
drwxr-xr-x  68 root root 4.0K Sep 4 15:40 /home/
drwxr-xr-x  21 root fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/
drwxr-xr-x   8 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:44 /home/fred/Documents
drwxr-xr-x   9 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Music
drwxr-xr-x 145 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Pictures
drwxr-xr-x   5 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Videos
drwxr-xr-x  98 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/WWW
-rw-------   1 fred fred     19407 Sep  4 15:42 .bash_history
-rw-r-----   1 fred fred       220 Sep  4 15:42 .bash_logout
-rw-r-----   1 fred fred      1468 Sep  4 15:42 .bashrc
-rw-------   1 fred fred     19407 Sep  4 15:42 .tmux.conf
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This method is quick to set up but the drawback is that it requires system administrator intervention each and every time a new directory or a new file is to be added to the home directory.  Root permissions are needed to  add anything and then set the permissions (and perhaps ownership) to allow the the unprivileged account write access without disturbing the settings for the chroot target itself.  

===Umask===

Starting with OpenSSH 5.4, the [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] can set a umask to override the default one set by the user’s account.  The in-process SFTP server, internal-sftp, accepts the same options as the external SFTP subsystem.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp -u 0022
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However it is important to remember that umasks only restrict permissions, never loosen them.  

Earlier versions of the SFTP servers can do the same thing through the use of a helper script, but that complicates chrooted directories a lot.  The helper script can be a regular script or it can be embedded inline in the configuration file though neither works easily in a chroot jail.  It’s often easier to get a newer version of [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] which supports umask as part of the server’s configuration.  Here is an inline helper script for umask in OpenSSH 5.3 and earlier, based on one by gilles@
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp /bin/sh -c 'umask 0022; /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server'
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Either way, this umask is server-side only.  The original file permissions on the client side will usually, but not always, be used when calculating the final file permissions on the server.  This depends on the client itself.  Most clients pass the file permissions on to the server, FileZilla being a notable exception.  As such, permissions can generally be tightened but not loosened.  For example, a file that is mode 600 on the client will not be automatically become 664 or anything else less than the original 600 regardless of the server-side umask.  That is unless the client does not forward the permissions, in which case only the server's umask will be used.  So for most clients, if you want looser permissions on the uploaded file, change them on the client side before uploading.

===Further Restricting Chrooted SFTP===

There are several additional common scenarios where chrooted access is restricted further.  

====Chrooted SFTP to Shared Directories====

Another common use case is to chroot a group of users to different levels of the web server they are responsible for.  For obvious reasons, symbolic links going from inside the jail to parts of the filesystem outside the chroot jail are not accessible to the chrooted users.  So directory hierarchies must be planned more carefully if there are special combinations of access.  See &quot;Option 2: Nested Directories in&quot; the earlier section on &quot;Chrooted SFTP-Only Accounts&quot;.  

In these kinds of directories, it may be useful to give different levels of access to more than just one group.  In that case, ACLs might be needed.

====Chrooted SFTP Accounts Accessible Only from Particular Addresses====

More complex matching can be done to make it possible to allow a group of users to use SFTP, and not a shell login, but only when they log in from a specific address or range of addresses.  They get no access at all when trying to connect from elsewhere but if they log in from the right addresses, they get SFTP and only SFTP, no shell.  All '''Match''' conditions, both the affirmative and negative matches, need to be accounted for.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp

Match Group sftp-only, Address 192.0.2.10
        AllowTCPForwarding no
        X11Forwarding no
        ForceCommand internal-sftp
        ChrootDirectory  /home/servers/

Match Group sftp-only, Address *,!192.0.2.10
        DenyGroups sftp-only
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that for negation a wildcard must be specified first and then the address or range to be excluded following it.  Mind the spaces or lack thereof.  Similar matching can be done for a range of addresses by specifying the addresses in CIDR address/mask format, such as ''192.0.2.0/24''.  Any number of criteria can be specified and only if all of them are met then the directive in the subsequent lines within the '''Match''' block take effect.  

The first '''Match''' block which fits is the one that takes effect, so care must be taken when constructing conditional blocks to make them fit the precise situation desired.  Also, any situations that don't fit a '''Match''' conditional block may fall through the cracks and will get the general configuration settings whatever they may be.  Specific user and source address combinations can be tested with the configurations using the '''-T''' and '''-C''' options with the server for more options.  See the section [[OpenSSH/Logging#Debugging_a_server_configuration| Debugging a Server Configuration]] for more.

====Chrooted SFTP with Logging====

Chroots are more difficult to set up if the '''internal-sftp''' in-process SFTP server is not used.  In that case, the logging daemon must have a socket in the chroot directory for the [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] subsystem to access, usually with the name '''./dev/log''' and then [https://man.openbsd.org/syslogd syslog(8)] must be configured to read that new socket in addition to what it is already set to read.  Either way, see the manual page for the [https://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server sftp-server(8)] for more as the both the external and internal subsytems accept the same options.  Then see the chapters on [[OpenSSH/Logging|Logging]] for specifics.

===Chrooted Login Shells===

Making a chroot jail for interactive shells is difficult.  The chroot and all its components must be root-owned directories that are not writable by any other user or group.  The '''ChrootDirectory''' must contain the necessary files and directories to support the user's session.  For an interactive session this requires at least a shell, typically [http://linux.die.net/man/1/bash bash(1)], [http://man.openbsd.org/ksh.1 ksh(1)], or [http://man.openbsd.org/sh sh(1)], and basic device nodes inside '''/dev''' such as [http://man.openbsd.org/null null(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/zero zero(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stdin stdin(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stdout stdout(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stderr stderr(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/arandom arandom(4)], and [http://man.openbsd.org/tty tty(4)] devices.   Paths may contain the following tokens that are expanded at runtime once the connecting user has been authenticated: '''%%''' is replaced by a literal ''''%'''', '''%h''' is replaced by the home directory of the user being authenticated, and '''%u''' is replaced by the username of that user.

==sshfs(1) — SFTP File Transfer Via Local Folders==

Another way to transfer files back and forth via SFTP, or even use the files remotely, is to use [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)], the SSH userspace file system.  It is a Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE)   client operating over SFTP utilizing the server's SFTP-subsystem.  It can make a directory on the remote server accessible as if it were a local directory and in that way the files and directories within the mount point can be accessed by any program.  The user must have read-write privileges for the local mount point to make use of [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].  

The following creates a mount point, named '''mountpoint''' here, in the home directory if none exists.  Then [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)] mounts the remote server.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ test -d ~/mountpoint || mkdir --mode 700 ~/mountpoint
$ sshfs fred@server.example.org:. ~/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Reading or writing files via the SSHFS mount point is actually using SFTP to transfer data to or from the remote system.  The amount of bandwidth consumed by the transfers can usually be reduced using compression.  That can be important if the network connection has bandwidth caps or per-unit fees.  However, if speed is the only consideration, then compression can be avoided as it makes the transfer slower when the processors on either end are busy or not powerful enough or both.  About the only way to know is to test and see which method is faster.   Below, compression is specified with '''-C'''.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -C fred@server.example.org:. ~/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Or mount the remote directory with debugging output:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -o sshfs_debug fred@server.example.org:. /home/fred/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Named pipes will not work over [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].  

To unmount these remote directories and close the SFTP session use &lt;code&gt;fusermount -u&lt;/code&gt; if in the interactive shell.  Though on some systems the regular [http://man.openbsd.org/umount umount(8)] utility will work just fine instead.  Or use the graphical file manager's eject/unmount feature if in a graphical session on a desktop system.

===Using sshfs(1) With A Key ===

The '''ssh_command''' option is used to pass parameters from the SSHFS client onward to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] underneath it.  In this example it is used to have [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] point to a specific key to be used for authentication when mounting the remote directory. The remote directory here is '''/usr/src''', and the local directory is '''/home/fred/src'''.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -o ssh_command=&quot;ssh -i /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa&quot; fred@server.example.org:/usr/src /home/fred/src/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a usable key is already loaded into an available SSH agent, then [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] should find it automatically and use it on behalf of [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)] without needing intervention.

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675524</id>
      <parentid>4675521</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T15:05:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>nowiki tag for sftp:// URL</comment>
      <origin>4675524</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="21251" sha1="sjmh6eh27jbamvqw563j5kce1bw0gvp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{simple chapter navigation|previous=Automated Backup|next=Public Key Authentication}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

Basic SFTP service requires no additional setup.  It is a built-in part of the OpenSSH server and it is the subsystem [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] which then implements an SFTP file transfer.  See the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)].  Alternately, the [[OpenSSH/Server#The_SFTP_Server_Subsystem|internal-sftp]] subsystem can implement an in-process SFTP server which may simplify configurations using '''ChrootDirectory''' to force a different filesystem root on clients.

On the client, the same options and tricks are available for SFTP as for the regular SSH clients.  However, if using an odd port to connect, note that the SFTP client uses '''-P''' and not '''-p''' for that.  Also, some client options may have to be specified with the full SSH client option name using an '''-o''' argument.   For many dedicated graphical SFTP clients, it is possible to use a regular URL to point to the target, specifying &lt;code&gt;sftp://&lt;/code&gt; as the protocol.  Many file managers nowadays have built-in support for SFTP and could accept a URL like &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;sftp://fred@server.example.org/home/fred/Documents/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.  See the earlier section [[OpenSSH/Client_Applications#GUI_Clients|GUI Clients]] about that.

==Basic SFTP==

SFTP provides a very easy to use and very easy to configure option for accessing a remote system.  Just to say it again, regular SFTP access requires no additional changes from the default configuration.  The usual clients can be used or special ones like [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].

===Automated SFTP===
SFTP uploads or downloads can be automated.  The prerequisite is [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | key-based authentication]].  Once key-based authentication is working, a batch file can be used to carry out activities via SFTP.  See the ''batchfile'' option '''-b''' in [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] for details.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sftp -b /home/fred/cmds.batch -i /home/fred/.ssh/foo_key_rsa server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a dash ('''-''') is used as the batch file name, SFTP commands will be read from '''stdin'''.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo &quot;put /var/log/foobar.log&quot; | sftp -b - -i /home/fred/.ssh/foo_key_rsa server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

More than one SFTP command can be sent, but then it is better to use the batch file mode.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo -e &quot;put /var/log/foobar.log\nput /var/log/munged.log&quot; | sftp -b - -i /home/fred/.ssh/foo_key_rsa server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The batch file mode can be very useful in cron jobs and in scripting.

==SFTP-only Accounts==

It is possible to limit members of a specific group to using only SFTP for interaction with the server using the '''ForceCommand''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)].  In that way, interactive shells and arbitrary commands become prohibited.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp

Match Group sftp-only
	AllowTCPForwarding no
	X11Forwarding no
	ForceCommand internal-sftp
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In that example, accounts to be restricted to SFTP must be added to the group 'sftp-only' first.  Once in that group, the '''Match''' block applies the restrictions upon login.  Note that disabling TCP forwarding does not improve security unless users are also denied shell access using the '''ForceCommand''', as they can otherwise in principle install their own forwarders.

See PATTERNS in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for more information on patterns available to '''Match'''.  

===Three Ways of Setting Permissions for Chrooted SFTP-Only Accounts===

It is common for a group of accounts to need to read and write files to their home directories on the server while having little or no reason to access the rest of the file system.  The [https://man.openbsd.org/chroot chroot(8)] utility can do that and OpenSSH provides a very easy to use and very easy to configure chroot for its internal SFTP subsystem.  

In some cases, it is enough to chroot users to their home directories.  However, this may not be as straight forward as it seems because in most cases home directories aren't owned by root and allow writing by at least one user.  SFTP chroot requires that the chroot target directory and all parent directories are owned by root and not writable by any others.  This can cause some difficulty but is quite necessary.  Without such ownership restrictions, it is quite feasible to escape the chroot.  &lt;ref name=&quot;OpensshSftpChrootCodeExecution&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.halfdog.net/Security/2018/OpensshSftpChrootCodeExecution/ |title=Openssh SFTP Chroot Code Execution |publisher=halfdog.net|accessdate=2018-01-09 |date=2018-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are at least three ways set permissions for home directories for chrooted SFTP-only accounts.  They each have strong advantages and a few drawbacks.  Therefore each will suit some particular situations but not others.   

====Option 1: Automatically Setting Only the Starting Directory====

If it is not practical to have the various account's home directories owned by root, a compromise can be made.  The '''ChrootDirectory''' directive can point to '''/home''', which must be owned by root anyway, and then a '''ForceCommand''' can then designate the user's home directory as the starting directory using the '''-d''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftp-only
        ChrootDirectory /home/
        ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

There the SFTP session chroots to '''/home/''' and then the internal SFTP server immediately changes the directory to the user directory below it.  The file permissions to go with those settings could look something like the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/*/
drwxr-xr-x  4 root  root  4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/
drwxr-x--- 14 user1 user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/
drwxr-x--- 14 user2 user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However, the SFTP client could still change directories and navigate to any of the other directories under '''/home/''' the usual way.  If it is necessary to hide the contents of the other home directories, [http://man.openbsd.org/chmod.1 chmod(1)] can be used to eliminate read access to the chroot target, but leave the eXecutable bit set so that the directory can still be traversed without seeing the contents.  Thus permissions could then be 0111 for '''/home''' with 0750, 0700, 0770, or 2770, and so on for the actual home directories underneath it.  Be sure to pay attention to the group memberships as well.

====Option 2: Nested Directories====

Nesting a directory under the chroot is one more way to hide all the other directories found within the chroot target.  The destination subdirectory would usually be writable by the unprivileged account, but of course the chroot target above it cannot not be writable by any other account than root.  

A common use case is when a web server's document root or server root is the chroot target.  For example, if each site has its own hierarchy under '''/var/www/''' such as '''/var/www/site1/''' then chroot can be put to use as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group team1
	ChrootDirectory /var/www/
	ForceCommand internal-sftp -d site1

Match Group team2
	ChrootDirectory /var/www/
	ForceCommand internal-sftp -d site2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The site directories can then be group writable while the parent '''/var/www/''' remains read-only for non-root users.

A similar approach can be taken with home directories.  In this example, the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive lock the accounts within the group 'sftp-only' into the directory above their respective homes and that is followed by the '''ForceCommand''' directive which then launches the session inside the actual home directory using the '''-d''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftp-only
        ChrootDirectory /home/%u
        AllowTCPForwarding no
        X11Forwarding no
        ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That way, with the right directory permission settings, and once logged in, the accounts in that group can only ever see their own files.  The '''%u''' is there twice on purpose, once as the chroot target and then again for the destination with the same name underneath.  Note the directory names with their ownership and permissions for the directories to go with those settings:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/*/ /home/*/*/
drwxr-xr-x  4 root  root  4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/
drwxr-x---  3 root  user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/
drwxr-x---  3 root  user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/
drwxr-x--- 14 user1 user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/user1/
drwxr-x--- 14 user2 user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/user2/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This particular arrangement also makes it easier to add chrooted, interactive shell access later on because system directories can be added to the chroot without being accessible by any of the other accounts.  

====Option 3: Split Ownership of the Home Directory and Its Contents====

As seen above there are several ways to deal with a chrooted SFTP service.  A third way would be to set the directory to be owned by root but not writable by the unprivileged account(s) but manually create the next layers of files and directories.  In this approach, the chroot target is still only writable by root, but it has been populated in advance with all the necessary files and directories, which are then set manually to have the appropriate permissions for use by the unprivileged account.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group team3
	ChrootDirectory /home/%u
	ForceCommand internal-sftp
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then with the following permissions, as a member of the group 'team3' the account 'fred' can log in and use any of the pre-made subdirectories and files in the usual ways, but cannot add anything to the chroot target itself.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ /home/fred/*
drwxr-xr-x  68 root root 4.0K Sep 4 15:40 /home/
drwxr-xr-x  21 root fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/
drwxr-xr-x   8 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:44 /home/fred/Documents
drwxr-xr-x   9 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Music
drwxr-xr-x 145 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Pictures
drwxr-xr-x   5 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Videos
drwxr-xr-x  98 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/WWW
-rw-------   1 fred fred     19407 Sep  4 15:42 .bash_history
-rw-r-----   1 fred fred       220 Sep  4 15:42 .bash_logout
-rw-r-----   1 fred fred      1468 Sep  4 15:42 .bashrc
-rw-------   1 fred fred     19407 Sep  4 15:42 .tmux.conf
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This method is quick to set up but the drawback is that it requires system administrator intervention each and every time a new directory or a new file is to be added to the home directory.  Root permissions are needed to  add anything and then set the permissions (and perhaps ownership) to allow the the unprivileged account write access without disturbing the settings for the chroot target itself.  

===Umask===

Starting with OpenSSH 5.4, the [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] can set a umask to override the default one set by the user’s account.  The in-process SFTP server, internal-sftp, accepts the same options as the external SFTP subsystem.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp -u 0022
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However it is important to remember that umasks only restrict permissions, never loosen them.  

Earlier versions of the SFTP servers can do the same thing through the use of a helper script, but that complicates chrooted directories a lot.  The helper script can be a regular script or it can be embedded inline in the configuration file though neither works easily in a chroot jail.  It’s often easier to get a newer version of [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] which supports umask as part of the server’s configuration.  Here is an inline helper script for umask in OpenSSH 5.3 and earlier, based on one by gilles@
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp /bin/sh -c 'umask 0022; /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server'
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Either way, this umask is server-side only.  The original file permissions on the client side will usually, but not always, be used when calculating the final file permissions on the server.  This depends on the client itself.  Most clients pass the file permissions on to the server, FileZilla being a notable exception.  As such, permissions can generally be tightened but not loosened.  For example, a file that is mode 600 on the client will not be automatically become 664 or anything else less than the original 600 regardless of the server-side umask.  That is unless the client does not forward the permissions, in which case only the server's umask will be used.  So for most clients, if you want looser permissions on the uploaded file, change them on the client side before uploading.

===Further Restricting Chrooted SFTP===

There are several additional common scenarios where chrooted access is restricted further.  

====Chrooted SFTP to Shared Directories====

Another common use case is to chroot a group of users to different levels of the web server they are responsible for.  For obvious reasons, symbolic links going from inside the jail to parts of the filesystem outside the chroot jail are not accessible to the chrooted users.  So directory hierarchies must be planned more carefully if there are special combinations of access.  See &quot;Option 2: Nested Directories in&quot; the earlier section on &quot;Chrooted SFTP-Only Accounts&quot;.  

In these kinds of directories, it may be useful to give different levels of access to more than just one group.  In that case, ACLs might be needed.

====Chrooted SFTP Accounts Accessible Only from Particular Addresses====

More complex matching can be done to make it possible to allow a group of users to use SFTP, and not a shell login, but only when they log in from a specific address or range of addresses.  They get no access at all when trying to connect from elsewhere but if they log in from the right addresses, they get SFTP and only SFTP, no shell.  All '''Match''' conditions, both the affirmative and negative matches, need to be accounted for.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp

Match Group sftp-only, Address 192.0.2.10
        AllowTCPForwarding no
        X11Forwarding no
        ForceCommand internal-sftp
        ChrootDirectory  /home/servers/

Match Group sftp-only, Address *,!192.0.2.10
        DenyGroups sftp-only
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that for negation a wildcard must be specified first and then the address or range to be excluded following it.  Mind the spaces or lack thereof.  Similar matching can be done for a range of addresses by specifying the addresses in CIDR address/mask format, such as ''192.0.2.0/24''.  Any number of criteria can be specified and only if all of them are met then the directive in the subsequent lines within the '''Match''' block take effect.  

The first '''Match''' block which fits is the one that takes effect, so care must be taken when constructing conditional blocks to make them fit the precise situation desired.  Also, any situations that don't fit a '''Match''' conditional block may fall through the cracks and will get the general configuration settings whatever they may be.  Specific user and source address combinations can be tested with the configurations using the '''-T''' and '''-C''' options with the server for more options.  See the section [[OpenSSH/Logging#Debugging_a_server_configuration| Debugging a Server Configuration]] for more.

====Chrooted SFTP with Logging====

Chroots are more difficult to set up if the '''internal-sftp''' in-process SFTP server is not used.  In that case, the logging daemon must have a socket in the chroot directory for the [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] subsystem to access, usually with the name '''./dev/log''' and then [https://man.openbsd.org/syslogd syslog(8)] must be configured to read that new socket in addition to what it is already set to read.  Either way, see the manual page for the [https://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server sftp-server(8)] for more as the both the external and internal subsytems accept the same options.  Then see the chapters on [[OpenSSH/Logging|Logging]] for specifics.

===Chrooted Login Shells===

Making a chroot jail for interactive shells is difficult.  The chroot and all its components must be root-owned directories that are not writable by any other user or group.  The '''ChrootDirectory''' must contain the necessary files and directories to support the user's session.  For an interactive session this requires at least a shell, typically [http://linux.die.net/man/1/bash bash(1)], [http://man.openbsd.org/ksh.1 ksh(1)], or [http://man.openbsd.org/sh sh(1)], and basic device nodes inside '''/dev''' such as [http://man.openbsd.org/null null(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/zero zero(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stdin stdin(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stdout stdout(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stderr stderr(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/arandom arandom(4)], and [http://man.openbsd.org/tty tty(4)] devices.   Paths may contain the following tokens that are expanded at runtime once the connecting user has been authenticated: '''%%''' is replaced by a literal ''''%'''', '''%h''' is replaced by the home directory of the user being authenticated, and '''%u''' is replaced by the username of that user.

==sshfs(1) — SFTP File Transfer Via Local Folders==

Another way to transfer files back and forth via SFTP, or even use the files remotely, is to use [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)], the SSH userspace file system.  It is a Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE)   client operating over SFTP utilizing the server's SFTP-subsystem.  It can make a directory on the remote server accessible as if it were a local directory and in that way the files and directories within the mount point can be accessed by any program.  The user must have read-write privileges for the local mount point to make use of [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].  

The following creates a mount point, named '''mountpoint''' here, in the home directory if none exists.  Then [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)] mounts the remote server.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ test -d ~/mountpoint || mkdir --mode 700 ~/mountpoint
$ sshfs fred@server.example.org:. ~/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Reading or writing files via the SSHFS mount point is actually using SFTP to transfer data to or from the remote system.  The amount of bandwidth consumed by the transfers can usually be reduced using compression.  That can be important if the network connection has bandwidth caps or per-unit fees.  However, if speed is the only consideration, then compression can be avoided as it makes the transfer slower when the processors on either end are busy or not powerful enough or both.  About the only way to know is to test and see which method is faster.   Below, compression is specified with '''-C'''.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -C fred@server.example.org:. ~/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Or mount the remote directory with debugging output:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -o sshfs_debug fred@server.example.org:. /home/fred/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Named pipes will not work over [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].  

To unmount these remote directories and close the SFTP session use &lt;code&gt;fusermount -u&lt;/code&gt; if in the interactive shell.  Though on some systems the regular [http://man.openbsd.org/umount umount(8)] utility will work just fine instead.  Or use the graphical file manager's eject/unmount feature if in a graphical session on a desktop system.

===Using sshfs(1) With A Key ===

The '''ssh_command''' option is used to pass parameters from the SSHFS client onward to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] underneath it.  In this example it is used to have [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] point to a specific key to be used for authentication when mounting the remote directory. The remote directory here is '''/usr/src''', and the local directory is '''/home/fred/src'''.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -o ssh_command=&quot;ssh -i /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa&quot; fred@server.example.org:/usr/src /home/fred/src/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a usable key is already loaded into an available SSH agent, then [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] should find it automatically and use it on behalf of [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)] without needing intervention.

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
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      <sha1>sjmh6eh27jbamvqw563j5kce1bw0gvp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675526</id>
      <parentid>4675524</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T15:13:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>update three key names</comment>
      <origin>4675526</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21272" sha1="1nvvf0wwbiairvra3dqog0wszz85pb5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{simple chapter navigation|previous=Automated Backup|next=Public Key Authentication}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

Basic SFTP service requires no additional setup.  It is a built-in part of the OpenSSH server and it is the subsystem [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] which then implements an SFTP file transfer.  See the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)].  Alternately, the [[OpenSSH/Server#The_SFTP_Server_Subsystem|internal-sftp]] subsystem can implement an in-process SFTP server which may simplify configurations using '''ChrootDirectory''' to force a different filesystem root on clients.

On the client, the same options and tricks are available for SFTP as for the regular SSH clients.  However, if using an odd port to connect, note that the SFTP client uses '''-P''' and not '''-p''' for that.  Also, some client options may have to be specified with the full SSH client option name using an '''-o''' argument.   For many dedicated graphical SFTP clients, it is possible to use a regular URL to point to the target, specifying &lt;code&gt;sftp://&lt;/code&gt; as the protocol.  Many file managers nowadays have built-in support for SFTP and could accept a URL like &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;sftp://fred@server.example.org/home/fred/Documents/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.  See the earlier section [[OpenSSH/Client_Applications#GUI_Clients|GUI Clients]] about that.

==Basic SFTP==

SFTP provides a very easy to use and very easy to configure option for accessing a remote system.  Just to say it again, regular SFTP access requires no additional changes from the default configuration.  The usual clients can be used or special ones like [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].

===Automated SFTP===
SFTP uploads or downloads can be automated.  The prerequisite is [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | key-based authentication]].  Once key-based authentication is working, a batch file can be used to carry out activities via SFTP.  See the ''batchfile'' option '''-b''' in [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] for details.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sftp -b /home/fred/cmds.batch -i /home/fred/.ssh/server_key_ed25519 server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a dash ('''-''') is used as the batch file name, SFTP commands will be read from '''stdin'''.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo &quot;put /var/log/foobar.log&quot; | sftp -b - -i /home/fred/.ssh/server_key_ed25519 server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

More than one SFTP command can be sent, but then it is better to use the batch file mode.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo -e &quot;put /var/log/foobar.log\nput /var/log/munged.log&quot; | sftp -b - -i /home/fred/.ssh/server_key_ed25519 server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The batch file mode can be very useful in cron jobs and in scripting.

==SFTP-only Accounts==

It is possible to limit members of a specific group to using only SFTP for interaction with the server using the '''ForceCommand''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)].  In that way, interactive shells and arbitrary commands become prohibited.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp

Match Group sftp-only
	AllowTCPForwarding no
	X11Forwarding no
	ForceCommand internal-sftp
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In that example, accounts to be restricted to SFTP must be added to the group 'sftp-only' first.  Once in that group, the '''Match''' block applies the restrictions upon login.  Note that disabling TCP forwarding does not improve security unless users are also denied shell access using the '''ForceCommand''', as they can otherwise in principle install their own forwarders.

See PATTERNS in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for more information on patterns available to '''Match'''.  

===Three Ways of Setting Permissions for Chrooted SFTP-Only Accounts===

It is common for a group of accounts to need to read and write files to their home directories on the server while having little or no reason to access the rest of the file system.  The [https://man.openbsd.org/chroot chroot(8)] utility can do that and OpenSSH provides a very easy to use and very easy to configure chroot for its internal SFTP subsystem.  

In some cases, it is enough to chroot users to their home directories.  However, this may not be as straight forward as it seems because in most cases home directories aren't owned by root and allow writing by at least one user.  SFTP chroot requires that the chroot target directory and all parent directories are owned by root and not writable by any others.  This can cause some difficulty but is quite necessary.  Without such ownership restrictions, it is quite feasible to escape the chroot.  &lt;ref name=&quot;OpensshSftpChrootCodeExecution&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.halfdog.net/Security/2018/OpensshSftpChrootCodeExecution/ |title=Openssh SFTP Chroot Code Execution |publisher=halfdog.net|accessdate=2018-01-09 |date=2018-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are at least three ways set permissions for home directories for chrooted SFTP-only accounts.  They each have strong advantages and a few drawbacks.  Therefore each will suit some particular situations but not others.   

====Option 1: Automatically Setting Only the Starting Directory====

If it is not practical to have the various account's home directories owned by root, a compromise can be made.  The '''ChrootDirectory''' directive can point to '''/home''', which must be owned by root anyway, and then a '''ForceCommand''' can then designate the user's home directory as the starting directory using the '''-d''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftp-only
        ChrootDirectory /home/
        ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

There the SFTP session chroots to '''/home/''' and then the internal SFTP server immediately changes the directory to the user directory below it.  The file permissions to go with those settings could look something like the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/*/
drwxr-xr-x  4 root  root  4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/
drwxr-x--- 14 user1 user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/
drwxr-x--- 14 user2 user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However, the SFTP client could still change directories and navigate to any of the other directories under '''/home/''' the usual way.  If it is necessary to hide the contents of the other home directories, [http://man.openbsd.org/chmod.1 chmod(1)] can be used to eliminate read access to the chroot target, but leave the eXecutable bit set so that the directory can still be traversed without seeing the contents.  Thus permissions could then be 0111 for '''/home''' with 0750, 0700, 0770, or 2770, and so on for the actual home directories underneath it.  Be sure to pay attention to the group memberships as well.

====Option 2: Nested Directories====

Nesting a directory under the chroot is one more way to hide all the other directories found within the chroot target.  The destination subdirectory would usually be writable by the unprivileged account, but of course the chroot target above it cannot not be writable by any other account than root.  

A common use case is when a web server's document root or server root is the chroot target.  For example, if each site has its own hierarchy under '''/var/www/''' such as '''/var/www/site1/''' then chroot can be put to use as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group team1
	ChrootDirectory /var/www/
	ForceCommand internal-sftp -d site1

Match Group team2
	ChrootDirectory /var/www/
	ForceCommand internal-sftp -d site2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The site directories can then be group writable while the parent '''/var/www/''' remains read-only for non-root users.

A similar approach can be taken with home directories.  In this example, the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive lock the accounts within the group 'sftp-only' into the directory above their respective homes and that is followed by the '''ForceCommand''' directive which then launches the session inside the actual home directory using the '''-d''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftp-only
        ChrootDirectory /home/%u
        AllowTCPForwarding no
        X11Forwarding no
        ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That way, with the right directory permission settings, and once logged in, the accounts in that group can only ever see their own files.  The '''%u''' is there twice on purpose, once as the chroot target and then again for the destination with the same name underneath.  Note the directory names with their ownership and permissions for the directories to go with those settings:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/*/ /home/*/*/
drwxr-xr-x  4 root  root  4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/
drwxr-x---  3 root  user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/
drwxr-x---  3 root  user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/
drwxr-x--- 14 user1 user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/user1/
drwxr-x--- 14 user2 user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/user2/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This particular arrangement also makes it easier to add chrooted, interactive shell access later on because system directories can be added to the chroot without being accessible by any of the other accounts.  

====Option 3: Split Ownership of the Home Directory and Its Contents====

As seen above there are several ways to deal with a chrooted SFTP service.  A third way would be to set the directory to be owned by root but not writable by the unprivileged account(s) but manually create the next layers of files and directories.  In this approach, the chroot target is still only writable by root, but it has been populated in advance with all the necessary files and directories, which are then set manually to have the appropriate permissions for use by the unprivileged account.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group team3
	ChrootDirectory /home/%u
	ForceCommand internal-sftp
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then with the following permissions, as a member of the group 'team3' the account 'fred' can log in and use any of the pre-made subdirectories and files in the usual ways, but cannot add anything to the chroot target itself.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ /home/fred/*
drwxr-xr-x  68 root root 4.0K Sep 4 15:40 /home/
drwxr-xr-x  21 root fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/
drwxr-xr-x   8 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:44 /home/fred/Documents
drwxr-xr-x   9 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Music
drwxr-xr-x 145 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Pictures
drwxr-xr-x   5 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Videos
drwxr-xr-x  98 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/WWW
-rw-------   1 fred fred     19407 Sep  4 15:42 .bash_history
-rw-r-----   1 fred fred       220 Sep  4 15:42 .bash_logout
-rw-r-----   1 fred fred      1468 Sep  4 15:42 .bashrc
-rw-------   1 fred fred     19407 Sep  4 15:42 .tmux.conf
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This method is quick to set up but the drawback is that it requires system administrator intervention each and every time a new directory or a new file is to be added to the home directory.  Root permissions are needed to  add anything and then set the permissions (and perhaps ownership) to allow the the unprivileged account write access without disturbing the settings for the chroot target itself.  

===Umask===

Starting with OpenSSH 5.4, the [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] can set a umask to override the default one set by the user’s account.  The in-process SFTP server, internal-sftp, accepts the same options as the external SFTP subsystem.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp -u 0022
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However it is important to remember that umasks only restrict permissions, never loosen them.  

Earlier versions of the SFTP servers can do the same thing through the use of a helper script, but that complicates chrooted directories a lot.  The helper script can be a regular script or it can be embedded inline in the configuration file though neither works easily in a chroot jail.  It’s often easier to get a newer version of [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] which supports umask as part of the server’s configuration.  Here is an inline helper script for umask in OpenSSH 5.3 and earlier, based on one by gilles@
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp /bin/sh -c 'umask 0022; /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server'
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Either way, this umask is server-side only.  The original file permissions on the client side will usually, but not always, be used when calculating the final file permissions on the server.  This depends on the client itself.  Most clients pass the file permissions on to the server, FileZilla being a notable exception.  As such, permissions can generally be tightened but not loosened.  For example, a file that is mode 600 on the client will not be automatically become 664 or anything else less than the original 600 regardless of the server-side umask.  That is unless the client does not forward the permissions, in which case only the server's umask will be used.  So for most clients, if you want looser permissions on the uploaded file, change them on the client side before uploading.

===Further Restricting Chrooted SFTP===

There are several additional common scenarios where chrooted access is restricted further.  

====Chrooted SFTP to Shared Directories====

Another common use case is to chroot a group of users to different levels of the web server they are responsible for.  For obvious reasons, symbolic links going from inside the jail to parts of the filesystem outside the chroot jail are not accessible to the chrooted users.  So directory hierarchies must be planned more carefully if there are special combinations of access.  See &quot;Option 2: Nested Directories in&quot; the earlier section on &quot;Chrooted SFTP-Only Accounts&quot;.  

In these kinds of directories, it may be useful to give different levels of access to more than just one group.  In that case, ACLs might be needed.

====Chrooted SFTP Accounts Accessible Only from Particular Addresses====

More complex matching can be done to make it possible to allow a group of users to use SFTP, and not a shell login, but only when they log in from a specific address or range of addresses.  They get no access at all when trying to connect from elsewhere but if they log in from the right addresses, they get SFTP and only SFTP, no shell.  All '''Match''' conditions, both the affirmative and negative matches, need to be accounted for.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp

Match Group sftp-only, Address 192.0.2.10
        AllowTCPForwarding no
        X11Forwarding no
        ForceCommand internal-sftp
        ChrootDirectory  /home/servers/

Match Group sftp-only, Address *,!192.0.2.10
        DenyGroups sftp-only
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that for negation a wildcard must be specified first and then the address or range to be excluded following it.  Mind the spaces or lack thereof.  Similar matching can be done for a range of addresses by specifying the addresses in CIDR address/mask format, such as ''192.0.2.0/24''.  Any number of criteria can be specified and only if all of them are met then the directive in the subsequent lines within the '''Match''' block take effect.  

The first '''Match''' block which fits is the one that takes effect, so care must be taken when constructing conditional blocks to make them fit the precise situation desired.  Also, any situations that don't fit a '''Match''' conditional block may fall through the cracks and will get the general configuration settings whatever they may be.  Specific user and source address combinations can be tested with the configurations using the '''-T''' and '''-C''' options with the server for more options.  See the section [[OpenSSH/Logging#Debugging_a_server_configuration| Debugging a Server Configuration]] for more.

====Chrooted SFTP with Logging====

Chroots are more difficult to set up if the '''internal-sftp''' in-process SFTP server is not used.  In that case, the logging daemon must have a socket in the chroot directory for the [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] subsystem to access, usually with the name '''./dev/log''' and then [https://man.openbsd.org/syslogd syslog(8)] must be configured to read that new socket in addition to what it is already set to read.  Either way, see the manual page for the [https://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server sftp-server(8)] for more as the both the external and internal subsytems accept the same options.  Then see the chapters on [[OpenSSH/Logging|Logging]] for specifics.

===Chrooted Login Shells===

Making a chroot jail for interactive shells is difficult.  The chroot and all its components must be root-owned directories that are not writable by any other user or group.  The '''ChrootDirectory''' must contain the necessary files and directories to support the user's session.  For an interactive session this requires at least a shell, typically [http://linux.die.net/man/1/bash bash(1)], [http://man.openbsd.org/ksh.1 ksh(1)], or [http://man.openbsd.org/sh sh(1)], and basic device nodes inside '''/dev''' such as [http://man.openbsd.org/null null(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/zero zero(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stdin stdin(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stdout stdout(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stderr stderr(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/arandom arandom(4)], and [http://man.openbsd.org/tty tty(4)] devices.   Paths may contain the following tokens that are expanded at runtime once the connecting user has been authenticated: '''%%''' is replaced by a literal ''''%'''', '''%h''' is replaced by the home directory of the user being authenticated, and '''%u''' is replaced by the username of that user.

==sshfs(1) — SFTP File Transfer Via Local Folders==

Another way to transfer files back and forth via SFTP, or even use the files remotely, is to use [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)], the SSH userspace file system.  It is a Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE)   client operating over SFTP utilizing the server's SFTP-subsystem.  It can make a directory on the remote server accessible as if it were a local directory and in that way the files and directories within the mount point can be accessed by any program.  The user must have read-write privileges for the local mount point to make use of [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].  

The following creates a mount point, named '''mountpoint''' here, in the home directory if none exists.  Then [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)] mounts the remote server.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ test -d ~/mountpoint || mkdir --mode 700 ~/mountpoint
$ sshfs fred@server.example.org:. ~/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Reading or writing files via the SSHFS mount point is actually using SFTP to transfer data to or from the remote system.  The amount of bandwidth consumed by the transfers can usually be reduced using compression.  That can be important if the network connection has bandwidth caps or per-unit fees.  However, if speed is the only consideration, then compression can be avoided as it makes the transfer slower when the processors on either end are busy or not powerful enough or both.  About the only way to know is to test and see which method is faster.   Below, compression is specified with '''-C'''.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -C fred@server.example.org:. ~/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Or mount the remote directory with debugging output:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -o sshfs_debug fred@server.example.org:. /home/fred/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Named pipes will not work over [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].  

To unmount these remote directories and close the SFTP session use &lt;code&gt;fusermount -u&lt;/code&gt; if in the interactive shell.  Though on some systems the regular [http://man.openbsd.org/umount umount(8)] utility will work just fine instead.  Or use the graphical file manager's eject/unmount feature if in a graphical session on a desktop system.

===Using sshfs(1) With A Key ===

The '''ssh_command''' option is used to pass parameters from the SSHFS client onward to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] underneath it.  In this example it is used to have [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] point to a specific key to be used for authentication when mounting the remote directory. The remote directory here is '''/usr/src''', and the local directory is '''/home/fred/src'''.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -o ssh_command=&quot;ssh -i /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa&quot; fred@server.example.org:/usr/src /home/fred/src/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a usable key is already loaded into an available SSH agent, then [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] should find it automatically and use it on behalf of [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)] without needing intervention.

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675527</id>
      <parentid>4675526</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T15:15:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>update one key name</comment>
      <origin>4675527</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="21284" sha1="ookpf5n6ox6eqilxpww19mhpat25ckz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{simple chapter navigation|previous=Automated Backup|next=Public Key Authentication}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

Basic SFTP service requires no additional setup.  It is a built-in part of the OpenSSH server and it is the subsystem [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] which then implements an SFTP file transfer.  See the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)].  Alternately, the [[OpenSSH/Server#The_SFTP_Server_Subsystem|internal-sftp]] subsystem can implement an in-process SFTP server which may simplify configurations using '''ChrootDirectory''' to force a different filesystem root on clients.

On the client, the same options and tricks are available for SFTP as for the regular SSH clients.  However, if using an odd port to connect, note that the SFTP client uses '''-P''' and not '''-p''' for that.  Also, some client options may have to be specified with the full SSH client option name using an '''-o''' argument.   For many dedicated graphical SFTP clients, it is possible to use a regular URL to point to the target, specifying &lt;code&gt;sftp://&lt;/code&gt; as the protocol.  Many file managers nowadays have built-in support for SFTP and could accept a URL like &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;sftp://fred@server.example.org/home/fred/Documents/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.  See the earlier section [[OpenSSH/Client_Applications#GUI_Clients|GUI Clients]] about that.

==Basic SFTP==

SFTP provides a very easy to use and very easy to configure option for accessing a remote system.  Just to say it again, regular SFTP access requires no additional changes from the default configuration.  The usual clients can be used or special ones like [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].

===Automated SFTP===
SFTP uploads or downloads can be automated.  The prerequisite is [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | key-based authentication]].  Once key-based authentication is working, a batch file can be used to carry out activities via SFTP.  See the ''batchfile'' option '''-b''' in [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] for details.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sftp -b /home/fred/cmds.batch -i /home/fred/.ssh/server_key_ed25519 server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a dash ('''-''') is used as the batch file name, SFTP commands will be read from '''stdin'''.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo &quot;put /var/log/foobar.log&quot; | sftp -b - -i /home/fred/.ssh/server_key_ed25519 server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

More than one SFTP command can be sent, but then it is better to use the batch file mode.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo -e &quot;put /var/log/foobar.log\nput /var/log/munged.log&quot; | sftp -b - -i /home/fred/.ssh/server_key_ed25519 server.example.org:/home/fred/logs/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The batch file mode can be very useful in cron jobs and in scripting.

==SFTP-only Accounts==

It is possible to limit members of a specific group to using only SFTP for interaction with the server using the '''ForceCommand''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)].  In that way, interactive shells and arbitrary commands become prohibited.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp

Match Group sftp-only
	AllowTCPForwarding no
	X11Forwarding no
	ForceCommand internal-sftp
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In that example, accounts to be restricted to SFTP must be added to the group 'sftp-only' first.  Once in that group, the '''Match''' block applies the restrictions upon login.  Note that disabling TCP forwarding does not improve security unless users are also denied shell access using the '''ForceCommand''', as they can otherwise in principle install their own forwarders.

See PATTERNS in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for more information on patterns available to '''Match'''.  

===Three Ways of Setting Permissions for Chrooted SFTP-Only Accounts===

It is common for a group of accounts to need to read and write files to their home directories on the server while having little or no reason to access the rest of the file system.  The [https://man.openbsd.org/chroot chroot(8)] utility can do that and OpenSSH provides a very easy to use and very easy to configure chroot for its internal SFTP subsystem.  

In some cases, it is enough to chroot users to their home directories.  However, this may not be as straight forward as it seems because in most cases home directories aren't owned by root and allow writing by at least one user.  SFTP chroot requires that the chroot target directory and all parent directories are owned by root and not writable by any others.  This can cause some difficulty but is quite necessary.  Without such ownership restrictions, it is quite feasible to escape the chroot.  &lt;ref name=&quot;OpensshSftpChrootCodeExecution&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.halfdog.net/Security/2018/OpensshSftpChrootCodeExecution/ |title=Openssh SFTP Chroot Code Execution |publisher=halfdog.net|accessdate=2018-01-09 |date=2018-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are at least three ways set permissions for home directories for chrooted SFTP-only accounts.  They each have strong advantages and a few drawbacks.  Therefore each will suit some particular situations but not others.   

====Option 1: Automatically Setting Only the Starting Directory====

If it is not practical to have the various account's home directories owned by root, a compromise can be made.  The '''ChrootDirectory''' directive can point to '''/home''', which must be owned by root anyway, and then a '''ForceCommand''' can then designate the user's home directory as the starting directory using the '''-d''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftp-only
        ChrootDirectory /home/
        ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

There the SFTP session chroots to '''/home/''' and then the internal SFTP server immediately changes the directory to the user directory below it.  The file permissions to go with those settings could look something like the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/*/
drwxr-xr-x  4 root  root  4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/
drwxr-x--- 14 user1 user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/
drwxr-x--- 14 user2 user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However, the SFTP client could still change directories and navigate to any of the other directories under '''/home/''' the usual way.  If it is necessary to hide the contents of the other home directories, [http://man.openbsd.org/chmod.1 chmod(1)] can be used to eliminate read access to the chroot target, but leave the eXecutable bit set so that the directory can still be traversed without seeing the contents.  Thus permissions could then be 0111 for '''/home''' with 0750, 0700, 0770, or 2770, and so on for the actual home directories underneath it.  Be sure to pay attention to the group memberships as well.

====Option 2: Nested Directories====

Nesting a directory under the chroot is one more way to hide all the other directories found within the chroot target.  The destination subdirectory would usually be writable by the unprivileged account, but of course the chroot target above it cannot not be writable by any other account than root.  

A common use case is when a web server's document root or server root is the chroot target.  For example, if each site has its own hierarchy under '''/var/www/''' such as '''/var/www/site1/''' then chroot can be put to use as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group team1
	ChrootDirectory /var/www/
	ForceCommand internal-sftp -d site1

Match Group team2
	ChrootDirectory /var/www/
	ForceCommand internal-sftp -d site2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The site directories can then be group writable while the parent '''/var/www/''' remains read-only for non-root users.

A similar approach can be taken with home directories.  In this example, the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive lock the accounts within the group 'sftp-only' into the directory above their respective homes and that is followed by the '''ForceCommand''' directive which then launches the session inside the actual home directory using the '''-d''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftp-only
        ChrootDirectory /home/%u
        AllowTCPForwarding no
        X11Forwarding no
        ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That way, with the right directory permission settings, and once logged in, the accounts in that group can only ever see their own files.  The '''%u''' is there twice on purpose, once as the chroot target and then again for the destination with the same name underneath.  Note the directory names with their ownership and permissions for the directories to go with those settings:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/*/ /home/*/*/
drwxr-xr-x  4 root  root  4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/
drwxr-x---  3 root  user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/
drwxr-x---  3 root  user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/
drwxr-x--- 14 user1 user1 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user1/user1/
drwxr-x--- 14 user2 user2 4.0K Aug  4 20:47 /home/user2/user2/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This particular arrangement also makes it easier to add chrooted, interactive shell access later on because system directories can be added to the chroot without being accessible by any of the other accounts.  

====Option 3: Split Ownership of the Home Directory and Its Contents====

As seen above there are several ways to deal with a chrooted SFTP service.  A third way would be to set the directory to be owned by root but not writable by the unprivileged account(s) but manually create the next layers of files and directories.  In this approach, the chroot target is still only writable by root, but it has been populated in advance with all the necessary files and directories, which are then set manually to have the appropriate permissions for use by the unprivileged account.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group team3
	ChrootDirectory /home/%u
	ForceCommand internal-sftp
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then with the following permissions, as a member of the group 'team3' the account 'fred' can log in and use any of the pre-made subdirectories and files in the usual ways, but cannot add anything to the chroot target itself.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ /home/fred/*
drwxr-xr-x  68 root root 4.0K Sep 4 15:40 /home/
drwxr-xr-x  21 root fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/
drwxr-xr-x   8 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:44 /home/fred/Documents
drwxr-xr-x   9 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Music
drwxr-xr-x 145 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Pictures
drwxr-xr-x   5 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/Videos
drwxr-xr-x  98 fred fred 4.0K Sep 4 15:41 /home/fred/WWW
-rw-------   1 fred fred     19407 Sep  4 15:42 .bash_history
-rw-r-----   1 fred fred       220 Sep  4 15:42 .bash_logout
-rw-r-----   1 fred fred      1468 Sep  4 15:42 .bashrc
-rw-------   1 fred fred     19407 Sep  4 15:42 .tmux.conf
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This method is quick to set up but the drawback is that it requires system administrator intervention each and every time a new directory or a new file is to be added to the home directory.  Root permissions are needed to  add anything and then set the permissions (and perhaps ownership) to allow the the unprivileged account write access without disturbing the settings for the chroot target itself.  

===Umask===

Starting with OpenSSH 5.4, the [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] can set a umask to override the default one set by the user’s account.  The in-process SFTP server, internal-sftp, accepts the same options as the external SFTP subsystem.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp -u 0022
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However it is important to remember that umasks only restrict permissions, never loosen them.  

Earlier versions of the SFTP servers can do the same thing through the use of a helper script, but that complicates chrooted directories a lot.  The helper script can be a regular script or it can be embedded inline in the configuration file though neither works easily in a chroot jail.  It’s often easier to get a newer version of [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] which supports umask as part of the server’s configuration.  Here is an inline helper script for umask in OpenSSH 5.3 and earlier, based on one by gilles@
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp /bin/sh -c 'umask 0022; /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server'
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Either way, this umask is server-side only.  The original file permissions on the client side will usually, but not always, be used when calculating the final file permissions on the server.  This depends on the client itself.  Most clients pass the file permissions on to the server, FileZilla being a notable exception.  As such, permissions can generally be tightened but not loosened.  For example, a file that is mode 600 on the client will not be automatically become 664 or anything else less than the original 600 regardless of the server-side umask.  That is unless the client does not forward the permissions, in which case only the server's umask will be used.  So for most clients, if you want looser permissions on the uploaded file, change them on the client side before uploading.

===Further Restricting Chrooted SFTP===

There are several additional common scenarios where chrooted access is restricted further.  

====Chrooted SFTP to Shared Directories====

Another common use case is to chroot a group of users to different levels of the web server they are responsible for.  For obvious reasons, symbolic links going from inside the jail to parts of the filesystem outside the chroot jail are not accessible to the chrooted users.  So directory hierarchies must be planned more carefully if there are special combinations of access.  See &quot;Option 2: Nested Directories in&quot; the earlier section on &quot;Chrooted SFTP-Only Accounts&quot;.  

In these kinds of directories, it may be useful to give different levels of access to more than just one group.  In that case, ACLs might be needed.

====Chrooted SFTP Accounts Accessible Only from Particular Addresses====

More complex matching can be done to make it possible to allow a group of users to use SFTP, and not a shell login, but only when they log in from a specific address or range of addresses.  They get no access at all when trying to connect from elsewhere but if they log in from the right addresses, they get SFTP and only SFTP, no shell.  All '''Match''' conditions, both the affirmative and negative matches, need to be accounted for.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp

Match Group sftp-only, Address 192.0.2.10
        AllowTCPForwarding no
        X11Forwarding no
        ForceCommand internal-sftp
        ChrootDirectory  /home/servers/

Match Group sftp-only, Address *,!192.0.2.10
        DenyGroups sftp-only
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that for negation a wildcard must be specified first and then the address or range to be excluded following it.  Mind the spaces or lack thereof.  Similar matching can be done for a range of addresses by specifying the addresses in CIDR address/mask format, such as ''192.0.2.0/24''.  Any number of criteria can be specified and only if all of them are met then the directive in the subsequent lines within the '''Match''' block take effect.  

The first '''Match''' block which fits is the one that takes effect, so care must be taken when constructing conditional blocks to make them fit the precise situation desired.  Also, any situations that don't fit a '''Match''' conditional block may fall through the cracks and will get the general configuration settings whatever they may be.  Specific user and source address combinations can be tested with the configurations using the '''-T''' and '''-C''' options with the server for more options.  See the section [[OpenSSH/Logging#Debugging_a_server_configuration| Debugging a Server Configuration]] for more.

====Chrooted SFTP with Logging====

Chroots are more difficult to set up if the '''internal-sftp''' in-process SFTP server is not used.  In that case, the logging daemon must have a socket in the chroot directory for the [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8 sftp-server(8)] subsystem to access, usually with the name '''./dev/log''' and then [https://man.openbsd.org/syslogd syslog(8)] must be configured to read that new socket in addition to what it is already set to read.  Either way, see the manual page for the [https://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server sftp-server(8)] for more as the both the external and internal subsytems accept the same options.  Then see the chapters on [[OpenSSH/Logging|Logging]] for specifics.

===Chrooted Login Shells===

Making a chroot jail for interactive shells is difficult.  The chroot and all its components must be root-owned directories that are not writable by any other user or group.  The '''ChrootDirectory''' must contain the necessary files and directories to support the user's session.  For an interactive session this requires at least a shell, typically [http://linux.die.net/man/1/bash bash(1)], [http://man.openbsd.org/ksh.1 ksh(1)], or [http://man.openbsd.org/sh sh(1)], and basic device nodes inside '''/dev''' such as [http://man.openbsd.org/null null(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/zero zero(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stdin stdin(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stdout stdout(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/stderr stderr(4)], [http://man.openbsd.org/arandom arandom(4)], and [http://man.openbsd.org/tty tty(4)] devices.   Paths may contain the following tokens that are expanded at runtime once the connecting user has been authenticated: '''%%''' is replaced by a literal ''''%'''', '''%h''' is replaced by the home directory of the user being authenticated, and '''%u''' is replaced by the username of that user.

==sshfs(1) — SFTP File Transfer Via Local Folders==

Another way to transfer files back and forth via SFTP, or even use the files remotely, is to use [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)], the SSH userspace file system.  It is a Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE)   client operating over SFTP utilizing the server's SFTP-subsystem.  It can make a directory on the remote server accessible as if it were a local directory and in that way the files and directories within the mount point can be accessed by any program.  The user must have read-write privileges for the local mount point to make use of [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].  

The following creates a mount point, named '''mountpoint''' here, in the home directory if none exists.  Then [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)] mounts the remote server.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ test -d ~/mountpoint || mkdir --mode 700 ~/mountpoint
$ sshfs fred@server.example.org:. ~/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Reading or writing files via the SSHFS mount point is actually using SFTP to transfer data to or from the remote system.  The amount of bandwidth consumed by the transfers can usually be reduced using compression.  That can be important if the network connection has bandwidth caps or per-unit fees.  However, if speed is the only consideration, then compression can be avoided as it makes the transfer slower when the processors on either end are busy or not powerful enough or both.  About the only way to know is to test and see which method is faster.   Below, compression is specified with '''-C'''.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -C fred@server.example.org:. ~/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Or mount the remote directory with debugging output:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -o sshfs_debug fred@server.example.org:. /home/fred/mountpoint
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Named pipes will not work over [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)].  

To unmount these remote directories and close the SFTP session use &lt;code&gt;fusermount -u&lt;/code&gt; if in the interactive shell.  Though on some systems the regular [http://man.openbsd.org/umount umount(8)] utility will work just fine instead.  Or use the graphical file manager's eject/unmount feature if in a graphical session on a desktop system.

===Using sshfs(1) With A Key ===

The '''ssh_command''' option is used to pass parameters from the SSHFS client onward to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] underneath it.  In this example it is used to have [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] point to a specific key to be used for authentication when mounting the remote directory. The remote directory here is '''/usr/src''', and the local directory is '''/home/fred/src'''.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sshfs -o ssh_command=&quot;ssh -i /home/fred/.ssh/server_key_ed25519&quot; fred@server.example.org:/usr/src /home/fred/src/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a usable key is already loaded into an available SSH agent, then [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1  ssh(1)] should find it automatically and use it on behalf of [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs(1)] without needing intervention.

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
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  <page>
    <title>OpenSSH/Third Party Utilities</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>248567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675701</id>
      <parentid>4656826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T11:43:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add description of waypipe(1)</comment>
      <origin>4675701</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9122" sha1="l61sejag60uud2phed1tb73pqt6yx7s" xml:space="preserve">: [https://www.harding.motd.ca/autossh/ autossh] - Automatically restart SSH sessions and tunnels 
: [http://manpages.debian.net/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=scanssh scanssh] - a scanner for SSH hosts and some kinds of proxies
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs] - a user-space file system client based on SFTP
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfp sshfp] - generates SSHFP DNS records from '''known_hosts''' files or ssh-keyscan(1)
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/keychain keychain] - re-use ssh-agent and/or gpg-agent between logins
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/rsync rsync] - synchronizes files and directories using delta encoding
: [http://gstm.sourceforge.net/ gstm] - a graphical front-end for managing SSH-tunneled port redirects
: [https://www.rutschle.net/tech/sslh/README.html sslh] - a protocol demultiplexer
: [http://www.sshguard.net/ sshguard] - an intrusion detection system with packet filtering
: [https://github.com/arthepsy/ssh-audit ssh-audit] - identifies the server's banner, key exchange, encryption, MAC, compression, compatibility, and other information.
: [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mstoeckl/waypipe waypipe] - proxies graphical Wayland clients for systems using Wayland instead of X11.
: [https://git.sr.ht/~rumpelsepp/webcat webcat] - can use websockets&lt;ref name=&quot;websockets&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=https://rumpelsepp.org/blog/ssh-through-websocket/ |title=SSH (Reverse) Tunnel Through Websocket |author=Stefan Tatschner |date=2020-10-15 | accessdate=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; for tunneling, is otherwise very similar to [http://man.openbsd.org/nc.1 netcat] and [https://linux.die.net/man/1/curl curl].

==scanssh==
'''scanssh''' scans hosts and networks for running services&lt;ref name=&quot;Provos_ScanSSH&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citi.umich.edu/u/provos/papers/scanssh.pdf
 |title=ScanSSH - Scanning the Internet for SSH Servers|author=Niels Provos| author2=Peter Honeyman |publisher=Center for Information Technology Integration (CITI), University of Michigan|year=2001|accessdate=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  It checks the version number of the server and displays the results in a list.  It detects ssh, sftp and several kinds of  SOCKS, HTTP, and telnet  proxies.  

Scan a small subnet for ssh servers:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -n 22 -s ssh 192.168.100.32/26
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Scan the same small network for SOCKS proxies:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -s socks5,socks4 192.168.100.32/26
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Variable scanning speeds can be set as well as random sampling.  Open proxy detection scans to detect open proxies on common ports.

Scan 1000 hosts randomly selected from 172.16.1.1 through 172.31.254.254, at a rate of 200 per second:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -r 200 -p random(1000)/172.16.0.0/12
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The hosts and networks to be scanned can be either specified as an IPv4 address or a CIDR-like IP prefix with IP address and network mask.  Ports can be appended by adding a colon at the end of address specification.  The sequence of hosts scanned is random, but that can be modified by the following two parameters, '''random''' and '''split''':

'''random(n[,seed])/''' selects a sample of ''n'' random addresses from the range specified as targets for scanning.  ''n'' is the number of address to randomly create in the given network and ''seed'' is an optional seed for the pseudo random number generator.   For example, it is possible to sample 10000 random IPv4 hosts from the Internet by specifying 'random(10000)/0.0.0.0/0' as the address.

'''split(s,e)/'''	selects a specific segment of the address range for use.  ''e'' specifies the number of segments in parallel and ''s'' is the segment number used by this particular scan.  This can be used to scan from several hosts in parallel by scanning a different segment from each host. 

'''-n''' Specifies the port numbers to scan.  Ports are separated by commas.  Each specified scanner is run for each port in this list.  The default port is 22.

Scan for SSH servers on both port 22 and 2022:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -s ssh -n 22,2022 192.168.0.0/24
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==sshfs==

'''sshfs''' builds on the Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) interface to allow non-privileged users to create a secure, reliable file system framework.  It allows a remote file system to be mounted as a local folder by taking advantage of the SFTP subsystem.   It uses SFTP to mount a directory from a remote server as a local directory. In that way, all use applications can interact with that directory and its contents as if it were local.As the name implies, this is done in user space and not the kernel as is usually required for file systems.  FUSE has a stable API library and bindings to C, C++, and Java.  In this case it is specifically the SFTP client that is run over [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] and is then mounted as a file system.  

See the Cookbook section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/SFTP|SFTP]] for more regarding '''sshfs'''.

==sshfp==

'''sshfp''' generates SSHFP NS records using the public keys stored in a '''known_hosts''' file or provided by [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] as a means to use DNS to publish SSH key fingerprints.  That in turn allows DNSSEC lookups to verify SSH keys before use.  
SSHFP resource records in DNS are used to store fingerprint of SSH public host keys that are associated with the host names.  A record itself consists of an algorithm number, fingerprint type, and the fingerprint of the public host key.  

See RFC 4255 for details on SSHFP.

==keychain==

'''keychain''' is another manager for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)] to allow multiple shells and processes, including [http://man.openbsd.org/cron.8 cron(8)] jobs, to use the keys held by the agent.  It is often integrated into desktop-specific tools like Apple Keychain on OS X or kdewallet for KDE.  
http://www.funtoo.org/en/security/keychain/intro/

==rsync==

'''rsync''' is a file transfer utility to transfer files between computers very efficiently. It can run on top of SSH or use its own protocol.  SSH is the default.  http://rsync.samba.org/

See the Cookbook section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Automated_Backup|Automated Backup]] for examples on using '''rsync''' live or in scripts.  

==gstm (Gnome SSH Tunnel Manager)==

'''gstm''' is a graphical front-end for managing SSH connections and especially port forwarding.
http://sourceforge.net/projects/gstm/

==sslh==

'''sslh''' is a protocol demultiplexer.  It accepts connections on specified ports and forwards them based on the first packet sent by the client.  It can be used to share a single port between SSH, SSL, HTTP, OpenVPN, tinc, and XMPP.  
https://www.rutschle.net/tech/sslh/README.html

See also the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Multiplexing#Multiplexing_HTTPS_and_SSH_Using_sslh|Multiplexing]] for a discussion with examples.

==sshguard==

'''sshguard''' is an intrusion prevention system.  It monitors logs to detect undesirable patterns of activities and triggers corresponding packet filter rules for increasing periods of time.  It can be used with a few other services besides SSH.  
http://www.sshguard.net/

==ssh-audit==

'''ssh-audit''' is a python script to gather information about SSH servers.  It can identify banners used, key exchange, encryption, Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms, compression, compatibility settings, and several other security-related aspects.
https://github.com/arthepsy/ssh-audit

==waypipe==

'''waypipe''' is a proxy to forward Wayland messages.  It serializes changes to shared memory buffers over a single socket for graphical clients and provides functionality somewhat similar to the '''-X''' option for [https://man.openbsd.org/ssh ssh(1)] but for Wayland instead of X11. 
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mstoeckl/waypipe 

==Additional Third Party Utilities==

The following are useful in working with OpenSSH, but outside the scope of this book to go into detail.  They are nevertheless worth mentioning enough to warrant a list:

: '''netstat''' – Show network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships
: '''nc''' or '''netcat''' – Netcat, the TCP/IP swiss army knife.
: '''socat''' – SOcket CAT, a multipurpose relay similar to netcat.
: '''nmap''' – Network exploration tool and security scanner.
: '''tcpdump''' – Display network traffic real time.
: '''telnet''' – Unencrypted interaction with another host.
: '''pagsh''' – Creates a new credential cache sandbox and process authentication group (PAG).  
: '''nohup''' – Invoke a process that ignores HANGUP signals
: '''sudo''' – Execute programs as another user
: '''lftp''' – A handy interactive multi-protocol file transfer text-based client supporting SFTP.
: '''curl''' – A multi-protocol file transfer text-based client supporting SCP and SFTP.
: '''tmux''' – A terminal multiplexer.

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
{{status|100%}}</text>
      <sha1>l61sejag60uud2phed1tb73pqt6yx7s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675706</id>
      <parentid>4675701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T11:48:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>alphabetize third-party utility names</comment>
      <origin>4675706</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9128" sha1="9ht3nqxkphplvbld8f08jwqfteaxv3p" xml:space="preserve">: [https://www.harding.motd.ca/autossh/ autossh] - Automatically restart SSH sessions and tunnels 
: [http://gstm.sourceforge.net/ gstm] - a graphical front-end for managing SSH-tunneled port redirects
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/keychain keychain] - re-use ssh-agent and/or gpg-agent between logins
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/rsync rsync] - synchronizes files and directories using delta encoding
: [http://manpages.debian.net/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=scanssh scanssh] - a scanner for SSH hosts and some kinds of proxies
: [https://github.com/arthepsy/ssh-audit ssh-audit] - identifies the server's banner, key exchange, encryption, MAC, compression, compatibility, and other information.
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfp sshfp] - generates SSHFP DNS records from '''known_hosts''' files or ssh-keyscan(1)
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs] - a user-space file system client based on SFTP
: [http://www.sshguard.net/ sshguard] - an intrusion detection system with packet filtering
: [https://www.rutschle.net/tech/sslh/README.html sslh] - a protocol demultiplexer
: [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mstoeckl/waypipe waypipe] - proxies graphical Wayland clients for systems using Wayland instead of X11.
: [https://git.sr.ht/~rumpelsepp/webcat webcat] - can use websockets&lt;ref name=&quot;websockets&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=https://rumpelsepp.org/blog/ssh-through-websocket/ |title=SSH (Reverse) Tunnel Through Websocket |author=Stefan Tatschner |date=2020-10-15 | accessdate=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; for tunneling, is otherwise very similar to [http://man.openbsd.org/nc.1 netcat] and [https://linux.die.net/man/1/curl curl].

----

==gstm (Gnome SSH Tunnel Manager)==

'''gstm''' is a graphical front-end for managing SSH connections and especially port forwarding.
http://sourceforge.net/projects/gstm/

==keychain==

'''keychain''' is another manager for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)] to allow multiple shells and processes, including [http://man.openbsd.org/cron.8 cron(8)] jobs, to use the keys held by the agent.  It is often integrated into desktop-specific tools like Apple Keychain on OS X or kdewallet for KDE.  
http://www.funtoo.org/en/security/keychain/intro/

==rsync==

'''rsync''' is a file transfer utility to transfer files between computers very efficiently. It can run on top of SSH or use its own protocol.  SSH is the default.  http://rsync.samba.org/

See the Cookbook section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Automated_Backup|Automated Backup]] for examples on using '''rsync''' live or in scripts.  

==scanssh==
'''scanssh''' scans hosts and networks for running services&lt;ref name=&quot;Provos_ScanSSH&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citi.umich.edu/u/provos/papers/scanssh.pdf
 |title=ScanSSH - Scanning the Internet for SSH Servers|author=Niels Provos| author2=Peter Honeyman |publisher=Center for Information Technology Integration (CITI), University of Michigan|year=2001|accessdate=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  It checks the version number of the server and displays the results in a list.  It detects ssh, sftp and several kinds of  SOCKS, HTTP, and telnet  proxies.  

Scan a small subnet for ssh servers:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -n 22 -s ssh 192.168.100.32/26
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Scan the same small network for SOCKS proxies:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -s socks5,socks4 192.168.100.32/26
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Variable scanning speeds can be set as well as random sampling.  Open proxy detection scans to detect open proxies on common ports.

Scan 1000 hosts randomly selected from 172.16.1.1 through 172.31.254.254, at a rate of 200 per second:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -r 200 -p random(1000)/172.16.0.0/12
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The hosts and networks to be scanned can be either specified as an IPv4 address or a CIDR-like IP prefix with IP address and network mask.  Ports can be appended by adding a colon at the end of address specification.  The sequence of hosts scanned is random, but that can be modified by the following two parameters, '''random''' and '''split''':

'''random(n[,seed])/''' selects a sample of ''n'' random addresses from the range specified as targets for scanning.  ''n'' is the number of address to randomly create in the given network and ''seed'' is an optional seed for the pseudo random number generator.   For example, it is possible to sample 10000 random IPv4 hosts from the Internet by specifying 'random(10000)/0.0.0.0/0' as the address.

'''split(s,e)/'''	selects a specific segment of the address range for use.  ''e'' specifies the number of segments in parallel and ''s'' is the segment number used by this particular scan.  This can be used to scan from several hosts in parallel by scanning a different segment from each host. 

'''-n''' Specifies the port numbers to scan.  Ports are separated by commas.  Each specified scanner is run for each port in this list.  The default port is 22.

Scan for SSH servers on both port 22 and 2022:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -s ssh -n 22,2022 192.168.0.0/24
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==ssh-audit==

'''ssh-audit''' is a python script to gather information about SSH servers.  It can identify banners used, key exchange, encryption, Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms, compression, compatibility settings, and several other security-related aspects.
https://github.com/arthepsy/ssh-audit

==sshfp==

'''sshfp''' generates SSHFP NS records using the public keys stored in a '''known_hosts''' file or provided by [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] as a means to use DNS to publish SSH key fingerprints.  That in turn allows DNSSEC lookups to verify SSH keys before use.  
SSHFP resource records in DNS are used to store fingerprint of SSH public host keys that are associated with the host names.  A record itself consists of an algorithm number, fingerprint type, and the fingerprint of the public host key.  

See RFC 4255 for details on SSHFP.

==sshfs==

'''sshfs''' builds on the Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) interface to allow non-privileged users to create a secure, reliable file system framework.  It allows a remote file system to be mounted as a local folder by taking advantage of the SFTP subsystem.   It uses SFTP to mount a directory from a remote server as a local directory. In that way, all use applications can interact with that directory and its contents as if it were local.As the name implies, this is done in user space and not the kernel as is usually required for file systems.  FUSE has a stable API library and bindings to C, C++, and Java.  In this case it is specifically the SFTP client that is run over [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] and is then mounted as a file system.  

See the Cookbook section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/SFTP|SFTP]] for more regarding '''sshfs'''.

==sshguard==

'''sshguard''' is an intrusion prevention system.  It monitors logs to detect undesirable patterns of activities and triggers corresponding packet filter rules for increasing periods of time.  It can be used with a few other services besides SSH.  
http://www.sshguard.net/

==sslh==

'''sslh''' is a protocol demultiplexer.  It accepts connections on specified ports and forwards them based on the first packet sent by the client.  It can be used to share a single port between SSH, SSL, HTTP, OpenVPN, tinc, and XMPP.  
https://www.rutschle.net/tech/sslh/README.html

See also the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Multiplexing#Multiplexing_HTTPS_and_SSH_Using_sslh|Multiplexing]] for a discussion with examples.

==waypipe==

'''waypipe''' is a proxy to forward Wayland messages.  It serializes changes to shared memory buffers over a single socket for graphical clients and provides functionality somewhat similar to the '''-X''' option for [https://man.openbsd.org/ssh ssh(1)] but for Wayland instead of X11. 
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mstoeckl/waypipe 

==Additional Third Party Utilities==

The following are useful in working with OpenSSH, but outside the scope of this book to go into detail.  They are nevertheless worth mentioning enough to warrant a list:

: '''netstat''' – Show network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships
: '''nc''' or '''netcat''' – Netcat, the TCP/IP swiss army knife.
: '''socat''' – SOcket CAT, a multipurpose relay similar to netcat.
: '''nmap''' – Network exploration tool and security scanner.
: '''tcpdump''' – Display network traffic real time.
: '''telnet''' – Unencrypted interaction with another host.
: '''pagsh''' – Creates a new credential cache sandbox and process authentication group (PAG).  
: '''nohup''' – Invoke a process that ignores HANGUP signals
: '''sudo''' – Execute programs as another user
: '''lftp''' – A handy interactive multi-protocol file transfer text-based client supporting SFTP.
: '''curl''' – A multi-protocol file transfer text-based client supporting SCP and SFTP.
: '''tmux''' – A terminal multiplexer.

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
{{status|100%}}</text>
      <sha1>9ht3nqxkphplvbld8f08jwqfteaxv3p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675708</id>
      <parentid>4675706</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T11:50:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>remove mention of webcat</comment>
      <origin>4675708</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8724" sha1="iohshrjtpnqgr4y1idnprg7qo95y0iq" xml:space="preserve">: [https://www.harding.motd.ca/autossh/ autossh] - Automatically restart SSH sessions and tunnels 
: [http://gstm.sourceforge.net/ gstm] - a graphical front-end for managing SSH-tunneled port redirects
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/keychain keychain] - re-use ssh-agent and/or gpg-agent between logins
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/rsync rsync] - synchronizes files and directories using delta encoding
: [http://manpages.debian.net/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=scanssh scanssh] - a scanner for SSH hosts and some kinds of proxies
: [https://github.com/arthepsy/ssh-audit ssh-audit] - identifies the server's banner, key exchange, encryption, MAC, compression, compatibility, and other information.
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfp sshfp] - generates SSHFP DNS records from '''known_hosts''' files or ssh-keyscan(1)
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs] - a user-space file system client based on SFTP
: [http://www.sshguard.net/ sshguard] - an intrusion detection system with packet filtering
: [https://www.rutschle.net/tech/sslh/README.html sslh] - a protocol demultiplexer
: [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mstoeckl/waypipe waypipe] - proxies graphical Wayland clients for systems using Wayland instead of X11.

----

==gstm (Gnome SSH Tunnel Manager)==

'''gstm''' is a graphical front-end for managing SSH connections and especially port forwarding.
http://sourceforge.net/projects/gstm/

==keychain==

'''keychain''' is another manager for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)] to allow multiple shells and processes, including [http://man.openbsd.org/cron.8 cron(8)] jobs, to use the keys held by the agent.  It is often integrated into desktop-specific tools like Apple Keychain on OS X or kdewallet for KDE.  
http://www.funtoo.org/en/security/keychain/intro/

==rsync==

'''rsync''' is a file transfer utility to transfer files between computers very efficiently. It can run on top of SSH or use its own protocol.  SSH is the default.  http://rsync.samba.org/

See the Cookbook section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Automated_Backup|Automated Backup]] for examples on using '''rsync''' live or in scripts.  

==scanssh==
'''scanssh''' scans hosts and networks for running services&lt;ref name=&quot;Provos_ScanSSH&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citi.umich.edu/u/provos/papers/scanssh.pdf
 |title=ScanSSH - Scanning the Internet for SSH Servers|author=Niels Provos| author2=Peter Honeyman |publisher=Center for Information Technology Integration (CITI), University of Michigan|year=2001|accessdate=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  It checks the version number of the server and displays the results in a list.  It detects ssh, sftp and several kinds of  SOCKS, HTTP, and telnet  proxies.  

Scan a small subnet for ssh servers:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -n 22 -s ssh 192.168.100.32/26
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Scan the same small network for SOCKS proxies:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -s socks5,socks4 192.168.100.32/26
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Variable scanning speeds can be set as well as random sampling.  Open proxy detection scans to detect open proxies on common ports.

Scan 1000 hosts randomly selected from 172.16.1.1 through 172.31.254.254, at a rate of 200 per second:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -r 200 -p random(1000)/172.16.0.0/12
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The hosts and networks to be scanned can be either specified as an IPv4 address or a CIDR-like IP prefix with IP address and network mask.  Ports can be appended by adding a colon at the end of address specification.  The sequence of hosts scanned is random, but that can be modified by the following two parameters, '''random''' and '''split''':

'''random(n[,seed])/''' selects a sample of ''n'' random addresses from the range specified as targets for scanning.  ''n'' is the number of address to randomly create in the given network and ''seed'' is an optional seed for the pseudo random number generator.   For example, it is possible to sample 10000 random IPv4 hosts from the Internet by specifying 'random(10000)/0.0.0.0/0' as the address.

'''split(s,e)/'''	selects a specific segment of the address range for use.  ''e'' specifies the number of segments in parallel and ''s'' is the segment number used by this particular scan.  This can be used to scan from several hosts in parallel by scanning a different segment from each host. 

'''-n''' Specifies the port numbers to scan.  Ports are separated by commas.  Each specified scanner is run for each port in this list.  The default port is 22.

Scan for SSH servers on both port 22 and 2022:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -s ssh -n 22,2022 192.168.0.0/24
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==ssh-audit==

'''ssh-audit''' is a python script to gather information about SSH servers.  It can identify banners used, key exchange, encryption, Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms, compression, compatibility settings, and several other security-related aspects.
https://github.com/arthepsy/ssh-audit

==sshfp==

'''sshfp''' generates SSHFP NS records using the public keys stored in a '''known_hosts''' file or provided by [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] as a means to use DNS to publish SSH key fingerprints.  That in turn allows DNSSEC lookups to verify SSH keys before use.  
SSHFP resource records in DNS are used to store fingerprint of SSH public host keys that are associated with the host names.  A record itself consists of an algorithm number, fingerprint type, and the fingerprint of the public host key.  

See RFC 4255 for details on SSHFP.

==sshfs==

'''sshfs''' builds on the Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) interface to allow non-privileged users to create a secure, reliable file system framework.  It allows a remote file system to be mounted as a local folder by taking advantage of the SFTP subsystem.   It uses SFTP to mount a directory from a remote server as a local directory. In that way, all use applications can interact with that directory and its contents as if it were local.As the name implies, this is done in user space and not the kernel as is usually required for file systems.  FUSE has a stable API library and bindings to C, C++, and Java.  In this case it is specifically the SFTP client that is run over [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] and is then mounted as a file system.  

See the Cookbook section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/SFTP|SFTP]] for more regarding '''sshfs'''.

==sshguard==

'''sshguard''' is an intrusion prevention system.  It monitors logs to detect undesirable patterns of activities and triggers corresponding packet filter rules for increasing periods of time.  It can be used with a few other services besides SSH.  
http://www.sshguard.net/

==sslh==

'''sslh''' is a protocol demultiplexer.  It accepts connections on specified ports and forwards them based on the first packet sent by the client.  It can be used to share a single port between SSH, SSL, HTTP, OpenVPN, tinc, and XMPP.  
https://www.rutschle.net/tech/sslh/README.html

See also the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Multiplexing#Multiplexing_HTTPS_and_SSH_Using_sslh|Multiplexing]] for a discussion with examples.

==waypipe==

'''waypipe''' is a proxy to forward Wayland messages.  It serializes changes to shared memory buffers over a single socket for graphical clients and provides functionality somewhat similar to the '''-X''' option for [https://man.openbsd.org/ssh ssh(1)] but for Wayland instead of X11. 
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mstoeckl/waypipe 

==Additional Third Party Utilities==

The following are useful in working with OpenSSH, but outside the scope of this book to go into detail.  They are nevertheless worth mentioning enough to warrant a list:

: '''netstat''' – Show network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships
: '''nc''' or '''netcat''' – Netcat, the TCP/IP swiss army knife.
: '''socat''' – SOcket CAT, a multipurpose relay similar to netcat.
: '''nmap''' – Network exploration tool and security scanner.
: '''tcpdump''' – Display network traffic real time.
: '''telnet''' – Unencrypted interaction with another host.
: '''pagsh''' – Creates a new credential cache sandbox and process authentication group (PAG).  
: '''nohup''' – Invoke a process that ignores HANGUP signals
: '''sudo''' – Execute programs as another user
: '''lftp''' – A handy interactive multi-protocol file transfer text-based client supporting SFTP.
: '''curl''' – A multi-protocol file transfer text-based client supporting SCP and SFTP.
: '''tmux''' – A terminal multiplexer.

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
{{status|100%}}</text>
      <sha1>iohshrjtpnqgr4y1idnprg7qo95y0iq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675710</id>
      <parentid>4675708</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T11:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>alphabetize additional third-party utilities</comment>
      <origin>4675710</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8724" sha1="c38gilpi5680rtypx4usx38ywts4jbl" xml:space="preserve">: [https://www.harding.motd.ca/autossh/ autossh] - Automatically restart SSH sessions and tunnels 
: [http://gstm.sourceforge.net/ gstm] - a graphical front-end for managing SSH-tunneled port redirects
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/keychain keychain] - re-use ssh-agent and/or gpg-agent between logins
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/rsync rsync] - synchronizes files and directories using delta encoding
: [http://manpages.debian.net/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=scanssh scanssh] - a scanner for SSH hosts and some kinds of proxies
: [https://github.com/arthepsy/ssh-audit ssh-audit] - identifies the server's banner, key exchange, encryption, MAC, compression, compatibility, and other information.
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfp sshfp] - generates SSHFP DNS records from '''known_hosts''' files or ssh-keyscan(1)
: [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sshfs sshfs] - a user-space file system client based on SFTP
: [http://www.sshguard.net/ sshguard] - an intrusion detection system with packet filtering
: [https://www.rutschle.net/tech/sslh/README.html sslh] - a protocol demultiplexer
: [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mstoeckl/waypipe waypipe] - proxies graphical Wayland clients for systems using Wayland instead of X11.

----

==gstm (Gnome SSH Tunnel Manager)==

'''gstm''' is a graphical front-end for managing SSH connections and especially port forwarding.
http://sourceforge.net/projects/gstm/

==keychain==

'''keychain''' is another manager for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)] to allow multiple shells and processes, including [http://man.openbsd.org/cron.8 cron(8)] jobs, to use the keys held by the agent.  It is often integrated into desktop-specific tools like Apple Keychain on OS X or kdewallet for KDE.  
http://www.funtoo.org/en/security/keychain/intro/

==rsync==

'''rsync''' is a file transfer utility to transfer files between computers very efficiently. It can run on top of SSH or use its own protocol.  SSH is the default.  http://rsync.samba.org/

See the Cookbook section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Automated_Backup|Automated Backup]] for examples on using '''rsync''' live or in scripts.  

==scanssh==
'''scanssh''' scans hosts and networks for running services&lt;ref name=&quot;Provos_ScanSSH&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citi.umich.edu/u/provos/papers/scanssh.pdf
 |title=ScanSSH - Scanning the Internet for SSH Servers|author=Niels Provos| author2=Peter Honeyman |publisher=Center for Information Technology Integration (CITI), University of Michigan|year=2001|accessdate=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  It checks the version number of the server and displays the results in a list.  It detects ssh, sftp and several kinds of  SOCKS, HTTP, and telnet  proxies.  

Scan a small subnet for ssh servers:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -n 22 -s ssh 192.168.100.32/26
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Scan the same small network for SOCKS proxies:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -s socks5,socks4 192.168.100.32/26
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Variable scanning speeds can be set as well as random sampling.  Open proxy detection scans to detect open proxies on common ports.

Scan 1000 hosts randomly selected from 172.16.1.1 through 172.31.254.254, at a rate of 200 per second:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -r 200 -p random(1000)/172.16.0.0/12
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The hosts and networks to be scanned can be either specified as an IPv4 address or a CIDR-like IP prefix with IP address and network mask.  Ports can be appended by adding a colon at the end of address specification.  The sequence of hosts scanned is random, but that can be modified by the following two parameters, '''random''' and '''split''':

'''random(n[,seed])/''' selects a sample of ''n'' random addresses from the range specified as targets for scanning.  ''n'' is the number of address to randomly create in the given network and ''seed'' is an optional seed for the pseudo random number generator.   For example, it is possible to sample 10000 random IPv4 hosts from the Internet by specifying 'random(10000)/0.0.0.0/0' as the address.

'''split(s,e)/'''	selects a specific segment of the address range for use.  ''e'' specifies the number of segments in parallel and ''s'' is the segment number used by this particular scan.  This can be used to scan from several hosts in parallel by scanning a different segment from each host. 

'''-n''' Specifies the port numbers to scan.  Ports are separated by commas.  Each specified scanner is run for each port in this list.  The default port is 22.

Scan for SSH servers on both port 22 and 2022:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ sudo scanssh -s ssh -n 22,2022 192.168.0.0/24
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==ssh-audit==

'''ssh-audit''' is a python script to gather information about SSH servers.  It can identify banners used, key exchange, encryption, Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms, compression, compatibility settings, and several other security-related aspects.
https://github.com/arthepsy/ssh-audit

==sshfp==

'''sshfp''' generates SSHFP NS records using the public keys stored in a '''known_hosts''' file or provided by [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] as a means to use DNS to publish SSH key fingerprints.  That in turn allows DNSSEC lookups to verify SSH keys before use.  
SSHFP resource records in DNS are used to store fingerprint of SSH public host keys that are associated with the host names.  A record itself consists of an algorithm number, fingerprint type, and the fingerprint of the public host key.  

See RFC 4255 for details on SSHFP.

==sshfs==

'''sshfs''' builds on the Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) interface to allow non-privileged users to create a secure, reliable file system framework.  It allows a remote file system to be mounted as a local folder by taking advantage of the SFTP subsystem.   It uses SFTP to mount a directory from a remote server as a local directory. In that way, all use applications can interact with that directory and its contents as if it were local.As the name implies, this is done in user space and not the kernel as is usually required for file systems.  FUSE has a stable API library and bindings to C, C++, and Java.  In this case it is specifically the SFTP client that is run over [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] and is then mounted as a file system.  

See the Cookbook section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/SFTP|SFTP]] for more regarding '''sshfs'''.

==sshguard==

'''sshguard''' is an intrusion prevention system.  It monitors logs to detect undesirable patterns of activities and triggers corresponding packet filter rules for increasing periods of time.  It can be used with a few other services besides SSH.  
http://www.sshguard.net/

==sslh==

'''sslh''' is a protocol demultiplexer.  It accepts connections on specified ports and forwards them based on the first packet sent by the client.  It can be used to share a single port between SSH, SSL, HTTP, OpenVPN, tinc, and XMPP.  
https://www.rutschle.net/tech/sslh/README.html

See also the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Multiplexing#Multiplexing_HTTPS_and_SSH_Using_sslh|Multiplexing]] for a discussion with examples.

==waypipe==

'''waypipe''' is a proxy to forward Wayland messages.  It serializes changes to shared memory buffers over a single socket for graphical clients and provides functionality somewhat similar to the '''-X''' option for [https://man.openbsd.org/ssh ssh(1)] but for Wayland instead of X11. 
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mstoeckl/waypipe 

==Additional Third Party Utilities==

The following are useful in working with OpenSSH, but outside the scope of this book to go into detail.  They are nevertheless worth mentioning enough to warrant a list:

: '''curl''' – A multi-protocol file transfer text-based client supporting SCP and SFTP.
: '''lftp''' – A handy interactive multi-protocol file transfer text-based client supporting SFTP.
: '''nmap''' – Network exploration tool and security scanner.
: '''nc''' or '''netcat''' – Netcat, the TCP/IP swiss army knife.
: '''netstat''' – Show network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships
: '''nohup''' – Invoke a process that ignores HANGUP signals
: '''pagsh''' – Creates a new credential cache sandbox and process authentication group (PAG).  
: '''socat''' – SOcket CAT, a multipurpose relay similar to netcat.
: '''sudo''' – Execute programs as another user
: '''tcpdump''' – Display network traffic real time.
: '''telnet''' – Unencrypted interaction with another host.
: '''tmux''' – A terminal multiplexer.

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
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      <sha1>c38gilpi5680rtypx4usx38ywts4jbl</sha1>
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    <title>Aros/Platforms/Arm Raspberry Pi support</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>286123</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675510</id>
      <parentid>4675508</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T12:33:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4675510</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="104752" sha1="p5tg4nazg7qsslmch9twpf4b1hdaj1h" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}

[[#Native]]

[[#Hosted]]

[[#Build]]

[[#Hardware]]

[[#References]]

[[#Future]]


==Introduction==


[[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]]

Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 512Mb+ RAM 


Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. 
*With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb.
*With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c 
*With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c 


* Pi500+ keyboard wedge - working 
* Pi500 wedge with up to date bootloader via PiOS - working 
* Pi 5  - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 &quot;southbridge&quot; with VideoCore 7 D0 (rev1.1) - untested 
* Pi 5  - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 &quot;southbridge&quot; with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 C1 (Rev1.0) - untested 
* Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - 
* Pi 4  - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 
* Pi 3  - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with '''fan''' to prevent overheating cpu 82C+ throttling 
* Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - boots but [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], 


* Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible 
* Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible 
* Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible 


===Native===

* 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work
* 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb
* 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi]  
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] 
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5]
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM]


====64bit====

'''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://pi.amiga.icu/ Repository]

[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] which is a test beta limited apps version with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD or SSD as appropriate. 

64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely (once fault found, FAT 0x0FFFFFF7 bad cluster so no files written after that, no repair). Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2138&amp;pid=15057#post_15057 Aros forum thread], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewforum.php?f=179 Raspberry Pi Aros Dev and User forums], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 previous Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] 

Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 

Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested 

Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card 

Speed write wise (top faster) 
&lt;pre&gt;
*NVME Pi5 untested    &gt;1000MB/sec  or faster if matched correctly 
*Sata3 ssd              500MB/sec
*SD        V90           90MB/sec  4K maybe 8K 
*SD        V60           60MB/sec  1080p 
*SD     U3 V30           30MB/sec  720p 
*SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2     10MB/sec  minimum should be used now 
*SD C06                   6MB/sec  
*SD C04                   4MB/sec 
&lt;/pre&gt;


As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -&gt; View -&gt; All files

Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. 

Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc 


Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. 
Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop 

In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works 

For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage 

If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. 


Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually 

Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++  or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice 


For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off
*if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again 
*...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect 
Until, Connected to &lt;router&gt; - 192.168.x.x 


For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is 
*lan9514  Pi3b Pi2 not supported at the moment 
*lan7515  Pi3b+ type into Device  usblan78xx.device as net0:  remove other device(s) 
*bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device 
*         Pi5 Pi500 Pi500+ RP1 i/o 
 (network prefs may forget random information when rebooted) 


Summary
&lt;pre&gt;
*3b    ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works 
*3b+   wifi working and ethernet works 
*4     untested 
*400   wifi and ethernet untested 
*5     wifi and ethernet untested
*500   wifi and ethernet untested
*500+  wifi works 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Type in 'aarch64' in the [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=search&amp;tool=simple search box] and you will see available software packages / apps. apkg can be used to inspect and install applications. 

[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&amp;page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load or resolve (no JIT) and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. 

Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189 (1.29), 300 (1.31), 311 (1.33) out of 555, some bigger Amiga like browsers are around 370+ but it does less better. 

You may have to delete the cache (Menu -&gt; Page -&gt; Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates or free up space. 
Be aware [https://pianetaamiga.it/en/reportage-pianeta-amiga-2026/ some site pages] can use up hundreds of MBs of cache very quickly 

 DNS lookup failed...  close browser and reboot and setup wifi again - repeat until it works again 

 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded -  Settings -&gt; Soundoutput - AHI 
Usually restricted to lower resolutions due to [https://docs.invidious.io/faq/#q-where-are-the-360p480p1080p-quality-options bandwidth]. You can always [https://docs.invidious.io/installation/#install-the-dependencies self host] for better 

Telegram https://t.me/s/channel_name for public messages from vamped_amiga chatamigagames demoscenecracktros 

*art local js apps like dpaint.js 


There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] 

*Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W 
*Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd  Pi3B+, Pi4 
*Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd  Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 

&lt;pre&gt;
*bthid    keyboard mouse support 
*btserial serial 
*btpan    short range wireless connecting devices 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use ntp services time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://github.com/bohunamiga/PiNTP PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use date in a shell e.g.  date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59  but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc with dtoverlay=i2c-rtc,ds3231 in config.txt] 


It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. 

USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process 
*usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w 
*[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+]. Alternative of [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox]. 

Will need developer clang gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], 


Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered 
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones
*[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games 
*[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] 
*[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] 


[https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] 

Some exceptions:

*Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used
*The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V
*For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15).

With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented.

Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi.

In the shell (Cntrl + C to end) 

 GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K

Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' 

*PIN   -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12).
*SET   -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH).
*GET   -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1).
*MODE  -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate).
*PULL  -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN.

EXAMPLES
&lt;pre&gt;
GPIO 12 MODE OUT
GPIO 12 SET 1
GPIO 12 GET
GPIO 13 PULL UP
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] 


Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&amp;pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] 


Youtube 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&amp;pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], 


[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&amp;t=612s&amp;pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Pi
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 2D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 2D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 3D 
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Pi--&gt;Pi3 
| &lt;!--Single Core 2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Single Core 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Single Core 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


==== 32bit ====

For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD 


===Hosted===


AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&amp;pid=13910#post_13910 here] 


[http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] 


==== Hosted ====

=====64bit=====

[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&amp;rowstart=80&amp;pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] 

[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], 

[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&amp;rowstart=80 From the Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] 
Instructions on building 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS and cross-compiler from sources.

You will need:
- Ubuntu 24.04 or 26.04
- qemu-system-aarch64 installed
- Internet connection
- rpi-scripts.tar.gz downloaded (https://axrt.org/download/aros/rpi/rpi-scripts.tar.gz)

1) Install prerequisites:

sudo apt install git gcc g++ make gawk bison flex bzip2 netpbm autoconf automake libc6-dev liblzo2-dev libpng-dev gcc-multilib byacc python3-mako cmake yasm curl nasm

2) Clone sources

cd &lt;project-directory&gt;
git clone https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS.git --recurse-submodules

3) Extract rpi-scripts.tar.gz. Copy all files into your project directory so that you have:

AROS (the directory with cloned sources)
fix-dotdot.py
rebuild.sh
recreate-sdcard.sh
run-qemu.sh
update-sdcard.sh

4) Run ./rebuild.sh. Select option 1) toolchain-core-aarch64

This will execute process of building a cross-compiler. During this process packages will be downloaded from Internet. This process can take up to 2 hours. If there are some missing dependencies, install them with 'sudo apt install' and restart this step.

5) Run ./rebuild.sh again. Select option 2) core-raspi-aarch64

This will build system files for 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS. This process can take around an hour.

6) Run ./recreate-sdcard.sh

This will create an sdcard.img file with contents of previous step.

7) Run ./run-qemu.sh

This will start QEMU with SD card image and ROM images. It will boot into AROS.


=====32bit=====

Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013]

 ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf  --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib

arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux)

*armel - many of the &quot;android&quot; machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. 
*armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP)

Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI.

Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets.

*needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target 
*as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes.

with—disable-crosstools  $AROS_CC  is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC  ?  If  so,  this  is  wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. 
Yes,  Android  port  will  build.  And  even  work. But it's not good because  the  port  will  not  be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example:

&lt;pre&gt;
enum test {foo, bar};
enum test testvar;
&lt;/pre&gt;

sizeof(testvar)  will  be  equal  to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS)  and  sizeof(short)  on  Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example.

Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts.

Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS.

compiler=kernel  is  appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or  barebone  hardware,  if  we  talk  about  native).  This includes bootstraps,  their  linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations.

No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows,  Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work.

If  you  want  to  compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append  the  following  to  USER_INCLUDES  (or  USER_CFLAGS,  this  is effectively the same):

 -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

$(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to:

 -isystem  &lt;your_os_includes&gt;  -isystem  &lt;host_OS_gcc_private_includes&gt;
 -nostdinc

This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs.

If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH).

Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one.

Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types.

Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but &quot;./configure --target=raspi-armhf&quot; is enough to start, then &quot;make arosboot-raspi&quot; will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc).  It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output.

*armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, 
*armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise,

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armel' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
 ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \
             --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
    ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \
                --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is:

 make


==Build==

===64bit===


===32bit===


# download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/
# make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports
# make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf
# cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -:

&lt;pre&gt;
&gt;cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf
&gt;/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports
&gt;make
&gt;make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it.

You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi.

The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows ..
&lt;pre&gt;
./configure --target=raspi-armhf
make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder.

NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first

arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console &quot;emulation&quot; via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library

arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS.

The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom).

the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO)


Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM

Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device.
Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error:

&lt;pre&gt;
    Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic
    configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x
    checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no
    checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no
    checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu
    checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
    checking whether build environment is sane... yes
    checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip
    checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p
    checking for gawk... no
    checking for mawk... mawk
    checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
    checking whether make supports nested variables... yes
    checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc
    checking whether the C compiler works... no
    configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic':
    configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables
    See config.log' for more details
    make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77
    [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512
    [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory
    make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10
    make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2
&lt;/pre&gt;


looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic

found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi
so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick
and the missing lib was built.

now the next stop is at
fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory
and
fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory
in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed?

fixed with adding
-I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
to where is missing on mmakefiles like
USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles.


Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again.

My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a &quot;template&quot; to compare to native compilation under arm linux.


Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild).
The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC.

For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script.

Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config&quot; and do make on &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build&quot; dir.

Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh


Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there:

#MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm

Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this.

Try adding this line (and the variant &quot;linklibs-armhf&quot; instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do &quot;linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick&quot;.
Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile

To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case.

With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with
&quot;cannot find -laeabi &quot; so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok.


== Hardware ==

===64bit===


====BCM2712====

With the Pi5 

Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. 

*Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board 
*Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe
*Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 
*Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 
*Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme
*GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2
*


*2024 RPI AI HAT    - Hailo  20TOPs  no LLMs 
*2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo  40TOPs  slightly better? 


[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi]
*Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor
*Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor
*Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels


====BCM2711====

With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 

the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c 

*2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues 
*2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design 
*Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE 

*[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different 
The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles.
The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same.

Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes.
Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation)
With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register.

the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions 

the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of &quot;one read port, one write port&quot; to one &quot;two read ports, one write port&quot; block)

The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. 
*vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers.
*vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread.
*vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads.

With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible 

The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer)

A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver.

Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats.

h264/x264 as Pi3 

All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 

H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1
HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates 

Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs
If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised 

Possible maximum performance 
&lt;pre&gt;
VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s
VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s
VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s
&lt;/pre&gt;

Faster LPDDR4 memory.


====BCM2837==== 

With the Pi3 
* Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&amp;nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] 

The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. 

Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help 


ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. 


===32bit===

=== Core Kernel ===


====BCM2708(family)====
which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&amp;nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM)

*Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox 
*IRQ scheduler, etc 
*Arasan based SD Card controller 
*Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&amp;catid=45:raspberry-pi&amp;Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf],  [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], 
*[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip 
*CMOS RAM 
*VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc 
*Audio Driver 
*Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) 
*[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers]
*I2S 
*Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) 
*[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO]

BCM2836 
* For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board

*[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features],


 Implemented so far... 

# Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target.
# Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display.
# Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function.
# Implemented serial debug support
# Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc)
# Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers.
# Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer.
# Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media.
# Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The &quot;rom&quot; image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot.
# Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else.
# fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi ..


Improvements...

# Implement a USB chipset driver &quot;OR&quot; finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the &quot;virtual&quot; hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) 
# Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) 
# Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI]
# fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code
# Graphics depend on having a decent &quot;bcmdma.resource&quot; implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for &quot;blitting&quot;. 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver  - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 
# The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate.


 Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards 

On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition.

The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks

*On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf 
*The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it
*configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU
*reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings)
*loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition
*activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image

The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU.

RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named &quot;kernel.img&quot; at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem)

Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf.

You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling.

At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
?          - alias for 'help'
mtest      - simple RAM test
autoscr    - run script from memory
base       - print or set address offset
bbm        - BBM sub-system
bdinfo     - print Board Info structure
boot       - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootd      - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootm      - boot application image from memory
bootp      - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol
cmp        - memory compare
coninfo    - print console devices and information
cp         - memory copy
crc32      - checksum calculation
echo       - echo args to console
fatinfo    - print information about filesystem
fatload    - load binary file from a dos filesystem
fatls      - list files in a directory (default /)
go         - start application at address 'addr'
help       - print online help
iminfo     - print header information for application image
itest      - return true/false on integer compare
jade       -
loadb      - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode)
loads      - load S-Record file over serial line
loady      - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode)
loop       - infinite loop on address range
md         - memory display
mm         - memory modify (auto-incrementing)
mtest      - simple RAM test
mw         - memory write (fill)
nfs        - boot image via network using NFS protocol
nm         - memory modify (constant address)
pci        - list and access PCI Configuration Space
ping       - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host
printenv   - print environment variables
rarpboot   - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol
reset      - Perform RESET of the CPU
run        - run commands in an environment variable
saveenv    - save environment variables to persistent storage
saves      - save S-Record file over serial line
setenv     - set environment variables
sleep      - delay execution for some time
tftpboot   - boot image via network using TFTP protocol
USB        - USB sub-system
usbboot    - boot from USB device
version    - print monitor version
&lt;/pre&gt;


And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way...  u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot.

Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1,

the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for
hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS  routed  only  raw  hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt.  1:1 relationship between CPU  and hardware interrupts is present only on PC.

IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class.  PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant  to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain &quot;Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means&quot;. They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system.

Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No.  A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was &quot;abstract timer interrupt&quot;, used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea.

Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work?
 
Poseidon.library creates its &quot;Poseidon Event Task&quot; during RTF_COLDSTART -&gt; then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example.

You miss what happens next...
 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch().
 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible:
 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run.
 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list.

My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop.

There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures.

The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table.

The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :)

Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this:

        movw r0, #:lower16:label

        movt   r0, #:upper16:label

In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations.

There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to &quot;fake&quot; executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need.

Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. 


 GPU 

VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU.   Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute.

The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API.   The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf).   That's also the bad news.  Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much.  It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly.

The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated.   It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later.

Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC.  If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected.
 
have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled.

If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work.

L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled.

Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics.
 Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever.
 I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp).

    #warning &quot;TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory&quot;
        /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */
        for(x = 0; x &lt; 4096; x ++)
        {
            pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04);
        }

Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages?

Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device).

You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached)

    So ..
     
     pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | 2;

     
    should be enough?

No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80'

tell dosboot the correct defaults to use

Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead,  display  drivers  should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=&gt;instantiate itself. This   should   make  things way simpler. With this approach you only need  to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. 
Currently  VESA  and  VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it.

they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context).

AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM
marked as chip.

BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code?

Also, IIRC we have support for &quot;external memory allocators&quot;. Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox.

All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats.

trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET).
Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units.
The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ.

Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port?
It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port.  You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource.

You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs.

So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work.

Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this.

That should have done it.

If you set &quot;#define DEBUG 1&quot; in  arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output?

have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display?

Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting?
The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot

Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm.
 
To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen.
 
Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks).
 
have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress..

was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression.
Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. 
it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks.

Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. 
It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right)

The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place.  If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur.  I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian.  It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary.  They were both little-endian.
The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode).

 
What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest?

Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems?
You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it.
So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -&gt; so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer &quot;bitmap object&quot; myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback.  In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) 

So far have -:

vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well
vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object.
vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise
vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer,

vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. 

RasPi has to speak to the &quot;operating system&quot; which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls.

The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required.

The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and  composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied.

The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds).
must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. 
For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says &quot;interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer.&quot; so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data.

The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out).

openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface

To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits.


Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons.
This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP.
Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting.

As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there.

struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi.  AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol.

&lt;pre&gt;
redmask: 0x0000F800
greenmask: 0x000007E0
bluemask: 0x0000001F
alphamask: 0

redshift: 16
greenshift: 21
blueshift: 27
alphashift: 0
&lt;/pre&gt;

It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE

This stuff is a bit confusing.  The &quot;names&quot; of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory,
ignoring endianess. So for example:

ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines.

The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending
on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and
stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/).

With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine
to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag.
(RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to
be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG).

The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31).

The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered,
the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt-&gt;stdpixfmt) already in the system,
and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one.

In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the
gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use
HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt
tag list based on that.
15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5
(or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped).
 aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count.
But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses
in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc.

Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you
are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be.

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B.

read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment .
 
Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening.

The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red.


 Kickstart 

The  idea  is  to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's  life  easier.  So,  the kickstart was split into 'base' (which  does  not  contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This  way,  for  example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and  make  CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's.

Next  there  was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are   filesystems.  Hosted  ports  do  not need them to boot up, so on hosted   they  are  left  out.  At  the  other  hand,  they  are  also architecture-agnostic.  So  i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem').


 USB 

Poseidon  is  one  more  big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run  on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is  hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard).

AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code.  Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running.  Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong.

Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side.  Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode &amp; switching modes once it's up and running.

Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup.

* Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. 
* Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub.

Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components.

Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the &quot;virtual&quot; root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals.


The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”).

There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg].

The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code.

The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port).

Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider....

* Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile
* Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) )
* Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start.

the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB.

Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. 

After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. 

The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have &quot;prefixed&quot; it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. 


Trident saw this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

and this:

    Product     : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 255
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 1
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 60416
    DevVers   : 0200

and even this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;)

So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. 

[http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio]


 Audio 

The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. 

The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI.  HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface.

Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. 

[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] 

The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality

the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures

Analogue audio

Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 &amp; 1.4


 Ethernet 

10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket


 GPIO 

GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins)

Probably a resource rather than a device...

Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p


 GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration 

Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... 


 Miscellanous

hdmi issues

Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there.

You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal.

If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to &quot;set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode

Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options.

Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA.
If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost

composite video

changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box

Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't?

Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat  What's the result?

Put back config.txt What's the result?

for PAL mode   sdtv_mode=2

dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached
hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected

&lt;pre&gt;
# NOOBS Auto-generated Settings:
#hdmi_force_hotplug=1
#config_hdmi_boost=4
#overscan_left=24
#overscan_right=24
#overscan_top=16
#overscan_bottom=16
#disable_overscan=0
start_x=1
gpu_mem=128
&lt;/pre&gt;

tvservice -c &quot;PAL 4:3&quot;

&lt;pre&gt;
/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s   or tvservice -s 
state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA
Group CEA has 1 modes:
(native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT
Group DMT has 0 modes:
&lt;/pre&gt;

sudo amixer cset numid=3 1

forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in

config.txt

the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says

There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others.

What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground.


The wiring for the 4 pole are:

TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH)

RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW

Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way.

Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug.

Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one.


External devices

* Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&amp;nbsp;nm, peak at 880&amp;nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths 
* Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - 
* Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle

N.B.  dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles.  It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board.  the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. 
The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible.  currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219.  The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd  be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. 
Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board.


== References ==


===Good sites to visit===

*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] 
*[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] 
*[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] 


Linux only
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] 
*[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] 
*[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore]
*[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] 
*[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] 


*[ FydeOS]
*[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] 
*[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] 


*[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] 
*[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] 
*[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] 
*[ retropie pi1 and 2] 


Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS 
*[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] 
*[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4]
*[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] 
*[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] 
*[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] 
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] 
*[ HaikuOS]
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] 
*[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot]

*[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] 


Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc 

[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] 

*Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested 
*Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested 
*Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested
*Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested 
*[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 
*Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested 
*Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested 
*Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested 
*Box  Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested 
*Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested 


*[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux]
*[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - 
*Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested 
*Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested 


*Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested 
*Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested 
*Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested 
*[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] 
*Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested 
*[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted 
*Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? 


CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 
*Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' 
*Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested 
*Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob 


*[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested 
*[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested 


*[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed 
*[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3&quot; HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, 
*[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS 
*[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor 
*[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 


&lt;pre&gt;
2008 Trustees collected for Foundation
2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 
2010 
2011 First Raspberry prototypes 
2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835
2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 
2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 
2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 
2013 Over two million sold 
2014 Over three million sold 
2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 
2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 
2015 Over four million first gen pis sold  
2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 
2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 
2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 
2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 
2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 

2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 
2015 Over a million pi2s sold 


2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 
2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 
2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 
2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 
     1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 
2017 12 million pis sold in total 
2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 
2019 Over 15 million sold 
2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 
2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 
     1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 
2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 
2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge
 

2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 
2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 
2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 
2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board 
     CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM 
     CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite 
     CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite 
     CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules 
     CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc 
     CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite 
     CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc
2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - 
     CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite
     CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash
     CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite
     CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite
     CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 
2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 
2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 


2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 
2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 
2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 
2024 Pi 5 v1.1 
2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board 
     CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
     CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
     CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 
2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 


2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 
2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 


2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom  
2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 
2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 
2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 
2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 
2026 
2027 


2028 Pi 6 
&lt;/pre&gt;


The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. 
vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. 
VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. 

Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] 

A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. 

The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called &quot;the firmware&quot;. Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. 


Doubtful, on any [https://www.web3d.org/ Web3d] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebGL_API WebGL] or [https://github.com/immersive-web/webxr WebXR] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebXR_Device_API Device API] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XRInputSource XRInputSource] support. Hopefully, never/limited support features like location, peer-to-peer, invasive web apps, unwarranted storage, payments, proprietary video streaming etc 

*spreadsheet [https://git.sheetjs.com/sheetjs/sheetjs sheetjs] [https://github.com/mleibman/SlickGrid SlickGrid] [https://github.com/6pac/SlickGrid SlickGrid] [https://github.com/jspreadsheet/ce jspreadsheet ce] [https://github.com/dream-num/Luckysheet Luckysheet] [https://github.com/ruilisi/fortune-sheet fortune-sheet] [https://github.com/dream-num/univer/ univer]  probably without xlsx support 
*presentations [https://github.com/impress/impress.js/ impress.js simplified] [https://github.com/bwlewis/slides slides] [https://zenomt.github.io/mdslides/ github markdown slides] [https://github.com/Patternslib/slides Patternslib slides markdown] probably without pptx support 
*weather [https://github.com/kaushalsahu07/weather weather], [https://github.com/Himanshu3412/Weather-Forecast Weather Forecast],  


==Future==


[https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] 


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[[#Native]]

[[#Hosted]]

[[#Build]]

[[#Hardware]]

[[#References]]

[[#Future]]


==Introduction==


[[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]]

Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 512Mb+ RAM 


Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. 
*With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb.
*With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c 
*With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c 


* Pi500+ keyboard wedge - working 
* Pi500 wedge with up to date bootloader via PiOS - working 
* Pi 5  - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 &quot;southbridge&quot; with VideoCore 7 D0 (rev1.1) - untested 
* Pi 5  - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 &quot;southbridge&quot; with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 C1 (Rev1.0) - untested 
* Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - 
* Pi 4  - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 
* Pi 3  - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with '''fan''' to prevent overheating cpu 82C+ throttling 
* Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - boots but [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], 


* Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible 
* Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible 
* Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible 


===Native===

* 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work
* 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb
* 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi]  
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] 
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5]
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM]


====64bit====

'''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://pi.amiga.icu/ Repository]

[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] which is a test beta limited apps version with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD or SSD as appropriate. 

64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely (once fault found, FAT 0x0FFFFFF7 bad cluster so no files written after that, no repair). Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2138&amp;pid=15057#post_15057 Aros forum thread], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewforum.php?f=179 Raspberry Pi Aros Dev and User forums], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 previous Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] 

Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 

Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested 

Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card 

Speed write wise (top faster) 
&lt;pre&gt;
*NVME Pi5 untested    &gt;1000MB/sec  or faster if matched correctly 
*Sata3 ssd              500MB/sec
*SD        V90           90MB/sec  4K maybe 8K 
*SD        V60           60MB/sec  1080p 
*SD     U3 V30           30MB/sec  720p 
*SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2     10MB/sec  minimum should be used now 
*SD C06                   6MB/sec  
*SD C04                   4MB/sec 
&lt;/pre&gt;


As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -&gt; View -&gt; All files

Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. 

Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc 


Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. 
Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop 

In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works 

For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage 

If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. 


Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually 

Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++  or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice 


For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off
*if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again 
*...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect 
Until, Connected to &lt;router&gt; - 192.168.x.x 


For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is 
*lan9514  Pi3b Pi2 not supported at the moment 
*lan7515  Pi3b+ type into Device  usblan78xx.device as net0:  remove other device(s) 
*bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device 
*         Pi5 Pi500 Pi500+ RP1 i/o 
 (network prefs may forget random information when rebooted) 


Summary
&lt;pre&gt;
*3b    ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works 
*3b+   wifi working and ethernet works 
*4     untested 
*400   wifi and ethernet untested 
*5     wifi and ethernet untested
*500   wifi and ethernet untested
*500+  wifi works 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Type in 'aarch64' in the [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=search&amp;tool=simple search box] and you will see available software packages / apps. apkg can be used to inspect and install applications. 

[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&amp;page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load or resolve (no JIT) and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. 

Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189 (1.29), 300 (1.31), 311 (1.33) out of 555, some bigger Amiga like browsers are around 370+ but it does less better. 

You may have to delete the cache (Menu -&gt; Page -&gt; Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates or free up space. 
Be aware [https://pianetaamiga.it/en/reportage-pianeta-amiga-2026/ some site pages] can use up hundreds of MBs of cache very quickly 

 DNS lookup failed...  close browser and reboot and setup wifi again - repeat until it works again 

 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded -  Settings -&gt; Soundoutput - AHI 
Usually restricted to lower resolutions due to [https://docs.invidious.io/faq/#q-where-are-the-360p480p1080p-quality-options bandwidth]. You can always [https://docs.invidious.io/installation/#install-the-dependencies self host] for better 

Telegram https://t.me/s/channel_name for public messages from vamped_amiga chatamigagames demoscenecracktros 

*art local js apps like dpaint.js 


There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] 

*Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W 
*Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd  Pi3B+, Pi4 
*Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd  Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 

&lt;pre&gt;
*bthid    keyboard mouse support 
*btserial serial 
*btpan    short range wireless connecting devices 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use ntp services time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://github.com/bohunamiga/PiNTP PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use date in a shell e.g.  date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59  but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc with dtoverlay=i2c-rtc,ds3231 in config.txt] 


It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. 

USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process 
*usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w 
*[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+]. Alternative of [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox]. 

Will need developer clang gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], 


Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered 
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones
*[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games 
*[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] 
*[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] 


[https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] 

Some exceptions:

*Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used
*The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V
*For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15).

With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented.

Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi.

In the shell (Cntrl + C to end) 

 GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K

Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' 

*PIN   -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12).
*SET   -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH).
*GET   -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1).
*MODE  -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate).
*PULL  -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN.

EXAMPLES
&lt;pre&gt;
GPIO 12 MODE OUT
GPIO 12 SET 1
GPIO 12 GET
GPIO 13 PULL UP
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] 


Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&amp;pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] 


Youtube 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&amp;pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], 


[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&amp;t=612s&amp;pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Pi
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 2D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 2D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 3D 
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Pi--&gt;Pi3 
| &lt;!--Single Core 2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Single Core 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Single Core 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


==== 32bit ====

For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD 


===Hosted===


AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&amp;pid=13910#post_13910 here] 


[http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] 


==== Hosted ====

=====64bit=====

[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&amp;rowstart=80&amp;pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] 

[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], 

[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&amp;rowstart=80 From the Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] 
Instructions on building 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS and cross-compiler from sources.

You will need:
- Ubuntu 24.04 or 26.04
- qemu-system-aarch64 installed
- Internet connection
- rpi-scripts.tar.gz downloaded (https://axrt.org/download/aros/rpi/rpi-scripts.tar.gz)

1) Install prerequisites:

sudo apt install git gcc g++ make gawk bison flex bzip2 netpbm autoconf automake libc6-dev liblzo2-dev libpng-dev gcc-multilib byacc python3-mako cmake yasm curl nasm

2) Clone sources

cd &lt;project-directory&gt;
git clone https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS.git --recurse-submodules

3) Extract rpi-scripts.tar.gz. Copy all files into your project directory so that you have:

AROS (the directory with cloned sources)
fix-dotdot.py
rebuild.sh
recreate-sdcard.sh
run-qemu.sh
update-sdcard.sh

4) Run ./rebuild.sh. Select option 1) toolchain-core-aarch64

This will execute process of building a cross-compiler. During this process packages will be downloaded from Internet. This process can take up to 2 hours. If there are some missing dependencies, install them with 'sudo apt install' and restart this step.

5) Run ./rebuild.sh again. Select option 2) core-raspi-aarch64

This will build system files for 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS. This process can take around an hour.

6) Run ./recreate-sdcard.sh

This will create an sdcard.img file with contents of previous step.

7) Run ./run-qemu.sh

This will start QEMU with SD card image and ROM images. It will boot into AROS.


=====32bit=====

Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013]

 ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf  --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib

arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux)

*armel - many of the &quot;android&quot; machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. 
*armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP)

Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI.

Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets.

*needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target 
*as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes.

with—disable-crosstools  $AROS_CC  is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC  ?  If  so,  this  is  wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. 
Yes,  Android  port  will  build.  And  even  work. But it's not good because  the  port  will  not  be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example:

&lt;pre&gt;
enum test {foo, bar};
enum test testvar;
&lt;/pre&gt;

sizeof(testvar)  will  be  equal  to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS)  and  sizeof(short)  on  Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example.

Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts.

Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS.

compiler=kernel  is  appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or  barebone  hardware,  if  we  talk  about  native).  This includes bootstraps,  their  linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations.

No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows,  Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work.

If  you  want  to  compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append  the  following  to  USER_INCLUDES  (or  USER_CFLAGS,  this  is effectively the same):

 -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

$(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to:

 -isystem  &lt;your_os_includes&gt;  -isystem  &lt;host_OS_gcc_private_includes&gt;
 -nostdinc

This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs.

If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH).

Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one.

Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types.

Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but &quot;./configure --target=raspi-armhf&quot; is enough to start, then &quot;make arosboot-raspi&quot; will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc).  It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output.

*armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, 
*armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise,

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armel' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
 ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \
             --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
    ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \
                --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is:

 make


==Build==

===64bit===


===32bit===


# download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/
# make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports
# make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf
# cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -:

&lt;pre&gt;
&gt;cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf
&gt;/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports
&gt;make
&gt;make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it.

You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi.

The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows ..
&lt;pre&gt;
./configure --target=raspi-armhf
make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder.

NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first

arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console &quot;emulation&quot; via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library

arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS.

The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom).

the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO)


Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM

Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device.
Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error:

&lt;pre&gt;
    Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic
    configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x
    checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no
    checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no
    checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu
    checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
    checking whether build environment is sane... yes
    checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip
    checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p
    checking for gawk... no
    checking for mawk... mawk
    checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
    checking whether make supports nested variables... yes
    checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc
    checking whether the C compiler works... no
    configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic':
    configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables
    See config.log' for more details
    make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77
    [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512
    [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory
    make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10
    make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2
&lt;/pre&gt;


looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic

found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi
so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick
and the missing lib was built.

now the next stop is at
fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory
and
fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory
in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed?

fixed with adding
-I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
to where is missing on mmakefiles like
USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles.


Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again.

My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a &quot;template&quot; to compare to native compilation under arm linux.


Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild).
The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC.

For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script.

Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config&quot; and do make on &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build&quot; dir.

Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh


Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there:

#MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm

Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this.

Try adding this line (and the variant &quot;linklibs-armhf&quot; instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do &quot;linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick&quot;.
Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile

To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case.

With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with
&quot;cannot find -laeabi &quot; so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok.


== Hardware ==

===64bit===


====BCM2712====

With the Pi5 

Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. 

*Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board 
*Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe
*Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 
*Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 
*Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme
*GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2
*


*2024 RPI AI HAT    - Hailo  20TOPs  no LLMs 
*2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo  40TOPs  slightly better? 


[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi]
*Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor
*Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor
*Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels


====BCM2711====

With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 

the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c 

*2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues 
*2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design 
*Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE 

*[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different 
The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles.
The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same.

Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes.
Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation)
With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register.

the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions 

the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of &quot;one read port, one write port&quot; to one &quot;two read ports, one write port&quot; block)

The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. 
*vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers.
*vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread.
*vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads.

With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible 

The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer)

A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver.

Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats.

h264/x264 as Pi3 

All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 

H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1
HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates 

Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs
If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised 

Possible maximum performance 
&lt;pre&gt;
VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s
VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s
VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s
&lt;/pre&gt;

Faster LPDDR4 memory.


====BCM2837==== 

With the Pi3 
* Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&amp;nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] 

The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. 

Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help 


ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. 


===32bit===

=== Core Kernel ===


====BCM2708(family)====
which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&amp;nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM)

*Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox 
*IRQ scheduler, etc 
*Arasan based SD Card controller 
*Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&amp;catid=45:raspberry-pi&amp;Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf],  [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], 
*[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip 
*CMOS RAM 
*VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc 
*Audio Driver 
*Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) 
*[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers]
*I2S 
*Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) 
*[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO]

BCM2836 
* For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board

*[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features],


 Implemented so far... 

# Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target.
# Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display.
# Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function.
# Implemented serial debug support
# Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc)
# Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers.
# Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer.
# Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media.
# Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The &quot;rom&quot; image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot.
# Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else.
# fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi ..


Improvements...

# Implement a USB chipset driver &quot;OR&quot; finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the &quot;virtual&quot; hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) 
# Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) 
# Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI]
# fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code
# Graphics depend on having a decent &quot;bcmdma.resource&quot; implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for &quot;blitting&quot;. 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver  - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 
# The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate.


 Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards 

On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition.

The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks

*On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf 
*The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it
*configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU
*reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings)
*loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition
*activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image

The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU.

RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named &quot;kernel.img&quot; at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem)

Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf.

You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling.

At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
?          - alias for 'help'
mtest      - simple RAM test
autoscr    - run script from memory
base       - print or set address offset
bbm        - BBM sub-system
bdinfo     - print Board Info structure
boot       - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootd      - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootm      - boot application image from memory
bootp      - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol
cmp        - memory compare
coninfo    - print console devices and information
cp         - memory copy
crc32      - checksum calculation
echo       - echo args to console
fatinfo    - print information about filesystem
fatload    - load binary file from a dos filesystem
fatls      - list files in a directory (default /)
go         - start application at address 'addr'
help       - print online help
iminfo     - print header information for application image
itest      - return true/false on integer compare
jade       -
loadb      - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode)
loads      - load S-Record file over serial line
loady      - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode)
loop       - infinite loop on address range
md         - memory display
mm         - memory modify (auto-incrementing)
mtest      - simple RAM test
mw         - memory write (fill)
nfs        - boot image via network using NFS protocol
nm         - memory modify (constant address)
pci        - list and access PCI Configuration Space
ping       - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host
printenv   - print environment variables
rarpboot   - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol
reset      - Perform RESET of the CPU
run        - run commands in an environment variable
saveenv    - save environment variables to persistent storage
saves      - save S-Record file over serial line
setenv     - set environment variables
sleep      - delay execution for some time
tftpboot   - boot image via network using TFTP protocol
USB        - USB sub-system
usbboot    - boot from USB device
version    - print monitor version
&lt;/pre&gt;


And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way...  u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot.

Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1,

the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for
hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS  routed  only  raw  hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt.  1:1 relationship between CPU  and hardware interrupts is present only on PC.

IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class.  PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant  to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain &quot;Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means&quot;. They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system.

Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No.  A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was &quot;abstract timer interrupt&quot;, used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea.

Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work?
 
Poseidon.library creates its &quot;Poseidon Event Task&quot; during RTF_COLDSTART -&gt; then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example.

You miss what happens next...
 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch().
 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible:
 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run.
 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list.

My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop.

There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures.

The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table.

The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :)

Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this:

        movw r0, #:lower16:label

        movt   r0, #:upper16:label

In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations.

There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to &quot;fake&quot; executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need.

Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. 


 GPU 

VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU.   Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute.

The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API.   The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf).   That's also the bad news.  Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much.  It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly.

The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated.   It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later.

Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC.  If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected.
 
have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled.

If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work.

L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled.

Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics.
 Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever.
 I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp).

    #warning &quot;TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory&quot;
        /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */
        for(x = 0; x &lt; 4096; x ++)
        {
            pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04);
        }

Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages?

Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device).

You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached)

    So ..
     
     pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | 2;

     
    should be enough?

No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80'

tell dosboot the correct defaults to use

Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead,  display  drivers  should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=&gt;instantiate itself. This   should   make  things way simpler. With this approach you only need  to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. 
Currently  VESA  and  VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it.

they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context).

AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM
marked as chip.

BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code?

Also, IIRC we have support for &quot;external memory allocators&quot;. Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox.

All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats.

trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET).
Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units.
The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ.

Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port?
It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port.  You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource.

You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs.

So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work.

Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this.

That should have done it.

If you set &quot;#define DEBUG 1&quot; in  arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output?

have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display?

Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting?
The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot

Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm.
 
To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen.
 
Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks).
 
have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress..

was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression.
Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. 
it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks.

Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. 
It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right)

The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place.  If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur.  I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian.  It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary.  They were both little-endian.
The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode).

 
What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest?

Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems?
You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it.
So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -&gt; so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer &quot;bitmap object&quot; myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback.  In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) 

So far have -:

vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well
vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object.
vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise
vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer,

vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. 

RasPi has to speak to the &quot;operating system&quot; which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls.

The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required.

The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and  composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied.

The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds).
must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. 
For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says &quot;interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer.&quot; so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data.

The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out).

openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface

To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits.


Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons.
This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP.
Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting.

As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there.

struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi.  AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol.

&lt;pre&gt;
redmask: 0x0000F800
greenmask: 0x000007E0
bluemask: 0x0000001F
alphamask: 0

redshift: 16
greenshift: 21
blueshift: 27
alphashift: 0
&lt;/pre&gt;

It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE

This stuff is a bit confusing.  The &quot;names&quot; of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory,
ignoring endianess. So for example:

ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines.

The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending
on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and
stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/).

With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine
to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag.
(RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to
be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG).

The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31).

The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered,
the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt-&gt;stdpixfmt) already in the system,
and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one.

In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the
gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use
HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt
tag list based on that.
15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5
(or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped).
 aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count.
But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses
in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc.

Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you
are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be.

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B.

read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment .
 
Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening.

The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red.


 Kickstart 

The  idea  is  to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's  life  easier.  So,  the kickstart was split into 'base' (which  does  not  contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This  way,  for  example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and  make  CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's.

Next  there  was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are   filesystems.  Hosted  ports  do  not need them to boot up, so on hosted   they  are  left  out.  At  the  other  hand,  they  are  also architecture-agnostic.  So  i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem').


 USB 

Poseidon  is  one  more  big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run  on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is  hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard).

AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code.  Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running.  Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong.

Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side.  Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode &amp; switching modes once it's up and running.

Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup.

* Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. 
* Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub.

Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components.

Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the &quot;virtual&quot; root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals.


The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”).

There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg].

The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code.

The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port).

Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider....

* Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile
* Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) )
* Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start.

the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB.

Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. 

After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. 

The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have &quot;prefixed&quot; it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. 


Trident saw this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

and this:

    Product     : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 255
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 1
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 60416
    DevVers   : 0200

and even this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;)

So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. 

[http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio]


 Audio 

The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. 

The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI.  HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface.

Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. 

[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] 

The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality

the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures

Analogue audio

Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 &amp; 1.4


 Ethernet 

10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket


 GPIO 

GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins)

Probably a resource rather than a device...

Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p


 GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration 

Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... 


 Miscellanous

hdmi issues

Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there.

You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal.

If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to &quot;set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode

Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options.

Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA.
If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost

composite video

changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box

Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't?

Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat  What's the result?

Put back config.txt What's the result?

for PAL mode   sdtv_mode=2

dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached
hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected

&lt;pre&gt;
# NOOBS Auto-generated Settings:
#hdmi_force_hotplug=1
#config_hdmi_boost=4
#overscan_left=24
#overscan_right=24
#overscan_top=16
#overscan_bottom=16
#disable_overscan=0
start_x=1
gpu_mem=128
&lt;/pre&gt;

tvservice -c &quot;PAL 4:3&quot;

&lt;pre&gt;
/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s   or tvservice -s 
state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA
Group CEA has 1 modes:
(native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT
Group DMT has 0 modes:
&lt;/pre&gt;

sudo amixer cset numid=3 1

forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in

config.txt

the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says

There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others.

What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground.


The wiring for the 4 pole are:

TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH)

RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW

Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way.

Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug.

Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one.


External devices

* Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&amp;nbsp;nm, peak at 880&amp;nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths 
* Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - 
* Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle

N.B.  dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles.  It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board.  the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. 
The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible.  currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219.  The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd  be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. 
Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board.


== References ==


===Good sites to visit===

*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] 
*[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] 
*[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] 


Linux only
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] 
*[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] 
*[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore]
*[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] 
*[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] 


*[ FydeOS]
*[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] 
*[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] 


*[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] 
*[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] 
*[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] 
*[ retropie pi1 and 2] 


Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS 
*[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] 
*[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4]
*[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] 
*[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] 
*[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] 
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] 
*[ HaikuOS]
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] 
*[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot]

*[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] 


Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc 

[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] 

*Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested 
*Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested 
*Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested
*Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested 
*[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 
*Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested 
*Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested 
*Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested 
*Box  Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested 
*Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested 


*[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux]
*[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - 
*Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested 
*Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested 


*Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested 
*Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested 
*Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested 
*[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] 
*Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested 
*[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted 
*Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? 


CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 
*Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' 
*Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested 
*Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob 


*[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested 
*[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested 


*[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed 
*[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3&quot; HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, 
*[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS 
*[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor 
*[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 


&lt;pre&gt;
2008 Trustees collected for Foundation
2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 
2010 
2011 First Raspberry prototypes 
2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835
2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 
2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 
2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 
2013 Over two million sold 
2014 Over three million sold 
2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 
2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 
2015 Over four million first gen pis sold  
2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 
2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 
2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 
2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 
2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 

2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 
2015 Over a million pi2s sold 


2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 
2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 
2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 
2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 
     1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 
2017 12 million pis sold in total 
2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 
2019 Over 15 million sold 
2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 
2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 
     1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 
2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 
2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge
 

2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 
2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 
2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 
2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board 
     CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM 
     CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite 
     CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite 
     CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules 
     CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc 
     CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite 
     CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc
2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - 
     CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite
     CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash
     CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite
     CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite
     CM4S04016 4GB RAM 16Gb KLMAG1JETD-B041 
     CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 
2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 
2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 


2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 
2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 
2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 
2024 Pi 5 v1.1 
2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board 
     CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
     CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
     CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 
2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 


2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 
2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 


2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom  
2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 
2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 
2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 
2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 
2026 
2027 


2028 Pi 6 
&lt;/pre&gt;


The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. 
vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. 
VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. 

Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] 

A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. 

The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called &quot;the firmware&quot;. Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. 


Doubtful, on any [https://www.web3d.org/ Web3d] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebGL_API WebGL] or [https://github.com/immersive-web/webxr WebXR] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebXR_Device_API Device API] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XRInputSource XRInputSource] support. Hopefully, never/limited support features like location, peer-to-peer, invasive web apps, unwarranted storage, payments, proprietary video streaming etc 

*spreadsheet [https://git.sheetjs.com/sheetjs/sheetjs sheetjs] [https://github.com/mleibman/SlickGrid SlickGrid] [https://github.com/6pac/SlickGrid SlickGrid] [https://github.com/jspreadsheet/ce jspreadsheet ce] [https://github.com/dream-num/Luckysheet Luckysheet] [https://github.com/ruilisi/fortune-sheet fortune-sheet] [https://github.com/dream-num/univer/ univer]  probably without xlsx support 
*presentations [https://github.com/impress/impress.js/ impress.js simplified] [https://github.com/bwlewis/slides slides] [https://zenomt.github.io/mdslides/ github markdown slides] [https://github.com/Patternslib/slides Patternslib slides markdown] probably without pptx support 
*weather [https://github.com/kaushalsahu07/weather weather], [https://github.com/Himanshu3412/Weather-Forecast Weather Forecast],  


==Future==


[https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] 


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  <page>
    <title>Exercise as it relates to Disease/Physical Activity intervention as a treatment for Osteoarthritis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>294115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675674</id>
      <parentid>4099637</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T10:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
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      <text bytes="11059" sha1="2qx0s6f93x94pxvrocgvcghrw3bgnrw" xml:space="preserve">== What is Osteoarthritis ==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis ''Osteoarthritis''] (OA) is the most common chronic arthritis often referred to as 'wear and tear arthritis' due to it's progressive degenerative nature.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marieb&quot;&gt;Marieb, E.N. &amp; Hoehn, K 2007, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7th edn, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.&lt;/ref&gt;  OA can be viewed as the clinical and pathological outcome of a range of disorders that result in structural and functional failure of synovial joints with loss and erosion of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articular_cartilage#Articular_cartilage''articular cartilage''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subchondral_bone ''Subchondal bone''] alteration, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)''Meniscal''] degeneration, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_joint ''synovial''] inflammatory response and cartilage overgrowth ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteophyte ''osterphytes'']).&lt;ref&gt;Nuki, G., 1999. Osteoarthritis: a problem of joint failure. Z Rheum. pp 142-147.&lt;/ref&gt;  The predominant symptoms are pain, a decreased [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_of_motion ''joint range of motion''] (ROM) and stiffness, periarticular muscle weakness and atropty, joint effusion and swelling, and physical disability.&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;&gt;Valderrabano, V. &amp; Steiger, C. 2011. Journal of Aging Research, Treatment and prevention of osteoarthritis through exercise and sports. doi:10.4061/2011/374653&lt;/ref&gt;  OA can occur in any synovial joint in the body but is most common in the knees, hips and hands.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;&gt;Hunter, D. J. &amp; Eckstein, F. (2009). Exercise and osteoarthritis. Journal of Anatomy. 214(2):197-207. Sited: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2667877/?tool=pmcentrez&lt;/ref&gt;  There is currently no cure for OA and treatment modalities have focused on pain relief and preservation of joint function.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane&quot;&gt;Brosseau, L., MacLeay, L., Welch, V., Tugwell, P. &amp; Wells G.A. 2010. The Cochrane Collaboration,Intensity of exercise for the treatment of osteoarthritis&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Causes ====
OA occurs when the dynamic equalibrum between the breakdown and repair of joint tissues falls out of balanced.&lt;ref&gt;Eyre,DR. 2004. Collagen and cartilage homeostasis. pp 118-122&lt;/ref&gt;  The major risk factors that contribute to the cause of OA are obesity, genetic inheritance,&lt;ref&gt;Felson, D.T., Goggins, J., Niu, J., Zhang, Y. &amp;Hunter, D.J. 2004. The effect of body weight on progression of knee osteoarthritis is dependant on alignment. Arthritis Rheum. pp 3904-3909.&lt;/ref&gt; physical inactivity, joint trauma and injury (Mostly mechanical stresses&lt;ref name=&quot;Marieb&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brandt, Kenneth D.; Dieppe, Paul; Radin, Eric (2009). &quot;Etiopathogenesis of Osteoarthritis&quot;. Medical Clinics of North America 93 (1): 1–24, xv. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2008.08.009. {{PMID|19059018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;), repetitive joint use (wear and tear) and joint misalignment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Australian&quot;&gt;Australian Government, 2010. The Department of Health: Osteoarthritis.&lt;/ref&gt;  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity ''Overweight and obese''] individuals have an increased risk of developing OA, especially in weight-bearing joints like the knees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Australian&quot;/&gt;  Increased wight puts more pressure on joints causing cartilage to deteriorate faster than usual.&lt;ref name=&quot;Australian&quot;/&gt; Jobs involving repetitious physical activity, overworking the joints and the fatiguing of muscles that protect joints tent to increase the risk of OA in the joints used.&lt;ref name=&quot;Australian&quot;/&gt;

==== Prevalence ====
Over 1.6 million&lt;ref&gt;2007-08 National health survey: summary of results report by the ABS, may 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Australians are estimated to have been diagnosed with osteoarthritis, with the condition being more common among women than men.&lt;ref name=&quot;Australian&quot;/&gt;  OA is more prevalent with increasing age, with the average onset being 45 years.&lt;ref&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2001. Prevalence of disabilities and associated health conditions among adults - United States&lt;/ref&gt;  OA is the leading cause of disability in older people with around 6% of adults ages over 30 years&lt;ref&gt;Hunter, D. &amp; Felson, D. 2006. Osteoarthritis . British Medical Journal. pp 332:639-642.&lt;/ref&gt; and 13% of persons ages 60 and over&lt;ref&gt;Lawerence, R.C., Helmick CG, Arnett F.C., et al. 1998. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. pp 41:778-779.&lt;/ref&gt; have frequent knee pain and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiographic ''radiographic''] OA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;  The prevalence of OA is expected to increase as the population ages and the prevalence of obesity rises.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;  By 2020 it is expected that the number of people with OA may have doubled.&lt;ref&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1994. Arthritis prevalence and activity limitations - United States.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Badley, E. &amp; DesMeules M. 2003. Arthritis in Canada: an Ongoing Challenge. Ottawa: Health Canada&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical Activity as a Treatment ==
Physical activity (exercise) may be the most effective, malleable and inexpensive modality available to achieve optimal outcomes for people with osteoarthritis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marian&quot;&gt;Marian, A.M, 1999. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, Exercise in the treatment of osteoarthritis, vol. 25, pp 397-415.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BJSM&quot;&gt;Petrella, R.J. 20000. BJSM, Is exercise effective tratment for osterarthritis of the knee? doi: 10.1136/bjsm.34.5.326&lt;/ref&gt;  Physical activity has proved to be integral in achieving therapeutic goals, improving general health, reducing secondary disability,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marian&quot;/&gt; facilitating weight loss, preserving joint range of movement, improve strength, improve functional performance and reducing symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;  Physical and occupational therapists and doctors prescribe exercise to reduce pain, impairments and improve function.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marian&quot;/&gt; Although further research is needed to investigate and identify the optimal frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise intervention,&lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane&quot;/&gt; research has shown that resistance (strength) and aerobic (cardiovascular)exercise provides benefit to those who suffer OA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane&quot;/&gt;  Implementing both modes of training will help to improve symptoms and reduce comorbidities. The positive changes made with physical activity do not persist if the program is discontinued, thus, the motivation of the patient to start and continuously practice exercise is vitally important.&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;/&gt;  As a basic guide to physical activity, patients should follow the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Activity_Guidelines ''National Physical Activity Guidelines''].

====[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training ''Resistance Training''] ====
Resistance training improves muscle strength and self-reported measures of pain and physical functioning.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lange&quot;&gt;Lange, A.K., Vanwanseele, B. &amp; Fiatarone sigh, M.A. 2008. Strength training for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review, vol 59, pp 1488-1494. doi: 1-.1002/art.24118.&lt;/ref&gt;  Resistance training interventions could take the form of resistance machines, free weights, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_exercise ''isometric''] exercise and other devices such as resistance bands or a combination of methods.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lange&quot;/&gt;  Studies have shown a relationship between weaker [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriceps ''quadriceps''] and an increased risk of developing OA, particularly in women, so strength training may be able to prevent and/or help manage knee OA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bennell, Hinman, K. &amp; Rana 2005. Exercise as a treatment for osteoarthritis. Current opinion in rheumatology, vol 17(5), pp 634-640.&lt;/ref&gt;  Recent studies support the assumption that muscle weakness and atrophy contribute to the disease process&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;/&gt; therefore resistance training should be performed on a regular basis in order to counteract these problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;/&gt;  Low and high intensity resistance training leads to reduced pain and increased functioning, high resistance training yields higher functional performance and greater reduction of pain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;/&gt;  Low and high resistance training with or without weight bearing has been shown to have beneficial effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;/&gt;

==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise ''Aerobic Training''] ====
Aerobic (Cardiovascular) exercise both high and low intensity is beneficial to patients with OA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;/&gt;  Aerobic exercise decreases pain, increases muscle function,&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;/&gt; increase aerobic capacity, decrease depression and anxiety, decrease fatigue and increase muscular strength and flexibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane&quot;/&gt;  Aquatic based aerobic exercise has been shown to be less efficient in reducing pain and improving muscle function than land based exercise,&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;/&gt; however, in cases of severe pain and/or obese patients, an initial period of water-based aerobic exercise is helpful ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy ''Buoyancy''] creates a low-impact environment) the aquatic environment provides a workout without joint loading, which is beneficial as further pain and weight-related joint destruction is avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;/&gt;

==== Recommendations and Considerations ====
It is recommended to participate in physical activity as a treatment for OA,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt; However certain precautions should be taken to ensure safe progression though any exercise programs.
*Participate in physical activity at least 3 times per week following national physical activity guidelines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;
*Supervised exercise over non-supervised or at home.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;
*Physical activity must be specific and individualized to the person training, there is no one template to follow for the treatment of OA when physical activity is used as an intervention.
*Pre-exercise medical screening including medical clearance from a Doctor or GP as well as ongoing communication.
*Take into consideration any co-morbidities a person may have and progress accordingly.
*Ensure exercise does not elicit too great of a pain response.
*The use of heat creams or gels before exercise and icing of the affected area/s after exercise.
*The use of painkillers during the first weeks of an exercise program.&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor&quot;/&gt;
*Low impact exercise is recommended over high impact.

==== Further reading ====
* Arthritis Australia - http://www.arthritisaustralia.com.au/
* Arthritis Foundation - http://www.arthritis.org/
* Bupa Health Insurance Osteoarthritis - http://www.bupa.com.au/health-and-wellness/health-information/az-health-information/osteoarthritis
* Mayo Clinic - Osteoarthritis -  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/osteoarthritis/DS00019

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;
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      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/JHGFEKILHfirfk.el;rh;l|JHGFEKILHfirfk.el;rh;l]] ([[User talk:JHGFEKILHfirfk.el;rh;l|talk]]) to last version by Pi zero</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Automobile Repair/Flat tire</title>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>TomaszRz</username>
        <id>3628230</id>
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      <comment>Rewrite as a step-by-step procedure with safety points (gear not neutral, chock, loosen before jacking, star pattern, torque), space-saver limits, sealant kits</comment>
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      <text bytes="4122" sha1="eldsshth4c5n1wjnjcuupoims0eap73" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Tayar_Goodyear_pancit.jpg|right|frameless|290x290px|A flat tyre]]
A flat tyre is the roadside repair most drivers will face at some point. Changing a wheel is a half-hour job with the tools supplied in the car, provided the spare is inflated and the procedure is followed in the right order. Many newer cars carry no spare at all, only a sealant-and-compressor kit; check which you have before you need it.

== Before you need it ==
* Know where the spare, the jack and the wheel wrench are (usually under the boot/trunk floor, sometimes under the rear of the car or inside the engine bay on vans).
* Check the spare's pressure when you check the other tyres. A space-saver spare usually needs a higher pressure than the road tyres, often about 4.2 bar (60 psi); the figure is on its sidewall.
* If the wheels have locking nuts, keep the key in the car and know where it is.
* Keep a pair of gloves, a torch and a warning triangle with the jack.

== Procedure ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Step
!What to do
|-
|1
|Slow down gently and stop on firm, level ground as far from traffic as possible. Switch on the hazard lights, apply the parking brake, and put an automatic in '''Park''' or a manual in '''first or reverse gear''' (not neutral). Place the warning triangle behind the car. Get passengers out and away from the road.
|-
|2
|Chock the wheel diagonally opposite the flat one with a stone or a block if anything is available.
|-
|3
|Remove the wheel trim if there is one. With the wheel still on the ground, loosen each wheel nut about half a turn with the wrench, turning anticlockwise. Use body weight on the wrench rather than kicking it. Do not remove the nuts yet.
|-
|4
|Set the jack at the jacking point nearest the flat wheel. The points are marked on the sill or shown in the owner's manual; jacking anywhere else can crush the sill or let the car slip. Raise the car until the flat tyre is clear of the ground by a few centimetres.
|-
|5
|Remove the nuts, keeping them together where they cannot roll away, and lift the wheel off. Lay it flat under the sill as a safeguard in case the jack fails.
|-
|6
|Lift the spare onto the studs (or, on cars with bolts, hold the wheel against the hub and start one bolt by hand). Fit all the nuts by hand, then nip them up with the wrench, working in a star pattern (opposite nuts in turn) so the wheel seats evenly.
|-
|[[File:Spare_Tire_On_Car_(3580447792).jpg|frameless|Space-saver spare fitted]]&lt;br&gt;7
|Lower the car until the tyre carries its weight, then tighten the nuts firmly in the same star pattern. Lower the jack fully and remove it. Stow the flat wheel and the tools.
|-
|8
|Check the spare's pressure at the first opportunity and have the nuts tightened to the specified torque (typically 100 to 140 N·m on passenger cars) with a torque wrench. Re-check the torque after about 50 km.
|}

== Driving on a space-saver spare ==
A narrow temporary spare is marked with a speed limit, usually 80 km/h (50 mph), and is intended for the distance to a tyre shop, not for continued use. It changes the car's handling and braking, and on many four-wheel-drive cars it should go on a non-driven axle, or be used only for the shortest distance, because of the difference in rolling diameter; the owner's manual says which. Traction control and ABS may show a warning while the spare is fitted.

== Sealant kits ==
Cars without a spare carry a bottle of sealant and a 12-volt compressor. The sealant is injected through the valve, the tyre is inflated, and the car is driven a short distance to spread it. The kit will seal a small puncture in the tread but not a sidewall cut or a tyre that has come off the rim. A tyre repaired with sealant must be inspected and either repaired properly or replaced; tell the tyre shop that sealant has been used, as it has to be cleaned out and may make the pressure sensor unusable.

== When not to change the wheel yourself ==
On a motorway hard shoulder, on a slope, on soft ground, or at night in traffic, it is safer to wait behind the barrier and call for assistance than to work beside moving traffic.

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      <comment>delete - wrong project</comment>
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{{PAGENAME}}'''Motivational Interviewing: What is it and how can it be used?'''

Motivational Interviewing is a counseling method that works on enhancing a patient's in order to change their behaviour. Originally developed by Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph.D. and Professor William R Miller, Ph.D. It is a goal-oriented, client-centered counseling style that explores and resolves a patient's ambivalence. 

{{NAMESPACE}} How it can be used successfully:

First, there are 4 basic interaction skills.

1. Being able to ask open-ended questions
⇒Avoid asking questions that can answered with a &quot;yes&quot; or with a &quot;no&quot;

2. Ability to provide affirmations

3. Capacity for reflective listening

4. Ability to provide clients with summary statements

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="342" sha1="0ncrezld07vp91urk81b8eg021mj4ix" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Palliative Lung Guidelines'''&lt;/big&gt;

:see also: [[Radiation Oncology/NSCLC/Guidelines]]

*'''ASTRO'''
**'''2011''': {{PMID|25740118}} -- &quot;Palliative thoracic radiotherapy in lung cancer: An American Society for Radiation Oncology evidence-based clinical practice guideline.&quot; (Rodrigues G, Pract Radiat Oncol. 2011 Apr-Jun;1(2):60-71.)</text>
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    <title>Seed Factories/Preface</title>
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{{font/top|size=&quot;3&quot;|face=Georgia}}


&amp;emsp;Throughout history people have combined their labor with increasingly advanced tools.  This made work easier, provided a higher quality of life and improved safety and health.  The last two centuries have seen a gradual replacement of '''[[w:Manual_labour|Manual Labor]]''' with powered equipment.  More recently, technologies like automation, robotics, software, and artificial intelligence have enabled &quot;Smart Tools&quot;. These can replace much of the remaining labor.  Along with these advances, our civilization faces a number of current and future problems.  These include uneven development, a deteriorating environment, precarious economic situations. and &quot;techno-unemployment&quot; caused by smart tools.  

&amp;emsp;Despite these problems, most people would like a better life for themselves, their community, and the world.  The two volumes in this set are an attempt to (1) describe how we got to where we are and what the problems are, (2) how we can engineer solutions, and (3) some examples on using them to make life better.  Our main approach is based on systems designed for self-improvement.  We look at such systems, and their surrounding environment, over their full life cycle in order to avoid unwanted side-effects and causing new problems.  We think combining self-improvement and the systems approach can address the large-scale problems facing civilization, and allow us to reach our goals.

&amp;emsp;To make a difference, any solutions must be practical and achievable.  We intend to use the following core ideas to show that solutions can be both:

:* Resources and energy are abundant on Earth and in space.  
:* With enough knowledge and tools they can be used to build a better life.  
:* With planning this can be sustainable with minimal side effects.
:* Cooperation makes it affordable.  
:* Exponential self-improvement makes it scalable.
:* Smart tools can do most of the work and make it easier.
 

:'''Volume I: Seed Factories and Self-Improving Systems'''
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;This volume is mainly about improving life on Earth.  Chapter 1 starts by introducing some of the problems, and the systems engineering approach we will use to devise solutions.  Chapter 2 reviews the history of self-improvement in its various aspects like expansion, growth, and upgrades.  For most of history the changes were unconscious, and more recently conscious but unplanned.  At some point in our history we began planning projects, but did not give much thought to side effects and the problems they cause.  Today, the side effects of our growing civilization are becoming urgent problems.  So we must not only address unwanted effects in the future, but also try to undo some of the damage already caused.

&amp;emsp;Civilization is large and complex, so our solutions have to address both scale and complexity if they are to make a meaningful difference.  At the same time we don't want to cause new problems and side effects.  

&amp;emsp;For scaling we introduce the idea of a &quot;seed factory&quot;.  This is a production system designed to make more equipment for itself by a repeating process.  Current equipment is used to make parts for new equipment.  The current + new equipment then makes parts for the next new item in the series.  Like any factory it also makes useful end products.  One product for an expanded factory is more seed factories, giving it the potential to grow exponentially.  This can enable large-scale solutions. 

&amp;emsp;&quot;Systems engineering&quot; is a method developed in the 20th century to handle complex projects over their entire life cycle.  Both self-expanding factories and the parts of civilization it interacts with are complex, so using this method makes sense.  It considers the whole system, including all the inputs from and outputs to the outside world.  If done correctly, this identifies potential problems like resource depletion, waste products, and end-of-life disposal.  Such problems can then be dealt with ahead of time, during design.  We think combining the idea of seed factories with systems engineering can lead to a better life for ourselves and the wider community.  

&amp;emsp;Chapter 2 covers the development of the seed factory idea, its current status, and what additional work on it is needed.  Chapter 3 covers elements and ideas to include, the reasons for building such systems, and a reference architecture to structure their planning.  Chapter 4 covers the systems engineering and design process in some detail, from specifying needs and wants through construction and operation.  ['''NOTE:''' move sections on science &amp; engineering design from vol 2 since those apply to both volumes]  Every production system involves locations, equipment, inputs, and processes.  So we inventory what kinds are available, and speculate on new ones that might be useful in the future.

&amp;emsp;Chapters 5 through 8 present a series of examples of our combined approach.  They are in order of increasing scale and difficulty.  They are linked because an expanded factory grown from a seed can do more than make equipment for its own improvement.  When it is mature enough it can also (1) make equipment for additional seed factories to grow by making copies, and (2) make different and/or larger equipment for larger and more difficult projects.  It can therefore evolve itself into one of the later examples, or make a different starter set to start fresh one of the later examples.

&amp;emsp;A set of tools and machines by themselves are incapable of doing anything.  A complete production system also requires material resources to feed the machines, energy to run them, and knowledge in the form of people with suitable skills and experience to run things, and plans and instructions on what to do.  We abbreviate the combination of Tools, Resources, Energy, and Knowledge as the &quot;TREK Principle.


:'''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Space_Transport_and_Engineering_Methods Volume II: Space Systems Engineering]'''
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;For as long as the Solar System has existed, the Earth has not been a closed system.  It has interacted with the Universe beyond our atmosphere in various ways.  The most important is solar energy from the Sun, balanced by thermal energy radiating back to space.  But it is only since 1957 that we have been able to intentionally send objects into space.  Prior to that the billions of people who have ever lived, all the artifacts of our civilization, and the biosphere which supports us, were limited to a relatively thin layer near the Earth's surface.  

&amp;emsp;The material and energy resources in space are vastly larger than those available from the Earth's surface.  In the long term it makes sense to use them to add to or replace what we use here.  Thus can help reduce or prevent further damage to the environment we live in, and even help it to heal.  We also have opportunities to do new things we can't do on Earth.

&amp;emsp;The same engineering principles we use on Earth apply in space too.  But reaching space is difficult, distances are enormous, and the environments are very different.  Unlike Earth, everything is also in motion relative to each other.  Volume II addresses these differences by first introducing science and engineering subjects related to space.  The next major section covers space transport.  To do anything in space you first have to leave Earth to get there, and generally travel to specific destinations afterwards.  Another section covers terrestrial engineering technologies as adapted to space, and methods that are specific to the space environment.  

&amp;emsp;The rest of Volume II continues the series of examples of self-improving systems to space.  Volume II follows Volume I because the first such systems must be supplied from Earth.  Space examples and projects are organized by distance and difficulty, which is approximately the order we would attempt them.  Systems in previous space locations can also be used to help build seed elements for later ones.  The environments and resources in space differ for each region.  So we will also provide descriptions of these conditions.  Many future space projects and programs are speculative right now.  We present ones based on known science and technology, but we don't know which will end up being practical and actually happen.


==='''Links and Sources'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;A two volume set cannot contain all the details needed to understand and build complex projects like seed factories.  Where possible we link to online open-source resources, such as Wikipedia and the '''[https://archive.org/ Internet Archive]'''.  Links are generally capitalized in bold-face to help recognize them.  Other headings and key terms are also in bold but not linked.  Not everything is available from open sources, so we also reference copyrighted works where appropriate.  If you are having difficulty accessing them through libraries or purchase, you can contact the contributors below for help.


==='''Project and Book Contributors'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;These books are being developed as part of the [[User:Danielravennest/SFP|'''Seed Factory Project''']], an open-source collaboration to develop the relevant technology and hardware.  Being open-source, we have chosen to use the '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikibooks]''' site to host the books as we develop them, and plan to make other project data similarly available.  The books are currently far from complete.

&amp;emsp;The original author is Dani Eder, 6485 Rivertown Rd., Fairburn GA, 30213, user Danielravennest on Wikibooks, and email danielravennest@gmail.com.  Other contributors are welcome and can choose to add their names and contact info here if they wish.  Otherwise the &quot;View history&quot; tab on any page indicates the source of editorial changes.  If you contribute to the books, we ask that you provide us with links to sources, data, and calculations, so that others can check the work and make improvements.

{{font/end}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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{{font/top|size=&quot;3&quot;|face=Georgia}}


&amp;emsp;Throughout history people have combined their labor with increasingly advanced tools.  This made work easier, provided a higher quality of life and improved safety and health.  The last two centuries have seen a gradual replacement of '''[[w:Manual_labour|Manual Labor]]''' with powered equipment.  More recently, technologies like automation, robotics, software, and artificial intelligence have enabled &quot;Smart Tools&quot;. These can replace much of the remaining labor.  Along with these advances, our civilization faces a number of current and future problems.  These include uneven development, a deteriorating environment, precarious economic situations. and &quot;techno-unemployment&quot; caused by smart tools.  

&amp;emsp;Despite these problems, most people would like a better life for themselves, their community, and the world.  The two volumes in this set are an attempt to (1) describe how we got to where we are and what the problems are, (2) how we can engineer solutions to the problems, and (3) some example solutions for making life better.  Our main approach is based on systems designed for self-improvement.  The design process looks at such systems, and their surrounding environment, over their full life cycle, accounting for all inputs and outputs.  This is to avoid unwanted side-effects and causing new problems.  We think combining self-improvement and the systems approach can address the large-scale problems facing civilization, and allow people to build better lives.

&amp;emsp;To make a difference, any solutions must be practical and achievable.  We intend to use the following core ideas to show that proposed solutions can be both:

:* Resources and energy are abundant on Earth and in space.  
:* With enough knowledge and tools they can be used to build a better life.  
:* With planning this can be sustainable with minimal side effects.
:* Cooperation makes it affordable.  
:* Exponential self-improvement makes it scalable.
:* Smart tools can do most of the work and make it easier.
 

:'''Volume I: Seed Factories and Self-Improving Systems'''
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;This volume is mainly about improving life on Earth.  Chapter 1 starts by introducing some of the problems, and the systems engineering approach we will use to devise solutions.  Chapter 2 reviews the history of self-improvement in its various aspects like expansion, growth, and upgrades.  For most of history the changes were unconscious, and more recently conscious but unplanned.  At some point in our history we began planning projects, but did not give much thought to side effects and the problems they cause.  Today, the side effects of our growing civilization are becoming urgent problems.  So we must not only address unwanted effects in the future, but also try to undo some of the damage already caused.

&amp;emsp;Civilization is large and complex, so our solutions have to address both scale and complexity if they are to make a meaningful difference.  At the same time we don't want to cause new problems and side effects.  

&amp;emsp;For scaling we introduce the idea of a '''Seed Factory'''.  This is a production system designed to make more equipment for itself by a repeating process.  Current equipment is used to make parts for new equipment.  The current + new equipment then makes parts for the next new item in the series.  Like any factory it also makes useful end products.  One product for an expanded factory is more seed factories, giving it the potential to grow exponentially.  This can enable large-scale solutions. 

&amp;emsp;'''Systems engineering''' is a method developed in the 20th century to handle complex projects over their entire life-cycle.  Both self-expanding factories and the parts of civilization it interacts with are complex, so using this method makes sense.  The method considers the whole system over its entire life, including all the inputs from and outputs to the outside world.  If done correctly, this identifies potential problems like resource depletion, waste products, and end-of-life disposal.  Such problems can then be dealt with ahead of time, during design.  We think combining the idea of seed factories with systems engineering can lead to a better life for ourselves and the wider community.  

&amp;emsp;Chapter 2 covers the development of the seed factory idea, its current status, and what additional work on it is needed.  Chapter 3 covers elements and ideas to include, the reasons for building such systems, and a reference architecture to structure their planning.  Chapter 4 covers the systems engineering and design process in some detail, from specifying needs and wants through construction and operation.  ['''NOTE:''' move sections on science &amp; engineering design from vol 2 since those apply to both volumes]  Every production system involves locations, equipment, inputs, processes, and outputs.  So we inventory what types of these elements are available, and speculate on new ones that might be useful in the future.

&amp;emsp;Chapters 5 through 8 present a series of examples of our full systems approach.  They are in order of increasing scale and difficulty.  The examples are linked because an expanded factory grown from a seed can do more than make equipment for its own improvement.  When it is mature enough it can also (1) make equipment for additional seed factories to expand capacity by making copies, and (2) make different and/or larger equipment for larger and more difficult projects.  A given example can therefore evolve itself into one of the later examples, or make a different starter sets to start fresh one of the later examples.

&amp;emsp;A set of tools and machines by themselves are incapable of doing anything.  A complete production system also requires material resources to feed the machines, energy to run them, knowledge in the form of people with suitable skills and experience to run things, and plans and instructions on what to do.  We abbreviate the combination of Tools, Resources, Energy, and Knowledge as the '''TREK Principle''' to make it easy to remember..


:'''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Space_Transport_and_Engineering_Methods Volume II: Space Systems Engineering]'''
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;For as long as the Solar System has existed, the Earth as a whole has not been a closed system.  It has interacted with the Universe beyond our atmosphere in various ways.  The most important is solar energy from the Sun, balanced by thermal energy radiating back to space.  But it is only since 1957 that we have been able to intentionally place objects in space for extended periods.  Prior to that the billions of people who have ever lived, all the artifacts of our civilization, and the biosphere which supports us, were limited to a relatively thin layer near the Earth's surface.  

&amp;emsp;The material and energy resources in space are vastly larger than those available from the Earth's surface.  In the long term it makes sense to use them to add to or replace what we use here.  Thus can help reduce or prevent further damage to the environment we live in, and even help it to heal.  We also have opportunities to do new things we can't do on Earth.

&amp;emsp;The same engineering principles we use on Earth apply in space too.  But reaching space is difficult, distances are enormous, and the environments are very different.  Unlike Earth, everything beyond it is also in motion at high speeds relative to each other.  Things like wind and water move on Earth, but relatively slowly.

&amp;emsp;Volume II addresses these differences between Earth and Space by first introducing the science and engineering subjects related to space.  The next major section covers space transport.  To do anything in space you first have to leave Earth to get there, and generally travel to specific destinations afterwards.  Another section covers terrestrial engineering technologies as adapted to space, and methods that are specific to the space environment.  

&amp;emsp;The rest of Volume II continues the series of examples of self-improving systems to one for space.  Volume II follows Volume I because the first space systems must be supplied from Earth.  Examples and projects are organized by distance and difficulty, which is approximately the order we would attempt them.  

&amp;emsp;Systems set up in previous space locations can also be used to help build seed elements for later ones.  The environments and resources in space differ for each region.  So we also provide descriptions of these conditions.  Many future space projects and programs are speculative right now.  We present some concepts based on known science and technology. But we don't know which will end up being practical and actually happen, and we can't predict new science and technology developments that haven't happened yet.


==='''Links and Sources'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;A two volume set cannot contain all the details needed to understand and build complex projects like seed factories.  Where possible we link to online open-source resources, such as '''[https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]''', the '''[https://archive.org/ Internet Archive]''' and other archives and sources.  Links are generally capitalized in bold-face to help recognize them.  Other headings and key terms are also in bold but not linked.  Not everything is available from open sources, so we also reference copyrighted works where appropriate.  If you are having difficulty accessing them through libraries or purchase, you can contact the contributors below for help.


==='''Project and Book Contributors'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;These books are being developed as part of the [[User:Danielravennest/SFP|'''Seed Factory Project''']], an open-source collaboration to develop the relevant technology and hardware.  Being open-source, we have chosen to use the '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikibooks]''' site to host the books as we develop them, and plan to make other project data similarly available.  The books are currently far from complete.

&amp;emsp;The original author is Dani Eder, 6485 Rivertown Rd., Fairburn GA, 30213, user Danielravennest on Wikibooks, and email danielravennest@gmail.com.  Other contributors are welcome and can choose to add their names and contact info here if they wish.  Otherwise the &quot;View history&quot; tab on any page indicates the source of editorial changes.  If you contribute to the books, we ask that you provide us with links to sources, data, and calculations, so that others can check the work and make improvements.

{{font/end}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 321</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>417534</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675532</id>
      <parentid>4282987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T15:48:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>correction</comment>
      <origin>4675532</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12790" sha1="t1ve687z1m120z1cglnbm1ucrodc2g5" xml:space="preserve">IBM code page 321 (CCSID 321) is an EBCDIC code page with full ASCII used in IBM mainframes in the five countries of what was known as Yugoslavia to support the Croatian language, Serbian language, Bosnian language, and Slovenian language.

==Codepage layout==

Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

{|{{chset-table-header1|EBCDIC 321&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Code Page 321|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp00321z.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp00321z.pdf|archive-date=2013-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|0x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0000 NULL|NUL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0001 START OF HEADING|SOH}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0002 START OF TEXT|STX}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0003 END OF TEXT|ETX}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SEL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION|HT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RNL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+007F DELETE|DEL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |GE}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SPS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RPT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000B LINE TABULATION|VT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000C FORM FEED (FF)|FF}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)|CR}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000E SHIFT OUT|SO}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000F SHIFT IN|SI}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|1x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0010 DATA LINK ESCAPE|DLE}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0011 DEVICE CONTROL ONE|DC1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0012 DEVICE CONTROL TWO|DC2}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0013 DEVICE CONTROL THREE|DC3}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RES/&lt;br/&gt;ENP|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0085 NEXT LINE (NEL)|NL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0008 BACKSPACE|BS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |POC}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0018 CANCEL|CAN}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0019 END OF MEDIUM|EM}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |UBS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |CU1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001C INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR|IFS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001D INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE|IGS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001E INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO|IRS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001F INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE|ITB|style=line-height:1}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|2x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |DS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SOS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |FS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |WUS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |BYP/&lt;br/&gt;INP|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000A LINE FEED (LF)|LF}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0017 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK|ETB}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001B ESCAPE|ESC}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SA}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SFE}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SM/&lt;br/&gt;SW|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |CSP}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |MFA}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0005 ENQUIRY|ENQ}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0006 ACKNOWLEDGE|ACK}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0007 BELL|BEL}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|3x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0016 SYNCHRONOUS IDLE|SYN}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |IR}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |PP}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |TRN}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |NBS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0004 END OF TRANSMISSION|EOT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SBS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |IT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RFF}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |CU3}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0014 DEVICE CONTROL FOUR|DC4}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0015 NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE|NAK}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001A SUBSTITUTE|SUB}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|4x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0020 SPACE|SP}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0160|U+0160 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON|Š|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002E|U+002E FULL STOP|.}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003C|U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN|&amp;lt;}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0028|U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS|(}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002B|U+002B PLUS SIGN|+}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0021|U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK|!}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|5x}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0026|U+0026 AMPERSAND|&amp;}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0106|U+0106 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH ACUTE|Ć|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0024|U+0024 DOLLAR SIGN|$}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002A|U+002A ASTERISK|*}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0029|U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS|)}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003B|U+003B SEMICOLON|;}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=010C|U+010C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CARON|Č|style=background:#FFD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|6x}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002D|U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS|-}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002F|U+002F SOLIDUS|/}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0111|U+0111 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE|đ|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002C|U+002C COMMA|,}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0025|U+0025 PERCENT SIGN|%}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=005F|U+005F LOW LINE|_}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003E|U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN|&amp;gt;}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003F|U+003F QUESTION MARK|?}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|7x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=017E|U+017E LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON|ž|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003A|U+003A COLON|:}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0023|U+0023 NUMBER SIGN|#}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=017D|U+017D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON|Ž|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0027|U+0027 APOSTROPHE|'}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003D|U+003D EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#61;}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0022|U+0022 QUOTATION MARK|&quot;}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|8x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0061|U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A|a}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0062|U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B|b}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0063|U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C|c}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0064|U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D|d}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0065|U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E|e}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0066|U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F|f}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0067|U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G|g}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0068|U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H|h}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0069|U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I|i}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|9x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006A|U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J|j}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006B|U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K|k}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006C|U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L|l}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006D|U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M|m}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006E|U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N|n}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006F|U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O|o}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0070|U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P|p}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0071|U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q|q}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0072|U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R|r}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Ax}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=010D|U+010D LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON|č|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0073|U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S|s}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0074|U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T|t}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0075|U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U|u}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0076|U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V|v}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0077|U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W|w}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0078|U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X|x}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0079|U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y|y}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=007A|U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z|z}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Bx}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Cx}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0161|U+0161 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON|š|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0041|U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|A}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0042|U+0042 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|B}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0043|U+0043 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|C}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0044|U+0044 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|D}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0045|U+0045 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|E}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0046|U+0046 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|F}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0047|U+0047 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|G}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0048|U+0048 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|H}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0049|U+0049 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|I}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Dx}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0107|U+0107 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE|ć|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004A|U+004A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|J}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004B|U+004B LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|K}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004C|U+004C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|L}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004D|U+004D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|M}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004E|U+004E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|N}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004F|U+004F LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|O}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0050|U+0050 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|P}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0051|U+0051 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|Q}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0052|U+0052 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|R}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Ex}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0110|U+0110 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE|Ð|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0053|U+0053 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|S}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0054|U+0054 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|T}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0055|U+0055 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|U}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0056|U+0056 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|V}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0057|U+0057 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|W}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0058|U+0058 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|X}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0059|U+0059 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|Y}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=005A|U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|Z}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Fx}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0030|U+0030 DIGIT ZERO|0}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0031|U+0031 DIGIT ONE|1}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0032|U+0032 DIGIT TWO|2}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0033|U+0033 DIGIT THREE|3}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0034|U+0034 DIGIT FOUR|4}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0035|U+0035 DIGIT FIVE|5}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0036|U+0036 DIGIT SIX|6}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0037|U+0037 DIGIT SEVEN|7}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0038|U+0038 DIGIT EIGHT|8}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0039|U+0039 DIGIT NINE|9}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |EO}}
|-
|{{chset-table-footer1|
{{legend|#FFD|Differences from EBCDIC 500}}
}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>t1ve687z1m120z1cglnbm1ucrodc2g5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:PanosKratimenos/sandbox/BASC001/2020-21/Thursday11-12/Evidence</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>419745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675660</id>
      <parentid>4622224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T09:31:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4675660</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="121320" sha1="dk0d6vky9b8yhndmr7n60b5ikxe5m31" xml:space="preserve">==Evidence==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence Evidence] is defined as “one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true” in the Cambridge Dictionary. &lt;ref&gt;EVIDENCE | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary [Internet]. Dictionary.cambridge.org. 2020 [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/evidence&lt;/ref&gt; The evidence itself and methods of its collection, interpretation and verification are different across subjects, but the role of evidence is similar. It is required in the feedback loop or “circuit of knowledge”, for collective understanding and action, to communicate ideas and persuade. Hence, the extent of reliability of evidence is a question of importance. Evidence has to be collected and then interpreted, and there is room for bias and inaccuracies in this process. The methods and sources for obtaining evidence can be flawed and limited or even incomplete, the researchers can be biased in choice of evidence, its interpretation and presentation and there is always a possibility of unintentional bias and mistakes.
&lt;ref&gt;Reading evidence [Internet]. OpenLearn. 2020 [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/reading-evidence/content-section-0?intro=1&lt;/ref&gt; However, it also provides a common-ground for disciplines to produce knowledge, where in some cases create room for improvement and advancement. Due to the duality in the nature of evidence, it is crucial to evaluate the evidence present to us.

== Strengths and Limitations of Evidence ==

=== Strengths === 
Evidence can be used as a tool to produce knowledge claims in different disciplines. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science Sciences], evidence is employed as part of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method#:~:text=The%20process%20of%20the%20scientific,observations%20based%20on%20those%20predictions.&amp;text=Scientists%20then%20test%20hypotheses%20by%20conducting%20experiments%20or%20studies. scientific method]. The scientific method often starts with a hypothesis which is a synthesis from asking questions and doing background research. &lt;ref name=&quot;scientific&quot;&gt; RUSE M. The Scientific Methodology of William Whewell. Centaurus. 1976;20(3):227-229. &lt;/ref&gt; This hypothesis is then tested by an experiment, where the results of the experiment is regarded as evidence. &lt;ref name=&quot;scientific&quot; /&gt; Evidence here can be understood more specifically as scientific evidence. Scientific evidence allows a scientist to confirm or dismiss a proposed conjecture, which provides more knowledge in the discipline. 

Similarly, in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History History], evidence not only generates knowledge but also provides the beginning of historical inquiry. &lt;ref name=&quot;evidencehistory&quot;&gt; Goldstein L. Evidence and Events in History. Philosophy of Science. 1962;29(2):175-176. &lt;/ref&gt; In History, evidence comes in different forms such as written documentaries and material objects. Historical evidence improves our understanding of events that happened in the past and to some historians, this knowledge could be practically used to improve the present and plan for a better future. &lt;ref name=&quot;evidencehistory&quot; /&gt;

As Kelly suggests, evidence acts as a ‘neutral arbiter’, as it provides an objective view. &lt;ref&gt; Kelly, Thomas, &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/evidence/ Evidence]&quot;, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).&lt;/ref&gt; In both Science and History, evidence can also enhance evaluation within the discipline. For example in Science when the results of an experiment does not follow with the initial hypothesis, scientists can reflect upon the evidence they have and improve the existing methodologies. Likewise in History, different account of written documentaries can provide historians with a different lens to analyse and critically evaluate the historical events. 

=== Limitations ===
Despite the role evidence has in a means to produce more knowledge in different disciplines, it is also important to have an awareness of its limitations. It is easy for one to use evidence to dismiss potential new knowledge. This is to use evidence negatively and simply suggesting that there is no evidence, hence the claim is not possible. The philosopher, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke] named this fallacy ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance argumentum ad ignorantiam]'',it means ‘a proposition is true simply on the basis that it has not been proven false or that it is false simply because it has not been proven true.'&lt;ref&gt; Duco A. Schreuder (3 December 2014). Vision and Visual Perception. Archway Publishing. p. 103. {{#isbn:978-1-4808-1294-9}}. &lt;/ref&gt; 

Another misuse of evidence could be seen in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news fake news]. This could be understood as &quot;disinformation that is deliberately created to look like actual news in order to have a political effect.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;post-truth&quot;&gt; McIntyre L. Post-truth. Cambridge (Mass.): The MIT Press; 2018. p.173 &lt;/ref&gt; This means that misleading news is broadcasted to provide fake evidence furthering one's hidden political agenda as evidence, especially from a discipline that requires high expertise to understand, like natural sciences, could cloud one’s judgement. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate and be aware of the credibility of evidences. 

Psychologists have also identified that humans have the tendency to conform to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias confirmation bias]. This is understood to be the &quot;tendency to give more weight to information that confirms one of our pre-existing beliefs.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;post-truth&quot; /&gt; Confirmation bias is particularly identified to be present when dealing with abstract problems demonstrated through the empirical work by Wason and Johnson-Laird, 1972. &lt;ref&gt; Mynatt C, Doherty M, Tweney R. Confirmation Bias in a Simulated Research Environment: An Experimental Study of Scientific Inference. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1977;29(1):85-95. &lt;/ref&gt; This indicates the possibility of choosing evidence that is inherently biased. Therefore, again demonstrating that the limitations of evidence play a key role in confirming, producing and evaluating knowledge. 

Another phenomenon identified by Psychologists that could affect the reliability of evidence is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance cognitive dissonance]. Cognitive dissonance in psychology refers to a situation where one faces conflicting beliefs, ideas and values, these clashes causes huge discomfort in one's internal psychology and thus, one would alter one side of these beliefs, ideas and values to reduce the feeling of unease. &lt;ref&gt; Festinger, L. (1962). &quot;Cognitive dissonance&quot;. Scientific American. 207 (4): 93–107. Bibcode:1962SciAm.207d..93F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1062-93. {{PMID|13892642}}. &lt;/ref&gt; One example of this is a study carried out by N.T. Feather about smokers and non-smokers. In which, Feather argues that a heavy smoker might be in a state of cognitive dissonance when coming across information or knowledge about the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. &lt;ref name=&quot;feather62&quot;&gt; Feather N. CIGARETTE SMOKING AND LUNG CANCER: A STUDY OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE. Australian Journal of Psychology. 1962;14(1):55-64. &lt;/ref&gt; As a result, he is likely to reject the evidence that is presented to him or he would find ways to reduce the reduce the dissonance. &lt;ref name=&quot;feather62&quot; /&gt; This shows that another limitation of evidence is that it could be dismissed easily due to inherent subjective opinions that an individual holds. Therefore, it is essential that one not only uses credible evidence but also evaluate the evidence critically to make informed decisions or judgements.

== Use of Translation in Evidence ==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation Translation] is derived from the latin word ''translatio'' which means “to bring across”.&lt;ref&gt;The History of Translation [Internet]. Kwintessential. [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/blog/general-interesttranslation/the-history-of-translation&lt;/ref&gt; In the context of document translation, this means to transcribe a document that is in its original language into a different language. It is a common vector or tool that aids in the transfer and exchange of knowledge between communities, but can simultaneously impede it too. Consequently, this can affect the validity, value and reliability of evidence when it involves or utilises translation.

=== Strengths of Using Translation in Evidence ===
Although the history of translation dates back to as early as 3000 B.C., translation as a discipline was only recognised in the 1960s where contemporary studies in that field began to emerge.&lt;ref&gt;Sawant, Dr. Datta. History of Translation [Internet]. 2013 [cited 29 October 2020]. Literary Endeavor. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271640678_History_of_Translation&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ghanooni A. A Review of the History of Translation Studies. Theory and Practice in Language Studies [Internet]. 2012 [cited 29 October 2020];2(1):1. Available from: http://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/tpls/vol02/01/11.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; As a result of its gradual expansion as a discipline and the ever-growing collaboration between various communities, translation is frequently used in a multitude of disciplines to help minimise the knowledge gaps present in the different fields. Therefore it is to no surprise that translation is used within evidence: evidence can originate in a specific region and therefore written in that region-specific (and even era-specific) language. If the evidence is relevant to an investigation, it will need to be translated in order to be studied effectively. 

For example, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs Egyptian hieroglyphs] is an ancient language system that dates back to around 3100-3300 B.C.&lt;ref name=’hieroglyphs’&gt;Hooker J. Ancient writing from cuneiform to the alphabet. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1990.&lt;/ref&gt; This language is composed of ‘iconic’ symbols with intricate meaning attached to each of the characters, usually found to appear engraved in limestone blocks.&lt;ref name=’hieroglyphs’/&gt; It is often studied by historians as these hieroglyphs depict and record historical events and stories of the time it was written in, classifying it as a primary source which ensures its validity as a piece of evidence. In history, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_source primary sources] are extremely valuable as they are “first-hand accounts” of an event or subject.&lt;ref&gt;Primary Sources: A Research Guide [Internet]. Healey Library. 2020 [cited 29 October 2020]. Available from: https://umb.libguides.com/PrimarySources/secondary&lt;/ref&gt; For the hieroglyphs to be decipherable, it must be translated. This demonstrates the need for translation within evidence as it provides the historians access to time and atmosphere in which the script was written in. To some extent, translation constructs a temporary reality of that time and atmosphere for the historians, immersing them into that reality to extend their understanding of the source and the contents of the writing. Here, it is shown that translated evidence is valuable within history as a discipline. 

To some degree, this is also applicable in religious studies. For example, biblical scriptures were originally written in 3 languages (Greek, Armaic and Hebrew).&lt;ref&gt;In what language was the Bible first written? [Internet]. Biblica. [cited 30 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.biblica.com/resources/bible-faqs/in-what-language-was-the-bible-first-written/&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, they have been translated into approximately 3415 languages, allowing a plethora of communities to have access to the ancient holy scripts.&lt;ref&gt;2020 Scripture Access Statistics - Wycliffe Global Alliance [Internet]. Wycliffe Global Alliance. 2020 [cited 30 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.wycliffe.net/resources/statistics//&lt;/ref&gt; It is established that translation, as a result, has indisputable ties with religious studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;antes&quot;&gt;Antes P, Geertz A, Warne R. New approaches to the study of religion. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, these translated scriptures are arguably the main form of evidence within religious studies about the existence of a creator, or a God. With more of the documents being translated into many different languages, the knowledge within the documents is now more accessible to many more individuals, both experts and public alike. To the general public, especially, the mere ability to access information as such can in itself appeal to the reader’s ''ethos'' and ''pathos'', as translation can potentially introduce an illusive cloud of trust which allows for a bond to be formed between the evidence and the reader. This is particularly helpful in the case of an evangelist's goal of spreading the word of God in hopes of the religious conversion of the listeners — often using the Bible as evidence in their practices.

=== Limitations of Using Translation in Evidence ===
Translation itself is argued to be a “subsidiary art”.&lt;ref name=&quot;antes&quot;/&gt; Therefore in the context of evidence, translation is categorised as both subjective and qualitative as it requires interpretation to an extent which is heavily reliant on the translator. Translation is not as simple as translating everything on a word-to-word basis; it does not only refer to the concept of “interlingual exchanges” but also “meaningful exchanges” that encapsulate the “full sense of the word”.&lt;ref&gt;DeJonge M, Tietz C. Translating religion. New York: Routledge; 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore, it requires the translator to ensure that the conveyance of the original meaning behind each piece of information is not tainted by mistranslation. This can occur because different words in different languages may have more than one meaning, and so without care, mistranslation can cause ripple effects that are damaging within different disciplines. Therefore translation has the ability to hinder the original meaning and consequently affect the validity and value of that piece of evidence.

A limitation in translation occurs with the translation of idioms in historical texts. Idioms are expressions in a language which are figurative and have non-literary interpretations. This means that the words in the phrase/expression collectively have an allegorical meaning, and a literal translation will not be able to deliver the meaning of the expression. Idioms are semantic expressions present in many languages and their allegorical understanding is culture specific. Idioms are studied within pragmatics to collectively understand the cultural context around the expression. Literally translating an idiom distorts the expression and does not convey the real and true evidence that the idiom expresses. This cultural gap and inability to translate an idiom to different languages results in misinterpretations as the idiom is used as evidence in another language. Analyzing inaccurate interpretations of evidence develops discrepancies in the information, data and evidence that analysts have, and hence the knowledge gained and shared from the evidence becomes unreliable. Translators adopt techniques to translate idioms by finding equivalent phrases/expressions that best convey the allegorical meaning while ensuring that no information is omitted in the language that the idiom is being translated to. However, finding an equivalent expression is perceptive to the translator, and may vary based on prior knowledge, an unconscious bias, or the preference of the translator. At times, the equivalent expressions may be in a similar sentence structure form, dissimilar form, ultimately paraphrased, or by completely omitting the idiom from the translation to prevent sharing inaccurate evidence of knowledge. Additionally, there are cases in translation where the original language of the text presents words that are not idioms, but can only be precisely understood as an idiom in the translated language. The disparity in literal meanings as a result of cultural differences in the language develops uncertainty in translation, leading to sharing unreliable evidence of knowledge.&lt;ref&gt;Adelnia A, Dastjerdi H. Translation of Idioms: A Hard Task for the Translator. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 2011;1(7).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Approaches to Market Research and Analysis &amp; their Impact on Evidence Gathered ==

=== Market Research ===
Market research is a process of collection and analysis of data about the target market, consumer preferences, competitors. There are different types of market research such as quantitative research, qualitative research, primary and secondary research.&lt;ref&gt;Market research methods | Business Queensland [Internet]. Business.qld.gov.au. 2020 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.business.qld.gov.au/starting-business/planning/market-customer-research/basics/methods&lt;/ref&gt; 
Facts are objective and describe the reality as it is, but researchers in business normally collect evidence while their personality, perception of reality, context and limitations, influence their understanding of the objective reality they are investigating. Evidence supports points of view and perceptions of people who collect it. Firms are interested in knowing the exact condition of the market they operate in but have to formulate their strategies based on biased evidence of limited scope. So the ideal market research would aim to have as little bias and consider as many factors as possible. Different methods of evidence accumulation seem to have different kinds of bias.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bluhm D, Harman W, Lee T, Mitchell T. Qualitative Research in Management&quot;&gt;Bluhm D, Harman W, Lee T, Mitchell T. Qualitative Research in Management: A Decade of Progress. Journal of Management Studies. 2010;48(8):1866-1891.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence in Marketing ===
Qualitative research and analysis in business tends to be factor analytic: it involves large amounts of qualitative data collected through interviews, observation, polls, focus groups etc. and derives the key factors from that data. Qualitative evidence can be impacted by the researcher’s choice of key factors.
Quantitative research measures quantitative data, makes estimates based on it and verifies assumptions. It involves statistical and mathematical methods of analysis, large samples and clearer methodology and structure.
Qualitative analysis seeks to interpret and explain issues, looking at them from broad perspective, while quantitative analysis allows to generalize the findings for larger populations, makes findings more precise, and shows positive differences between factors measured which facilitates decision making.
The complex nature and amount of evidence that marketing research teams need for formulation of successful strategies requires a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. They are believed to be most efficient when one approach addresses questions raised by the other and vice versa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bluhm D, Harman W, Lee T, Mitchell T. Qualitative Research in Management&quot;/&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Schwab P. Qualitative and quantitative market research: differences and use cases [Internet]. Market research consulting. 2020 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.intotheminds.com/blog/en/qualitative-quantitative-market-research-differences/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Hanson D, Grimmer M. The mix of qualitative and quantitative research in major marketing journals, 1993‐2002. European Journal of Marketing. 2007;41(1/2):58-70.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Quantitative evidence is perceived as more reliable as it can be measured exactly and repeatedly while interpretative nature of qualitative evidence makes it seem less reliable for many scholars and firms’ analysts. On the other hand quantitative evidence simplifies reality, studies a very narrow and subjectively chosen segment of it and may not account for complexity of interrelations of different factors that influence the market. Qualitative evidence objectivity is sometimes doubted as the influence of the researcher’s personal circumstances and beliefs was found to be stronger on qualitative evidence than on quantitative. But quantitative research is not exempt of the biases during choice of scope, interpretation of statistics, limited options of response in quantitative surveys. 
Data comparisons that reflexive data collection and analysis involve, lessen the researcher bias of qualitative research. &lt;ref&gt;Bluhm D, Harman W, Lee T, Mitchell T. Qualitative Research in Management: A Decade of Progress. Journal of Management Studies. 2010;48(8):1866-1891.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Applications of the Approaches ===
First attempts to gather data for systematic marketing analysis happened in the first decades of the 20th century and involved quantitative questionnaires, basic non-representative interviews and some statistical methods. Some methods of social research used by political analysts became widespread in market research. Due to the shortcomings of quantitative evidence, the need to better understand consumer preferences and choices was recognised and qualitative research, such as focus groups, was added to quantitative. In 1950s, consumer behaviour became a focus of study and different psychoanalytic concepts and methods of evidence collection were applied to marketing, as researchers realised that people do not necessarily buy what say they want to, and their actions can’t always be predicted by questionnaire responses/focus group findings. Market research was becoming more broad and interdisciplinary, insights not only from psychology but also economics, sociology, anthropology, management science were helping researchers to construct a fuller picture of the market dynamics. David Ogilvy said that “The trouble with market research is that people don't think how they feel, they don't say what they think and they don't do what they say.”&lt;ref&gt;Owens D. Market research: Based on the evidence… [Internet]. PMLive. 2020 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: http://www.pmlive.com/pharma_thought_leadership/market_research_based_on_the_evidence_399682&lt;/ref&gt;
It was found that consumer tastes could be defined not only through direct questions (that were not always getting accurate and helpful answers) but also by understanding their cultural background and political and economic situations in the countries. The researchers were trying to collect multitude of evidence from diverse sources and by different methods, in order to eliminate researcher bias, confirmation bias, optimistic perception of own/preferred firm’s prospects and professionalism and other limitations of own perceptions of the market. With advancements in IT, market research began to rely on web analytics, Big Data, analysis of quantitative data that reflects the interests of different demographic groups, interests that they themselves aren't necessarily able or willing to formulate. Quantitative and qualitative evidence became strongly interconnected and are widely used in modern market research to increase the reliability of findings and success rates of products, marketing campaigns and strategies. &lt;ref&gt;Kierlanczyk K. A Brief History of Market Research [Internet]. Kelton Global. 2020 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.keltonglobal.com/perspectives/a-brief-history-of-market-research/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evidence in Sustainability ==

Sustainability is a state of being wherein the society is able to satisfy the needs of the present generation without compromising the future generation’s capability of doing the same. From the emergence of the environmental movement in the 1970s, sustainability began as a discipline to further study and research. It also became a worldwide agenda to develop social and economic systems which are sustainable.&lt;ref&gt;Walker P. Sustainability: a discipline and a political agenda?. Environmental Hazards. 2017;16(2):93-98.&lt;/ref&gt; Sustainability is broadly categorized into environmental, social and economic sustainability.&lt;ref&gt;Beattie A. The 3 Pillars of Corporate Sustainability [Internet]. Investopedia. 2019 [cited 30 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100515/three-pillars-corporate-sustainability.asp&lt;/ref&gt; Working towards sustainability is important, as it promotes the well-being of the community as a whole, and ensures a distribution of well-being to each individual. Especially as we face the crisis with limited resources and unlimited wants, a concept of scarcity where there is limited supply while there is a high demand, sustainability is important in maintaining a balance of satisfying our needs and thinking for future generations and their survival and needs.&lt;ref&gt;The Benefits of Sustainability [Internet]. Econation.co.nz. 2020 [cited 30 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.econation.co.nz/blog/the-benefits-of-sustainability/&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals ====

[[File:Sustainable Development Goals.png|thumb|The United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals that was devised and adopted in 2015, and to be achieved by 2030]]

Being sustainable is a state that a society is in, but the concept of sustainability itself is a perspective that is experienced and has been developed by social beings through their perception of what is needed to be sustainable with the current knowledge of what is important, such as the economy, the environment, and the society. As being sustainable is subjective to what a society might consider should be preserved for future generations, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations United Nations] Organization has developed the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals which provide a standard measurement of sustainability. These goals act as criteria, and if they are met in a particular community, then this acts as evidence that the community is sustainable. The UN’s sustainable development goals are a way to quantify a community’s progress and act as evidence to identify a place as sustainable as it verifies that what is considered as the standard of sustainability is present in the place. The UN’s sustainable goals include, but are not limited to dealing with poverty, hunger and inequality, and promotes equality, economic growth, clean water, sanitation, climate action and natural life.&lt;ref&gt;Sustainable Development Goals | UNDP [Internet]. UNDP. 2020 [cited 30 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html#:~:text=The%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals%20(SDGs,peace%20and%20prosperity%20by%202030.&lt;/ref&gt;

The UN ultimately aimed to attain ‘international cooperation’ to tackle global issues involving the economy, environment, society, and cultures, while equality is maintained throughout. While this was an aim that was the basis for the formation of the UN in 1945, through research across the years, individuals had evolved their perspectives on what would improve life globally. As the knowledge was shared about the importance of economic, social and environmental promotion for the overall enhancement of well-being, the UN had recognized that sustainable development was the way to adopt to reach their aim. Meeting the sustainable development goals in each developing and developed country provides evidence that lives have been improved globally. The UN’s objective approach to what improves lives globally has shifted because of the introduction of knowledge at a time where they were able to notice and experience a problem.&lt;ref&gt;Promote Sustainable Development [Internet]. Un.org. 2020 [cited 30 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/promote-sustainable-development/#:~:text=The%20global%20understanding%20of%20development,improving%20the%20lives%20of%20people&lt;/ref&gt; The UN was able to experience and hence become aware that there was a problem with the system in delivering improvement in lives, and especially with the growing technology and industries, while economies grew, they experienced a toll on environmental care as pollution levels rapidly increased, the mortality rate of land and water animal life increased, and this consequently harmed human life. For example, the increase in burning fossil fuels for energy releases nitrous oxide which is a greenhouse gas, producing a greenhouse effect on the earth, where heat remains trapped in the atmosphere, causing the temperatures to rise. This influences extreme climate conditions, causes respiratory problems from the air pollution, and affects the food supply.&lt;ref&gt;Nunez C. Carbon dioxide levels are at a record high. Here's what you need to know. [Internet]. National Geographic. 2020 [cited 30 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/greenhouse-gases/&lt;/ref&gt; The environmental influence on humans and their lives was observable. This experience increased awareness of the problem, and the UN first recognized the fundamental concept of sustainable development in 1972 at a UN conference about Human Environment which took place in Stockholm. In 1992, the UN had a conference based on sustainable development in Rio de Janeiro on the environment and development. This led to identifying a solution, which was objectively discovered through identifying 17 sustainable development goals that representatives of 178 different national governments discussed on.&lt;ref&gt;History of SD · What is sustainable development · Sustainable Development Commission [Internet]. Sd-commission.org.uk. 2020 [cited 30 October 2020]. Available from: http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/history_sd.html&lt;/ref&gt; The standard of preventing environmental degradation, and enhancing human life in general in the present and future has been formed through an official body to globally and universally agree that meeting the 17 development goals throughout the countries verify and provide evidence of the progress in the enhancement of life, and improvement in survival.

==== Alternative Measurements of Sustainability ====

While a country having a high Sustainable Development Goals index (SDGs) is evidence of sustainability and enhanced well-being, only having one tool or form of evidence to support this claim may not be reliable as it may consist of variables that were not accounted for.&lt;ref&gt;De Neve J, Sachs J. Sustainable Development and Human Well-Being [Internet]. Worldhappiness.report. 2020 [cited 31 October 2020]. Available from: https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2020/sustainable-development-and-human-well-being/&lt;/ref&gt; To approach this, different tools of measurement of sustainability can be used so that the evidence of sustainability can be quantified holistically. These measures include, but are not limited to, the Sustainable Development Index (SDI), the Happy Planet Index (HPI) and the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW).

SDI is formed on the basis of the Human Development Index (HDI) which is an index that measures a country’s human development in account of life expectancy, income per capita and education. SDI builds on this and accounts for a ‘sufficiency threshold’ on income where it highlights the fundamental amount of income necessary for sustainability, and it is further divided by considering the ecological impact through carbon dioxide emissions and ‘material footprint’ which are measured by consumption per capita. A high SDI indicates that a country has strong sustainability through forwarding with human development while the country is ecologically efficient.&lt;ref&gt;Hickel J. The sustainable development index: Measuring the ecological efficiency of human development in the anthropocene. Ecological Economics. 2020;167:106331.&lt;/ref&gt;

HPI takes an alternative approach from the HDI, and revolves around three dimensions which are ‘experienced well-being’, life expectancy’, and ‘ecological/environmental footprint’. A high HPI indicates that the country is successful in sustainability, and causes for a low score may include overconsumption of resources, and depleted supply of resources from the government to the citizens. The HPI promotes welfarism and commensurability, indicating that past actions lead to the present, and present actions have consequences in the future. This is a concept of consequentialism.&lt;ref&gt;Williams J. Three alternative measures of progress [Internet]. The Earthbound Report. 2013 [cited 31 October 2020]. Available from: https://earthbound.report/2013/02/18/three-alternative-measures-of-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;hdr&quot;&gt;Comin F. Beyond the HDI? Assessing alternative measures of human development from a capability perspective [Internet]. Hdr.undp.org. 2016 [cited 31 October 2020]. Available from: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/comim_template_0.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

The Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) has been evolved from the Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW) which revolved around the value of Gross Domestic Product, leisure time, unpaid work, and environmental damage. The ISEW takes this beyond by further considering more harmful consequences of economic growth in a country while excluding the value that the government spends on defence.&lt;ref&gt;Measure_of_economic_welfare_MEW [Internet]. Economics Online. 2020 [cited 31 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Measure_of_economic_welfare_MEW.html&lt;/ref&gt; A similar economical index of sustainability is the Index of Economic Well-being (IEW)which is a utilitarian approach where it is considered ethical if it is for the good of more people, and includes dimensions such as ‘consumption, sustainable accumulation, inequality, social risk, and carbon dioxide emissions’. A utilitarian approach is a form of consequentialism as ultimately, the consequences of the actions are for the greater good of sustainable living, and this justifies the decisions taken to conforming to methods that increase the IEW (or other indexes).&lt;ref name= &quot;hdr&quot;/&gt;

The different indexes and goals allow us to quantify a country’s human development with respect to sustainability and the indexes themselves are evidence of sustainable human development. While nations can compare the difference of one index across a time period, they can also compare multiple indexes together which provides a quantitative analysis on multiple parameters. Being able to compare different indexes with different parameters allows a country to see which variable in the system they can further improve to advance in sustainable living. This collective information is not just evidence of the end goal of sustainability, but rather is evidence of the process towards sustainability as it quantifies what areas/parameters in the system need further work on. This allows the governments of different countries to analyze feasibility and apply effective allocation of resources that evidence proves that a particular allocation will prompt sustainable human development.&lt;ref&gt;What is the role of an index number in economics? [Internet]. Investopedia. 2020 [cited 31 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/073015/economics-what-index-number.asp#:~:text=The%20Role%20of%20Index%20Numbers,adjusting%20government%20benefits%20for%20inflation.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evidence in Advertising ==

Advertisements are used by governments, corporations, and individuals to share information, or promote a ‘product, service or event’ publically to an audience.&lt;ref&gt;Advertisement definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary [Internet]. Collinsdictionary.com. 2020 [cited 29 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/advertisement&lt;/ref&gt; Advertising began as a discipline in the 1920s where the study into advertising techniques can influence an audience. Advertising is also studied in language disciplines to comprehend persuasive communication to an audience by using the persuasive techniques studied in the language. Advertising techniques were first introduced through tobacco advertisements by Edward Bernays who is known as the founder of modern ‘Madison Avenue’ advertising.&lt;ref&gt;Studlar D. Tobacco Control. Broadview Press; quotation: &quot;... from the early days advertising has been intimately intertwined with tobacco. The man who is sometimes considered the founder of modern advertising and Madison Avenue, Edward Bernays, created many of the major cigarette campaigns of the 1920s&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Many advertisements use persuasive techniques to persuade their targeted audience, and these techniques are perceived as evidence by the audience, providing them reason and motive to engage in purchasing a product, experiencing a service, or attending an event. 

==== Techniques in Advertising ====

One persuasive technique often used is the ‘bandwagon’ technique which suggests that everyone in the community has purchased a product, and that the individual should too, and this has psychological origin where people feel a strong sense of favour to holding the same or similar perceptions to the people in their social group which is a process part of social identity.&lt;ref&gt;Foley D. Top 9 Persuasive Advertising Techniques - Foley Marketing Advisors [Internet]. Foley Marketing Advisors. 2020 [cited 29 October 2020]. Available from: https://foleymarketingadvisors.com/2019/10/30/top-9-persuasive-advertising-techniques/#:~:text=Bandwagon%E2%80%93%20Following%20the%20same%20trends,don't%20miss%20out%E2%80%9D.&lt;/ref&gt; Gustave Le Bon identified the concept of the ‘collective mind’ (and its primitive form: ‘the group mind’)  in 1896 which describes that being in a group has the power to influence and shape an individual’s perspectives and behaviour. An individual feels the importance of membership in a group, especially if they have developed relationships with members, and hence follow the norms of the group, follow similar behaviours and hold similar perspectives to the members in the group.&lt;ref&gt;Gustave Le Bon - New World Encyclopedia [Internet]. Newworldencyclopedia.org. 2020 [cited 29 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Gustave_Le_Bon&lt;/ref&gt; This technique applies ‘pathos’ which appeals to an audiences’ emotions.

Another persuasive technique is the ‘testimonial’ which includes celebrity endorsements and promotion by an expert in the field of a product, such as a dentist promoting a particular toothpaste for sensitive teeth. This technique is often integrated with the technique of ‘Plain Folks’ which explain to the audience that a particular product has been designed especially for them, and that it is ordinary and ‘normal’ to have the product. These techniques apply ‘ethos’ which appeals to an audiences’ ethics through emphasis on the ‘credibility and authority’ of the endorser or expert.&lt;ref&gt;Scopa S. Ethos - Definition and Examples | LitCharts [Internet]. LitCharts. 2017 [cited 29 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.litcharts.com/literary-devices-and-terms/ethos#:~:text=Ethos%2C%20along%20with%20logos%20and,the%20speaker's%20credibility%20and%20authority.&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, ‘facts and figures’ is a technique that presents statistics, facts and diagrammatic or graphical representation of information. This technique applies ‘logos’ which appeals to an audiences’ sense of logic. It pushes an individual to logical reasoning that there have been significant statistics showing for example, that a high number of people in the population have purchased the product and are satisfied with it.&lt;ref&gt;10. Advertising Techniques [Internet]. Ncpedia.org. 2020 [cited 29 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files/documents/careerstart/advertisingtechniques.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

The technique of ‘name-calling’ where an advertisement specifically calls out another brand or product that is similar to the one that they are promoting and undermines it while promoting their own as better. This technique highlights the confidence of the product’s producer and persuades audiences to believe that they are confident for a reason, and that they have a direct comparison of similar products to choose the most efficient from. In addition, ‘snob appeal’ is a technique which uses the reverse mechanism of the bandwagon effect and intends to make the audience feel better in a particular way that the other people in the society, and this helps in the process of feeling unique and developing a sense of individuality in identity, known as self-identity, separate from a social group.&lt;ref&gt;Acha K. The difference between Social Identity and Self Identity [Internet]. Kenneth MD | Dr. Kenneth Acha, MD, MA. 2020 [cited 29 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.kennethmd.com/the-difference-between-social-identity-and-self-identity/&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Aristotle's Modes of Persuasion ====

Ethos, logos and pathos are Aristotle’s ‘three modes of persuasion’ and are rhetorics that are often used in advertising to appeal to different areas to the audience. An audience follows and is persuaded by advertisements throughout daily life, and what advertisements do is that they provide different forms of evidence to persuade and make individuals believe.&lt;ref&gt;Ethos, Logos and Pathos: The Structure of a Great Speech [Internet]. Farnam Street. 2020 [cited 29 October 2020]. Available from: https://fs.blog/2016/11/ethos-logos-pathos/&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence is in the form of, for example, the bandwagon effect, where there is a representation of evidence that the product is very useful to many people in the community, including the individual, or the facts and figures which provides statistical evidence supporting a product’s popularity, or a testimonial where an expert with authority explains the benefits of a certain product. All the evidence that makes individuals reason with their decisions is a basis of ethos, logos and pathos. 

Ultimately, individuals are persuaded by this evidence, because as social beings, perception and interpretation of evidence is specific to each individual. If an advertisement is able to convince and persuade an individual that the evidence itself is objective enough of a reason to follow what the advertisement is promoting, then that evidence is qualified as evidence to the individual as it is deemed reliable. However, while individuals analyze the evidence in advertisements to undertake objective and rational decision-making, perceiving and interpreting the evidence in advertisements itself is a subjective process.&lt;ref&gt;Mick D. Levels of Subjective Comprehension in Advertising Processing and Their Relations to Ad Perceptions, Attitudes, and Memory. Journal of Consumer Research. 1992;18(4):411.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evidence in Psychology ==
Psychology is most aptly defined by William James, USA’s leading psychologist in the late nineteenth century, as “a science of our mental phenomena or states of consciousness, such as thoughts, feelings, desires, volitions and so forth.”&lt;ref&gt;Pomerleau W. James, William [Internet]. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available from: https://iep.utm.edu/james-o/&lt;/ref&gt;
The emergence of psychology as a subject of study was a result of advancement in philosophical thought, which can be traced back to ancient civilisations of China, Egypt, Greece, India and Persia. It was formally established as a discipline only in 1879, when William Wundt, a German physiologist and philosopher, founded the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.&lt;ref&gt;Rieber R, Robinson D. Wilhelm Wundt in History: The Making of a Scientific Psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2001. p. 205-206&lt;/ref&gt; However, evidence was being collected since the advent of psychological thought. 
Formally, the strand of psychology that deals with evidence collection using experimental methods that attempt to validate theorised psychological processes is known as Experimental Psychology.&lt;ref&gt;Experimental Psychology [Internet]. American Psychological Association. 2014 [cited 27 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.apa.org/action/science/experimental&lt;/ref&gt; There has been intense debate regarding the founder of Experimental Psychology. While some credit Gustav Theodor Fechner, a German psychologist, philosopher and physicist, for deriving the first methods of quantitative measurement of the human brain in the nineteenth century&lt;ref&gt;Boring E. History of Experimental Psychology. Delhi: Cosmo Publications; 2008. p. 265-288&lt;/ref&gt;, some believe that Ibn al-Haytham’s Kitab al-Manazir that was published in the first half of the eleventh century introduced new methods of measurement in psychology&lt;ref&gt;Khaleefa O. Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology? American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 1999 Summer;16(2):1.&lt;/ref&gt; and some still acknowledge William Wundt as the founder as his research yielded the most successful results that laid the groundwork for this discipline.&lt;ref&gt;Rieber R, Robinson D. Wilhelm Wundt in History: The Making of a Scientific Psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2001. p. 205-206&lt;/ref&gt;
Another form of evidence collection is qualitative inquiry. Although the first qualitative experiment can be traced back to Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, who attempted to investigate the connection between emotions and moral sense in 1870s, and Sigmund Freud in his study of psychopathology in the 1890s, it was not recognised as a formal methodology until the 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;Wertz FJ. Qualitative inquiry in the history of psychology. Qualitative Psychology. 2014 Feb;1(1):4.&lt;/ref&gt;

Psychology as a whole has three key approaches to understanding behaviour – biological, cognitive and sociocultural. Each approach gives a different weightage to qualitative and quantitative methods in determining theories as objective. 

=== Research Methods: Biological Approach ===
The biological approach dissects the effect of biological phenomena on psychology. The research methods employed in this branch of experimental psychology face a constant struggle with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_validity ecological validity] and establishment of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality causal relationship].

==== True Experiments ====

A simple experiment, also referred to as a ‘true experiment’, entails at least one variable being manipulated (independent variable) and at least one variable being measured (dependent variable), while all extraneous variables are constrained and controlled. Without defining the control variables, the experiment cannot establish a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables, as the change could be attributed to the environment instead of the independent variable. &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclo&quot;&gt;Salkind N. True Experimental Design. Encyclopedia of Research Design. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1543-1547}}

Although the tightly constrained nature of these experiments, along with the random assignment of ‘subjects of study’ to different treatment conditions, allows them to be easily replicated by others, helping improve reliability of results found, the results are seldom ecologically valid. The real-world effect of the biological environment on psychology is uncontrollable and multi-variable, unlike the hyper controlled environment created during experiments. This creates a ‘real-world or lab’ dilemma, as laboratory experimental results cannot be generalised, and precise data about human behaviour cannot be collected in naturalistic settings. 

To combat this, multiple researchers cite the similarities between experimentation in psychology and natural sciences – “if two chemicals are going to react, they’ll react when combined in a test tube just as well as outside it.” They assert that evidence is objective in true experiments and should allow generalisability as context should not matter. However, as humans are a self-reflecting, cognitive species, the context in which they perform tasks always matters. Recalling an answer during a school examination and as a participant in an experiment will result in different experiences and possibly differing outcomes. Because an inherent ability like this cannot be controlled in any experiment setting, psychology relies on artificial experiments that isolate behaviours or thinking patterns. But, this source of error variance cannot be curbed as it affects the ecological validity of results produced.&lt;ref&gt;Aanstoos C. Experimental psychology and the challenge of real life. American Psychologist. 1991;46(1):77-78.&lt;/ref&gt;

Therefore, due to this emphasis on quantitative-focused methodology, researchers achieve reliability and validity, but at the same time lack generalisability of hypotheses into objective theories.

==== Natural Experiments ====

Natural experiments entail the observation of the independent variable subject to a real-world environment, where no variables are being controlled by the researcher and the quantitative measurement of the dependent variable. They are best suited in scenarios where traditional experimental or observational designs may be inadequate and/or impractical.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_methods_in_psychology Observations] a research method used to collect sensory data pertaining to physical behaviour, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_study longitudinal studies], a research method that observes behavioural patterns over an extended period of time, are usually used to collect well-rounded data in natural experiments.

Longitudinal studies prove advantageous over true experiments due to their relatively generalised nature and long observation periods. Statistical data from these studies is imperative in the discipline of developmental psychology. However, they usually entail grouping of participants with similar characteristics (as chosen and defined by the researcher), leaving room for between-group and within-subject variation, which could potentially affect experiment findings.

Both methods are qualitative in nature and therefore not free from potential limitations such as selection biases and coincidental associations. In scenarios such as this, natural experiments prove instrumental in validating findings generated from naturalistic studies as they allow for the statistical control of dependent variables. But, due to the uncontrolled nature of this research method, the results gain ecological validity and at the same time, fail to objectively establish a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Therefore, due to their equal emphasis on qualitative and quantitative measurements, natural experiments prove ecologically valid but lack replicability and reliability.&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclo&quot; /&gt;{{rp|877-878}}

==== Quasi-Experiments ====

In quasi-experiments, independent variables are identified, instead of manipulated, extraneous variables are controlled to some extent, and the dependent variable is statistically controlled. In this case, independent variables are the inherent characteristics of an individual, such as ethnicity, height, IQ etc.&lt;ref name=&quot;test&quot;&gt;Campbell DT, Stanley JC. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Ravenio Books; 2015 Sep 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

When compared to natural and true experiments, a stark difference stands out in the selection and assignment of participants. Unlike natural experiments, quasi-experiments do not randomly choose its participants, but select the ones who exhibit or inhabit the independent variable already. However, they are similar in the sense that observation and longitudinal studies are also employed as research methods and that there is minimal control over extraneous variables. Unlike true experiments, participants cannot be assigned to random groups, rather, participants are grouped according to the characteristic chosen and defined by the researcher, usually used in scenarios where random assignment is impractical and/or impossible. &lt;ref name=&quot;test&quot; /&gt;

Due to this deliberate assignment of participants, it becomes difficult to compare test groups within the experiment, making results less ecologically valid, and a correlation hard to establish. Moreover, although quasi-experiments cannot control most of the extraneous variables, as each participant’s history and therefore schema cannot be controlled or changed, researchers can isolate common factors like age, sex, mental health history etc. So, if the research uses a matched-pairs design,&lt;ref&gt;Yaremko R, Harari H. Handbook of research and quantitative methods in psychology. London: Psychology Press; 1986.&lt;/ref&gt; the findings can be compared with each other and tangible conclusions can be drawn.&lt;ref&gt;Raine A, Buchsbaum M, LaCasse L. Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biological psychiatry. 1997 Sep 15;42(6):495-508.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, it could also lead to individuals self-selecting, either because they hold themselves in a higher esteem when it comes to a performative dependent variable, or because the researcher created pairs according to his/her perception of who is similar to who. Therefore, it is extremely important to conduct some pre-test exercises to know how similar the selected group is to each other before beginning the actual experiment.&lt;ref&gt;Losh S. GUIDE 4: QUASI-EXPERIMENTS, INTERNAL VALIDITY, AND EXPERIMENTS II [Internet]. EDF 5481 Methods of Educational Research. 2017 [cited 3 November 2020]. Available from: http://myweb.fsu.edu/slosh/MethodsGuide4.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Correlations Research ====
Correlations research is a quantitative measurement of the correlation between any two variables. It is usually conducted after observations of a certain phenomenon lead to a hypothesis. In order to prove this premature hypothesis, researchers conduct a quantitative analysis to analyse the relationship between the two variables. These work as an initial checkpoint for a hypothesis. If a strong correlation is established, further studies can narrow down the results and attempt to decipher a causal relationship through different research methods. 
When compared to true experiments, correlations studies collect a greater variety and depth of data. Sometimes, in cases where the independent variable cannot be manipulated due to ethical or practicality concerns, and the scope of the investigation is too wide to conduct natural or quasi-experiments, correlations research proves useful. 
Moreover, because this research method only involves two variables, there is no provision for controlling any extraneous variables, leading to greater external validity as none of the variables involved are being controlled in any manner. &lt;ref name=&quot;psych&quot;&gt;Price P, Jhangiani R, Chang I, Leighton D, Cuttler C. Research Methods in Psychology. 3rd ed. U.S; 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Research Methods: Cognitive Approach ===
The cognitive approach dissects the processing of information in the human brain, as well as schema formation and the role of emotions. The reliability of cognitive processes such as thinking and memory is constantly questioned, researched and debated. The research methods used to collect evidence are mostly qualitative in nature.

==== Interviews &amp; Questionnaires ====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_(research) Interviews], a qualitative research method, refer to a conversation, conducted in small groups or one-on-one, that aims to obtain information. Because they are precise and detailed, they would be best suited to case study experiments where the number of participants is small. Although smaller number of participants would lead to weaker conclusions, information collected in interviews provides valuable first-hand insight into human behaviour as they allow non-verbal responses to be recorded eg. body language and facial expressions. When conducted in smaller groups, data collected can be more valuable as responses from certain participants may elicit enriched responses as they can build on each other's insights and perspectives. However, the moderator must be skilled, making sure every participant contributes equally, and the participants are vulnerable to conform to the majority beliefs instead of voicing their personal, differing stance. When conducted one-to-one, interviews can be structured or unstructured. Structured interviews have a precise set of questions, resulting in relatively objectively data that is easier to process. The interviewer does not need to be highly skilled. Unstructured interviews pose open-ended questions, therefore eliciting subjective answers. They require highly skilled interviewers as the quality of findings may depend on the interviewer's skill to evoke valuable inputs from the participants.  

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionnaire Questionnaires], a quantitative research method, refer to a survey, either open-ended or close-ended, that also poses questions aiming to extract information and establish patterns. Open-ended questions prompt participants to answer with a context/direction of their choice. Close-ended questions provide multiple response options to answer a particular question.&lt;ref name=&quot;psych&quot; /&gt; One of the limitations of this method is participant unreliability – when his/her responses are distorted, either because of an inherent desire to please the researcher or because they choose to falsify or exaggerate their responses. 

Often, questionnaires are complemented with interviews in order to collect quantitative and qualitative sets of data from representative samples that can be used to rationalise the findings to the general population. 

In qualitative research methods as much, the bias of each question, implicit or otherwise, can play a key role in shaping the outcome of the experiment. Therefore, researchers must make sure that question construction (language and diction used) along with the register of conversation (informal/formal) does not reflect their agenda of the experiment, as questions and register used can be misleading or probe the participant to answer in a certain way.&lt;ref&gt;Potter J, Hepburn A. Qualitative interviews in psychology: Problems and possibilities. Qualitative research in Psychology. 2005 Jan 1;2(4):281-307.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, qualitative methods are always open to bias as they collect subjective data. It is nearly impossible for the researcher to analyse and interpret it without any bias, as each human has a differing cultural, social and educational background that will inevitably affect the way one approaches an experiment or data set. Therefore, evidence subject to unconscious human bias is less ecologically valid and needs to be backed by quantitative proof. &lt;ref&gt;Kirk-Smith M. Psychological issues in questionnaire-based research. Market Research Society. Journal.. 1998 May;40(3):1-2.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Field Experiments ====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_experiment Field experiments] refer to psychological experiments conducted outside laboratory settings, in the real environment, to increase applicability of results to a problem and establish the effect of independent variable on dependent variable in the natural environment. They entail the manipulation of the independent variable, unlike field research that emphasises observations and qualitative inquiry, in order to establish a direct causal relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable. 

The field experiments are designed using random assignment or pre-post test design. Experiments using random design randomly divide the participants into groups, with some receiving the treatment and some the placebo. But, using pre-post test design, the researcher determines the changes in some parameters before and after their interaction with the experimental stimulus. Therefore, the results of such experiments have greater generalisability than survey research as experimental design assesses the causal relationship.&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclo&quot; /&gt;{{rp|561-563}}

In addition, field experiments potentially reduce participant unreliability – because the experiment is being conducted in a natural environment that the participant is familiar with, the desire to please the researcher by modifying responses is reduced. Also, the real-life setting will expose researchers to new behaviours or issues otherwise not present in a laboratory setting. However, multiple scientists argue that “causal knowledge requires controlled variation.” The important decisions concerning control variables and environments offered by laboratory settings are difficult to replicate in natural environments. Overall, empirical methods such as field experiments and quantitative-focused methods such as laboratory experiments are not alternatives but complements which will yield best results when used together.&lt;ref&gt;Falk A, Heckman JJ. Lab experiments are a major source of knowledge in the social sciences. science. 2009 Oct 23;326(5952):535-8.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Research Methods: Sociocultural Approach ===
The sociocultural approach to psychology dissects the role that social and cultural structures play in shaping behaviour and thinking. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods are employed to better understand intergroup relations and cultures.

Cultures are studied either by an outsider or an insider i.e. etic or emic respectively. The emic approach entails research being conducted by an insider. The insider has had first-hand experience of many years being a part of the culture being investigated. This equips them to easily identify or isolate variables of study and create suitable quantitative or qualitative markers for each. However, it also prevents them from being objective about the research. 

The etic approach entails research being conducted by an outsider i.e. by someone who does not identify or recognise with the culture’s norms or practices. Malhotra et al. (1996) suggested that the etic approach assumes a universalist approach which emphasizes psychological processes or ways of thinking are similar in all human cultures, whereas the etic approach assumes a relativist approach that emphasizes the psychological processes specific to cultural groups.&lt;ref&gt;Malhotra NK, Agarwal J, Peterson M. Methodological issues in cross‐cultural marketing research. International marketing review. 1996 Oct 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Quasi-Experiments ====
Quasi-experiments (see also 5.1.3) are most commonly conducted in real-life settings, and involve an investigation into independent variables that are inherent characteristics of individuals, such as ethnicity, height, IQ etc.&lt;ref name=&quot;test&quot; /&gt; Random assignment and selection is not possible in this research method as the variables chosen are innate. 

Due to the natural setting of these experiments, extraneous variables are hard to control (therefore arising the need for a pre-post test design), and therefore quasi-experiments have low potential replicability.&lt;ref&gt;Cook T, Campbell D. Quasi-experimentation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1979.&lt;/ref&gt; Yet, they are accredited to have relatively more control over extraneous variables as they can differentiate between participants on the basis of age-groups, gender, or race etc. and ensure a uniformity in such factors before commencing the experiment. 

One of the limitations of psychological experiments, however, except in the cases where the participant is unaware of the study, is social desirability bias, where a participant may alter his/her/their response in order to please or impress the researcher. More so, merely the awareness of participation as an object of study in an experiment may influence the performance of participants. Therefore, researcher must explain the study along with the tasks needed to be performed during it using unbiased, uncomplicated and objective language in order to avoid misunderstandings or misdirection. &lt;ref name=&quot;flow&quot; /&gt;

Specifically, in sociocultural psychology, quasi-experiments are used in cross-cultural research, where participants’ cultures represent the independent variable and their behaviour the dependent variable. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies Cross-cultural research] is a study into the correlation between behaviour and one’s culture, whether certain behaviours are bound to a particular culture or cross-cultural (similar across multiple cultures). 

In cross-cultural studies, one of the research designs could be to subject the ‘objects of study’ to differing experimental stimulus until equal levels of post-test results are achieved among groups that may have initially differed in those aspects. So, rather than investigating one static paradigm in multiple cultures, the investigator looks at several variations of that paradigm within one culture. &lt;ref name=&quot;flow&quot;&gt;Tobach E, Falmagne J, Parlee MB, Martin L, Kapelman AS. Mind and social practice: Selected writings of Sylvia Scribner. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

Therefore, quasi-experiments in sociocultural psychology allow for a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods that lead to successful outcomes.

==== Correlation Research with Self-report Questionnaires ====
Correlation research is used to determine the relationship between two variables i.e. if they are co-variables. It is not used to identify a causal relationship as no variables involved are manipulated, and the change could be attributed to any of the multiple factors involved. However, correlation studies do provide an initial checkpoint for a hypothesis, and confirm whether further experimental methods are required to test the relationship. 

The correlation studies method is used in scenarios where it is unethical, impractical or impossible to manipulate the independent variable – it simply aims to establish the connection between two variables of study. Moreover, it is often assumed that this research method involves the study of two or more quantitative variables. However, it is important to note that correlation research always investigates variables that cannot be manipulated, irrespective of their nature (quantitative or qualitative).&lt;ref name=&quot;psych&quot; /&gt;

In sociocultural psychology, correlation studies are mostly used in conjunction with self-report questionnaires to help quantify the data collected. Self-report questionnaires are an uncomplicated, relatively quick and easily duplicable method of collecting data. They usually entail large number of randomly selected participants as that will increase the applicability of findings. They involve simply the posing of questions to participants/respondents and then recording their answers. This can occur over the phone, in person, in a written format, or over the Internet. Questions are usually about the respondents’ feelings or behaviour – measured quantitively through various markers determined and defined by the researcher.&lt;ref&gt;Converse, J. M. (1987). Survey research in the United States: Roots and emergence, 1890–1960. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

The reliability of data collected using questionnaires relies on participants’ capability to understand the questions and answer with honesty. But social desirability bias is prevalent. Although difficult to eradicate completely, it can be lessened by using objective language in questionnaires and misinforming participants of the specific details of study.&lt;ref&gt;Van de Mortel TF. Faking it: social desirability response bias in self-report research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The. 2008 Jun;25(4):40.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, a study conducted by Berry et. al. (2006) on the relationship between acculturation methods and the extent of adaptation and assimilation of immigrant youth used a correlations study involving a self-report questionnaire. Although the study discovered a correlation between acculturation methods that involved engagement with host culture and successful integration, they could not conclude a causal relationship between the two. Moreover, data was collected through responses on a self-report questionnaire even though a large number of participants did not have high language proficiency.&lt;ref&gt;Berry JW, Phinney JS, Sam DL, Vedder P. Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied psychology. 2006 Jul;55(3):303-32.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ethical Framework in Experimental Psychology ===

Ethics is a human-made construction of moral principles that aim to objectively guide individuals in their method of conducting an activity. Specific to Psychology, ethics is a code of guidelines that psychologists follow when conducting experimental research consisting of participants. Gaining evidence of psychological phenomena is important to further advance knowledge of human behaviour, however, psychological research involves ‘living beings’ (inclusive of humans and animals) who hold their own rights to choose and decide. Ethics in psychology therefore aims to sustain these rights through ethical principles/guidelines when a researcher conducts a study, and when a researcher reports their findings of the study.&lt;ref name= &quot;ib psycho&quot;&gt;Popov A, Parker L, Seath D. IB diploma programme. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ethical Framework of Conducting a Study ====

Researchers gain evidence of psychological phenomena through psychological experiments and this evidence collection and processing occurs on a basis of an ethical framework of collectively agreed-upon moral principles that adhere to a committee’s perception of what is objectively ethical. When conducting a study, one of the most important ethical guidelines to follow is to obtain the participant's informed consent, wherein the decision of providing consent to participate in an experiment should be made after being informed of the experiment’s aims, what they will undergo/experience, and how their personal and experimental data will be used/applied. Furthermore, an ethical guideline while conducting research is informing participants of their right to withdraw from participation at any time during the research study.&lt;ref&gt;APA: Psychologists Should Obtain Informed Consent From Research Participants [Internet]. https://www.apa.org. 2014 [cited 4 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/06/informed-consent#:~:text=%E2%80%9CInformed%20Consent%2C%20psychologists%20inform%20participants,withdrawing%3B%20(4)%20reasonably%20foreseeable&lt;/ref&gt; Another guideline is that all participants must be protected from ‘undue stress’ from physical and mental harm, including both short-term and long-term effects of the research. The researcher must refrain from conducting such a study, and if harm occurs through unforeseeable circumstances, the researcher must ensure that they take measures to reverse or prevent long-term consequences such as therapeutic intervention or psychological care.

In addition, a participant’s confidentiality and/or anonymity must be protected. A participant’s confidentiality is where the participant has provided their personal details to the researcher, and the researcher must not share any of this information as per a ‘research agreement’ which is often included in an informed consent form. A participant’s anonymity is where the participant does not provide any personal details, so even the researcher does not have the information of the individual that participated in the study. This ethical principle adheres to a participant’s right to privacy through protecting their information.&lt;ref&gt;Allen M. Confidentiality and Anonymity of Participants. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods. 2017;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, the minimization of deception is an ethical principle followed throughout psychological research. At times, researchers ‘deceive’ the participants by concealing the real aims of the study to prevent participation bias or the social desirability bias. This deception should be minimized feasibly. However, when deception is used, participants should be informed of it after the study, which is an additional ethical guideline called debriefing.&lt;ref&gt;McLeod S. Psychology Research Ethics [Internet]. Simplypsychology.org. 2015 [cited 4 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/Ethics.html&lt;/ref&gt; Debriefing involves revealing the real aims of the study, explaining the implications, providing an explanation of how their data and information will be used, explaining the need for any deception, all after the study and researchers must provide the participants with an opportunity to withdraw from participation after being debriefed.&lt;ref&gt;Sharf A, Kimonis E. Debriefing. The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. 2015;:1-3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Allen M. Debriefing of Participants. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods. 2017;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ethical Framework of Reporting Findings ====

As a researcher reports their findings and results, one ethical guideline that must be followed is not conducting data fabrication &lt;ref&gt;Fabrication (science) [Internet]. Psychology Wiki. 2020 [cited 4 November 2020]. Available from: https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Fabrication_(science)#:~:text=Fabrication%2C%20in%20the%20context%20of,is%20regarded%20as%20highly%20unethical.&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers must not fabricate data or results, and if faced with an identification of an error in an already published article, then they must take appropriate measures such as retracting the article, or publishing an erratum listing and explaining the error.&lt;ref&gt;Current Psychology [Internet]. Springer. 2020 [cited 4 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.springer.com/journal/12144/submission-guidelines&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, researchers must not conduct plagiarism.&lt;ref&gt;Plagiarism [Internet]. https://apastyle.apa.org. 2020 [cited 4 November 2020]. Available from: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/plagiarism#:~:text=Plagiarism%20is%20the%20act%20of,the%20credit%20they%20are%20due.&amp;text=If%20you%20model%20a%20study,author%20of%20the%20original%20study.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, they must provide appropriate authorship through publication credit of the article which is according to each author’s relative substantial contribution to the study.&lt;ref&gt;Authorship Guidelines | Department of Psychology [Internet]. Stonybrook.edu. 2020 [cited 4 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/psychology/current_students/authorship_guidelines#:~:text=%E2%80%9C8.12%20Publication%20Credit,8.12b%2C%20Publication%20Credit.)&lt;/ref&gt; As a researcher shares their results, they must also share their process, including the research data, so that other researchers can replicate the study to verify the results. Research data includes raw data which is a numerical matrix if the research is quantitative, or a transcript of the participants’ responses or behaviour if the research is qualitative, as well as processed data, which includes any calculations of statistical tests to identify significance,  the inferences, and the conclusion.&lt;ref name= &quot;ib psycho&quot;/&gt;

Furthermore, researchers must follow appropriate guidelines while sharing the results of ‘sensitive and personal’ information/data. Through a research study, psychologists may gain sensitive information such as genetic/biological details or history of mental disorders. Through genetic research, information about ‘misattributed parentage’, ‘health status’ or the existence of an unknown family member might be discovered. Additionally, in technology-related studies where a participant’s brain is scanned, a researcher could identify a health issue such as a brain tumour. Furthermore, through a study, psychologists could identify a mental disorder which was previously unknown to the participant, or an identification of a high risk of developing a disorder in the future. This may affect the self-esteem of the participant, and affect the perception of the participant in a family dynamic. Psychologists must handle this information with sensitivity, and must monitor the psychological state of the participant at times when there is a high probability of detrimental consequences, along with psychological counselling/therapy if needed. Another aspect of reporting that researchers must consider is the implications of the results on the society. Often, a study may result in findings which may defy a social norm or generally have a severe impact on the society due to social implications of how individuals perceive knowledge. Psychologists should accordingly assess whether to publicize their results to a journal that is specific to the scientific community, or to a journal that is targeted to a public audience. Moreover, there is always a possibility of inaccurate or imprecise data collection or presence of bias throughout the study which affected the results. To handle this implication, the ethical framework encourages psychologists to identify which information is strongly necessary to publish to provide evidence of their findings behind a psychological phenomena, to include and acknowledge all the limitations of the study, and to report the results with accuracy and precision in the publication.&lt;ref name= &quot;ib psycho&quot;/&gt; This ethical framework enforces the evidence's reliability through providing the necessary information needed to replicate the study to verify the results.

== Evidence in Forensic Science ==

=== Forensic Science ===
It is fairly undebated to say that forensic science is a discipline centered around evidence - particularly the production and analysis of it, however the exact definition for forensic science is difficult to determine. It is something that even forensic scientists struggle to establish an agreement on. &lt;ref&gt;Tilstone W, Clark L, Savage K. Forensic science. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO; 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; However, most commonly, forensic science is known as the utilisation of scientific approaches - particularly from Chemistry, Biology and Medicine - to produce evidence that aids criminal investigation, court cases and ultimately the legal justice system. &lt;ref&gt;Roux C, Ribaux O, CRISPINO F. Forensic science 2020 – the end of the crossroads?. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2018;:1-12.&lt;/ref&gt; However, many specialists in the field may find that this common definition is lacking in that it is unable encompass the full scope of forensic analysis. Perhaps there is no better example of this than two of the first ever forensic scientists, Paul Kirk and Edmund Locard's perspective; they believed that the process of comparing and interpreting data, rather than the scientific methods used to extract such data, is what truly defines the study of forensic science. Forensic science also entails the use of collected evidence to deduce, explore and recreate probable scenarios and simultaneously eliminate improbable scenarios. Consolidating the above perspectives, it can be said that evidence in forensic science is produced through the combination of applying scientific methodology in investigations along with the interpretation of the information gained to attach meaningful deductions and conclusions to collected data.&lt;ref&gt;Bell S. Crime and circumstance. Westport, Conn: Praeger; 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Types of Evidence ===
Evidence that would be collected for analysis includes any physical remnants from a crime that can be any range of sizes. It can be separated into transient evidence and tangible evidence. Transient evidence is legally classified as evidence that is easily perishable, changed or lost, making them extremely susceptible to losing evidentiary value. &lt;ref name= &quot;legal&quot;&gt;US Legal I. Transient Evidence Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc. [Internet]. Definitions.uslegal.com. 2020 [cited 29 October 2020]. Available from: https://definitions.uslegal.com/t/transient-evidence/&lt;/ref&gt; This includes biological evidence (such as body fluids, hair, nails, skin tissue) from which DNA may be analysed, latent print evidence (such as fingerprints, foot prints), residue from weapons and firearms, (such as gunshot residue) and trace evidence (such as organic material, glass fragments, fibers). &lt;ref name= &quot;legal&quot;/&gt; Tangible evidence is the opposite; they are comparatively larger items and are not easily perishable. This can include weapons, firearms, bullets, cartridges, drugs, paraphernalia, documents and digital devices.&lt;ref&gt;Forensic Evidence Types [Internet]. michiganforensics. 2020 [cited 29 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.michigan.gov/documents/msp/Forensic_Evidence_Types_390544_7.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Criticisms on the Reliability of Evidence Gained ===
The evidence collected in Forensic Science is often heavily relied on in court and the prosecution of criminals. It is an extremely crucial component of the criminal justice system&lt;ref name= &quot;crime&quot;&gt;Julian R, Kelty S, Roux C, Woodman P, Robertson J, Davey A et al. What is the value of forensic science? An overview of the effectiveness of forensic science in the Australian criminal justice system project. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2011;43(4):217-229.&lt;/ref&gt;, hence assurance of the reliability of the evidence produced is absolutely imperial. Currently, Forensic Science holds immense credibility in both in the public’s perspective and in the courtroom. &lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;&gt;&lt;Saks M, Faigman D. Failed Forensics: How Forensic Science Lost Its Way and How It Might Yet Find It. Annual Review of Law and Social Science [Internet]. 2008 [cited 10 November 2020];4(1):149-161. Available from: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.4.110707.172303&lt;/ref&gt; Law professors Michael Saks and David Faigman from Arizona State University critically explores the shortcomings of Forensic Science as a producer of evidence in the context of Law in their article “Failed Forensics: How Forensic Science Lost its Way and How it Might Yet Find it”. 

The article targets a specific subset of Forensic Science – fields in the discipline that are paradoxically titled “nonscience forensic sciences” by the authors. These nonscience fields (or soft forensic sciences as referred to by the National Institute of Justice) include ‘identification sciences’, which “involve pattern matching in an effort to associate a crime scene mark or object with its source”.&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;/&gt; The identification sciences field in question includes well known and heavily relied on areas of forensic analysis and evidence such as fingerprints, handwriting, bitemarks, voiceprints, tool marks, fire arms, tire prints, shoe prints and gunshot residue. Heavy criticism is expressed towards the apparent absence of scientific practices to ensure validity (such as hypothesis testing, falsification, empirical testing) and overall lacking vigour for accuracy and objectivity in the processes of research and producing of evidence, which is very atypical of normal Physical Science disciplines. Empirical evidence in Forensic Science has also been criticised for being methodologically weak. &lt;ref name= &quot;crime&quot;/&gt; Rather, hypotheses and suppositions in Soft Forensic Science fields seem to have achieved validity purely through time with no forms of legitimacy besides proclaimed past successes and “experience”. &lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;/&gt; Methodology in individualisation are also very hidden, destroying its reproducibility&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;/&gt;– also something very important in Physical Sciences to test and verify methods of arriving to evidence. Research in Natural Sciences also recognise and particularly value the concept of identification and qualification of errors in research process as to produce a conclusion that can be considered in tangible range (due to margins of error) and evaluated on its reliability for future improvement.&lt;ref name=”error”&gt; Measurements and Their Uncertainties: A Practical Guide to Modern Error Analysis p1&lt;/ref&gt; However, once again, Forensic Science deviates from the norms of disciplines in Physical Sciences, having many claims of theoretical error rates of zero – something that would be appalling to scientists of other disciplines, as error is viewed as inherent and inevitable within the limitations of current technology.&lt;ref name=”error”/&gt; Putting aside assertions of zero theoretical error, the lack of a tangible margin of error in forensic practices also deteriorates its purpose as a means of producing evidence. Examples of this are false positives and false negatives&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;/&gt; or the likelihood that two prints are alike, both of which the probability of is completely unknown,&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;/&gt; unlike disciplines such as Medicine. Furthermore, statistical data points to errors in forensic testing as the second leading reason of false convictions &lt;ref&gt;Saks M, Faigman D. Postmortem analysis of causes of wrongful conviction in cases of DNA exonerations [Internet]. 2008 [cited 10 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.4.110707.172303#abstractSection&lt;/ref&gt;which is inconsistent with the claims of forensic scientists. Even DNA typing – which is credited to have completely revolutionised the criminal justice system &lt;ref&gt;Bell S. Crime and circumstance. Westport, Conn: Praeger; 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; and praised by Saks and Faigman for being one of the most significant developments and truly scientific processes in Forensic Science&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;/&gt; – is not free from errors, which include, “among others, errors in collecting biological material, mislabelling of evidence, accidental contamination of samples, and, sometimes, intentional fraud.”&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;/&gt;

This analysis challenges the true applicability of the general definition of Forensic Science (applying scientific methods to legal issues) to the whole discipline. As demonstrated above, the Soft Forensic Sciences lack or contradict many beliefs and practices of physical sciences. Though the term “science” is in its legally classified title, it lacks origins in basic science and has largely developed independently outside of mainstream sciences&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;/&gt;. Examining a quote from a Utah Court of Appeals judge: “In essence, we have adopted a cultural assumption that a government representative’s assertion that a defendant fingerprint was found at a crime scene is an infallible fact, and not merely the examiners opinion.” &lt;ref&gt;State v. Quintana. 20030471-CA. 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; This shares a very interesting perspective, bringing attention to how, ultimately, individualisation and identification science is a subjective judgement process by Forensic Scientists on their perception of the rarity and uniqueness of the evidence&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;/&gt;. Overall, it raises questions about the large amount of credibility assigned to evidence produced by the Forensic Sciences, and whether the lack of policing or questioning of forensic evidence in legal cases&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;/&gt; is justified.

=== Preventive Measures and Precautions to Ensure Reliability ===

When analyzing evidence, if there has been a transfer of DNA from first responders, the police, or lab analysts to the evidence, it could contaminate the evidence, and would falsely show that an individual was at the crime scene in the sense of implicating the individual to the crime. As this is false, the evidence consequently becomes unreliable, and inadmissible in court. While there are measures taken to prevent contamination, it is also important to take precaution of how to interpret the evidence in the case that the crime scene has been contaminated. There are three types of exogenous DNA which are irrelevant to the origin of the crime scene and have been as a result of contamination. Even with preventive measures, analysis of evidence will occur in a lab which has humans working in it who all have DNA. One type of exogenous DNA is the DNA of the lab analysts, and the precaution taken is retaining a DNA profile of all the personnel working at the lab to be able to cross-analyze in case of contamination. Another exogenous DNA is from a reaction with the allelic ladder which is an artificial sequence of common alleles in humans. Even a small allelic ladder can be amplified to observe the trends in peaks. The precaution against this reaction contamination of the allelic is that analysts identify if there are extra peaks present in the pattern. Additionally, other DNA samples in the laboratory are also exogenous DNA where multiple samples are processed as a batch, and during the process of identifying the DNA sequence and genotype, there are many steps which require handling the sample multiple times. While evidence may be unreliable if it is contaminated, scientists and analysts can identify whether a sample has been contaminated through extra peaks in the allelic ladder amplification pattern, and are even capable of differentiating between a contaminated DNA sample and the real DNA profile. However, this is an intricate and time-consuming process. Instead, for the evidence to remain reliable, preventive measures and precautions are taken strictly such as wearing gloves, refraining from contact with surfaces or objects while wearing the gloves, and preparing a ‘negative control reaction’ for every reaction to compare the peaks pattern, and sterilizing the workstation and instruments for every new sample.&lt;ref&gt;Sundquist T, Bessetti J. Identifying and Preventing DNA Contamination in a DNA-Typing Laboratory [Internet]. Promega.com. 2005 [cited 31 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.promega.com/~/media/Files/Resources/Profiles%20In%20DNA/802/Identifying%20and%20Preventing%20DNA%20Contamination%20in%20a%20DNA%20Typing%20Laboratory.ashx&lt;/ref&gt; The reliability of forensic evidence has formed through a standard of maintaining protocols and preventive contamination measures, and this allows criminal justice to attain objectively processed evidence which strongly addresses who the DNA belongs to, to identify why that individual’s DNA was present at the crime scene.

=== Reliability of the Ones Using the Evidence ===

While forensic evidence is a result of scientific analysis, its reliability in implicating a suspect can be dependent on the individual using the evidence to draw conclusions. In the initial process of collecting evidence, humans that are social beings are the ones that decide what should or should not be collected to analyze for and as evidence. This decision-making is perceptive and hence may result in misleading information or missing information. The system of evidence use also involves social beings making decisions on what to understand from the evidence. They may hold a confirmation bias which is the tendency to seek for information that confirms or supports pre-existing beliefs.&lt;ref name= &quot;confirmation&quot;&gt;Noor I. Confirmation Bias | Simply Psychology [Internet]. Simplypsychology.org. 2020 [cited 1 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/confirmation-bias.html&lt;/ref&gt; They may already suspect an individual of a crime, and they tend to seek for evidence or information that confirms that the suspect is the assailant. While the scientific process of evidence analysis is unbiased, the people that conduct this process are naturally biased social beings. When an individual gets a hold of evidence, it is upto the individual to develop an explanation behind the evidence, and this is a perceptive process, and while an explanation can be right or wrong, developing it can differ from person to person. For evidence to be admissible in court, it must be ‘probative’, which means that it can support one side of the case (or the other side). While evidence analysis is a method to gain data which is an interpretation that shows factual analytics, evaluation of this interpretation delves into the significance of the findings in the specific context of the case. This evaluation assesses the probative value of the interpretation in the case to be able to support an explanation. Evidence being ‘consistent’ which one explanation is not sufficient to provide valuable information in a court, rather, it is important to take into consideration of all the factors including all collected and analyzed evidence and be able to identify which has a higher chance/probability of having happened out of all the possible explanations that the evidence is consistent with.&lt;ref&gt;Jamieson A. The Philosophy of Forensic Scientific Identification [Internet]. Academia.edu. 2008 [cited 1 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/216906/The_Philosophy_of_Forensic_Scientific_Identification#:~:text=The%20Forensic%20Process%20The%20%E2%80%9Cforensic,probative%20evidence%20to%20the%20court.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Forensic Evidence in Wrongful Convictions ===

DNA fingerprinting was first used in a criminal investigation in 1986, in the case of the rapes and murders of Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth in Narborough, Leicestershire.&lt;ref&gt;Wise J. The new scientific eyewitness: The role of DNA profiling in shaping criminal justice. VDM Verlag Dr Müller; 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Just a few years prior in 1984, British geneticist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys#DNA_profiling Dr Alec Jeffreys] had discovered that differences in genetic material could be used to accurately identify individuals.&lt;ref&gt;Roewer L. DNA fingerprinting in forensics: past, present, future. Investigative genetics. 2013 Dec;4(1):1-0.&lt;/ref&gt; Richard Buckland, a 17 year old man with learning difficulties, who was in custody for the crimes, was exonerated when genetic fingerprinting proved that both crimes had been committed by the same man but that man was not Buckland. An investigation by the Leicestershire Constabulary, resulted in the arrest of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Pitchfork Colin Pitchfork] in 1987. With his confession, later confirmed by DNA evidence, Pitchfork was convicted to life imprisonment the following year.&lt;ref&gt;Shrivastava P, Jain T, Trivedi VB. DNA fingerprinting: a substantial and imperative aid to forensic investigation. Eur J Forensic Sci. 2016;3(3):23-30.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Since then, DNA evidence has been used extensively across the world to both convict and exonerate criminal suspects. To date, in the United States, 375 people, of whom 21 had been on death row, have been exonerated by DNA evidence. On average, each of the people exonerated had served 14 years in prison.&lt;ref&gt;The Innonce Project. DNA Exonerations in the United States. Available from: https://innocenceproject.org/dna-exonerations-in-the-united-states [Accessed 15th November 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Owing to the proven innocence of those involved, DNA exonerations provide a unique insight into the factors behind wrongful convictions, such as ineffective assistance of legal counsel, racial biases, misapplication of forensic science and eyewitness misidentifications:
*A 2010 study found that of the first 255 cases of DNA exoneration, 54 of the exonerees had filed claims of ineffective counsel. Of these 54 appeals, 44 were rejected by courts, however in 7 cases courts established that the defendants had been offered inadequate legal assistance.&lt;ref&gt;West EM. Court Findings of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims in Post-Conviction Appeals Among the First 255 DNA Exoneration Cases. Innocence Project. 2010 Sep.&lt;/ref&gt; 
*A May 2020 study of data on DNA exonerations of individuals convicted in the 1980s and 90s examined the racial differences in wrongful convictions. The findings suggested, that the wrongful conviction rate of black convicts for rape is over two and a half times higher than that of white convicts.&lt;ref&gt;Bjerk D, Helland E. What Can DNA Exonerations Tell Us about Racial Differences in Wrongful-Conviction Rates?. The Journal of Law and Economics. 2020 May 1;63(2):341-66.&lt;/ref&gt;
*45% of wrongful convictions in the United States involved the misapplication of forensic science.&lt;ref&gt;Newkirk Centre for Science &amp; Society. The National Registry of Exonerations. Available at: https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/browse.aspx?View={B8342AE7-6520-4A32-8A06-4B326208BAF8}&amp;FilterField1=Contributing_x0020_Factors_x0020&amp;FilterValue1=False%20or%20Misleading%20Forensic%20Evidence [Accessed 15th November 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015 the FBI revealed that the likelihood of a match between hair samples and suspects’ hair had been overstated by it’s microscopy experts in 95% of the reviewed cases.&lt;ref&gt;Allocca S. FBI Admits Flaws in Hair Analysis Spanning Two Decades. Forensic Magazine. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Eyewitness misidentification has been found to be the primary factor in wrongful convictions,&lt;ref&gt;Thompson SG. Judicial blindness to eyewitness misidentification. Marq. L. Rev.. 2009;93:639.&lt;/ref&gt; with many estimates finding that this is true in 69% of cases.&lt;ref&gt;The Innocence Project. Eyewitness Identification Reform. Available at: https://innocenceproject.org/eyewitness-identification-reform/ [Accessed 15th November 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;

DNA exonerations have had a substantial influence on the criminal justice system in the United States. A 1996 study carried out by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice National Institute of Justice](NIJ), ''Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science: Case Studies in the Use of DNA Evidence to Establish Innocence After Trial'',&lt;ref&gt;Connors EF. Convicted by juries, exonerated by science: Case studies in the use of DNA evidence to establish innocence after trial. DIANE Publishing; 1996.&lt;/ref&gt;, revealed repeated instances of convict-requested DNA testing resulting in overturned convictions. Consequently, the Attorney General at the time Janet Reno tasked the NIJ with establishing a National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence.&lt;ref&gt;United States. National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence. Research, Development Working Group, National Institute of Justice (US). Research, Development Working Group, National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence (National Institute of Justice). The future of forensic dna testing: Predictions of the research and development working group. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice; 2000.&lt;/ref&gt; One of the reports published by the Commission, ''Post-conviction DNA Testing: Recommendations for Handling Requests'',&lt;ref&gt;Reno J. Postconviction DNA Testing: Recommendations for Handling Requests. DIANE Publishing; 1999.&lt;/ref&gt; initiated radical changes in many states’ legislature regarding post-conviction testing. Today, all fifty states have some form of legislation that enables access to post-conviction DNA testing. &lt;ref&gt; The Innocence Project. Access to Post-Conviction DNA Testing. Available at: https://innocenceproject.org/causes/access-post-conviction-dna-testing [Accessed 15th November 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; At the federal level, the passing of ''The Justice for All Act'' by Congress in 2004, permitted all federal inmates to request testing.&lt;ref&gt;Kleinert ME. Improving the Quality of Justice: The Innocence Protection Act 2004 Ensures Post-Conviction DNA Testing, Better Legal Representation, and Increased Compensation for the Wrongfully Imprisoned. Brandeis LJ. 2005;44:491.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Furthermore, DNA exonerations, especially those of inmates on death row, have also contributed to a decrease in favourable public opinion of the death penalty.&lt;ref&gt;Norris RJ, Mullinix KJ. Framing innocence: an experimental test of the effects of wrongful convictions on public opinion. Journal of Experimental Criminology. 2020 Jun;16(2):311-34.&lt;/ref&gt; In some cases, the overturning of wrongful convictions has led states to temporarily suspend the death penalty, such as New Jersey in January 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press. New Jersey Lawmakers Vote to Suspend Executions As Death Penalty Study Proceeds. Available at: https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/new-jersey-lawmakers-vote-to-suspend-executions-as-death-penalty-study-proceeds [Accessed 16th November 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Baumgartner FR, De Boef SL, Boydstun AE. The decline of the death penalty and the discovery of innocence. Cambridge University Press; 2008 Jan 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Given that successful exonerations represent a minute fraction of all estimated wrongful convictions,&lt;ref&gt;Poveda TG. Estimating wrongful convictions. Justice Quarterly. 2001 Sep 1;18(3):689-708.&lt;/ref&gt; many people believe it is likely a wrongfully convicted individual has already been executed.&lt;ref&gt;Rosen RA. Innovence and Death. NcL rev.. 2003;82:61.&lt;/ref&gt;

== An Interdisciplinary Examination into Evidence ==

=== An Introduction to the Case Study ===

In 1984,  Jennifer Thompson-Cannino was sexually assaulted by a male assailant that broke into her home one night, and later during the same night, broke into another woman’s home in the same neighborhood and conducted sexual assault. A man named Ronald Cotton was convicted of both crimes by a jury. The police identified that Cotton had a similar torch that the assailant was carrying, and a piece of rubber found at the victim’s house matched the rubber from Cotton’s shoes. In addition to this, the first victim, and eyewitness of the events, identified Cotton as the assailant. However, after the technological advancement of DNA testing of the semen found during the rape, it was declared that the semen did not belong to Cotton, and instead to another inmate doing time in prison for a similar charge. Cotton was exonerated of all charges.&lt;ref&gt;Ronald Cotton - National Registry of Exonerations [Internet]. Law.umich.edu. 2012 [cited 27 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/casedetail.aspx?caseid=3124&lt;/ref&gt; 

The victim identified Cotton as the assailant, when he was not. The intricate proceedings of the arrest occurred first when the victim gave the details of what she remembered from the crime about the assailant, including the face features, the clothes and any dominating features. After a composite sketch was produced and shared, tips were called in from locals, and one was about cotton who also had a prior record for breaking and entering, worked in the same neighborhood, and appeared similar to the person in the sketch. The police asked the victim to identify the assailant from a photo line-up of 6 individuals, and one of them was of Cotton. The victim studied the line-up for an approximate time of 5 minutes in detail, and picked out a photo of Cotton and claimed that this was the assailant. The police also ensured to ask if the victim was certain of her choice and she replied that she was. Cotton provided an alibi which was later found to be false, and Cotton claimed that this was because he got confused about which weekend. The police then conducted a line-up of individuals, and while Jennifer was confused between two people, she finally chose Cotton from the line-up, and the police told Jennifer that that was the same individual that she had picked out in the photo line-up. During trial, in front of a jury of peers, Jennifer was asked to identify the assailant, and she pointed towards Cotton. Cotton was sentenced for life in North Carolina central jail. In prison, Cotton met a fellow inmate, Bobby Pool, and believed that he resembled the composite sketch, and Cotton overheard Pool confessing to other inmates that he committed the crime against Jennifer and the other victim. Cotton appealed his case in court, and Jennifer was asked to identify if Pool was the assailant, and she did not recognize him. She continued to testify that the assailant was Cotton. After 7 years from the appeal, the DNA from the semen was tested, and proved that Pool was indeed the assailant, not Cotton. And while scientific evidence proved this fact, Jennifer could not believe that Pool was the assailant.&lt;ref&gt;Finkelstein S. 60 Minutes, Part 1, Eyewitness (Part One) | Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company [Internet]. Search.alexanderstreet.com. 2015 [cited 27 October 2020]. Available from: https://search.alexanderstreet.com/preview/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cvideo_work%7C2856469&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Causes for Unreliability of Evidence: A Psychological Examination ===

Jennifer’s memory was not reliable. Garry Wells researches and studies about eyewitness testimony and its reliability, and in Jennifer’s case, and many other cases where innocent people are convicted of a crime that they did not commit, one common factor is that the actual assailant was not in the original photo line-up.&lt;ref&gt;Wells G. Eyewitness Identification [Internet]. Iowa State University Digital Repository. 2018 [cited 27 October 2020]. Available from: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/psychology_pubs/67/&lt;/ref&gt; In Jennifer’s case, Pool was neither in the photo line-up, or the in-person identification line-up. In such situations, eye witnesses assume that the suspect is one of the people in the line-up, and disregard the possibility that an individual out of the line-up could be the assailant. Research shows that eyewitnesses choose the most similar looking individual to the person that they remember. Additionally, Jennifer spent 5 minutes studying each photo side by side, comparing them, where in fact, recognition memory is quite spontaneous and instantly responsive (approximately 10 to 15 seconds). This means that the mind was doing activities other than recognition during this time. She did not compare each individual photo to the person in her memory, but she was comparing the photos with each other to find the most similar one to her memory. Additionally, after the in-person line-up, Jennifer was told that she picked the same person in the photo line-up. This reinforcement increases the perception of certainty in memory. Elizabeth Loftus conducted research that showed that if an individual identifies a person as someone particular when the actual person is not there, and are asked to re-identify between people while the original person is there, the individual will continue to choose their original choice.&lt;ref&gt;Finkelstein S. 60 Minutes, Part 2, Eyewitness (Part Two) | Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company [Internet]. Search.alexanderstreet.com. 2009 [cited 27 October 2020]. Available from: https://search.alexanderstreet.com/preview/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cvideo_work%7C2856925&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Laney C, Loftus E. Eyewitness Testimony and Memory Biases [Internet]. Noba. 2020 [cited 27 October 2020]. Available from: https://nobaproject.com/modules/eyewitness-testimony-and-memory-biases&lt;/ref&gt; Jennifer’s testimony and inability to recognize Pool is a product of confirmation bias and congruence bias. Confirmation and congruence bias are cognitive biases which are a result of heuristics which are mental shortcuts or simplified strategies that help a person with decision-making so that the judgements are efficient in time and choice.&lt;ref&gt;Cherry K. How Heuristics Help You Make Quick Decisions or Biases [Internet]. Verywell Mind. 2020 [cited 27 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-heuristic-2795235&lt;/ref&gt; Confirmation bias is the tendency to recall information in a way that it confirms or supports preexisting cognitions, and congruence bias is the tendency to ‘over-rely’ on their original cognitions and hypotheses (which is the most congruent information), and tend to neglect acknowledging alternative or new information/hypotheses, or only acknowledge the information that positively supports the original cognitions.&lt;ref name= &quot;confirmation&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Adcock P. Congruence Bias - Adcock Solutions [Internet]. Adcocksolutions.com. 2020 [cited 27 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.adcocksolutions.com/post/what-is-congruence-bias&lt;/ref&gt; Loftus and Palmer studied and conducted research that if an individual recieves new information after experiencing an event, this information merges with the original memory, alters it, and actually reconstructs the memory itself. When incorrect details are added to a memory, it is called confabulation, and should be considered while evaluating the reliability of eyewitness testimony as evidence in law.&lt;ref&gt;Mcleod S. Loftus and Palmer | Simply Psychology [Internet]. Simplypsychology.org. 2014 [cited 27 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/loftus-palmer.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== An Integrated Biological and Cognitive Examination === 

Flashbulb memories as discovered by Roger Brown and James Kulik in 1977 are vivid memories that develop in a circumstance where the individual experiences an element of surprise, and hold high levels of ‘personal consequentiality’ which is emotional arousal to that particular situation. This means that an eyewitness of a crime will retain vivid memories of the event if they experienced surprise or shock, and felt highly emotionally aroused. It was identified that the complex process of mechanism that an individual is able to maintain flashbulb memories is through overt and covert rehearsal, where in the former, the individual shares their experience and reiterates what they remember, and in the latter, the individual recalls their memories. This rehearsal helps with memory retaining and being able to retrieve it in the long term.&lt;ref&gt;Brown R, Kulik J. Flashbulb memories. Cognition. 1977;5(1):73-99.&lt;/ref&gt; However, it is known from Loftus, Miller and Burns’ research in 1978 that auditory or verbal information heard after an event may be integrated into the visual memory of the event, reconstructing the memory itself, and this is a consequence of overt rehearsal.&lt;ref&gt;Loftus E, Miller D, Burns H. Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 1978;4(1):19-31.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, Sharot et al found that there is actually a neural basis for the production of flashbulb memories, that the amygdala selectively activates when recalling memory, and the condition that the individual was personally involved in the event is what produces vivid images that make the memory a flashbulb memory.&lt;ref&gt;Sharot T, Martorella E, Delgado M, Phelps E. How personal experience modulates the neural circuitry of memories of September 11. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2006;104(1):389-394.&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, in 2004, they found that a neural basis is not it's only requirement for the production of a flashbulb memory as their research showed that the amygdala also activated if the memory was not surprising or personal, hence, they found that if an individual is emotionally affected, flashbulb memories are produced, even if not necessarily ‘objectively accurate’, as a result of processing heavily emotional experiences.&lt;ref&gt;Sharot T, Delgado M, Phelps E. How emotion enhances the feeling of remembering. Nature Neuroscience. 2004;7(12):1376-1380.&lt;/ref&gt; Into the study of the accuracy of flashbulb memories, Talarico and Rubin conducted a study after the 9/11 attack to identify the comparison in accuracy between flashbulb memories and a regular memory. Over a stretch of a time period, they collected qualitative information about their memories of the 9/11 experience and the everyday regular event experience. Their findings show that both the accuracy of the flashbulb and the regular memory declined over time, the vividness and perception of accuracy (belief in accuracy) only declined for the regular memory and emotional arousal correlated to the perception of accuracy over time while it did not correlate with the accuracy if the memory.&lt;ref&gt;Talarico J, Rubin D. Confidence, Not Consistency, Characterizes Flashbulb Memories. Psychological Science. 2003;14(5):455-461.&lt;/ref&gt; This demonstrates that flashbulb memories that are vivid are only strong with their perceived accuracy, and can easily be influenced, manipulated, or reconstructed. The surprise and personal consequentiality from emotional arousal of an event do not indicate that the memory is reliable or accurate. In Jennifer’s case, she experienced the crime herself and had a high emotional response, yet even though she had vivid memories, they were not accurate.

=== Process of Evolving Towards Reliable Evidence ===

The eyewitness testimony evidence was unreliable in this case, but this does not mean it should be removed as admissible evidence in the law. Instead, the procedure of collecting and gaining evidence should be enhanced. Evaluation of evidence of crime and forensic processing is a scientific method of evidence analysis, while social science such as psychology guides a method to the process of collecting and interpreting the evidence itself. Instead of deeming eyewitness testimony evidence as inadmissible, the process has rather been enhanced as official court regulations, and this change began through the research from the 1960s about eyewitness testimony reliability. With the introduction of DNA identifying technology and a database, many innocent people were exonerated, which caused a shift in ideology in the courts, and a shift of what was accepted as reliable. A social process developed change through an enhanced and new way of defining what is reliable. Social scientists have found ways to gain reliable eyewitness testimony as evidence. One such way includes reform to identification of the assailant wherein the eyewitness should only see one suspect at a time in a line-up, the ‘filler’ individuals posing as suspects in the identification process should be similar to the assailant’s characteristics such as age and race, the eyewitness must be told that the actual assailant ‘may or may not’ be presented in the line-up, unbiased instructor presenting the suspects, recording observations of confidence in eyewitness’ identification, and do not present a ‘show-up’ to the eyewitness of an apprehended suspect found shortly after the crime.&lt;ref&gt;The Trouble with Eyewitness Identification Testimony in Criminal Cases [Internet]. Ncsc.org. 2017 [cited 28 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.ncsc.org/trends/monthly-trends-articles/2017/the-trouble-with-eyewitness-identification-testimony-in-criminal-cases&lt;/ref&gt; These are ways that can allow evidence to stay reliable and admissible in court. These changes have been developed as a result of a social process and these conditions are now accepted by many courts and people as the standard way of producing, collecting and interpreting eyewitness testimony evidence. 

The forensic DNA evidence in this case is what exonerated Cotton 11 years later. DNA is admissible in court, and it is not only because it is scientific data, but because its collection and analysis process has been enhanced and developed through research. It took 11 years for the DNA to prove that Cotton was innocent, and this is not because they did not have the DNA. While DNA forensics was discovered in 1984 by Dr. Alec Jefferys, evolving its understanding and studying its sequencing took time. Additionally, expanding the DNA database with convicts’ DNA samples was a time consuming process as well.&lt;ref&gt;Where and how was Forensic DNA Analysis invented? | EasyDNA UK [Internet]. Easydna.co.uk. 2014 [cited 31 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.easydna.co.uk/knowledge-base/history-of-forensic-dna-analysis/#:~:text=DNA%20forensics%20was%20first%20reported,repeat%20next%20to%20each%20other.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, forensic evidence is admissible because it is reliable, and this is because of the multiple precautions taken in the process of collecting evidence to prevent contamination of the DNA, or any other forensic evidence such as fingerprints. When detectives inspect the crime scene, or when the first responders arrive to triage the situation, without proper precautions, their DNA could easily become present in the crime scene by a single sneeze or the loss of one strand of hair. Through research by the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), the consequence of contaminated evidence was identified where evidence had to be disregarded as it was inadmissible. They guided the process of evidence collection and processing. These guidelines include, but are not limited to, wearing gloves and foot coverings at the crime scene, refraining from speaking, sneezing or coughing when in front of evidence, refraining from touching one’s face while collecting evidence, recording the DNA of the analysts and people on the scene to cross-reference in preparation of a possible crime scene contamination, air-drying the evidence before packaging it, using disposable and new instruments or tools when handling a new sample/specimen, packaging and transporting the evidence in paper bags without any staple pins (in contrast to plastic bags which can retain moisture, allowing bacteria to grow, and will compromise the reliability of the evidence).&lt;ref&gt;What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence [Internet]. Ncjrs.gov. 1999 [cited 31 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/nij/DNAbro/evi.html&lt;/ref&gt; This is important in preserving the evidence as well. Like in the Cotton case, the DNA was preserved for 11 years until admitted in court. This forensic evidence has to be packaged and stored in appropriate conditions of paper and a non-moisture retaining environment to preserve the evidence while avoiding degradation.&lt;ref&gt;Understanding DNA Evidence: A Guide for Victim Service Providers [Internet]. Crime-scene-investigator.net. 2020 [cited 31 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/NIJ-DNAguidevictimserviceprovider.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;The identification by an official body that simply collecting forensic samples is not enough, and that the process of collection and analysis should follow guidelines that allow the evidence to remain reliable, is a social process of identifying a mass problem, and implementing a universal solution. These guidelines are now considered as the standard process which was developed through research on the consequences of contamination and ways of contamination. This provides an objective insight that following the guidelines in the evidence collection and interpretation process produces reliable forensic DNA testing which is admissible in courts.

=== Importance of Reliable Evidence in Justice and Ethics ===

Justice is a representation of an ethical principle that all individuals must be treated fairly and equally, and applying justice itself is ethical. Justice has very long roots, where it was once considered the most important of the four Cardinal Virtues recognized by Plato in religious theology, and has evolved to be viewed as ‘the first virtue of social institutions’ in the modern age as outlined by John Rawls.&lt;ref&gt;Miller D. Justice (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) [Internet]. Plato.stanford.edu. 2017 [cited 28 October 2020]. Available from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Velasquez M, Andre C, Shanks T, Meyer M. Justice and Fairness [Internet]. Scu.edu. 2014 [cited 28 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/justice-and-fairness/&lt;/ref&gt; Yet when justice is not applied fairly, there is an ethical breach in moral principles. Especially when this unfairness is a result of a problem in the system. Ethics is a construction of objective moral principles, which is ultimately formed by mankind. Hence, if humans have limited knowledge while developing these principles, justice and ethics itself is consequently limited. To conquer this limitation, as humans, that are ultimately social beings,  produce more knowledge, and share that knowledge, systems should be adapted to maintain objectivity in ethical principles. If society experiences a problem, then recognizing the problem is not sufficient to sustain an ethical community, but applying solutions integrated from multiple areas of study enhances the system itself.&lt;ref&gt;Alzheimer Europe - Ethics - Definitions and approaches - The four common bioethical principles - Justice [Internet]. Alzheimer-europe.org. 2010 [cited 28 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.alzheimer-europe.org/Ethics/Definitions-and-approaches/The-four-common-bioethical-principles/Justice&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the knowledge of how eyewitness testimony and forensic DNA samples should be collected and processed to be reliable in proven ways should both be integrated in the system of court regulations and law enforcement to uphold the ethical principle that justice is a basis of, especially as we have the knowledge that implementing this change will continue the construction of objectivity and a standard of reliability of evidence in justice.

== References ==
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Plant Irradiation</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Plant Irradiation'''&lt;/big&gt;

==Photon==
*'''Brookhaven National Laboratory; 1962''' -- &quot;Prediction of the sensitivity of plants to chronic gamma irradiation&quot; (Sparrow AH, Radiation Botany, 1962;2(1):9-12)
**https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003375606280091X
**Plants with low chromosome numbers and large nuclear volumes more sensitive, while polypoids and plants with high chromosome number resistant. 500-fold sensitivity
**Lethal dose for Pinus strobus ~600 r


==Proton==
*'''Chonnam National University, Korea''' 
**Cowpea legume irradiated to 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy and 500 Gy of Cobalt gamma rays and proton 57 MeV
**'''2021''' -- A Comparison of the Transcriptomes of Cowpeas in Response to Two Different Ionizing Radiations&quot; (Kang R, Plants, 2021;10(3):567
***Differential transcription changes between photon and proton; proton significantly higher differentially expressed genes
***https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/3/567
**'''2020''' -- &quot;Radio Sensitivity of Cowpea Plants after Gamma-Ray and Proton-Beam Irradiation&quot; (Kang R, Plant Breed. Biotech. 2020;8:281-292
***https://www.plantbreedbio.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.9787/PBB.2020.8.3.281
***Lethal Dose 50 ~200-300 Gy for both proton and photon. 
***Antioxidant enzymes reacted to proton beams more, chlorophyll responded more to photons

*'''Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romania; 2020''' -- &quot;Impact of Proton Beam Irradiation on the Growth and Biochemical Indexes of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seedlings Grown under Salt Stress&quot; (Oprica L, Plants. 2020;9(9):1234
**https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/9/1234
**Barley seeds irradiated with proton 3 Gy and 5 Gy, then grown in presence of NaCl (100 mM and 200 mM)
**Proton 3 Gy irradiation can alleviate harmful effects of 100 mM NaCl salinity

*'''University of Louisiana; 2018''' {{PMID|30482278}} -- &quot;Irradiation effects of MeV protons on dry and hydrated Brassica rapa seeds&quot; (Deoli NT, Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2018 Nov;19:24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.08.004. Epub 2018 Aug 21.
**Brassica rapa (turnip, bok choy) irradiated with 1-3 MeV proton ions
**Outcome: Germination varied based on incident ion energy and dose; decreased with increasing dose for ions that could penetrate the seed coat (&gt;1 MeV). Hydrated seeds more sensitive to radiation than dry seeds. Damage to the seed coat led to faster germination and initial seedling growth

*'''Chonnam National University, Korea'''  
**Proton 57 MeV irradiation to doses 50 - 400 Gy to evaluate mutagenesis
**'''2017''' -- &quot;Effects of proton beam irradiation on seed germination and growth of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)&quot; (Im J, Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 2017; 71:752-757
***https://link.springer.com/article/10.3938/jkps.71.752
***Germination rates &gt;95%; survival rates reduced &gt;300 Gy; plant height, fresh weight of shoots/roots reduced &gt;100 Gy
***Optimal dosage for proton mutation breeding between 250 - 300 Gy
**'''2017''' -- &quot;Biochemical Responses of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) to Proton Beam Irradiation&quot; (Im J, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology. 2017; 5:97-105
***https://www.plantbreedbio.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.9787/PBB.2017.5.2.97
***Proton beams induce plant membrane damage and oxidative stress, and reduce chlorophyll content

*'''Peking University; 2007''' {{PMID|17457755}} -- &quot;Biological effects of protons targeted to different ranges in Arabidopsis seeds&quot; (Qin HL, Int J Radiat Biol. 2007 May;83(5):301-8. doi: 10.1080/09553000701283824.)
**Arabidopsis seeds, dry or hydrated. Irradiated with 1.1 MeV, 2.6 MeV, or 6.5 MeV protons
**Outcome: Survival reduced with increasing dose. Hydrated seeds more sensitive. Shoot apical meristem malformation observed after all proton irradiations
**Conclusion: Radiation induced damage produced at different ranges; hydrated seeds more sensitive

==Carbon==
*'''Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2020''' {{PMID|31692404}} -- &quot;Genetic polymorphisms in mutagenesis progeny of Arabidopsis thaliana irradiated by carbon-ion beams and γ-rays irradiations&quot; (Chen X, Int J Radiat Biol. 2020 Feb;96(2):267-275. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1688412. Epub 2019 Nov 18.)
**Arabidopsis irradiated with photons (LET 0.2 kev/um) and carbon (LET 50 kev/um)
**Outcome: Carbon introduced higher polymorphism than photon
**Conclusion: Both carbon and photon induce genetic polymorphisms, but carbon mutation breeding is more advantageous than photons

*'''Kobe University, Japan, 2013''' {{PMID|23728320}} -- &quot;Mutational effects of γ-rays and carbon ion beams on Arabidopsis seedlings&quot; (Yoshihara R, J Radiat Res. 2013 Nov 1;54(6):1050-6. doi: 10.1093/jrr/rrt074. Epub 2013 May 31.)
**Arabidopsis seedlings irradiated with photon and 320 MeV carbon ions.
**Outcome: Mutant base substitution frequency increased after photon but not carbon.

==Review==
*'''University of West England, 2018''' -- &quot;Ionizing Radiation, Higher Plants, and Radioprotection: From Acute High Doses to Chronic Low Doses&quot; (Caplin N, Front. Plant Sci., 26 June 2018)
** https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2018.00847/full</text>
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    <title>Niw Englisc/Adjectives</title>
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Adjectives are the words that describe nouns.  ''A Book'' becomes ''a red book'' or ''an old book''.  In Niw Englisch, adjectives agree with their noun in number, gender, and case.

==Strong Declension==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Strong Declension
! Case
! Masculine
! Neuter
! Feminine
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -
| -e
| -e
|-
! Genitive
| -es
| -es
| -er
| -er
|-
! Dative
| -em
| -em
| -er
| -en
|-
! Accusative
| -en
| -
| -e
| -e
|}

Examples:
*blind girl - blind Mæȝden (nominative singular)
*old woman - alde Frowe (nominative/accusative singular)
*young boy's book - Bok ȝunges Kniȝhtes (genitive singular)

==Weak Declension==
The weak declension is found after the articles a/an and the
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Weak Declension
! Case
! Masculine
! Neuter
! Feminine
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -e
| -e
| -e
| -en
|-
! Genitive
| -en
| -en
| -en
| -en
|-
! Dative
| -en
| -en
| -en
| -en
|-
! Accusative
| -en
| -e
| -e
| -en
|}
*the blind boy - þat blinde Kniȝht
*with the green book - mid þer grœnen Bok

==Comparisons==
All adjectives, regardless of word length or origin, add -er and -est in the comparative and superlative forms.  Some umlaut, and some have irregular stems, though.

===Umlauting Adjectives===
*ald, ælder, ældest - old
*arm, ærmer, ærmst - poor
*brad, bræder, brædest - broad
*ferr, fierrer, fierrst - far
*great, grietter, griettst - great
*ȝung, ȝynger, ȝyngst - young
*hard, hærder, hærdst - hard
*heaȝh, hierr-, hieȝhst - high
*lang, længer, længst - long, tall
*naȝh, nierr, nieȝhst - near/nigh
*schort, schœrter, schœrtst - short
*soft, sœfter, sœftest - soft
*strang, strænger, strængst - strong
*swot, swœter, swœtst - sweet
*sur, syrer, syrst - sour
*wak, wæker, wækst - weak

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    <title>Module:Template link general</title>
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      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/JHGFEKILHfirfk.el;rh;l|JHGFEKILHfirfk.el;rh;l]] ([[User talk:JHGFEKILHfirfk.el;rh;l|talk]]) to last version by ExE Boss</comment>
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      <text bytes="5732" sha1="jdsem19c43qns4l4mzrli6u3v1w74vc" xml:space="preserve">-- This implements [[Template:Template link general]] and various other templates in its family
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')

local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:Template link general/config')

local p = {}

-- Is a string non-empty?
local function _ne(s)
	return s ~= nil and s ~= &quot;&quot;
end

local nw = mw.text.nowiki

local function addTemplate(s)
	local i, _ = s:find(':', 1, true)
	if i == nil then
		return 'Template:' .. s
	end
	local ns = s:sub(1, i - 1)
	if ns == '' or mw.site.namespaces[ns] then
		return s
	else
		return 'Template:' .. s
	end
end

local function trimTemplate(s)
	local needle = 'template:'
	if s:sub(1, needle:len()):lower() == needle then
		return s:sub(needle:len() + 1)
	else
		return s
	end
end

local function linkTitle(args)
	if yesno(args.nolink) then
		return args[1]
	end

	local titleObj
	local titlePart = '[['
	if args[1] then
		-- This handles :Page and other NS
		titleObj = mw.title.new(args[1], 'Template')
	else
		titleObj = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	end

	titlePart = titlePart .. (titleObj ~= nil and titleObj.fullText or
				addTemplate(args[1]))

	local textPart = args.alttext
	if not _ne(textPart) then
		if titleObj ~= nil then
			textPart = titleObj:inNamespace(&quot;Template&quot;) and args[1] or titleObj.fullText
		else
			-- redlink
			textPart = args[1]
		end
	end

	if yesno(args.brace) then
		textPart = nw('{{') .. textPart .. nw('}}')
	elseif yesno(args.braceinside) then
		textPart = nw('{') .. textPart .. nw('}')
	end

	titlePart = titlePart .. '|' .. textPart .. ']]'
	if yesno(args.braceinside) then
		titlePart = nw('{') .. titlePart .. nw('}')
	end
	return titlePart
end

function p.main(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame, {
		trim = true,
		removeBlanks = false,
		frameOnly = false,
		wrappers = {
			&quot;Template:Tlg&quot;,
			&quot;Template:Template link general&quot;,
		},
	})
	return p._main(args)
end

function p._main(args)
	-- TemplateStyles
	local templateStyles = {
		mono   = false,
		nowrap = false,
	}

	local bold = yesno(args.bold) or yesno(args.boldlink) or yesno(args.boldname)
	local italic = yesno(args.italic) or yesno(args.italics)
	local dontBrace = yesno(args.brace) or yesno(args.braceinside)
	local code = yesno(args.code) or yesno(args.tt)
	local show_result = yesno(args._show_result)
	local expand = yesno(args._expand)
	local classes = {}

	-- Build the link part
	local titlePart = linkTitle(args)
	if bold then titlePart = &quot;'''&quot; .. titlePart .. &quot;'''&quot; end

	if yesno(args.subst) then
		local substLink = cfg['subst-link']
		if _ne(substLink) and yesno(args['link subst']) then
			titlePart = '[[' .. substLink .. '|subst]]:' .. titlePart
		else
			titlePart = 'subst:' .. titlePart
		end
	end

	if yesno(args.nowrapname) then
		templateStyles.nowrap = true
		titlePart = '&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;' .. titlePart .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
	end

	-- Build the arguments
	local textPart = &quot;&quot;
	local textPartBuffer = &quot;&amp;#124;&quot;
	local codeArguments = {}
	local codeArgumentsString = &quot;&quot;
	local i = 2
	local j = 1
	while args[i] do
		local val = args[i]
		if val ~= &quot;&quot; then
			if yesno(args.nowiki) then
				-- Unstrip nowiki tags first because calling nw on something that already contains nowiki tags will
				-- mangle the nowiki strip marker and result in literal UNIQ...QINU showing up
				val = nw(mw.text.unstripNoWiki(val))
			end
			local k, v = string.match(val, &quot;(.*)=(.*)&quot;)
			if not k then
				codeArguments[j] = val
				j = j + 1
			else
				codeArguments[k] = v
			end
			codeArgumentsString = codeArgumentsString .. textPartBuffer .. val
			if italic then
				val = '&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;' .. val .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
			end
			textPart = textPart .. textPartBuffer .. val
		end
		i = i + 1
	end

	local tagName = nil
	local css = nil

	-- final wrap
	local ret = titlePart .. textPart
	if not dontBrace then ret = nw('{{') .. ret .. nw('}}') end
	if yesno(args.a) then ret = nw('*') .. '&amp;nbsp;' .. ret end
	if yesno(args.kbd) then
		tagName = 'kbd'
	end

	if yesno(args.mono) then
		templateStyles.mono = true
		table.insert(classes, 'monospaced')
	end

	local plaincode = yesno(args.plaincode) and not code
	if code or plaincode then
		if tagName then
			-- kbd == true &amp;&amp; code == true
			ret = ('&lt;%s&gt;%s&lt;/%s&gt;'):format(tagName, ret, tagName)
		end
		tagName = 'code'
		if plaincode then
			css = {
				background = 'transparent',
				border     = 'none',
				color      = 'var(--color-emphasized, #101418)',
			}
		end
	end

	if show_result then
		local result = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = addTemplate(args[1]), args = codeArguments}
		ret = ret .. &quot; → &quot; .. result
	end

	if expand then
		local query = mw.text.encode('{{' .. addTemplate(args[1]) .. string.gsub(codeArgumentsString, textPartBuffer, &quot;|&quot;) .. '}}')
		local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('special:ExpandTemplates', 'wpInput=' .. query)
		mw.log()
		ret = ret .. &quot; [&quot; .. tostring(url) .. &quot;]&quot;
	end

	if yesno(args.nowrap) then
		templateStyles.nowrap = true
		table.insert(classes, 'nowrap')
	end

	if tagName or #classes &gt; 0 or css then
		local span = mw.html.create(tagName or 'span')
			:addClass(table.concat(classes, ' '))
			:wikitext(ret)

		if css then
			span:css(css)
		end
		ret = tostring(span:allDone())
	end

	local ts = {}
	if templateStyles.mono then
		table.insert(ts, mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{
			name = 'templatestyles',
			args = { src = 'Template:Mono/styles.css' }
		})
	end

	if templateStyles.nowrap then
		table.insert(ts, mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{
			name = 'templatestyles',
			args = { src = 'Template:Nowrap/styles.css' }
		})
	end

	if yesno(args.debug) then
		ret = ret .. '\n&lt;pre&gt;' .. mw.text.encode(mw.dumpObject(args)) .. '&lt;/pre&gt;'
	end

	return table.concat(ts) .. ret
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>jdsem19c43qns4l4mzrli6u3v1w74vc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Patient Robot Interactions</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>449520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675666</id>
      <parentid>4191082</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T09:43:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4675666</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4182" sha1="2mn1g3e3p5rg5v10r6aucdwxve47v68" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Patient - Robot Interactions'''&lt;/big&gt;

==Frameworks==
*Karel Capek (1920) - Rossum's Universal Robots ([w:R.U.R.|Wikipedia link])
**Origin of the word 'robot' used in a play, where artificial people (roboti) are created. Initially happy to work for humans, eventually there is a hostile rebellion, and extinction of human race, and beginning of something new ...

*Asimov (1942) -- Three Laws of Robotics
**1) A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
**2) A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law
**3) A robot must protect its existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law

*Stefan Schaal, University of Southern California (2007) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2639844/ Paper link]
**1) Action: motor control
**2) Interaction: human-robot or robot-robot interactions to accomplish a goal
**3) Engagement: cognitive and psychological aspects of interaction

*European ACCOMPANY robotic care project
**1) Autonomy: being able to set goals in life and choose means
**2) Independence: being able to implement one’s goals without the permission, assistance or material resources of others
**3) Enablement: having, or having access to, the means of realizing goals and choices
**4) Safety: being able readily to avoid pain or harm
**5) Privacy: being able to pursue and realize one’s goals and implement one’s choices unobserved
**6) Social connectedness: having regular contact with friends and loved ones and safe access to strangers one can choose to meet

==Literature==
*'''Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; 2021''' {{PMID|34574861}} -- &quot;Robots in Healthcare? What Patients Say&quot; (Valles-Peris N, Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 21;18(18):9933. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8466583/ Paper link]
**Interviews using online platforms. 13 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. None of the patients interacted with any robots they knew about during their stay
**Variety of opinions. Patients preferred health care interactions with real people. However, ok to introduce robots for some caregiving tasks
***&quot;Well being perspective&quot; - robots lack properties that are considered indispensable to 'good care', such as smile, touch, empathy, etc and thus are not appropriate in this domain
***&quot;Responsibility perspective&quot; - robots are ok to automate tasks of the 'health system', such as scheduling, queueing, etc particularly during COVID pandemic when humans were overloaded

*'''Tufts University''' 
**'''2021''' {{PMID|32421077}} -- &quot;Assistive Robots for the Social Management of Health: A Framework for Robot Design and Human-Robot Interaction Research&quot; (Chita-Tegmark M, Int J Soc Robot. 2021;13(2):197-217.)
***Framework for socially assistive robots interacting with people with health conditions, in terms of (a) changing how the person is perceived, (b) enhancing the social behavior of the person, (c) modifying the social behavior of others, (d) providing structure for interactions, and (e) changing how the person feels 
**'''2019''' {{PMID|31199297}} -- &quot;Effects of Assistive Robot Behavior on Impressions of Patient Psychological Attributes: Vignette-Based Human-Robot Interaction Study&quot; (Chita-Tegmark M, J Med Internet Res. 2019 May 19;21(6):e13729.) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6592496/ Paper link]
***Interviews using vignettes about behaviors of assistive robots (patient-centered vs task-centered). 180 participants, using Amazon Mechanical Turk platform
***Scenarios describing robot actions as patient-centered (&quot;It is difficult for the patient to observe the treatment plan&quot;) vs task-centered (&quot;The patient shows high levels of treatment non-compliance&quot;) were perceived as robots having higher emotional intelligence (EI) but also caused people to form more positive impression of the patient (SS). However, no impact on trust of the robot or acceptance of the robot, when it behaved in a task-centered way
***Conclusion: Robots could be used to enhance human-human relationships in the health care context

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2mn1g3e3p5rg5v10r6aucdwxve47v68</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Xeverything11/updates</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>452115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675621</id>
      <parentid>4674604</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T02:09:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>1188004</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-42 */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4675621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191063" sha1="ttsttt63zerdu3v0g21aprlr14tw41u" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{User:Xeverything11/tabs}}

{{User:Xeverything11/header|Welcome to|Xeverything11's|updates talk page!|archives=
* [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2022|2022]]
* [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2023|2023]]
}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
__NOTOC__
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archive = User talk:Xeverything11/archives/%(year)d
|algo = old(60d)
|counter = 1
|minthreadsleft = 1
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
}}
== Tech News: 2023-03 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in &quot;{{int:last}}&quot; links on page history now contain &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=prev&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in place of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=[revision ID]&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on &lt;code&gt;{{ns:1}}:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{ns:3}}:&lt;/code&gt; namespaces.  These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as &lt;code&gt;{{ns:5}}:&lt;/code&gt;.  They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including &lt;code&gt;{{ns:4}}:&lt;/code&gt; pages (e.g., at the Village Pump).  You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417]
*On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841]
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]].

'''Future changes'''
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:11, 17 January 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24381020 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-04 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907]
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24418874 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-05 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24455949 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sweden Finns' Day]] '''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fi:Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä]]) ([[:sv:Sverigefinnarnas dag]])''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sverigefinskaflaggan.svg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sweden Finns' Day''' (Finnish: Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä, Swedish: Sverigefinnarnas dag) is an anniversary celebrated in Sweden on 24 February. The anniversary of the calendar was approved by the Swedish Academy in 2010 and was celebrated for the first time in 2011. February 24 was chosen as the birthday of Carl Axel Gottlund, a collector of folk poetry and a defender of the status of the Finnish language. The purpose of the day is to celebrate the Sweden Finns and to recognize their history, language and culture as a prominent part of Sweden's cultural heritage. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 6 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=24491747 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433]
* Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as &quot;What links here&quot; in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692]
*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins=…&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Delivery robot]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Woman Takes Groceries from Dax Delivery Robot.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''delivery robot''' is an autonomous robot that provides &quot;last mile&quot; delivery services. An operator may monitor and take control of the robot remotely in certain situations that the robot cannot resolve by itself such as when it is stuck in an obstacle. Delivery robots can be used in different settings such as food delivery, package delivery, hospital delivery, and room service. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:26, 13 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site.  You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:49, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24540832 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Buddha Dhatu Jadi]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Swarno Mandir.JPG|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Buddha Dhatu Jadi''' (Bengali: বুদ্ধ ধাতু জাদি; Burmese: ဗုဒ္ဓဓာတုစေတီ also known as the Bandarban Golden Temple) is located close to Balaghata town, in Bandarban City, in Bangladesh. Dhatu are the material remains of a holy person, and in this temple the relics belong to Buddha. It is the largest Theravada Buddhist temple in Bangladesh and has the second-largest Buddha statue in the country.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 20 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February.

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:58, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24570514 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Alina Scholtz]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Alina Scholtz''' (24 September 1908 – 25 February 1996) was a Polish landscape architect, known as one of country's pioneers in developing the field. Throughout her career she worked on various public and private projects for cemeteries, parks and green spaces. Some of her most noted works include the grounds of a villa on Kielecka Street in Warsaw for which she won a Silver Medal at the 1937 World Exhibition in Paris, the memorial cemetery to the victims of the Palmiry massacre, and landscaping projects along the East-West traffic route of Warsaw. In addition to her design work, she served as one of the founding members of the International Federation of Landscape Architects. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 27 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24634242 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Mary Nzimiro]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Mary Nzimiro''', birthname Mary Nwametu Onumonu, MBE (1898–1993) was a pioneering Nigerian businesswoman, politician and women's activist. In 1948, she was appointed principal representative of the United Africa Company (UAC) for Eastern Nigeria, while maintaining textile and cosmetics retail outlets of her own in Port Harcourt, Aba and Owerri. By the early 1950s, she was among the richest individuals in West Africa, becoming a resident of the exclusive Bernard Carr Street in Port Harcourt. On the political front, she was a member of the influential National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, becoming a member of its executive committee in 1957 and vice-president of the NCNC Estern Women's Association in 1962. During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), she organized Igbo women in support of the Biafrans. As a result she lost most of her property in Port Harcourt and returned to her native Oguta where she died in 1993. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:47, 6 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023.
* On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24676916 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elizabeth Langdon Williams]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Elizabeth Langdon Williams.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elizabeth Langdon Williams''' (February 8, 1879 in Putnam, Connecticut – 1981 in Enfield, New Hampshire) was an American human computer and astronomer whose work helped lead to the discovery of Pluto, or Planet X. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 13 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Peerless Quartet - I Didn't Raise my Boy to be a Soldier.ogg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
an American anti-war song that was influential within the pacifist movement that existed in the United States before it entered World War I. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:31, 20 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:26, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24732558 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:es:Diana Aguavil]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Diana Aguavil]]) ([[:pt:Diana Aguavil]])        ''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Diana Aguavil.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Diana Alexandra Aguavil Calazacón''' (born 7 August 1983) is an Ecuadorian indigenous leader, since 25 August 2018, the first female governor of the Tsáchila nationality after 104 years of male administrations and winning the 2018 Tsáchila election. She was also the second woman to become a candidate.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:39, 27 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609]
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521]
* Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:14, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-14 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.hoverIntent&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;hover()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;on()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194]
* Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242]
* You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__ARCHIVEDTALK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word.  There will also be a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mw-archivedtalk&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221]

'''Future changes'''
* The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:40, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-15 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the &quot;{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}&quot; option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-16 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Lucy Salani]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Lucy Salani]]) ([[:fr:Lucy Salani]])        ''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Lucy Salani.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lucy Salani''' was an Italian activist and is considered the only Italian transgender person to have survived the Nazi concentration camps.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:06, 17 April 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature &quot;{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}&quot;. Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for &quot;{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}&quot; for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246]

'''Problems'''
* At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:55, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-17 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ca:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]) ([[:eu:María Fernanda Castro Maya]])        ''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''María Fernanda Castro Maya''' is a Mexican self-advocate disability rights activist.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:55, 24 April 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316]

'''Problems'''
* Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940]
* For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794]

'''Changes later this week'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-18 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sonia Orbuch]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sonia Shainwald Orbuch''' (born Sarah Shainwald, May 24, 1925 – September 30, 2018) was an American Holocaust educator. During the Second World War she was a Jewish resistance fighter in eastern Poland.

Orbuch hid in the forests of Poland with her family during the Second World War. She joined a group of Soviet partisans, being renamed Sonia in case she was captured, and helped fight against the Germans. After the war, she returned home, where she met her future husband. After having a daughter in a refugee camp in Germany, the family eventually emigrated to the United States.

She spent the rest of life in public engagement, speaking about her experiences and in 2009, published her autobiography, Here, There Are No Sarahs: A Woman's Courageous Fight Against the Nazis and Her Bittersweet Fulfillment of the American Dream. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 06:24, 1 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits]
* The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-19 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Nadia Ghulam]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:es:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:ca:Nadia Ghulam]])''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Nadia Ghulam (cropped).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Nadia Ghulam Dastgir''' is an Afghan woman who spent ten years posing as her dead brother to evade the Taliban's strictures against women. Her book about her experiences, written with Agnès Rotger and published in 2010, El secret del meu turbant (The Secret of My Turban), won the Prudenci Bertrana Prize for fiction. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:37, 8 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wikitext&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;moin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html+handlebars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&amp;section=new&amp;preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;preload=MediaWiki:July&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337]

'''Problems'''
* Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;de&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[:de:Modul:Graph]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&amp;action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750]

'''Future changes'''
* During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805]
* There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;jquery.tipsy&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with &lt;code&gt;.tipsy(&lt;/code&gt; can be commented out. &lt;code&gt;OO.ui.PopupWidget&lt;/code&gt; can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-20 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Purple Day]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Epilepsy Warrior Brooch May 2018 Purple Day.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Purple Day''' is a global grassroots event that was formed with the intention to increase worldwide awareness of epilepsy, and to dispel common myths and fears of this neurological disorder. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:17, 15 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] 

'''Future changes'''
* There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The &quot;recent edits&quot; time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250]

'''Changes later this week'''
* An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;

16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-22 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Valencian Art Nouveau]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Modernismo valenciano]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Santuario Novelda.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Valencian Art Nouveau''' (Spanish: modernismo valenciano, Valencian: modernisme valencià), is the historiographic denomination given to an art and literature movement associated with the Art Nouveau in the Valencian Community, in Spain.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:46, 29 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has &quot;{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}&quot; options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - &quot;check all&quot; checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252]	

'''Problems'''
* For a few days earlier this month, the &quot;Add interlanguage link&quot; item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25079963 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-23 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:pt:Alessandra Korap]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Alessandra Korap]])         ''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Alessandra Korap''' is an indigenous leader and Brazilian environmental activist from the Munduruku ethnic group. Her main work is defending the demarcation of indigenous territory and denouncing the illegal exploitation and activities of the mining and logging industries. Alessandra is internationally recognized for her work.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:33, 5 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750]
* Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for &quot;{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}&quot;. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081]

'''Problems'''
* For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25114640 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-24 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cassinga Day]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Cassinga Day''' is a national public holiday in Namibia remembering the Cassinga Massacre. Commemorated annually on 4 May, the date &quot;remembers those (approximately 600) killed in 1978 when the South African Defence Force attacked a SWAPO base at Cassinga in southern Angola&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:07, 12 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341]
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937]
* The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064]

'''Problems'''
* For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__TOC__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101]
* Currently, the &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason &gt; input&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&amp;diff=22859956&amp;oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''Future changes'''
* From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:52, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; or pressing &lt;code&gt;ctrl + shift + p&lt;/code&gt;. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:09, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25159510 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-26 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Rawon]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rawon Setan.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Rawon''' (Javanese: ꦫꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀) is an Indonesian beef soup. Originating from East Java, rawon utilizes the black keluak nut as the main seasoning, which gives a dark color and nutty flavor to the soup. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to all &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prop=extlinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the &lt;code&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mbox-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|targets=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|skins=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter in &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition&lt;/bdi&gt;) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268]
* All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126]
* The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-27 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hook echo]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Tornadic classic supercell radar.gif|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''hook echo''' is a pendant or hook-shaped weather radar signature as part of some supercell thunderstorms. It is found in the lower portions of a storm as air and precipitation flow into a mesocyclone, resulting in a curved feature of reflectivity. The echo is produced by rain, hail, or even debris being wrapped around the supercell 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 3 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25231546 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles.
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159]
* [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431]
* The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&amp;messages=&amp;x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the &quot;Completion&quot; for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810]
* [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218]

'''Future changes'''
* There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]
* There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25278797 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-29 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Esther Cooper Jackson]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Esther Cooper Jackson]]) ([[:simple:Esther Cooper Jackson]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Esther Cooper Jackson, 1968, Great Barrington.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Esther Victoria Cooper Jackson''' was an American civil rights activist and social worker. She was one of the founding editors of the magazine Freedomways. She also was an organizational and executive secretary at the Southern Negro Youth Congress.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:14, 17 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-ca&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-gb&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthsetmentorstatus&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthmanagementorlist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25289122 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-30 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cut of pork]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:American Pork Cuts.svg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''cuts of pork''' are the different parts of the pig which are consumed as food by humans. The terminology and extent of each cut varies from country to country. There are between four and six primal cuts, which are the large parts in which the pig is first cut: the shoulder (blade and picnic), loin, belly (spare ribs and side) and leg 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 24 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]   On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25332248 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-31 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Gunhild Cross]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Gunhildkorset.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Gunhild Cross''' (Danish: Gunhildkorset), named for its first owner, Gunhild, a daughter of Svend III of Denmark, is a mid-12th-century crucifix carved in walrus tusk and with both Latin and Runic inscriptions. It is now in the collection of the National Museum of Denmark. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:48, 31 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates.
* The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338]
* The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open &quot;office hours&quot;|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]

'''Problems'''
* It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-32 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Polyura athamas]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Close wing mud-puddling position of Charaxes bharata (C.&amp; R. Felder,1867) - Indian Nawab.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Polyura athamas''''', the common nawab, is a species of fast-flying canopy butterfly found in tropical Asia. It belongs to the Charaxinae (rajahs and nawabs) in the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae). 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:14, 7 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on &quot;{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}&quot; in your settings and use the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; button in the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:21, 7 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25420038 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-33 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Women's page]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:&quot;Doings in Pittsburg Society&quot; The Pittsburg Press February 1, 1920.png|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''women's page''' (sometimes called home page or women's section) of a newspaper was a section devoted to covering news assumed to be of interest to women. Women's pages started out in the 19th century as society pages and eventually morphed into features sections in the 1970s. Although denigrated during much of that period, they had a significant impact on journalism and in their communities. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:51, 14 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] &lt;!-- TODO replace wiki codes --&gt;

'''Future changes'''
* A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 06:00, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25428668 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-34 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Insect toxin]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Insektengift]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:PDB 1lmr EBI.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Insect toxins''' are various protein toxins produced by insect species. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:32, 21 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868]
* From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages.
** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created:
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:blk:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540]
*** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|&lt;code&gt;s:su:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539]
** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are:
*** Wikifunctions ([[f:|&lt;code&gt;f:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|&lt;code&gt;w:gpe:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969]
*** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|&lt;code&gt;n:guw:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kbd:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|&lt;code&gt;w:fat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;

15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-35 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Manchester Blitz]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Air Raid Damage in Britain- Manchester HU49833.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Manchester Blitz''' (also known as the Christmas Blitz) was the heavy bombing of the city of Manchester and its surrounding areas in North West England during the Second World War by the German Luftwaffe. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:16, 28 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166]
* Wikisource users can now use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prpbengalicurrency&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;pagelist&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tag.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932]
* Two preferences have been relocated. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}&quot; is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|&quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab at some wikis. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}&quot; is now also shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab at all wikis, instead of the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]].
* All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;=&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]].
* A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25510866 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-36 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ghana Independence Act 1957]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Ghana Independence Act 1957''' is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that granted the Gold Coast fully responsible government within the British Commonwealth of Nations under the name of Ghana 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 4 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294]
* One new wiki has been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|&lt;code&gt;w:tly:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166]
'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:34, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25566983 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-37 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Betrayal trauma]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:sv:Svektrauma]]) ([[:ar:صدمة الخيانة]]) ([[:ko:배신 트라우마]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Betrayal trauma''' is defined as a trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is close to and reliant upon for support and survival. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:49, 11 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}&quot; and &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}&quot;), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115]
* When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called &quot;[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]&quot;. Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely &quot;newsworthy&quot; topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:08, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25589064 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-38 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:es:Genocidio del Putumayo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Putumayo genocide]]) ([[:ca:Genocidi del Putumayo]])''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:The Putumayo - the devil's paradise, travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an account of the atrocities committed upon the Indians therein (1913) (14782203995).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Putumayo genocide''' is the term which is used in reference to the enslavement, massacres and ethnocide of the indigenous population of the Amazon at the hands of the Peruvian Amazon Company, specifically in the area between the Putumayo River and the Caquetá River during the Amazon rubber boom period from 1879 to 1912. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:38, 18 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25623533 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there.
* Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;namespaces&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces.

'''Future changes'''
* New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_groups&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_editcount&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25655264 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for &quot;{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}&quot;. This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;&lt;var&gt;contentModels&lt;/var&gt;&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;wikitext&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;css&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:27, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25686930 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|&lt;code&gt;w:fon:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139]
* At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under &quot;Images recommendations&quot; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#page-actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-views&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25712895 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-42 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Athyma nefte]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:VB 019 Color Sergeant UP.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Athyma nefte''''', the colour sergeant, is a species of brush-footed butterfly found in tropical South and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 16 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click &quot;Log in&quot; or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the &quot;Discussion&quot; tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25745824 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-43 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Typhoon Rusa]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rusa 2002-08-27 0350Z.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Typhoon Rusa''' was the most powerful typhoon to strike South Korea in 43 years. It was the 21st JTWC tropical depression, the 15th named storm, and the 10th typhoon of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season. It developed on August 22 from the monsoon trough in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, well to the southeast of Japan. For several days, Rusa moved to the northwest, eventually intensifying into a powerful typhoon. On August 26, the storm moved across the Amami Islands of Japan, where Rusa left 20,000 people without power and caused two fatalities. Across Japan, the typhoon dropped torrential rainfall peaking at 902 mm (35.5 in) in Tokushima Prefecture. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:50, 23 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:17, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25782286 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-44 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hein Eersel]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:nl:Hein Eersel]]) ([[:it:Hein Eersel]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:HeinEersel.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christiaan Hendrik &quot;Hein&quot; Eersel''' was a Surinamese linguist and cultural researcher. He served as Minister of Education and Population Development in the cabinet of acting Prime Minister Arthur Johan May. He was also the first chancellor of the University of Suriname. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:09, 30 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=25797248 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]).
* The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] 
* Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]].
* The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25801989 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:06, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25838105 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-45 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Reclaim the Night]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Reclaim the Night]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Reclaim the Night 2014.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Reclaim the Night''' is a movement started in Leeds in 1977 as part of the Women's Liberation Movement. Marches demanding that women be able to move throughout public spaces at night took place across England until the 1990s. Later, the organisation was revived and sponsors annual and national marches against rape and violence against women. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:40, 8 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-46 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ishe Komborera Africa]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Ishe Komborera Africa.mp3|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
&quot;'''Ishe Komborera Africa'''&quot; (Shona for: God Bless Africa), also called &quot;Ishe Komborera Zimbabwe&quot; (Shona for: God Bless Zimbabwe), was the Zimbabwean national anthem from 1980 to 1994. It was the country's first national anthem after gaining independence in 1980. It is a translation of 19th-century South African schoolteacher Enoch Sontonga's popular African hymn &quot;Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika&quot; into Zimbabwe's native Shona and Ndebele languages. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 13 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Four new wikis have been created:
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;w:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|&lt;code&gt;w:dga:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|&lt;code&gt;w:bbc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320]
** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|&lt;code&gt;q:bjn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695]
* Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;meta.domain == &quot;canary&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25859263 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-47 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Bhagavata Mela]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Bhagavata Mela''' is a classical Indian dance that is performed in Tamil Nadu, particularly the Thanjavur area. It is choreographed as an annual Vaishnavism tradition in Melattur and nearby regions, and celebrated as a dance-drama performance art. The dance art has roots in a historic migration of practitioners of Kuchipudi, another Indian classical dance art, from Andhra Pradesh to the kingdom of Tanjavur.

The term Bhagavata, state Brandon and Banham, refers to the Hindu text Bhagavata Purana. Mela is a Sanskrit word that means &quot;gathering, meeting of a group&quot; and connotes a folk festival. The traditional Bhagavata Mela performance acts out the legends of Hinduism, set to the Carnatic style music. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 04:07, 20 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] 
* The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25884616 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-48 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Zanskari]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Zaniskari]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Zaniskari Horse in Ladakh, India.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Zaniskari''' or '''Zanskari''' is a breed of small mountain horse or pony from Ladakh, in northern India. It is named for the Zanskar valley or region in Kargil district. It is similar to the Spiti breed of Himachal Pradesh, but is better adapted to work at high altitude. Like the Spiti, it shows similarities to the Tibetan breeds of neighbouring Tibet. It is of medium size, and is often grey in colour. The breed is considered endangered, as there are only a few hundred alive today, and a conservation programme has been started at Padum, Zanskar, in the Kargil district of Ladakh. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:44, 27 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499]
* The deployment of &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]&quot; announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:09, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25906379 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-49 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sheikh Hussein]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Sheikh Hussein]]) ([[:it:Scec Hussèn]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sheikh Hussein.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sheikh Hussein''' is a town in south-eastern Ethiopia. The site has been recorded in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage List since 2011 as a religious, cultural and historical site. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:34, 4 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754]
* The &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot; will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NEWSECTIONLINK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/]
* Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]].

'''Events'''
* Registration &amp; Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25914435 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-50 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Applaudissements aux fenêtres pendant la pandémie de Covid-19]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Aplauso por los trabajadores de la salud]]) ([[:gl:Aplauso ao persoal sanitario]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Koronabirus konfinamendua Lasarten 2020-03-29.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
During the COVID-19 pandemic, applauding daily at a scheduled hour was a gesture of acclamation, recognition and gratitude towards health professionals in tribute to their work at the time. This habit emerged in January 2020 in Wuhan, where the pandemic originated, and then spread to several cities around the world during the quarantines and sanitary cordons ordered as preventive measures, Italy being the first one. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:26, 11 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the &quot;choosing own vs not own work&quot; step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the &quot;impact module&quot; and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:13, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25945501 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-51 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Aerial view of Subway Island, July 2019.JPG|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge''' is a wildlife refuge in New York City managed by the National Park Service as part of Gateway National Recreation Area. It is composed of the open water and intertidal salt marshes of Jamaica Bay. It lies entirely within the boundaries of New York City, divided between the boroughs of Brooklyn to the west and Queens to the east. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:05, 18 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The &quot;Move Page&quot; feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]].
* The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:18, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25959059 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-52 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Plant blindness]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Cécité botanique]]) ([[:de:Pflanzenblindheit]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Plant blindness 0323.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Plant blindness''' is an informally-proposed form of cognitive bias, which in its broadest meaning, is a human tendency to ignore plant species. This includes such phenomena as not noticing plants in the surrounding environment, not recognizing the importance of plant life to the whole biosphere and to human affairs, a philosophical view of plants as an inferior form of life to animals and/or the inability to appreciate the unique features or aesthetics of plants. Related terms include plant‐neglect, zoo-centrism, and zoo‐chauvinism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 25 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-02 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pax airship disaster]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Catástrofe do dirigível Pax]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sim new-mcclures-magazine 1902-09 19 5 (page 75 crop).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Pax''''' '''airship disaster''' was the explosion of the ''Pax'' airship on May 12, 1902, in Paris, which killed the Brazilian inventor Augusto Severo and the French mechanic Georges Saché.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 12:14, 8 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-02 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:20, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26026251 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-03 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Conversion to Islam]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Conversion à l'islam]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Conversion to Islam''' is accepting Islam as a religion or faith and rejecting any other religion or irreligion. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:11, 15 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as &quot;ES2015&quot;) and ES7 (&quot;ES2016&quot;). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;requiresES6&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957]
* You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388]
* An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module was deprecated and replaced with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966]

'''Future changes'''
* Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26074460 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-04 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kinder der Landstrasse]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Kinderdlandstrasse plakat.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Kinder der Landstrasse''' (literally: Children of the Country Road) was a project implemented by the Swiss foundation Pro Juventute from 1926 to 1973. The project aimed to assimilate the itinerant Yenish people in Switzerland by forcibly removing their children from their parents and placing them in orphanages or foster homes. Approximately 590 children were affected by this program. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:02, 22 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:04, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-05 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Qurm Nature Reserve]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Al-Qurm Wetlands.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Qurm Nature Reserve''' is a national nature reserve in Muscat Governorate, Oman. Located on the Gulf of Oman coast, the reserve protects a mangrove forest and the surrounding wetland in a small estuary within the urban area of Qurm. Established in 1975, the reserve has been designated as an Important Bird Area since 1994, and as a protected Ramsar site since 2013. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:03, 29 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].&lt;!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011]
* There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the &quot;Tools&quot; menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;targets&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26137870 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-06 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Timurid architecture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Gur-e-Amir Mausolueum - Samarkand - Uzbekistan (7488414078).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Timurid architecture''' was an important stage in the architectural history of Iran and Central Asia during the late 14th and 15th centuries. The Timurid Empire (1370–1507), founded by Timur (d. 1405) and conquering most of this region, oversaw a cultural renaissance. In architecture, the Timurid dynasty patronized the construction of palaces, mausoleums, and religious monuments across the region. Their architecture is distinguished by its grand scale, luxurious decoration in tilework, and sophisticated geometric vaulting. This architectural style, along with other aspects of Timurid art, spread across the empire and subsequently influenced the architecture of other empires from the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 5 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]].
*On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about &quot;action blocks&quot;]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199]

'''Future changes'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26180971 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-07 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Adoration of the Magi (Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Fra Angelico, Fra Filippo Lippi, The Adoration of the Magi.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''''Adoration of the Magi''''' is a tondo, or circular painting, of the Adoration of the Magi assumed to be that recorded in 1492 in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence as by Fra Angelico. It dates from the mid-15th century and is now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. Most art historians think that Filippo Lippi painted more of the original work, and that it was added to some years after by other artists, as well as including work by assistants in the workshops of both the original masters. It has been known as the Washington Tondo and Cook Tondo after Herbert Cook, and this latter name in particular continues to be used over 50 years after the painting left the Cook collection. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 07:00, 12 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation]

'''Problems'''
*There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed.  

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:49, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26223994 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-08 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:nl:Graf met de handjes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Weg langs het kerkhof tegenover 1, Roermond.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The monument '''Van Gorkum-Van Aefferden''', more well known as the &quot;'''grave with the little hands'''&quot; is a monumental Tombstone in the Dutch city of Roermond.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:24, 19 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If you have the &quot;{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}&quot; option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984]
* There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively.
*Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]].
*The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid.
* The CSS &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; property can now be used in HTML &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;style&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:37, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26254282 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-09 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Doorway effect]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''doorway effect''' is a known psychological event where a person's short-term memory declines when passing through a doorway moving from one location to another when it would not if they had remained in the same place. People experience this effect by forgetting what they were going to do, thinking about, or planning upon entering a different room. This is thought to be due to the change in one's physical environment, which is used to distinguish boundaries between remembered events: memories of events encountered in the present environment are more accessible than those beyond it. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:30, 26 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value &lt;code&gt;wgGlobalGroups&lt;/code&gt; now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get(&quot;wgGlobalGroups&quot;)))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;changetags&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26294125 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-10 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sissieretta Jones]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:1899 poster of Mme. M. Sissieretta Jones.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones''' (January 5, 1868, or 1869 – June 24, 1933) was an American soprano. She sometimes was called &quot;The Black Patti&quot; in reference to Italian opera singer Adelina Patti. Jones' repertoire included grand opera, light opera, and popular music 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 4 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=26313143 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Special:Book&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; page (as well as the associated &quot;Create a book&quot; functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437]
* [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace.  Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details.
* Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget_definition&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespaces and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;gadgets-definition-edit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272]
* A usability improvement to the &quot;Add a citation&quot; in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
*  All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233]
* The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;?useparsoid=1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]).
*

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26329807 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-11 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Preventative Coup of November 11]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Golpe de Estado en Brasil de 1955]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Exército na casa de Café Filho.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Preventative Coup of November 11''' sometimes called the '''1955 Brazilian coup d'état''' or referred to as an &quot;anti-coup&quot; or a &quot;counter-coup&quot; (Portuguese: ''Novembrada, Movimento de 11 de Novembro, Contragolpe, Golpe Preventivo do Marechal Lott'') was a series of military and political events led by Henrique Teixeira Lott that resulted in Nereu Ramos assuming the presidency of Brazil until being peacefully succeeded by Juscelino Kubitschek a few months later. The bloodless coup removed Carlos Luz from the presidency because he was suspected of plotting to prevent Kubitschek from taking office. As a result of the tensions, Brazil had three presidents in the span of a single week.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498]
*The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26374013 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-12 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hojang Taret]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Hojang Taret''' is a classical Meitei language play based on Euripides's ancient Greek tragedy The Phoenician Women. It is directed by Oasis Sougaijam and produced by The Umbilical Theatre in Imphal, Kangleipak. It depicts the moral ambiguities of conflict between brothers resulting to the ruination of the ancient city of Thebes. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 18 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=26366849 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The notice &quot;Language links are at the top of the page&quot; that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/]
* Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746]

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:40, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26410165 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-13 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Magna Lykseth-Skogman]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Magna Lykseth in Tristan och Isolde at Kungliga Operan 1909 - SMV - GL164.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Magna Elvine Lykseth-Skogman''' (6 February 1874 – 13 November 1949), also known as Magna Lykseth-Schjerven, was a Norwegian-born Swedish operatic soprano. After making her début at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1901 as Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana, she was engaged there until 1918 becoming the company's prima donna. She performed leading roles in a wide range of operas but is remembered in particular for her Wagnerian interpretations, creating Brünnhilde in the Swedish premières of Siegfried and Götterdämmerung, and Isolde in 1909. Considered to be one of the most outstanding Swedish opera singers of her generation, she was awarded the Litteris et Artibus medal in 1907 and became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1912 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:00, 25 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:57, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-14 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lidder Valley]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Pahalgam Valley.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Lidder Valley''' or Liddar Valley is a Himalayan sub-valley that forms the southeastern corner of Anantnag district in Indian-administered Kashmir. The Lidder River flows down the valley. The entrance to the valley lies 7 km northeast from Anantnag town and 62 km southeast from Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a 40-km-long gorge valley with an average width of 3 km. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:15, 1 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26462933 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-15 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Operation Kraai]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Overzicht van het vliegveld te Djokja vanuit de 'Control Tower', Bestanddeelnr 5128.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Operation Kraai''' (Operation Crow) was a Dutch military offensive against the de facto Republic of Indonesia in December 1948 after negotiations failed. With the advantage of surprise the Dutch managed to capture the Indonesian Republic's temporary capital, Yogyakarta, and seized Indonesian leaders such as de facto Republican President Sukarno. This apparent military success was however followed by guerrilla warfare, while the violation of the Renville Agreement ceasefire diplomatically isolated the Dutch, leading to the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference and recognition of the United States of Indonesia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:47, 8 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey.
* Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727]
* Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:38, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26564838 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-16 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Павильон Росси]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Rossi Pavilion]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Pavillon Rossi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rossi's Pavilion in Mikhailovsky Garden. Saint-Petersburg. 1825..jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Rossi Pavilion''' (Russian: Павильон Росси) is a pavilion on the bank of the Moyka River in the Mikhailovsky Garden in Saint Petersburg. It was designed by architect Carlo Rossi in the early 1820s and built in 1825 during his redevelopment of the garden. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:53, 15 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the &quot;{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}&quot; tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435]
* A new variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;page_last_edit_age&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769]

'''Future changes'''
* Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-17 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Devorà Ascarelli]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Debora Ascarelli]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Devorà Ascarelli]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Devorà Ascarelli''' was a 16th-century Italian poet living in Rome, Italy. Ascarelli may have been the first Jewish woman to have a book of her own work published. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:35, 22 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086]
* You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26647188 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-18 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:1989 Serbian general election]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:sr:Председнички избори у Србији 1989.]])&amp;#32;([[:vi:Tổng tuyển cử Serbia 1989]])''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Parliament of SR Serbia (1989–1991).svg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''General elections were held in Serbia''', a constituent federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, on 12 November 1989 to elect the president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and delegates of the Assembly of SR Serbia. Voting for delegates also took place on 10 and 30 November 1989. In addition to the general elections, local elections were held simultaneously. These were the first direct elections conducted after the adoption of the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution and the delegate electoral system, and the last elections conducted under a one-party system. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:32, 29 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''

[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491]
* Seven new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|&lt;code&gt;w:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|&lt;code&gt;w:kus:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|&lt;code&gt;w:igl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kaa:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|&lt;code&gt;s:my:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|&lt;code&gt;s:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|&lt;code&gt;s:ka:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085]
* You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501]
* Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]].

'''Problems'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mapstyle=&quot;osm&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:34, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-19 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Heinrich Bünting]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Heinrich Bünting''' (1545 – 1606) was a Protestant pastor and theologian. He is best known for his book of woodcut maps titled Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae (Travel book through Holy Scripture) first published in 1581. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 6 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the &lt;code&gt;SiteAdminHelper&lt;/code&gt;. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled &quot;All public logs&quot;, but it only shows some logs. This label will now say &quot;Main public logs&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729]

'''Future changes'''
* A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension.
* Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot;. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:45, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26729363 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-20 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:var(--background-color-backdrop-dark, #DDDDDD); border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:var(--color-inverted, #000000); padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ruyan (district)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:رویان (طبرستان)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Northern Iran and its surroundings during the Iranian intermezzo.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Ruyan''' (Persian: رویان), later known as Rustamdar (رستمدار), was the name of a mountainous district that encompassed the western part of Tabaristan/Mazandaran, a region on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. In Iranian mythology, Ruyan appears as one of the places that the legendary archer Arash shot his arrow from, reaching the edge of Khorasan to mark the border between Iran and Turan. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:39, 13 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214]
* If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] &quot;{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}&quot;, then the template-page feature &quot;{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}&quot; will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907]
* [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute. This is identical in usage to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137]
* The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]&quot; feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295]

'''Future changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; database table (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table instead (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). In your existing SQL queries:
*# Replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN linktarget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ON&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; statement
*# Below that add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;
** See &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T222224]]&lt;/bdi&gt; for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26762074 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-21 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Turlough (lake)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Turlough]])&amp;#32;([[:no:Turlough]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Carran Turlough.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''turlough''' is a seasonal or periodic water body found mostly in limestone karst areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. [...] The water bodies fill and empty with the changes in the level of the water table, usually being very low or empty during summer and autumn and full in the winter. As groundwater levels drop the water drains away underground through cracks in the karstic limestone.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:31, 20 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351]
* New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]  The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-22 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Geiranger Church]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:no:Geiranger kirke]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Iglesia parroquial, Geiranger, Noruega, 2019-09-07, DD 84-97 PAN.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Geiranger Church''' (Norwegian: Geiranger kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Stranda Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the village of Geiranger, and the end of the famous Geirangerfjorden. It is the church for the Geiranger parish which is part of the Nordre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in an octagonal design in 1842 using plans drawn up by the architect Hans Klipe. The church seats about 165 people. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:48, 27 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.collapsible&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.multicol&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.reflist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.coordinates&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.topicon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26832205 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-23 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Guillermo Larrazábal]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Guillermo Larrazábal Arzubide''' (10 February 1907 – 1983) was a Spanish stained glass artist who was active in Ecuador. He is considered Ecuador's most important stained glass artist. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:14, 3 June 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086]
* The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; to &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|&lt;code&gt;w:dtp:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26844397 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class, Parsoid now also adds the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705]

'''Problems'''
* There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] 
* On multilingual wikis that use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;translate&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26893898 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-25 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:de:Magdalena Zeger]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Magdalena Zeger''' ([mak.da.ˈleː.na ˈt͡seː.gɐ], * 1491; † 16. January 1568 in Kolding) was a calendar maker, astronomer and astrologist. Her Hamburg almanacs and forecasts from 1561 and 1563 have been preserved. Zeger's calendars are the first independent publications by a woman in the field of astronomy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:29, 17 June 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751]
* The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954]
* The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370]

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph]
* Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]&lt;!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:49, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26911987 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-26 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Koreans in Micronesia]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:zh:朝鮮裔密克羅尼西亞人]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Koreans in Micronesia''' used to form a significant population before World War II, when most of the region was ruled as the South Seas Mandate of the Empire of Japan; for example, they formed 7.3% of the population of Palau in 1943. However, after the area came under the control of the United States as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, most Koreans returned to their homeland. As of 2013, about seven thousand South Korean expatriates &amp; immigrants and Korean Americans reside in the Marianas (Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), which have remained under U.S. control, while only around two hundred South Korean expatriates reside in the independent countries of Micronesia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 04:03, 24 June 2024 (UTC)''
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|}
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== Tech News: 2024-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717]
* The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515]

'''Problems'''
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:33, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Roller printing on textiles]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Silverstudio.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Roller printing''' on fabrics is a textile printing process patented by Thomas Bell of Scotland in 1783 in an attempt to reduce the cost of the earlier copperplate printing. This method was used in Lancashire fabric mills to produce cotton dress fabrics from the 1790s, most often reproducing small monochrome patterns characterized by striped motifs and tiny dotted patterns called &quot;machine grounds&quot;. Improvements in the technology resulted in more elaborate roller prints in bright, rich colours from the 1820s; Turkey red and chrome yellow were particularly popular. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:44, 1 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364]
* Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] 
* If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode]
* Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458]
* Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|&lt;code&gt;w:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] 

'''Problems'''
* Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119]

'''Future changes'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:simple:India naming dispute]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ur:انڈیا نام کا تنازعہ]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''India naming dispute''' in 1947 refers to the argument over the use of the name India during and after the partition of British Raj, between the countries of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This dispute involved key figures such as Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British Raj, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and a founder of Pakistan. By 1947, the British Raj was going to be divided into two new nation states – Hindustan and Pakistan. Jinnah was initially convinced that Hindustan would not use the term India, since it lacked indigenous pedigree, etymologically and historically India meant the Indus Valley (modern-Pakistan). He also opposed the use of the name India as it would cause confusion regarding history. The disagreement had significant implications for national identity and international recognition. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 8 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. 
* Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia.
* Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects.

'''Problems'''
* A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. 

'''Future changes'''
* The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:32, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Adumu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Maasai 2012 05 31 2782 (7522645058).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Adumu''', is a type of dance that the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania practice. Young Maasai warriors generally perform the energetic and acrobatic dance at ceremonial occasions including weddings, religious rites, and other significant cultural events. The Adumu dance is characterized by a sequence of jumps performed by the dancers, who stand in a circle and alternately jump while keeping their bodies as straight and upright as possible. In addition to wearing vividly colored shúkàs (clothes) and beaded jewelry, the dancers are typically clad in traditional Maasai costume. Traditional Maasai songs and chants are also performed during the dance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:15, 15 July 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page.
* The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]].
* Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]].
* Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895]
* Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Rathaus-Glockenspiel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:2019-11-16, Glockenspiel, Neues Münchner Rathaus, IMG 7463 edit Christoph Braun.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Rathaus-Glockenspiel''' is a large mechanical clock located in Marienplatz Square, in the heart of Munich, Germany. Famous for its life-size characters, the clock twice daily re-enacts scenes from Munich's history. First is the story of the marriage of Duke Wilhelm V to Renata of Lorraine in 1568, followed by the story of the Schäfflerstanz, also known as the coopers' dance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 22 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature News'''
* Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public.
* Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]
*  Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329]
* Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. 
* Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/]

'''Project Updates'''
*  Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language.

'''Learn more'''
* Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. 
* How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:05, 23 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])&amp;#32;([[:nl:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Nederlandsche Cocainefabriek Schinkelstraat Amsterdam architect HH Baanders 1902.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek''' (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈneːdərlɑntsə koːkaːˈinəfaːˌbrik]; English: Dutch Cocaine Factory) or NCF was an Amsterdam-based company producing cocaine for medical purposes in the 20th century. It imported its raw materials mainly from the Dutch East Indies and sold its products across Europe, making good profits especially in the early years of World War I. The NCF produced morphine, heroin and ephedrine as well. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 29 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]].

'''Bugs status'''
* Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing.
* Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week.

'''Project updates'''
* There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]].
* There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|&lt;code&gt;voy:cs:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] 

'''Learn more'''
* There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times.
* There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images.
* Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:11, 29 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Suffrage drama]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pamphlet from NAWSA for women's suffrage plays, page 1.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Suffrage drama''' (also known as suffrage plays or suffrage theatre) is a form of dramatic literature that emerged during the British women's suffrage movement in the early twentieth century. Suffrage performances lasted approximately from 1907-1914. Many suffrage plays called for a predominant or all female cast. Suffrage plays served to reveal issues behind the suffrage movement. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 5 August 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. These will reduce the need for &lt;code&gt;Template:Dir&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Template:BCP47&lt;/code&gt; on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the &quot;what links here&quot; database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623]
* Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces.
* The tracking category &quot;Pages using Timeline&quot; has been renamed to &quot;Pages using the EasyTimeline extension&quot; [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match.

'''Project updates'''
* Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]].

'''Learn more'''
* There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]].
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available.
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Karatgurk]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Karatgurk]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the Australian Aboriginal mythology of the Aboriginal people of south-eastern Australian state of Victoria, the '''Karatgurk''' were seven sisters who represented the constellation known in western astronomy as the Pleiades. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 12 August 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses.

'''Project updates'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|&lt;code&gt;w:bdr:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:22, 12 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:B1 (classification)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''B1''' is a medical-based Paralympic classification for blind sport. Athletes in this classification are totally or almost totally blind. It is used by a number of blind sports including blind tennis, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, blind cricket, blind golf, five-a-side football, goalball and judo. Some other sports, including adaptive rowing, athletics and swimming, have equivalents to this class.

The B1 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) but it sometimes handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies.

Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clapsticks. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]].
* Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&amp;namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&amp;namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;categories&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; property of &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372]

'''Bugs status'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with &lt;code&gt;Talk:WP:&lt;/code&gt; so that their titles start with &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia talk:&lt;/code&gt;), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]].
* Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee.

'''Learn more'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers.
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Erzi (village)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Caucasus, Ingushetia, Ингушские боевые и смотровые башни, горы Кавказа.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Erzi''' (Russian: Эрзи; Ingush: Аьрзи, romanized: Ärzi, lit. 'Eagle') is a medieval village (aul) in the Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the rural settlement (administrative center) of Olgeti. The entire territory of the settlement is included in the Dzheyrakh-Assa State Historical-Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve and is under state protection. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:19, 26 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]].
* Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Bugs status'''
* Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization.
* Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013.

'''Learn more'''
* If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]].
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:34, 26 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633]
* Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243]
* Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]].

'''Project updates'''
* A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded.

'''Learn more'''
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:08, 3 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cappadocian calendar]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cappadocian calendar''' was a solar calendar that was derived from the Persian Zoroastrian calendar. It is named after the historic region Cappadocia in present-day Turkey, where it was used. The calendar, which had 12 months of 30 days each and five epagomenal days, originated between 550 and 330 BC, when Cappadocia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Cappadocian calendar was identical to the Zoroastrian calendar; this can be seen in its structure, in the Avestan names and in the order of the months. The Cappadocian calendar reflects the Iranian cultural influence in the region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:42, 9 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;entity:getSitelink()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356]

'''Project updates'''
*  Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]
* Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Improvements and Maintenance'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]].
* The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag &quot;Edit Check (references) activated&quot; was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692]
* It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-message-box&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=&amp;title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;cdx-message&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499]

'''Technical project updates'''
* Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]

'''Tech in depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: 
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task.
** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27460876 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Independence Day (Albania)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Independence Day''' (Albanian: Dita e Pavarësisë) is a public holiday in Albania observed on 28 November. It commemorates the Albanian Declaration of Independence (from the Ottoman Empire), which was ratified by the All-Albanian Congress on 28 November 1912, establishing the state of Albania. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:29, 23 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27456350 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]]
* Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]&quot;. Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]].
* The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166]
* Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223]
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: 
** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too.
** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content.

'''In depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the &quot;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]&quot; and &quot;[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]&quot; subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:37, 23 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27493779 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wildlife of Bahrain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Birds in Al-Areen Wildlife Park.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The wildlife of the archipelago of Bahrain, is more varied than might be expected of this small group of islands in the Persian Gulf. Apart from a strip of the north and west of the main island, where crops are grown with irrigation, the land is arid. With a very hot dry summer, a mild winter, and brackish groundwater, the plants need adaptations in order to survive. Nevertheless, 196 species of higher plant have been recorded here, as well as about seventeen species of terrestrial mammals, many birds and reptiles, and many migratory birds visit the islands in autumn and spring. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 30 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27456350 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month.
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;?veaction=editsource&lt;/code&gt; to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796]
* For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the &quot;donate&quot; link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to &quot;Create an account&quot;. This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585]
* The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]].
* View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis.

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/]

'''Meetings and events'''
* October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa
* November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:21, 30 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27530062 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new &quot;Revert Risk&quot; machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422]
* View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* It is now possible for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; code blocks to offer readers a &quot;Copy&quot; button if the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;copy=1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932]
* Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]].
* Five new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|&lt;code&gt;w:kge:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|&lt;code&gt;m:mos:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|&lt;code&gt;q:gor:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|&lt;code&gt;n:shn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27557422 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Little Danes experiment]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:آزمایش دانمارکی‌های کوچک]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Children play at a Danish Red Cross-run orphanage in Greenland.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''little Danes experiment''' was a 1951 Danish operation where 22 Greenlandic Inuit children were sent to Danish foster families in an attempt to re-educate them as &quot;little Danes&quot;. While the children were all supposed to be orphans, most were not. Six children were adopted while in Denmark, and sixteen returned to Greenland, only to be placed in Danish-speaking orphanages and never live with their families again. Half of the children experienced mental health disturbances, and half of them died in young adulthood. The government of Denmark officially apologised in 2020, after several years of demands from Greenlandic officials. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:16, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722]
* WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''hastemplate''&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''incategory''&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29]
* View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the &quot;search engine&quot; option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975]

'''In depth'''
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27597254 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kharayeb]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Muharram 1Oth-Ashouraa 2007 in Kharayeb - panoramio.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Kharayeb''' (Arabic: الخرايب) is a historic town in the Sidon District in the South Governorate, Lebanon. The town is 77 km (48 mi) south of Beirut, and stands at an average altitude of 190 m (620 ft) above sea level. The town boasts a rich historical legacy, with archaeological excavations revealing a complex settlement history spanning from Prehistory to the Ottoman period. Notably, Kharayeb's origins can be traced back to the Persian period (539–330 BC), when it played a pivotal role in the region's agricultural and economic landscape, culminating in the construction of its Phoenician temple around the 6th century BC. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:38, 21 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the &quot;Donate&quot; button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years.
[[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]].
* Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]].
* View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556]
* It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}&lt;/code&gt; parser function. For example, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will show as &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. Previously, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#time:…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timef&lt;/code&gt; (or &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timefl&lt;/code&gt; for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{USERLANGUAGE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; instead of using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{int:lang}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects.
* The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content.

'''Meetings and events'''
* 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel.
* 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:53, 21 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27634672 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas horror]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Terror navideño]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Christmascarol1843 -- 169.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas horror''' is a fiction genre and film genre that incorporates horror elements into a seasonal setting. It is popular in multiple countries.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia].
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set &lt;code&gt;emitTransitionOnStep&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag &lt;code&gt;allowAutomaticBack&lt;/code&gt; to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528]
*  Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the &quot;Nuke&quot; tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:57, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27668811 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Placenta cake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:simple:Placenta cake]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bucharest, Greek pie-maker, 1880.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Placenta cake''' is a dish from ancient Greece and Rome consisting of many dough layers interspersed with a mixture of cheese and honey and flavored with bay leaves, baked and then covered in honey. The dessert is mentioned in classical texts such as the Greek poems of Archestratos and Antiphanes, as well as the De agri cultura of Cato the Elder. It is often seen as the predecessor of baklava and börek. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:16, 4 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27647428 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949]
* Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help.
* The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446]
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/]

'''In depth'''
* Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance.
*  The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available.  It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:51, 4 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27693917 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Trisomy 16]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chromosome 16.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Trisomy 16''' is a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 copies of chromosome 16 rather than two. It is the most common trisomy leading to miscarriage and the second most common chromosomal cause of it, closely following X-chromosome monosomy. About 6% of miscarriages have trisomy 16. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:09, 11 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27708700 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463]
* View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]&lt;/code&gt;, the logic of Wikibase function &lt;code&gt;getAllStatements&lt;/code&gt; changed to behave like &lt;code&gt;getBestStatements&lt;/code&gt;. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]].

'''In depth'''
* Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488]

'''Meetings and events'''
* 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] &amp; [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:08, 12 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27732268 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Boana platanera]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Rana platanera - Boana platanera.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Boana platanera''''', commonly known as the banana tree dwelling frog, is a species of tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is distributed within Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago. Boana platanera was described in 2021, and individuals of the species were previously classified as Boana crepitans or Boana xerophylla. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:53, 18 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27735014 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057]
* View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380]

'''In depth'''
* There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas.
* Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''.
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:01, 19 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27806858 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wang Su-bok]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:وانگ سو بوک]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:왕수복]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Wang Su-bok''' was a singer from North Korea, who was the most popular singer in Japanese-occupied Korea in 1935. She was credited as a ground-breaking female artist, whose work led the way for the modern K-pop phenomenon. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 25 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]].
* The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for bold and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;I&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928]
* Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;bswiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;elwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;euwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiquote&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiversity&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikivoyage&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;idwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;lvwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;plwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;ptwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;urwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;viwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. 
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to &quot;protected&quot; [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;,&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and un-selecting &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Live Autocompletion&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27847039 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Storm Filomena]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Spain’s chilly blanket ESA22415247.jpeg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Storm Filomena''' was an extratropical cyclone in early January 2021 that was most notable for bringing unusually heavy snowfall to parts of Spain, with Madrid recording its heaviest snowfall in over a century, and with Portugal being hit less severely. The eighth named storm of the 2020–21 European windstorm season, Filomena formed over the Atlantic Ocean close to the Canary Islands on 7 January, subsequently taking a slow track north-eastwards towards the Iberian Peninsula and then eastwards across the Mediterranean Sea. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:48, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27846897 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Two new parser functions were added this week. The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the &lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt; language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]].
* Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/]
* Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;arwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;cawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;mediawikiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;orwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiktionary&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wikidatawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910]
* This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the &quot;Download as PDF&quot; system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:23, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27873992 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Syrian literature]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Poem about Baybars page 1 from Hakawati book.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Syrian literature''' is modern fiction written or orally performed in Arabic by writers from Syria since the independence of the Syrian Arab Republic in 1946. It is part of the historically and geographically wider Arabic literature. The modern states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel as well as the Palestinian autonomous areas only came into being in the mid-20th century. Therefore, Syrian literature has since been referred to by literary scholarship as the national literature of the Syrian Arab Republic, as well as the works created in Arabic by Syrian writers in the diaspora. This literature has been influenced by the country's political history, the literature of other Arabic-speaking countries and, especially in its early days, by French literature. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#wikimedia-techdocs&lt;/bdi&gt; IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted.
* The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the &quot;[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=specialcx&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=collections&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=es&amp;to=en All collection]&quot; category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;page-collection&gt; &lt;/page-collection&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion.
* The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365]
* The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveUrl&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveDate&lt;/code&gt;, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1261320172&amp;oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&amp;q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&amp;regex=1&amp;title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|&lt;code&gt;voy:id:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726]
* Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system.
* The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:16, 9 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27919424 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Mars ocean theory]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:AncientMars.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Mars ocean theory''' states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history. This primordial ocean, dubbed Paleo-Ocean or Oceanus Borealis (/oʊˈsiːənəs ˌbɒriˈælɪs/ oh-SEE-ə-nəs BORR-ee-AL-iss), would have filled the basin Vastitas Borealis in the northern hemisphere, a region that lies 4–5 km (2.5–3 miles) below the mean planetary elevation, at a time period of approximately 4.1–3.8 billion years ago. Evidence for this ocean includes geographic features resembling ancient shorelines, and the chemical properties of the Martian soil and atmosphere 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history.
* Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information.
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:25, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27942374 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2023 Slovenia floods]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Sava v Tacnu 4. avgusta ob 16h.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In August 2023, major floods occurred in large part of Slovenia and neighbouring areas of Austria and Croatia due to heavy rain. Amongst others, the level of rivers Sava, Mur and Drava was exceptionally high. Several settlements and transport links in Slovene Littoral, Upper Carniola and Slovenian Carinthia were flooded. Due to the amount of rain, the streams in Idrija, Cerkno and Škofja Loka Hills overflowed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:55, 23 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Uganda Railways Corporation]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Schienenverkehr in Uganda]])&amp;#32;([[:no:Uganda Railways Corporation]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:9620 mit Güterzug.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Uganda Railways Corporation''' (URC) is the parastatal railway of Uganda. It was formed after the breakup of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) in 1977 when it took over the Ugandan part of the East African railways. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Internment of Japanese Canadians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Japanese road camp.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
From 1942 to 1949, Canada forcibly relocated and incarcerated over 22,000 Japanese Canadians—comprising over 90% of the total Japanese Canadian population—from British Columbia in the name of &quot;national security&quot;. The majority were Canadian citizens by birth and were targeted based on their ancestry. This decision followed the events of the Japanese Empire's war in the Pacific against the Western Allies, such as the invasion of Hong Kong, the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the Fall of Singapore which led to the Canadian declaration of war on Japan during World War II. Similar to the actions taken against Japanese Americans in neighbouring United States, this forced relocation subjected many Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations, job and property losses, and forced repatriation to Japan 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:56, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas seals]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:no:Julemerke]])&amp;#32;([[:ru:Рождественская виньетка]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:1915 US Christmas Seal.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas seals''' are adhesive labels that are similar in appearance to postage stamps that are sold then affixed to mail during the Christmas season to raise funds and awareness for charitable programs. Christmas seals have become particularly associated with lung diseases such as tuberculosis, and with child welfare in general. They were first issued in Denmark beginning in 1904, with Sweden and Iceland following with issues that same year. Thereafter the use of Christmas seals proved to be popular and spread quickly around the world, with 130 countries producing their own issues. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 13 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;inproject:&lt;/code&gt; keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|&lt;code&gt;w:tig:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise.
* Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its &lt;code&gt;sub&lt;/code&gt; field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139]
* Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt; until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:42, 14 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Scontri del Nagorno Karabakh del 2010]])&amp;#32;([[:tr:2010 Dağlık Karabağ çatışmaları]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''2010 Nahorno karabakh war''' were a series of exchanges of gunfire that took place on February 18 on the line of contact dividing Azerbaijani and the Karabakh Armenian military forces. Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu, Qızıloba, Qapanlı, Yusifcanlı and Cavahirli villages, as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers. As a result, three Azerbaijani soldiers were killed and one wounded. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:20, 20 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846]
* On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as &quot;manually patrolled&quot; instead of &quot;autopatrolled&quot;, which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's &quot;Insert link&quot; feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912]
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:37, 21 January 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28129769 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jinnah's birthday]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Yorkstatue.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jinnah's Birthday''', officially Quaid-e-Azam Day and sometimes known as Quaid Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan observed annually on 25 December to celebrate the birthday of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-i-Azam (&quot;Great Leader&quot;). A major holiday, commemorations for Jinnah began during his lifetime in 1942, and have continued ever since. The event is primarily observed by the government and the citizens of the country where the national flag is hoisted at major architectural structures such as private and public buildings, particularly at the top of Quaid-e-Azam House in Karachi. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:30, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year.

'''Updates for editors'''
* iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145]
* Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki_user_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; dump, the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; field will be renamed to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;is_anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:15, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:French conquest of Corsica]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bataille de Ponte Novu.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''French conquest of Corsica''' was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic. The expedition was launched in May 1768, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:20, 3 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use the &quot;Special characters&quot; editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722]
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements.
* Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki.
** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json&lt;/code&gt; to include entries for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;preprint&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;standard&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;dataset&lt;/code&gt;; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1189164774&amp;oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1270832208&amp;oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset'].
** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270829051&amp;oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270831369&amp;oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveID&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;identifier&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repository&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;organization&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repositoryLocation&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;committee&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;versionNumber&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|&lt;code&gt;w:knc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:09, 4 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Assassination of Spencer Perceval]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:PercevalShooting.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 11 May 1812, at about 5:15 pm, Spencer Perceval, the prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons by John Bellingham, a Liverpool merchant with a grievance against the government. Bellingham was detained; four days after the murder, he was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged at Newgate Prison on 18 May, one week after the assassination and one month before the start of the War of 1812. Perceval remains the sole British prime minister to have been assassinated. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 10 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''

* The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;Special pages&quot; portlet link will be moved from the &quot;Toolbox&quot; into the &quot;Navigation&quot; section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211]
* As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]&lt;/code&gt;). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a &quot;default for all languages&quot;]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511]
* The function &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;getDescription&lt;/code&gt; was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660]
* As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/related&lt;/code&gt; endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;morelike&lt;/code&gt;&quot; action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/]

'''In depth'''

* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the &quot;Contribute&quot; menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. 
* The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:12, 11 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Malagasy constitutional referendum]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A constitutional referendum was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution. The Malagasy people were asked to answer &quot;Yes&quot; or &quot;No&quot; to the proposed new constitution, which was considered to help consolidate Andry Rajoelina's grip on power. At the time of the referendum, Rajoelina headed the governing Highest Transitional Authority (HAT), an interim junta established following the military-backed coup d'état against then President Marc Ravalomanana in March 2009. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:21, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the &lt;code&gt;{{#special:Homepage}}&lt;/code&gt; for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at &lt;code&gt;{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}&lt;/code&gt;. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]]
* Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102]
* You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324]
* When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like &quot;1.23&quot; or localized alphabetic markers like &quot;a b c&quot; in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed.  As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like &quot;1.23&quot; once the alphabetic markers are all used.
* The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements.
* A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488]
* Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640]
* Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; is deprecated. Tools requiring &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; must explicitly declare &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.Uri&lt;/code&gt; as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;URL&lt;/code&gt; API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28275610 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cooler Heads Coalition]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Cooler Heads Coalition]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Cooler Heads Coalition]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cooler Heads Coalition''' is a politically conservative &quot;informal and ad-hoc group&quot; in the United States, financed and operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute. The group, which rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, made efforts to stop the government from addressing climate change. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 24 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:sat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&amp;A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:42, 25 February 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28296129 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:pt:Transmissor de Ondas]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Wave Transmitter]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Esq eletr transm ondas color.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Transmissor de Ondas''' é um equipamento precursor do rádio, desenvolvido por Roberto Landell de Moura na década de 1890, capaz de transmitir áudio via ondas eletromagnéticas, com sua primeira demonstração pública documentada tendo ocorrido no dia 16 de julho de 1899. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; link is accessible from the &quot;{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180]
* Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw-ref&lt;/code&gt;&quot; from their local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=8&amp;title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&amp;oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw:referencedBy&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you.
* When editors embed a file (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:MediaWiki.png]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109]
* When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010]
* When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline.
* Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|&lt;code&gt;w:syl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:31, 4 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28334563 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Smoky (mascotte olimpica)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Smoky (Olympic mascot)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Smoky 1932 Olympic Village Mascot.webp|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Smoky''' (Los Angeles, 1931 o 1932 - Los Angeles, aprile 1934), occasionalmente scritto Smokey, è stato un cane che divenne la mascotte del villaggio olimpico estivo del 1932 e, successivamente, dell'evento generale. Pur non essendo oggi riconosciuto dal CIO, è stato, seppur non in modo ufficiale, la prima mascotte olimpica dei Giochi, oltre che a essere attualmente l'unica a essere stata un animale vero. Le successive edizioni non ebbero mascotte, dovendo aspettare i X Giochi olimpici invernali di Grenoble nel 1968 per ritrovarne una ufficialmente riconosciuta, lo sciatore stilizzato Schuss, allora non considerato ufficiale ma successivamente riconosciuto come tale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:50, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844]
* The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline &amp; Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;aramadan@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;!
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors.
* An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:10, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28372257 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frame A from Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo''''' (lit. 'Amazon: The Greatest River in the World') is a 1922 Brazilian silent documentary film produced in 1918 by Silvino Santos. It is a black-and-white film that portrays life in the Amazon rainforest. Completed in 1920, it is considered one of the oldest cinematic records of the Amazon. It was presumed lost in 1931 and only rediscovered in 2023 at the Czech Film Archive.

Silvino Santos produced the work over three years using sophisticated cinematic techniques, which led it to be deemed of &quot;immense artistic value&quot; by Le Monde. It has also been described as the &quot;Holy Grail of Brazilian silent cinema&quot; by The Guardian. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 17 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC].

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=ig&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as &quot;Collections&quot;, from wiki-projects and campaigns.
* On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard.
* The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]].
* Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation.
* The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:48, 17 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28412594 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ali of the Eretnids]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:tr:Alaaddin Ali Bey]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Ala al-Din Ali''' (January 1353 – August 1380) was the third Sultan of the Eretnids ruling from 1366 until his death. He inherited the throne at a very early age and was removed from administrative matters. He was characterized as particularly keen on personal pleasures, which later discredited his authority. During his rule, emirs under the Eretnids enjoyed considerable autonomy, and the state continued to shrink as neighboring powers captured several towns. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag).
* Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time.
* Administrators at wikis that have a customized &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]&lt;/bdi&gt; should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;* specialpages-url|specialpages&lt;/code&gt;. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927]
* The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]].
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Api&lt;/code&gt; JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;userAgent&lt;/code&gt; parameter: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );&lt;/code&gt;. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:43, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28443127 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chilembwe uprising]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chilembwe supporters being led to be executed (cropped).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Chilembwe uprising''' was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) which took place in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, an American-educated Baptist minister. Based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in the south-east of the colony, the leaders of the revolt were mainly from an emerging black middle class. They were motivated by grievances against the British colonial system, which included forced labour, racial discrimination and new demands imposed on the African population following the outbreak of World War I. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:52, 31 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 1 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28473566 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:1930 Bago earthquake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:my:၁၉၃၀ ပဲခူးငလျင်]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Thiao Mueang Phama (1955, p. 165).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
An earthquake affected Myanmar on 5 May 1930 with a moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.4. The shock occurred 35 km (22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi) segment of the Sagaing Fault—a major strike-slip fault that runs through the country. Extensive damage was reported in the southern part of the country, particularly in Bago and Yangon, where buildings collapsed and fires erupted. At least 550, and possibly up to 7,000 people were killed. A moderate tsunami struck the Burmese coast which caused minor damage to ships and a port. It was felt for over 570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi) and as far as Shan State and Thailand. The mainshock was followed by many aftershocks; several were damaging. The December earthquake was similarly sized which also occurred along the Sagaing Fault. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 7 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;font-size&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;line-height&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;size-icon&lt;/code&gt;.
* The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 7 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28507470 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Museu de Zoologia da USP 02.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo''' (Portuguese: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, abbreviated MZUSP) is a public natural history museum located in the historic Ipiranga district of São Paulo, Brazil. The MZUSP is an educational and research institution that is part of the University of São Paulo. The museum began at the end of the 19th century as part of the Museu Paulista; in 1941, it moved into a dedicated building. In 1969 the museum became a part of the University of São Paulo, receiving its current name. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 14 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28454663 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]
* File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for.
* To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662]
* &quot;Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?&quot; This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies.
* On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]].
* The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:25, 15 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28540654 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fear of crime]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ar:الخوف من الجريمة]])&amp;#32;([[:it:Criminofobia]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fear of crime''' refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, which is not necessarily reflective of the actual probability of being such a victim. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 21 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16]
* A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Following its publication on HuggingFace, the &quot;Structured Contents&quot; dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect &quot;peacock&quot; or &quot;overly-promotional&quot; or &quot;non-neutral&quot; language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:01, 21 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28578245 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Heritage preservation in South Korea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Korean.Dance-03.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The heritage preservation system of South Korea is a multi-level program aiming to preserve and cultivate Korean cultural heritage. The program is administered by the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), and the legal framework is provided by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 1962, last updated in 2012. The program started in 1962 and has gradually been extended and upgraded since then. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]].
* Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_ipindex&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_compat&lt;/code&gt; are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on &quot;Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects&quot;. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28585685 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lhamana]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:We-Wa, a Zuni berdache, weaving - NARA - 523796 (cropped).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lhamana''', in traditional Zuni culture, are biologically male people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, at least some of the time. They wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing and much of their work is in the areas usually occupied by Zuni women. Some contemporary lhamana participate in the pan-Indian two-spirit community. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 07:28, 5 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28583422 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May.

'''Updates for editors'''
* For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released:
** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities.
** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;Intl&lt;/code&gt; library or the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.DateFormatter&lt;/code&gt; library. The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]].
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (&lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;wbt_*&lt;/code&gt;) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 6 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28665011 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Gruppo del Sileno]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Parco3.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sileno ed Egle con Mnasilo e Cromi''', meglio noto come Gruppo del Sileno, è un monumento in marmo di Carrara, realizzato da Jean-Baptiste Boudard nel 1765 per il Giardino Ducale di Parma; sostituito nel 1991 con una copia in polvere di marmo e resina, l'originale si trova provvisoriamente nel chiostro della Fontana del monastero di San Paolo, in attesa della definitiva collocazione prevista all'interno del palazzetto Eucherio Sanvitale nel parco Ducale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:28, 12 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|&quot;Get shortened URL&quot;]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]].
* Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]].
* The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|&lt;code&gt;w:nup:&lt;/code&gt;]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references.
* The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/data-parsoid&lt;/code&gt; REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:38, 12 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28714188 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lorrin A. Thurston]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fi:Lorrin Thurston]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:로린 A. 서스턴]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lorrinandrewsthurston1892.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lorrin Andrews Thurston''' (July 31, 1858 – May 11, 1931) was a Hawaiian citizen lawyer, politician, and businessman. Thurston played a prominent role in the revolution that overthrew the Hawaiian Kingdom to replace Queen Liliʻuokalani with the Republic of Hawaii, with discreet US support for which Congress much later apologized. He published the Pacific Commercial Advertiser (a forerunner of the present-day Honolulu Star-Advertiser), and owned other enterprises. From 1906 to 1916, he and his network lobbied with national politicians to create a national park to preserve the Hawaiian volcanoes. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 19 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28731710 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test.

'''Updates for editors'''

* From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]]  [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]].
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template.
* Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.title&lt;/code&gt; object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;isDisambiguationPage&lt;/code&gt;. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.loader.load&lt;/code&gt;. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;gitlab.wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt; without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:13, 19 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28724712 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Lamiera bugnata]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Tread plate]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Diamond Plate.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Una '''lamiera bugnata''' o mandorlata è una lamiera di metallo ottenuta dalla laminazione di una bramma attraverso rulli che, tramite punzonatura o goffratura, imprimono sulla lamina rilievi a forma di rombo o ellisse, detti bugne. Nel caso questi rilievi siano alternati singolarmente nei due assi, si parla di lamiera diamantata, mentre se le forme sono predisposte in maniera parallela per formare piccoli quadranti tra di loro tangenti, questo pattern viene identificato con il nome di mandorlato.

We tend to ignore the fact that this type of plate is the only reason we don't slip when we walk on steel and wet or frozen surfaces. The Italian article it's short but quite complete, and has just the right amount of citations, unlike other poor languages' versions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 06:03, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28751788 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]&lt;/code&gt; parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019]
* This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future.
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The previously deprecated &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]&lt;/code&gt; views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; views instead.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28788673 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Angelo azzurro (cocktail)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Ángel azul (cóctel)]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Ange bleu (cocktail)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Angelo Azzurro Cocktail.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''angelo azzurro''' è un cocktail alcolico italiano. È considerato uno dei cocktail più popolari in Italia negli anni novanta, insieme al B-52 e all'Invisibile. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 05:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;_default&lt;/code&gt; key in the local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]&lt;/bdi&gt; page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=clientlogin&lt;/code&gt; will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205]
* From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28819186 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fi:Kotiryssä]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Kotiryssä]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''kotiryssä''' (jocular Finnish: one’s home Russky or home Russian) was a Soviet or Russian contact person of a Finnish politician, bureaucrat, businessman or other important person. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 9 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716]
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121]
* Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492]
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]].
* Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageImage&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageAssessments&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28846858 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Future self]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pl:Przyszła jaźń]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the psychology of self, the '''future self''' concerns the processes and consequences associated with thinking about oneself in the future. People think about their future selves similarly to how they think about other people. The extent to which people feel psychologically connected (e.g., similarity, closeness) to their future self influences how well they treat their future self. When people feel connected to their future self, they are more likely to save for retirement, make healthy decisions, and avoid ethical transgressions. Interventions that increase feelings of connectedness with future selves can improve future-oriented decision making across these domains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 16 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:39, 16 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28870688 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pictorial map]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:نقشه تصویری]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:絵地図]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Blake Britain Spearhead of Attack.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pictorial maps''' (also known as illustrated maps, panoramic maps, perspective maps, bird's-eye view maps, and geopictorial maps) depict a given territory with a more artistic rather than technical style. It is a type of map in contrast to road map, atlas, or topographic map. The cartography can be a sophisticated 3-D perspective landscape or a simple map graphic enlivened with illustrations of buildings, people and animals. They can feature all sorts of varied topics like historical events, legendary figures or local agricultural products and cover anything from an entire continent to a college campus. Drawn by specialized artists and illustrators, pictorial maps are a rich, centuries-old tradition and a diverse art form that ranges from cartoon maps on restaurant placemats to treasured art prints in museums. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:18, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001]
* Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519]
* A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;all_links&lt;/code&gt; variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;new_links&lt;/code&gt; for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the &quot;Add a Link&quot; Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28870688 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:QEUH.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Queen Elizabeth University Hospital''' (QEUH) is a 1,677-bed acute hospital located in Govan, in the south-west of Glasgow, Scotland. The hospital is built on the site of the former Southern General Hospital and opened at the end of April 2015. The hospital comprises a 1,109-bed adult hospital, a 256-bed children's hospital and two major Emergency Departments; one for adults and one for children. There is also an Immediate Assessment Unit for local GPs and out-of-hours services, to send patients directly, without having to be processed through the Emergency Department. The retained buildings from the former Southern General Hospital include the Maternity Unit, the Institute of Neurological Sciences, the Langlands Unit for medicine of the elderly and the laboratory. The whole facility is operated by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, and is one of the largest acute hospital campuses in Europe. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599]
* Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's &quot;Find in page&quot; function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special &quot;favourite list&quot;. The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:41, 30 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28917415 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Non-constituency Member of Parliament]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''Non-constituency Member of Parliament''' (NCMP) is a member of an opposition political party in Singapore who, as stipulated in Article 39 of the Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act, is declared to have been elected a Member of Parliament (MP) without constituency representation, despite having lost in a general election, by virtue of having been one of the opposition candidates with the highest vote shares among the unelected. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:10, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]].
* Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22]
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]].
* Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]].
* It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of &quot;Connecting People through Linked Open Data&quot;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 8 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28930584 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immunolabeling]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Immunolabeling process image.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Immunolabeling''' is a biochemical process that enables the detection and localization of an antigen to a particular site within a cell, tissue, or organ. Antigens are organic molecules, usually proteins, capable of binding to an antibody. These antigens can be visualized using a combination of antigen-specific antibody as well as a means of detection, called a tag, that is covalently linked to the antibody 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
---[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:44, 14 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28945528 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the &quot;featured&quot; tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now!
* [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:10, 14 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28980963 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Vespa analis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Plumpy hornet on the ground - 1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Vespa analis''''', the yellow-vented hornet, is a species of common hornet found in Southeast Asia 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:28, 21 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28984647 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the &quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=fi#/ ... More]&quot; category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new &quot;{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}&quot; filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257]
* Administrators can now limit &quot;Add a Link&quot; to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot;]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test &amp; &quot;Add a Link&quot; Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 &amp; 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmflabs.org&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmcloud.org&lt;/code&gt;. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:43, 21 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29005283 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Baía dos Porcos - Fernando de Noronha (32811749914).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha) is a national park in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:40, 28 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29047614 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598]
* On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:27, 29 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29051727 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Xie Zhiliu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Xie Zhiliu''' (Chinese: 谢稚柳; 1910–1997) was a leading traditional painter, calligrapher, and art connoisseur of modern China. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:21, 4 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439]
* Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035]
* Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account&lt;/code&gt; and use a value defined in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipboptions&lt;/code&gt;. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets can now include &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.vue&lt;/code&gt; files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099]
* Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918]
* Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task.
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:41, 5 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29083927 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lethocerus patruelis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lethocerus patruelis.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lethocerus patruelis''''' is a giant water bug in the family Belostomatidae. It is native to southeastern Europe, through Southwest Asia, to Pakistan, India and Burma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:20, 11 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29085671 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]].
* The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an &quot;X&quot; to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other &quot;X&quot; button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944]
* Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for &quot;Group results by page&quot; on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of &quot;One common data source, multiple local wikis&quot;. Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons]
* Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.addWarning()&lt;/code&gt; function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:30, 11 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29106516 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ikiza]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:CIA map of Burundi and surrounding countries during 1972 killings.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Ikiza''' (variously translated from Kirundi as the Catastrophe, the Great Calamity, and the Scourge), or the Ubwicanyi (Killings), was a series of mass killings—often characterised as a genocide—which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. Conservative estimates place the death toll of the event between 100,000 and 150,000 killed, while some estimates of the death toll go as high as 300,000. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 18 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to &quot;Thank&quot; individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849]
* An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716]
* An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227]
* Five new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|&lt;code&gt;s:tl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|&lt;code&gt;s:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|&lt;code&gt;w:rki:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|&lt;code&gt;b:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:39, 19 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29127690 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Corallite]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) - ZooKeys-227-001-g004.jpeg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''corallite''' is the skeletal cup, formed by an individual stony coral polyp, in which the polyp sits and into which it can retract. The cup is composed of aragonite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and is secreted by the polyp. Corallites vary in size, but in most colonial corals they are less than 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: &lt;code&gt;width: fit-content&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;ruby-align&lt;/code&gt;; relative units such as &lt;code&gt;lh&lt;/code&gt;; and custom strings in &lt;code&gt;list-style-type&lt;/code&gt;. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619]
* On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455]
* Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240]
* Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. &lt;code&gt;rc_new&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rc_type&lt;/code&gt; are being removed in favor of &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt;. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt; instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] 
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29175124 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Diksam Plateau]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Dixam plateau (6407168437).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Diksam Plateau''' or Dixam Plateau (Arabic: دكسم) is a limestone plateau in Socotra, Yemen. The Firmihin forest, located east of the Dirhur canyon within the plateau, has the highest concentration of Dragon's Blood Trees on the entire island. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki]
* The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as &quot;Templates used on this page,&quot; will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066]
* On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the &lt;code&gt;Special:RecentChanges&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Special:Watchlist&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;Special:RelatedChanges&lt;/code&gt; pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions now has a new capability called &quot;lightweight enumeration types&quot;, an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more.
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions:
** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&amp;t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these].
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:51, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29196010 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Ttongsul]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ja:トンスル]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Ttongsul (imitation).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''ttongsul''' (똥술), o vino di feci, è una tradizionale preparazione medicinale coreana con gradazione alcolica al 9% a base di feci, solitamente umane e preferibilmente di bambino. Nato probabilmente traendo spunto dalla medicina tradizionale cinese, nelle credenze popolari il vino di feci avrebbe proprietà benefiche per molti tipi di malesseri: sarebbe un rimedio per dolori muscolari, ustioni, infiammazioni, epilessia e fratture ossee.

Sebbene alcuni media occidentali abbiano in passato riportato che questa bevanda sia diffusa tra la popolazione coreana, al giorno d'oggi un numero molto limitato di persone ne fa uso, dopo aver subito un declino di popolarità nei secoli scorsi, tanto che la maggioranza dei giovani coreani non ne ha mai sentito parlare.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:28, 8 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] 
* Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698]
* Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:15, 9 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29238161 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-38 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pak Kum-chol]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pak Kum-chol in 1961 (cropped).jpg|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pak Kum-chol''' was a North Korean politician. Having been a guerrilla during the anti-Japanese struggle, he became a high-ranking politician after the liberation of Korea. Pak aligned himself with his former guerrilla brothers in arms from the Kapsan Operation Committee to form a faction within the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) called the &quot;Kapsan faction&quot;. This faction sought to replace Kim Il Sung with Pak. Kim retaliated by purging the faction in 1967 in what is known as the Kapsan faction incident. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 15 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* References lists that are made using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941]
* Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]].
* Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including:
** for the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;) and end-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599]
** for both &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;insource:&lt;/code&gt; keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\d&lt;/code&gt;), whitespace (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\s&lt;/code&gt;), and word characters (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\w&lt;/code&gt;); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\r&lt;/code&gt;), newline (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\n&lt;/code&gt;), tab (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\t&lt;/code&gt;), and unicode (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\uHHHH&lt;/code&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212]
* When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]].
* Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288]
* The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets.
* Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. 
* A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:08, 15 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29263921 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Federation of Central America (1921–1922)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Federación de Centro América (1921-1922)]])&amp;#32;([[:ar:اتحاد أمريكا الوسطى (1921-1922)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Central America's Northern Triangle (orthographic projection).png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Federation of Central America''' (Spanish: Federación de Centro América)[1] was a short-lived federal republic that existed in Central America between 1921 and 1922. The federation consisted of the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:45, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ &quot;Listen to Wikipedia&quot;] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator.
* A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#contentmodel}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254]
* Adding or editing a &lt;code&gt;DISPLAYTITLE&lt;/code&gt; for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would no longer have the literal text &quot;DISPLAYTITLE&quot; or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. 
* Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:56, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29305556 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Palazzo delle Poste (Latina)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Postelittoria2.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Palazzo delle Poste''', fino al 1945 Ricevitoria Postelegrafonica di Littoria, è un edificio postale di Latina, situato in piazzale dei Bonificatori.

Costruito nel 1932 in stile razionalista con influenze futuriste, riscontrabili nell'utilizzo di ampie superfici vetrate e di volumi verticali, oltre che per la presenza di l’utilizzo di materiali e scelte di design molto in voga all'epoca come, come i mattoni a vista, il travertino di Tivoli e l'Anticorodal (una lega di alluminio), ospita l'ufficio postale Latina Centro. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29341788 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]].
* As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]].
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]].
* On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563]
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test.
* The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with &lt;code&gt;sp-contributions-blocked-notice&lt;/code&gt;] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with &lt;code&gt;blocked-notice-logextract&lt;/code&gt;] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed.
* There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[ ] |&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; after the fragment identifier (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|&lt;code&gt;q:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]&lt;/code&gt; function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once.
* A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:54, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29355230 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-41 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Majed Abu Maraheel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Majed Abu Maraheel''' was a Palestinian long-distance runner, football player, security officer, and athletics coach, who was the first Palestinian to compete at the Olympic Games. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:48, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects.
'''Updates for editors'''
* Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), instead of via a redirect to an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;creationdate:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;lasteditdate:&lt;/code&gt;, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&gt;2024&lt;/code&gt;) and relative dates (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;today-1d&lt;/code&gt;), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593]
* [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402]
* An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The field &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rev_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the revision database table is being removed in favor of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;content_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the &lt;code&gt;rest.php&lt;/code&gt; path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:24, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29400897 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Abortion in Eritrea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In Eritrea, abortion is banned except on the grounds of pregnancy from rape or incest, pregnancy of a minor, or risk to physical or mental health. Legal abortions require medical or judicial approval. Prior to Eritrea's independence, it applied Ethiopia's abortion law of the 1950s, which banned abortion unless life-saving. After independence, the 1991 penal code adapted this law to lift punishments on abortions on the grounds of rape, incest, or risk to life or health, but legal abortions did not exist in effect. The penal codes of 2001 and 2015 required physicians to prove health grounds for abortion. Unsafe abortion is common and contributes to maternal mortality in Eritrea. Post-abortion care is unavailable in some regions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:06, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. 

'''Updates for editors'''

* Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579]
* This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095]
* Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:00, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29434481 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Auschwitz Liberated January 1945.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' &quot;Final Solution&quot; to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Soviet Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Although most of the prisoners had been forced onto a death march, about 7,000 had been left behind. The Soviet soldiers attempted to help the survivors and were shocked at the scale of Nazi crimes. The date is recognized as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;rest.php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]].
* Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:37, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29478670 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Black Diaries]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Black Diaries''' are diaries purported to have been written by the Irish revolutionary Roger Casement, which contained accounts of homosexual liaisons with young men. They cover the years 1903, 1910 and 1911 (two) and were handed in to Scotland Yard after his capture in April 1916. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:51, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]].
* Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]].
* The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/]
* Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures.
* A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]].
* Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29513638 --&gt;
|}

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Consolations (Liszt)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Franz Liszt - Consolation No. 3, Lento placido.ogg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Consolations''', S. 171a/172 (German: Tröstungen) are a set of six solo piano works by Franz Liszt. The compositions take the musical style of nocturnes with each having its own distinctive style. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958]
* For users with &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools &quot;{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}&quot; widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778]
* Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861]
* Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as &quot;Get shortened URL&quot;. There are 30 wikis that also install an older &quot;ShortUrl&quot; extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;class=&quot;title-shortlink&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188]
* On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board.
* MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29552512 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Marine coastal ecosystem]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Vegetation and fauna processes controlling benthic biogeochemical fluxes.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''marine coastal ecosystem''' is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity.

For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands which thrive on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitude areas, populated with salt-tolerant plants such as cordgrass and marsh elder that provide important nursery areas for many species of fish and shellfish. Mangrove forests survive in the intertidal zones of tropical or subtropical coasts, populated by salt-tolerant trees that protect habitat for many marine species, including crabs, shrimp, and fish. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29584005 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264]
* MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347]
* Using the &quot;{{int:showpreview}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:showdiff}}&quot; buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097]
* Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454]
* The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment]
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called &quot;Image browsing&quot; to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28.
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://meta.wikimedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from &lt;code&gt;&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;mw:&lt;identity type&gt;:&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;&lt;identity type&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is typically &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;CentralAuth:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;!-- not a typo --&gt; (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;local:&lt;wiki id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the &lt;code&gt;sessionJwt&lt;/code&gt; cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or emailing other users &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;10&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612]
* A &lt;code&gt;REL1_45&lt;/code&gt; branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/]
* The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:38, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29606150 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elephant communication]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Three elephant's curly kisses.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elephants communicate''' via touching, visual displays, vocalisations, seismic vibrations, and semiochemicals. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29627457 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November.
* Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]].
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|&lt;code&gt;s:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''&quot;Report Visual Bug&quot;'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
* Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;hackathon@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:27, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29627455 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Animal-made art]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Painting Queen 1024x768.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Animal-made art''' consists of works by non-human animals, that have been considered by humans to be artistic, including visual works, music, photography, and videography. Some of these are created naturally by animals, often as courtship displays, while others are created with human involvement.

There have been debates about the copyright status of these works, with the United States Copyright Office stating in 2014 that works that lack human authorship cannot have their copyright registered at the US Copyright Office. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29627457 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the &quot;DWIM&quot; (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;und&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;cxfcnmt&lt;/span&gt;'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;ru&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;счастье&lt;/span&gt;'' (&quot;happiness&quot;) that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734]
* Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}&quot; preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
*  Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;format=xml'''&amp;xlst={stylesheet}'''&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/]
* The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Main graph or &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:57, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29702226 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Halachic state]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The term &quot;'''halachic state'''&quot; (Hebrew: מְדִינַת הֲלָכָה‎ Medīnat Hălāḵā) refers to a sovereign state that endorses Judaism in an official capacity and governs by Jewish religious law. It has been a subject of discussion among Orthodox Jews, particularly with regard to modern Israel, which, although a Jewish state, is not classified as a theocracy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 08:01, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]].
* The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476]
* Two new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|&lt;code&gt;w:tok:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|&lt;code&gt;q:pcm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:58, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29732328 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Сто лошадей]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:One Hundred Horses]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:A_Hundred_Steeds.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''One Hundred Horses''''' (Chinese: 百駿圖) is a Qing dynasty silk and ink painting by Giuseppe Castiglione. It was painted in 1728 for the Yongzheng emperor. The painting depicts a hundred horses in a variety of poses and activities, combining Western realism with traditional Chinese composition and brushwork.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:29, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Latn&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''bedniereba''&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Cyrl&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''бедниереба''&lt;/bdi&gt; will now suggest the existing article about &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ბედნიერება&lt;/bdi&gt; (&quot;happiness&quot;). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development.
* Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project.
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025.
* A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711]
* Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:46, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29738112 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:First Universal Races Congress]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Premier Congrès universel des races]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Universal Races Congress seated outside the entrance to the Imperial Institute, London, 1911.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''First Universal Races Congress''' met in 1911 for four days at the University of London as an early effort at anti-racism. Speakers from a number of countries discussed race relations and how to improve them. The congress, with 2,100 attendees, was organised by prominent humanists of that era. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29779168 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29796010 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pin Malakul]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pin Malakul, January 1922.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pin Malakul''' (24 October 1903 – 5 October 1995) was a Thai professor, educator and writer. His contributions to education in Thailand include the establishment of various institutions of higher education, the introduction of fixed class schedules, and the implementation of teacher-training programmes. In his career he served as Director-General of the Department of General Education, later becoming Permanent Secretary, and Minister, of Education. He was also a member of the executive board of UNESCO. His writings earned him the title of National Artist in 1987, and the 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated by the UNESCO in 2003 as recognition of his contribution to the advancement of education in Thailand and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
-[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:26, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-52 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324]
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping &quot;First Steps&quot; in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw-interface=&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, to avoid potential conflicts with other &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw&lt;/code&gt; attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:46, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Morning of the Magicians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Le Matin des magiciens, couverture.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''The Morning of the Magicians: Introduction to Fantastic Realism''''' (French: Le Matin des magiciens: Introduction au réalisme fantastique) is a 1960 book by the journalists Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier. It covers topics like cryptohistory, ufology, occultism in Nazism, alchemy, spiritual philosophy. The second half of the book is entirely dedicated to the Nazi-Occult connections; the book is widely credited with the proliferation of numerous myths related to occultism in Nazism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:20, 29 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Somaliland War of Independence]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Somaliland, fighters of the Somali National Movement (SNM), 1980s.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Somaliland War of Independence''' was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:00, 5 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Pietro Lauro]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Pietro Lauro]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Master I.A.V.F., Pietro Lauro, born 1508, Modenese Poet and Scholar (obverse), 1555, NGA 45072.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pietro Lauro''', conosciuto anche come Pietro Lauro Modonese o Pietro Lauro da Modona (Modena o dintorni, 1510 circa – Venezia, 1568 circa) è stato un traduttore, scrittore e divulgatore scientifico italiano. Nonostante non si conosca gran parte della sua biografia, fu uno dei poligrafi italiani più conosciuti del Cinquecento. La sua produzione raccoglie traduzioni dal latino, dal greco e dallo spagnolo e riguardano opere di autori classici, stranieri e protestanti. Lauro si dimostrò abile nel trattare testi con temi molto diversi, come la filosofia, l'architettura, la medicina, il giardinaggio, l'agronomia, le scienze biologiche, la storia, la teologia e l'astronomia. Si cimentò anche nella scrittura di un poema cavalleresco sullo stile di quelli spagnoli, il Polendo, sua magnum opus in questo senso.

Aderente alla Riforma protestante, sebbene le sue trasposizioni siano state oggetto di critiche già degli autori a lui contemporanei, che le giudicarono troppo letterali, rozze e imparziali, a Lauro si deve il merito di aver ultimato la traduzione in lingua volgare di numerosi testi sia classici, sia scientifici, sia epistolari. I suoi lavori ebbero una notevole diffusione, non solo tra i letterati veneziani della sua epoca, ma in tutta Italia, tanto che alcune sue traduzioni vengono ancora oggi ristampate in nuove edizioni. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:45, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:34, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Volto di Palazzo Vecchio]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Piazza della signoria angolo via della ninna, palazzo vecchio, cantonata con testa scolpita 02.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''volto di Palazzo Vecchio''' (conosciuto anche come L'importuno o L'inopportuno) è un incisione su pietraforte attibuita a Michelangelo Buonarroti, scolpita in una delle pietre di Palazzo Vecchio a Firenze.

Secondo le varie leggende, il profilo sarebbe stato realizzato come graffito dall'artista toscano, con soggetto un suo importunatore, un debitore, un condannato a morte o se stesso. Nel 2020, gli studiosi hanno ipotizzato possa invece trattarsi di un ritratto di Francesco Granacci, pittore amico di Michelangelo. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:14, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:30, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Raffaello Kobayashi]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Raffaello Kobayashi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Raffaello Kobayashi''', nato Raffaele Sanzio (Bari, 14 gennaio 1917 – Yokohama, 1 aprile 2011), è stato un militare italiano naturalizzato giapponese.

Sommergibilista durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, prestò servizio per tutte e tre le principali Potenze dell'Asse: Regno d'Italia, Germania nazista e Impero giapponese. Alla fine della guerra si nascose in Giappone per evitare di subire l'internamento in un campo di prigionia, divenendo poi cittadino nipponico e cambiando il proprio nome.

Prese parte all'affondamento della HMS Calypso nel 1940, primo successo italiano in campo navale nel corso del conflitto mondiale. Con l'abbattimento di un bombardiere statunitense il 22 agosto 1945, otto giorni dopo il discorso di resa del Giappone alle potenze alleate della seconda guerra mondiale, a bordo del Comandante Cappellini, sarebbe stata l'ultima persona in assoluto a mettere fuori combattimento un velivolo degli Alleati nella stessa guerra. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:18, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Censorship in the Czech Republic]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:cs:Cenzura v Česku]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Censorship in the Czech Republic''' had been highly active until 17 November 1989 and the fall of Communism in the former Czechoslovakia. Czech Republic was ranked as the 13th most free country in the World Press Freedom Index in 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:32, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:44, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30000986 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Jacquemart de Hesdin 002.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry''' is an illuminated book of hours commissioned by John, Duke of Berry between 1375 and 1385–90. It is known for its ornate miniature leaves and border decorations. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:31, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30026671 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lysmata grabhami]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lysmata grabhami1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lysmata grabhami''''' is a species of saltwater shrimp in the family Hippolytidae. It was first described by Gordon in 1935. It occurs in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and is a cleaner shrimp, operating a cleaning station to which fish come to have parasites removed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:45, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30086330 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Elefante di Cremona]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Elefant von Cremona]])&amp;#32;([[:eo:Elefanto de Cremona]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Matthew Paris Elephant from Parker MS 16 fol 151v.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''elefante di Cremona''' (Asia, prima del 1228 - Parma, gennaio 1248) fu un esemplare di elefante donato nel 1228 a Federico II di Svevia da parte del sultano ayyubide al-Malik al-Kamil durante gli incontri che porteranno alla Pace di Giaffa. Usato principalmente per le manifestazioni trionfali del sovrano, l'elefante è citato da numerosi cronachisti e testimoni dell'epoca ed è noto per aver trainato il Carroccio dopo la grande vittoria delle armate di Federico II nella battaglia di Cortenuova del 1237. Rimasto a lungo nell'immaginario popolare collettivo, l'animale venne ucciso durante alcuni scontri occorsi nelle settimane immediatamente precedenti alla battaglia di Parma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 11:43, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:04, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30119102 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Treaty of the Danish West Indies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:The Virgin islands of the United States of America; historical and descriptive, commercial and industrial facts, figures, and resources (1918) (14596880870).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Treaty of the Danish West Indies''' (Danish: Vestindiens traktat), officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Konventionen mellem USA og Danmark), was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($722 million in 2024) and a declaration from the United States that it would &quot;not object to the Danish Government extending their political and economic interests to the whole of Greenland&quot;. It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:52, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Steens Mountain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Steens Mountain near Andrews, Oregon.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Steens Mountain''' is a large fault-block mountain in the northwest United States, located in Harney County, Oregon. Stretching some fifty miles (80 km) north to south, on its east side it rises from the Alvord Desert at an elevation of about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) to 9,738 feet (2,968 m) at the summit. Steens Mountain is not part of a mountain range but is properly a single mountain, the largest of Oregon's fault-block mountains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 07:30, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Casque (anatomy)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''casque''' is an anatomical feature found in some species of birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In birds, it is an enlargement of the bones of the upper mandible or the skull, either on the front of the face, the top of the head, or both. The casque has been hypothesized to serve as a visual cue to a bird's sex, state of maturity, or social status; as reinforcement to the beak's structure; or as a resonance chamber, enhancing calls. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:36, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30260505 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Etruscan sculpture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frontone A del grande tempio di luni con concilio degli dei, 175-150 ac. ca. 01.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Etruscan sculpture''' was one of the most important artistic expressions of the Etruscan people, who inhabited the regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy between about the 9th century BC and the 1st century BC. Etruscan art was largely a derivation of Greek art, although developed with many characteristics of its own. Given the almost total lack of Etruscan written documents, a problem compounded by the paucity of information on their language—still largely undeciphered—it is in their art that the keys to the reconstruction of their history are to be found, although Greek and Roman chronicles are also of great help. Like its culture in general, Etruscan sculpture has many obscure aspects for scholars, being the subject of controversy and forcing them to propose their interpretations always tentatively, but the consensus is that it was part of the most important and original legacy of Italian art and even contributed significantly to the initial formation of the artistic traditions of ancient Rome. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:07, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30245038 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pulse (nightclub)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Orlando FL Pulse Nightclub01.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pulse''' was a gay bar, dance club, and nightclub in Orlando, Florida, founded in 2004 by Barbara Poma and Ron Legler. On June 12, 2016, the club was the scene of the second-deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history, and the second-deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks. Forty-nine people were killed and 58 other people were injured. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30306870 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:26, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Tofana di Rozes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Tofana di Rozes 04.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Tofana di Rozes''' (3,225 metres (10,581 ft)) is a mountain of the Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, Italy. Located west of the resort of Cortina d'Ampezzo, the mountain's giant three-edged pyramid shape and its vertical south face, above the Falzarego Pass, makes it the most popular peak in the Tofane group, and one of the most popular in the Dolomites. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:27, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30306870 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Very-low-calorie diet]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Green smoothie (8222465502).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''very-low-calorie diet''' (VLCD), also known as semistarvation diet and crash diet, is a type of diet with very or extremely low daily food energy consumption. VLCDs are defined as a diet of 800 kilocalories (3,300 kJ) per day or less. Modern medically supervised VLCDs use total meal replacements, with regulated formulations in Europe and Canada which contain the recommended daily requirements for vitamins, minerals, trace elements, fatty acids, protein and electrolyte balance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:56, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chromodoris willani]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Babosa de mar (Chromodoris willani), Anilao, Filipinas, 2023-08-24, DD 34.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Chromodoris willani''''', commonly known as Willan's chromodoris, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae. The species is named for the renowned nudibranch taxonomist Dr. Richard C. Willan. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:34, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:01, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30432763 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Platypus venom]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Platypus spur.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The platypus is one of the few living mammals to produce venom. The venom is made in venom glands that are connected to hollow spurs on their hind legs; it is primarily made during the mating season.[1] While the venom's effects are described as extremely painful, it is not lethal to humans. Many archaic mammal groups possess similar tarsal spurs, so it is thought that, rather than having developed this characteristic uniquely, the platypus simply inherited this characteristic from its ancestors. Rather than being a unique outlier, the platypus is the last demonstration of what was once a common mammalian characteristic, and it can be used as a model for non-therian mammals and their venom delivery and properties. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30458046 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kuwait National Assembly Building]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Kuwait City Arabian Gulf Street 10.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Kuwait National Assembly Building''' is the building that housed the National Assembly of Kuwait.

Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon in 1972, it was completed in 1982 under the direction of his son Jan. The structural design was by Max Walt. The building was seriously damaged in February 1991 when retreating Iraqi troops set it on fire but has since been restored. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:16, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30464799 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30498077 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Macau National Security Law]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lei relative à defesa da segurança do Estado projecto.JPG|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Macau National Security Law''' is a law in Macau which prohibits and punishes acts of treason, secession, and subversion against the Central government, as well as preparative acts leading to any of the three acts. Taken into effect on 3 March 2009, the purpose of the law is to fulfil Article 23 of the Macau Basic Law, the de facto constitution of the Macau Special Administration Region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:53, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:21, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30524429 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions.
* To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the &quot;Tools &gt; Action&quot; menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''

* On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]].
* The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for &quot;Who Wrote That&quot; and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:22, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Stela of the cactus bearer]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Estela del portador del cactus]])&amp;#32;([[:ca:Estela del portador del cactus]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Estela Wachumero en Chavin.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''stela of the cactus bearer''' is a monolith or stele of a single piece of granite, belonging to the Chavín culture of ancient Peru, which remains in its original location on the northwest side of the circular plaza at the archaeological site known as the ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the Ancash region of Peru. It was discovered during the 1972 excavation season by Peruvian archaeologist Luis Guillermo Lumbreras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 04:05, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Griffith Hughes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The Reverend '''Griffith Hughes''' (1707 – c.1758), FRS, was a Welsh naturalist, clergyman, and author. Hughes wrote The Natural History of Barbados, which included the first description of the grapefruit (also known as &quot;The Forbidden Fruit&quot;). His work was praised by Linnaeus, but it has also been considered a &quot;scientific fraud&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:32, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] 

'''Updates for editors'''
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis.
* After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The legacy CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; have been replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30584502 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Umuganda]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Umuganda&quot;Rwandan community work&quot;.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Umuganda''' is a national holiday in Rwanda taking place on the last Saturday of every month for mandatory nationwide community service from 08:00 to 11:00. Participation in Umuganda is required by law; failure to participate can result in a fine.

The program was most recently re-established under President Paul Kagame in 2009, having resulted in a notable improvement in the cleanliness of Rwanda. Also, there are other informal Umuganda day activities that occur in the middle of the month. These activities are initiated by either society or the government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:55, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month.
* The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed &quot;Community&quot; tab and a personalized &quot;For You&quot; tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:09, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30613639 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Juryeonggu]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:kr:주령구]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:酒令具]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:주령구의 발굴 당시 사진.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Juryeonggu''' (주령구?, 酒令具?, JuryeongguLR, ChuryŏngguMR) è un dado a 14 facce, risalente al periodo del Silla unificato (668-935 d.C.), ritrovato nel 1975 dopo alcuni scavi occorsi presso il Donggung e lo stagno Wolji di Gyeongju, in Corea del Sud. Le facce del dado mostravano inscrizioni recanti varie penalità o sfide, legate ad un gioco di bevute, dimostrando l'importanza dell'alcool e la raffinatezza con cui la sua assunzione veniva celebrata.

L'artefatto originale è andato perduto, incendiato in un maldestro tentativo di preservazione: oggi ne esistono delle repliche, disponibili anche commercialmente. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:20, 8 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/&quot;Which came first?&quot; Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's &quot;On This Day&quot; content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-cite&amp;language=en&amp;action_source=search&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__HIDDENCAT__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The function signature for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945]
* '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product &amp; Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:30, 8 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cape Fiolent]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Beach of Cape Fiolent, Crimea.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Cape Fiolent''' (Crimean Tatar: Felenk Burun; Ukrainian: Фіолент; Russian: Фиолент; Latin: Parthenium), also historically called Cape Fiolente, is a cape and nature reserve (zakaznik) located in southern Sevastopol, a city within Crimea that is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine but currently occupied by Russia since 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use &lt;code&gt;class=notpageimage&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from thumbnail previews, or &lt;code&gt;class=noviewer&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. 
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class=&quot;wikitable&quot;|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-sort-order=&quot;desc&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page.
* Wikis that wish to replace the &quot;indefinitely&quot; button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change.
* The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited.
* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4).
* Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:49, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30689604 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Renovating Action Party]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Partido de Acción Renovadora]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Flag of the Renovating Action Party.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Renovating Action Party''' was a left-wing Salvadoran political party that existed from 1944 to 1967. The party had three distinct phases of its existence under the leaderships of Colonel José Asencio Menéndez (1944–1950), the old line (1950–1964), and the new line (1964–1967). 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 22 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902]
* Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to &quot;require CAPTCHA verification&quot; will begin to also affect users with the &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595]
* Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox].
* The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:05, 23 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Facial age estimation]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Facial age estimation''' is the use of artificial intelligence to estimate the age of a person based on their facial features. Computer vision techniques are used to analyse the facial features in the images of millions of people whose age is known and then deep learning is used to create an algorithm that tries to predict the age of an unknown person. The key use of the technology is to prevent access to age-restricted goods and services. Examples include restricting children from accessing internet pornography, checking that they meet a mandatory minimum age when registering for an account on social media, or preventing adults from accessing websites, online chat or games designed only for use by children. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:44, 29 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to &quot;Create account&quot; and &quot;Log in&quot; actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220]
* After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292]
* An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:48, 29 June 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30744833 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Paulo César Vinha State Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Capim dourado.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Paulo César Vinha State Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha) is a state park in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. It protects an area of dunes, lagoons and marshes along the Atlantic shore. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:35, 6 July 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;src&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute and SVG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;srcset&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute.
* The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:57, 6 July 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30773578 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Caledonian MacBrayne]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Cal-Mac HQ2005.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Caledonian MacBrayne''', in short form CalMac, is the trade name of CalMac Ferries Ltd, the major operator of passenger and vehicle ferries to the west coast of Scotland, serving ports on the mainland and 22 of the major islands. It is a subsidiary of holding company David MacBrayne, which is owned by the Scottish Government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
-[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:20, 13 July 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis.
* The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778]
* To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:12, 13 July 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30804401 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immigration to Switzerland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In 2023, resident foreigners made up 26.3% of Switzerland's population. Most of these (83%) were from European countries. Italy provided the largest single group of foreigners, accounting for 14.7% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germany (14.0%), Portugal (11.7%), France (6.6%), Kosovo (5.1%), Spain (3.9%), Turkey (3.1%), North Macedonia (3.1%), Serbia (2.8%), Austria (2.0%), United Kingdom (1.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.3%) and Croatia (1.3%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka (1.3%), most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group of Asian origin (7.9%).  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 20 July 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has incorporated community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]], which would allow for saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. Editors are invited to enable the beta feature to test it out and [[phab:T426453|share their thoughts]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] offers edit suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. [[Special:EditChecks|All suggestions]] are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|community-configurable]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature is a way for volunteers to create custom local suggestions. The feature searches in articles for strings of text, and now includes support for regular expressions. This gives volunteers greater precision and flexibility over the kinds of local suggestions they can create. Note: Suggestions [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|can be targeted]] based on the edit count of the person editing as well as other aspects of the page. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration, including TextMatches that detect: typos, grammar-errors, potential advertisements, clichés, incorrect dash or hyphen usage, non-specific time keywords, outdated names, and more. Any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]] is appreciated.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the SVG Translate tool could use an outdated version of a file, causing existing translations to be overwritten when new ones were uploaded, has now [[phab:T430577|been fixed]]. Overall, in the last quarter from April – June 2026 about 337 community tasks were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On Parsoid-enabled wikis, Parsoid now renders a maximum of 1,250 images per page. A new tracking category, &quot;media-limit-reached&quot;, will be soon made available to identify pages where this limit is reached, making it easier to find content whose media output may have been restricted during rendering. See [[phab:T430854]] for more information and to provide feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:47, 21 July 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30836091 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Study of Man's Impact on Climate]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
La '''Study of Man's Impact on Climate''' (traduisible en français par « Étude de l'impact de l'homme sur le climat ») est une conférence scientifique internationale consacrée à l'influence humaine sur le climat qui s'est tenue à Stockholm, en Suède, du 28 juin au 16 juillet 1971. Elle aborde diverses hypothèses parmi lesquelles la destruction de la couche d'ozone et le réchauffement (ou refroidissement) climatique, établit l'état du savoir à leur sujet et, soulignant les nombreuses inconnues qui demeurent, appelle à consacrer davantage de fonds à la recherche scientifique sur le climat. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:00, 27 July 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077]
* DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), templates (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), HTML and parser tags (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), and magic words (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews.
* The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-helpusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-help&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604]
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533]
* From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the &quot;User&quot; namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:50, 27 July 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30856308 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Plot of Prats de Molló]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ca:Fets de Prats de Molló]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Complot de Prats de Molló]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''plot of Prats de Molló''' was an attempted military invasion of Catalonia carried out from France to achieve its independence planned by Francesc Macià and the leadership of the Estat Català party, discovered and aborted in 1926. The plan consisted of the penetration of two columns (one from Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans, the other from Coll d'Ares), which were to occupy Olot and proclaim the Catalan Republic. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:11, 3 August 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30879613 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&amp;uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518]
* The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-readinglists&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia.
* Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698]
* The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:47, 3 August 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30872536 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Composizione VII]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Composition VII - Wassily Kandinsky, GAC.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Composizione VII''' (Композиция VII o Zu Komposition 7) è un olio su tela del 1913, realizzato dal pittore russo Vasilij Vasil'evič Kandinskij e conservato nella Galleria Tret'jakov di Mosca.

Prodotto centrale del pittore russo nel periodo 1910-1915, essa è considerata l'opera che certificò la raggiunta maturità creativa da parte di Kandinskij, rappresentando anche l'apice della sua energia creativa. È considerato il più rappresentativo tra i lavori completati durante l'anno del successo internazionale dell'artista, simboleggiando il punto di emancipazione definitivo dell'Astrattismo.

Opera più grande mai realizzata dall'artista per dimensione, facente parte della serie denominata Composizioni, rappresenta un'allegoria dell'Apocalisse, di cui riprende il tema e lo propone in una versione astratta, trasfigurata dalla realtà in una forma composta da sole linee e colori. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 10 August 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting &quot;{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}&quot; in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001]
* Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;cldsort=timestamp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:46, 10 August 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30901051 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Divorce in Poland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Divorce in Poland''' occurs at a rate slightly below that of the average for Europe. In the Polish legal system, divorce proceedings fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the civil court; there is no legal basis for resolving a marriage through the agreement of the spouses or through administrative procedures. Divorce requests are assessed by the court, in accordance with the positive and negative prerequisites set in the relevant law. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 17 August 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;w:bol:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921]
* Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:04, 17 August 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30922806 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:mk:Ден на македонската револуционерна борба]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle''' (Macedonian: Ден на македонската револуционерна борба),[1] also known as Day of VMRO, is a national holiday which is celebrated on October 23 in North Macedonia. In 2007, the holiday was voted into law as a new national holiday. It is a non-working day. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:15, 24 August 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs when specifically using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs can still be accessed and used without &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Specified user page URLs (e.g. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) can still be used with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 2.60 and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:46, 24 August 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30961208 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wimmen's Comix]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Wimmen's Comix''''', later retitled (respelled) as Wimmin's Comix, is an influential all-female underground comics anthology published from 1972 to 1992. Though it covered a wide range of genres and subject matters, Wimmen's Comix focused more than other anthologies of the time on feminist concerns, homosexuality, sex and politics in general, and autobiographical comics. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 31 August 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30988228 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28.
* At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors.
* Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:54, 31 August 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30990659 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Paulet affair]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Paulet affair''', also known as British Hawaii, was the insubordinate five-month occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1843 by British naval officer Captain Lord George Paulet, of HMS Carysfort. It was ended by the arrival of American warships sent to defend Hawaii's independence. The British government in London did not authorise the move and it had no official status. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 7 September 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the &quot;[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]&quot; option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback.
* The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&amp;sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549]
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704]
*  All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option, as gadgets are always loaded through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:45, 7 September 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31008437 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-38 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:No-AI label]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:No AI Sign.svg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''no-AI label''' is a label used on a product to signify that it was not made using generative AI. Phrases on the labels include but are not limited to &quot;human-made&quot;, &quot;proudly human&quot; and &quot;AI-free&quot;. Some organisations that provide the labels allow product creators to download and use their no-AI labels for free, while others charge creators for analysing the content and allowing the use of the labels if the organisation believes that no AI was used. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-38 ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]].
* The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a &quot;read more&quot; button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks.
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:31, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31039826 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-39 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Scotty (dinosaur)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Scotty Tyrannosaurus.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Scotty''' is the nickname for the Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, catalogued as RSM P2523.8, that was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991.[3] The fossilised remains were painstakingly removed, almost completely by hand, over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, an around 65% complete T. rex skeleton was revealed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:02, 21 September 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-39 ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551]
* For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|&quot;Suggestion mode&quot; Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing &quot;experimental&quot; edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe.
* A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]].
* The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;formatversion=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:56, 27 September 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31085309 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-40 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Descartes Highlands]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Apollo 16 landingsite.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Descartes Highlands''' is an area of lunar highlands located on the near side that served as the landing site of the American Apollo 16 mission in early 1972. The Descartes Highlands is located in the area surrounding Descartes crater, after which the feature received its name 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 28 September 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-40 ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013]
* Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769]
* An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058]

* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]].
* Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Draft:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section.
* New magic words &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].  For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual.
* On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:49, 28 September 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31092225 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-41 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Battaglia del pastificio]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Battle of Checkpoint Pasta]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:OTO Melara Somalia 1993.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
La '''battaglia del pastificio''', talvolta chiamata anche battaglia del checkpoint Pasta, fu uno scontro a fuoco verificatosi a Mogadiscio tra le truppe italiane e le milizie Mooryaan somale del generale Aidid ed è ricordata per essere stata la prima battaglia che vide impiegati i militari dell'Esercito Italiano dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-41 ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations.
* Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading.
* Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847]
* Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. 
* A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/api/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/w/rest.php/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;

18:52, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31098825 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-42 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lineup.5.JPG|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft''' is a transport museum which specialises in the preservation of trolleybuses. It is located by the village of Sandtoft, near Belton on the Isle of Axholme in the English county of Lincolnshire. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:09, 12 October 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=31131525 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ttsttt63zerdu3v0g21aprlr14tw41u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>452805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675530</id>
      <parentid>4675018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T15:44:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4675530</origin>
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      <text bytes="13091" sha1="i3ylgf7n7ma5glm9v7eaj2o7l1un4su" xml:space="preserve">* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 001|EBCDIC 001]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 002|EBCDIC 002]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 003|EBCDIC 003]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 004|EBCDIC 004]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 005|EBCDIC 005]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 006|EBCDIC 006]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 007|EBCDIC 007]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 008|EBCDIC 008]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 009|EBCDIC 009]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 010|EBCDIC 010]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 011|EBCDIC 011]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 012|EBCDIC 012]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 013|EBCDIC 013]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 014|EBCDIC 014]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 015|EBCDIC 015]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 016|EBCDIC 016]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 017|EBCDIC 017]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 018|EBCDIC 018]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 019|EBCDIC 019]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 020|EBCDIC 020]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 021|EBCDIC 021]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 022|EBCDIC 022]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 023|EBCDIC 023]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 024|EBCDIC 024]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 025|EBCDIC 025]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 026|EBCDIC 026]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 027|EBCDIC 027]]
* EBCDIC 028 was perhaps a smaller Iceland code page.
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 029|EBCDIC 029]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 030|EBCDIC 030]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 031|EBCDIC 031]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 032|EBCDIC 032]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 033|EBCDIC 033]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 034|EBCDIC 034]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 035|EBCDIC 035]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 036|EBCDIC 036]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 037|EBCDIC 037]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 037-2|EBCDIC 037-2]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 038|EBCDIC 038]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 039|EBCDIC 039]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 040|EBCDIC 040]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 251|EBCDIC 251]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 252|EBCDIC 252]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 253|EBCDIC 253]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 254|EBCDIC 254]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 256|EBCDIC 256]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 257|EBCDIC 257]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 258|EBCDIC 258]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 259|EBCDIC 259]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 260|EBCDIC 260]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 264|EBCDIC 264]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 273|EBCDIC 273]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 274|EBCDIC 274]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 275|EBCDIC 275]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 276|EBCDIC 276]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 277|EBCDIC 277]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 278|EBCDIC 278]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 279|EBCDIC 279]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 280|EBCDIC 280]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 281|EBCDIC 281]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 282|EBCDIC 282]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 283|EBCDIC 283]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 284|EBCDIC 284]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 285|EBCDIC 285]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 286|EBCDIC 286]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 287|EBCDIC 287]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 288|EBCDIC 288]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 289|EBCDIC 289]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 290|EBCDIC 290]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 297|EBCDIC 297]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 298|EBCDIC 298]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 320|EBCDIC 320]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 321|EBCDIC 321]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 322|EBCDIC 322]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 330|EBCDIC 330]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 340|EBCDIC 340]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 352|EBCDIC 352]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 361|EBCDIC 361]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 363|EBCDIC 363]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 382|EBCDIC 382]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 383|EBCDIC 383]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 384|EBCDIC 384]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 385|EBCDIC 385]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 386|EBCDIC 386]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 387|EBCDIC 387]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 388|EBCDIC 388]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 389|EBCDIC 389]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 390|EBCDIC 390]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 391|EBCDIC 391]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 392|EBCDIC 392]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 393|EBCDIC 393]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 394|EBCDIC 394]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 395|EBCDIC 395]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 396|EBCDIC 396]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 410|EBCDIC 410]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 420|EBCDIC 420]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 421|EBCDIC 421]]
* EBCDIC 422 contains GCSGID 239, and was probably a 7-bit Arabic code page.
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 423|EBCDIC 423]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 424|EBCDIC 424]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 425|EBCDIC 425]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 435|EBCDIC 435]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 500|EBCDIC 500]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 803|EBCDIC 803]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 829|EBCDIC 829]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 830|EBCDIC 830]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 831|EBCDIC 831]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 833|EBCDIC 833]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 836|EBCDIC 836]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 838|EBCDIC 838]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 870|EBCDIC 870]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 871|EBCDIC 871]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 873|EBCDIC 873]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 875|EBCDIC 875]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 880|EBCDIC 880]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 881|EBCDIC 881]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 882|EBCDIC 882]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 883|EBCDIC 883]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 884|EBCDIC 884]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 885|EBCDIC 885]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 886|EBCDIC 886]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 887|EBCDIC 887]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 888|EBCDIC 888]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 889|EBCDIC 889]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 890|EBCDIC 890]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 892|EBCDIC 892]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 893|EBCDIC 893]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 905|EBCDIC 905]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 918|EBCDIC 918]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1047#Code page 924 layout|EBCDIC 924]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/Code page 930|Code page 930]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1001|EBCDIC 1001]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1002|EBCDIC 1002]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1003|EBCDIC 1003]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1005|EBCDIC 1005]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1007|EBCDIC 1007]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1024|EBCDIC 1024]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1025|EBCDIC 1025]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1026|EBCDIC 1026]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1027|EBCDIC 1027]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1028|EBCDIC 1028]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1030|EBCDIC 1030]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1031|EBCDIC 1031]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1032|EBCDIC 1032]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1033|EBCDIC 1033]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1037|EBCDIC 1037]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1039|EBCDIC 1039]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1047|EBCDIC 1047]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1068|EBCDIC 1068]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1069|EBCDIC 1069]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1070|EBCDIC 1070]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1071|EBCDIC 1071]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1072|EBCDIC 1072]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1073|EBCDIC 1073]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1074|EBCDIC 1074]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1075|EBCDIC 1075]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1076|EBCDIC 1076]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1077|EBCDIC 1077]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1078|EBCDIC 1078]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1079|EBCDIC 1079]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1080|EBCDIC 1080]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1081|EBCDIC 1081]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1082|EBCDIC 1082]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1083|EBCDIC 1083]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1084|EBCDIC 1084]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1085|EBCDIC 1085]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1087|EBCDIC 1087]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 259|EBCDIC 1091]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1093|EBCDIC 1093]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1097|EBCDIC 1097]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 870|EBCDIC 1110]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1112|EBCDIC 1112]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1113|EBCDIC 1113]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1122|EBCDIC 1122]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1123|EBCDIC 1123]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1130|EBCDIC 1130]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1132|EBCDIC 1132]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1136|EBCDIC 1136]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1137|EBCDIC 1137]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 037|EBCDIC 1140]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 273|EBCDIC 1141]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 277|EBCDIC 1142]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 278|EBCDIC 1143]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 280|EBCDIC 1144]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 284|EBCDIC 1145]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 285|EBCDIC 1146]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 297|EBCDIC 1147]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 500|EBCDIC 1148]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 871|EBCDIC 1149]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1150|EBCDIC 1150]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1151|EBCDIC 1151]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1152|EBCDIC 1152]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 870|EBCDIC 1153]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1025|EBCDIC 1154]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1026|EBCDIC 1155]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1112|EBCDIC 1156]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1122|EBCDIC 1157]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1123|EBCDIC 1158]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1159|EBCDIC 1159]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 838|EBCDIC 1160]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1130|EBCDIC 1164]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1165|EBCDIC 1165]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1166|EBCDIC 1166]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1026|EBCDIC 1175]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1278|EBCDIC 1278]]
* EBCDIC 1279 is a dupe of 1136.
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1300|EBCDIC 1300]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1301|EBCDIC 1301]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1302|EBCDIC 1302]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1303|EBCDIC 1303]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/JEF codepage|JEF codepage]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/KEIS|KEIS]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>i3ylgf7n7ma5glm9v7eaj2o7l1un4su</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675533</id>
      <parentid>4675530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T15:51:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4675530|4675530]] by [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]])</comment>
      <origin>4675533</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13091" sha1="p3uh8kd244h5pccwcuihlojxizxzu89" xml:space="preserve">* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 001|EBCDIC 001]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 002|EBCDIC 002]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 003|EBCDIC 003]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 004|EBCDIC 004]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 005|EBCDIC 005]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 006|EBCDIC 006]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 007|EBCDIC 007]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 008|EBCDIC 008]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 009|EBCDIC 009]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 010|EBCDIC 010]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 011|EBCDIC 011]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 012|EBCDIC 012]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 013|EBCDIC 013]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 014|EBCDIC 014]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 015|EBCDIC 015]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 016|EBCDIC 016]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 017|EBCDIC 017]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 018|EBCDIC 018]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 019|EBCDIC 019]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 020|EBCDIC 020]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 021|EBCDIC 021]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 022|EBCDIC 022]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 023|EBCDIC 023]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 024|EBCDIC 024]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 025|EBCDIC 025]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 026|EBCDIC 026]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 027|EBCDIC 027]]
* EBCDIC 028 was perhaps a smaller Iceland code page.
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 029|EBCDIC 029]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 030|EBCDIC 030]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 031|EBCDIC 031]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 032|EBCDIC 032]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 033|EBCDIC 033]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 034|EBCDIC 034]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 035|EBCDIC 035]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 036|EBCDIC 036]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 037|EBCDIC 037]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 037-2|EBCDIC 037-2]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 038|EBCDIC 038]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 039|EBCDIC 039]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 040|EBCDIC 040]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 251|EBCDIC 251]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 252|EBCDIC 252]]
* EBCDIC 253 was probably the original Yugoslavia code page.
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 254|EBCDIC 254]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 256|EBCDIC 256]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 257|EBCDIC 257]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 258|EBCDIC 258]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 259|EBCDIC 259]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 260|EBCDIC 260]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 264|EBCDIC 264]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 273|EBCDIC 273]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 274|EBCDIC 274]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 275|EBCDIC 275]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 276|EBCDIC 276]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 277|EBCDIC 277]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 278|EBCDIC 278]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 279|EBCDIC 279]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 280|EBCDIC 280]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 281|EBCDIC 281]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 282|EBCDIC 282]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 283|EBCDIC 283]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 284|EBCDIC 284]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 285|EBCDIC 285]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 286|EBCDIC 286]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 287|EBCDIC 287]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 288|EBCDIC 288]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 289|EBCDIC 289]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 290|EBCDIC 290]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 297|EBCDIC 297]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 298|EBCDIC 298]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 320|EBCDIC 320]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 321|EBCDIC 321]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 322|EBCDIC 322]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 330|EBCDIC 330]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 340|EBCDIC 340]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 352|EBCDIC 352]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 361|EBCDIC 361]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 363|EBCDIC 363]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 382|EBCDIC 382]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 383|EBCDIC 383]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 384|EBCDIC 384]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 385|EBCDIC 385]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 386|EBCDIC 386]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 387|EBCDIC 387]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 388|EBCDIC 388]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 389|EBCDIC 389]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 390|EBCDIC 390]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 391|EBCDIC 391]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 392|EBCDIC 392]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 393|EBCDIC 393]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 394|EBCDIC 394]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 395|EBCDIC 395]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 396|EBCDIC 396]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 410|EBCDIC 410]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 420|EBCDIC 420]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 421|EBCDIC 421]]
* EBCDIC 422 contains GCSGID 239, and was probably a 7-bit Arabic code page.
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 423|EBCDIC 423]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 424|EBCDIC 424]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 425|EBCDIC 425]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 435|EBCDIC 435]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 500|EBCDIC 500]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 803|EBCDIC 803]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 829|EBCDIC 829]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 830|EBCDIC 830]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 831|EBCDIC 831]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 833|EBCDIC 833]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 836|EBCDIC 836]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 838|EBCDIC 838]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 870|EBCDIC 870]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 871|EBCDIC 871]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 873|EBCDIC 873]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 875|EBCDIC 875]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 880|EBCDIC 880]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 881|EBCDIC 881]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 882|EBCDIC 882]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 883|EBCDIC 883]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 884|EBCDIC 884]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 885|EBCDIC 885]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 886|EBCDIC 886]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 887|EBCDIC 887]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 888|EBCDIC 888]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 889|EBCDIC 889]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 890|EBCDIC 890]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 892|EBCDIC 892]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 893|EBCDIC 893]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 905|EBCDIC 905]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 918|EBCDIC 918]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1047#Code page 924 layout|EBCDIC 924]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/Code page 930|Code page 930]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1001|EBCDIC 1001]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1002|EBCDIC 1002]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1003|EBCDIC 1003]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1005|EBCDIC 1005]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1007|EBCDIC 1007]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1024|EBCDIC 1024]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1025|EBCDIC 1025]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1026|EBCDIC 1026]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1027|EBCDIC 1027]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1028|EBCDIC 1028]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1030|EBCDIC 1030]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1031|EBCDIC 1031]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1032|EBCDIC 1032]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1033|EBCDIC 1033]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1037|EBCDIC 1037]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1039|EBCDIC 1039]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1047|EBCDIC 1047]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1068|EBCDIC 1068]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1069|EBCDIC 1069]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1070|EBCDIC 1070]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1071|EBCDIC 1071]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1072|EBCDIC 1072]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1073|EBCDIC 1073]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1074|EBCDIC 1074]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1075|EBCDIC 1075]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1076|EBCDIC 1076]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1077|EBCDIC 1077]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1078|EBCDIC 1078]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1079|EBCDIC 1079]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1080|EBCDIC 1080]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1081|EBCDIC 1081]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1082|EBCDIC 1082]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1083|EBCDIC 1083]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1084|EBCDIC 1084]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1085|EBCDIC 1085]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1087|EBCDIC 1087]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 259|EBCDIC 1091]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1093|EBCDIC 1093]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1097|EBCDIC 1097]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 870|EBCDIC 1110]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1112|EBCDIC 1112]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1113|EBCDIC 1113]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1122|EBCDIC 1122]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1123|EBCDIC 1123]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1130|EBCDIC 1130]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1132|EBCDIC 1132]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1136|EBCDIC 1136]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1137|EBCDIC 1137]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 037|EBCDIC 1140]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 273|EBCDIC 1141]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 277|EBCDIC 1142]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 278|EBCDIC 1143]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 280|EBCDIC 1144]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 284|EBCDIC 1145]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 285|EBCDIC 1146]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 297|EBCDIC 1147]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 500|EBCDIC 1148]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 871|EBCDIC 1149]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1150|EBCDIC 1150]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1151|EBCDIC 1151]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1152|EBCDIC 1152]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 870|EBCDIC 1153]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1025|EBCDIC 1154]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1026|EBCDIC 1155]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1112|EBCDIC 1156]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1122|EBCDIC 1157]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1123|EBCDIC 1158]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1159|EBCDIC 1159]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 838|EBCDIC 1160]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1130|EBCDIC 1164]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1165|EBCDIC 1165]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1166|EBCDIC 1166]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1026|EBCDIC 1175]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1278|EBCDIC 1278]]
* EBCDIC 1279 is a dupe of 1136.
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1300|EBCDIC 1300]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1301|EBCDIC 1301]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1302|EBCDIC 1302]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/EBCDIC 1303|EBCDIC 1303]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/JEF codepage|JEF codepage]]
* {{stage short|0%|4 August 2020}}[[/KEIS|KEIS]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>p3uh8kd244h5pccwcuihlojxizxzu89</sha1>
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    <title>Template:Lua</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-11T18:05:59Z</timestamp>
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        <id>3628176</id>
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      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/JHGFEKILHfirfk.el;rh;l|JHGFEKILHfirfk.el;rh;l]] ([[User talk:JHGFEKILHfirfk.el;rh;l|talk]]) to last version by Leaderboard</comment>
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      <text bytes="196" sha1="pnmjp3f3fl321yf2jpg5syebi412n7b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Lua banner|main}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Lua|Module:Lua banner}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage and interwikis go on Wikidata. --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Rewrite: visual check, resting voltage table, charging voltage, cranking and conductance load tests, parasitic drain, replacement notes</comment>
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      <text bytes="4455" sha1="n9rhwkblo06rrys6pk2d4rmcfv8syf1" xml:space="preserve">The 12-volt battery starts the engine and keeps the electronics alive when the engine is off. Most batteries fail gradually, over weeks, and a quick check every few months (and before winter) catches the decline before the first cold morning does. Three checks are useful, in increasing order of effort: a look at the battery, a voltmeter reading, and a load test.

== Visual check ==
* Terminals and clamps: a white or blue-green crust is corrosion, which raises the resistance of the connection. Disconnect (negative first), clean the posts and clamps with a wire brush or a terminal tool, refit (positive first) and tighten so the clamp cannot be turned by hand. A thin coat of petroleum jelly or terminal spray slows the return of the crust.
* Case: a bulged or cracked case means the battery has been overcharged or frozen and must be replaced.
* Hold-down: a battery that can move in its tray will suffer from vibration and its terminals will work loose.
* Electrolyte level (batteries with removable caps only): the plates must be covered. Top up with distilled water, never acid, and never above the mark.
* Date: a code on the case or a sticker gives the month and year of manufacture. Most batteries last four to six years; in hot climates less.

== Voltage check ==
A digital multimeter set to DC volts, red probe on the positive post and black on the negative, gives a reasonable picture of the state of charge provided the battery has rested for several hours with nothing switched on (an overnight stand is ideal; a reading taken just after driving is misleadingly high).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Resting voltage !! Approximate state of charge
|-
| 12.6 V or more || fully charged
|-
| 12.4 V || about 75 per cent
|-
| 12.2 V || about 50 per cent
|-
| 12.0 V || about 25 per cent
|-
| below 11.9 V || discharged; recharge and retest
|}

A battery that reads 12.6 V after charging but drops to 12.2 V or below after a night's rest is losing charge internally and is near the end of its life.

With the engine running, the same measurement shows the charging system: about 13.5 to 14.8 V is normal. A reading at or below the resting voltage means the alternator is not charging; a reading above about 15 V means the regulator has failed and is overcharging.

== Load test ==
Voltage alone cannot show a battery that holds 12.6 V but collapses when asked for the starter's 150 to 400 amps. Two ways to test under load:
* '''Cranking test''' with the multimeter still on the posts: have a helper crank the engine. A healthy battery stays above about 9.6 V during cranking (at normal temperatures); a battery that drops toward 8 V or lower is weak even if its resting voltage looked fine.
* '''Electronic tester''' (conductance tester): the hand-held testers used by workshops and parts stores measure the battery's internal resistance and report its remaining capacity against the rating printed on the label (cold cranking amps). Many parts stores will test a battery free of charge. A printout that says ''replace'', ''good, recharge'' or ''charge and retest'' means what it says: recharge first with a proper charger and test again before condemning the battery, since a discharged battery can test as faulty.

== What a weak battery looks like in use ==
* Slow cranking, especially on a cold morning.
* The dashboard lights dim or reset while cranking.
* The car starts after a jump start but not on its own the next day.
* Warning lights for unrelated systems (ABS, power steering, driver-assistance) appearing together, which is a common symptom of low system voltage on modern cars.

If the battery is new and keeps going flat, the problem is elsewhere: a charging fault, or a ''parasitic drain'' from something that stays on with the ignition off. A drain is found by measuring current in the negative lead with everything off and the car asleep; a few tens of milliamps is normal on a modern car, several hundred is not.

== Replacing the battery ==
Fit a battery of the specified size, terminal layout and technology (an engine with stop-start needs an AGM or EFB battery, not a conventional one). On many cars built since about 2010 the replacement must be ''registered'' with a scan tool so the charging system adjusts to it, and some cars lose settings (radio, windows, steering angle) when the battery is disconnected; the owner's manual lists what needs resetting. See also [[Automobile Repair/Jump start|Jump start]].

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      <text bytes="8433" sha1="6m1cj1wn5ry86kx496z2t8tp2f1fz0o" xml:space="preserve">The instrument cluster uses a set of standardised symbols to report the state of the car's systems. Most of them light briefly when the ignition is switched on, as a bulb and circuit check, and go out a few seconds after the engine starts. A symbol that stays on, or comes on while driving, is a message. The colour tells you how urgent it is:

* '''Red''': stop as soon as it is safe to do so. Red lights report conditions that can damage the engine or make the car unsafe to drive (oil pressure, coolant temperature, brake system, charging system).
* '''Amber or yellow''': a fault or a reduced function; the car can usually be driven to a workshop (engine management, ABS, tyre pressure, traction control, driver-assistance systems).
* '''Green or blue''': information only (headlamps, indicators, cruise control engaged).

The exact symbols, their colours and the manufacturer's advice are in the owner's manual, which is the authority for any given car. The sections below describe the most common lights.

=== Brake system warning light ===
[[File:Brake_failure.png|left|frameless|Brake system warning]]
'''Cause''': The light comes on when the parking brake is applied, when the brake fluid in the reservoir has dropped to the MIN mark, or, on many cars, when the brake pads have worn to their wear sensors.

'''Actions''': If the light stays on after the parking brake is released, check the brake fluid level. A low level usually means worn pads (the fluid has moved into the calipers to take up the pad wear) or a leak. Top up only with the specified fluid, and look for the cause. If the pedal feels soft or travels further than usual, do not drive the car; braking effort and stopping distance will both be affected.

'''Note 1''': When this light and the '''ABS warning light''' are on together, the anti-lock braking system may have a fault that also affects normal braking, and the car may become unstable under hard braking. Stop in a safe place and have the car recovered rather than driven.

'''Note 2''': A continuous squeal or a grinding noise under braking usually means the pads are worn to the backing plate. Have the brakes inspected before driving further.

=== Battery charging warning light ===
[[File:Charge_batterie.png|left|frameless|Charging system warning]]
'''Cause:''' The charging system is not producing voltage with the engine running. The usual causes are a broken or slipping drive belt, a failed alternator, or a fault in the wiring between the alternator and the battery.

'''Actions:''' Switch off every accessory you can (air conditioning, heated seats, audio, phone charging) to reduce the drain on the battery, and drive to the nearest workshop. With no charging the car runs on the battery alone, and a modern car with electric power steering and fuel injection may stop within a short distance once the battery is exhausted.

Check the drive belt first: with the engine off, look for a missing, broken or loose belt. If the belt is intact, measure the battery voltage with the engine running; a healthy charging system shows roughly 13.5 to 14.8 volts at the battery terminals, while a reading at or below the resting voltage (about 12.6 volts) confirms that the alternator is not charging.

'''Note 1:''' On most engines the same belt drives the water pump. If the belt has broken, do not continue driving: the engine will overheat within minutes.

'''Note 2''': A battery that will not hold a charge after the alternator has been checked and found good is normally at the end of its life.

=== Anti-lock braking system (ABS) warning light ===
[[File:Anti-lock_braking_system_logo.png|left|frameless|Anti-lock braking system symbol]]'''Cause:''' The ABS control module has detected a fault. The common causes are a wheel speed sensor that has failed or whose tone ring is dirty or damaged, a blown fuse, a low system voltage, or a fault in the hydraulic modulator.

'''Note 1:''' If the ABS warning light and the brake system warning light are on together, braking performance may be seriously reduced. Stop the car in a safe place.

'''Actions:''' The ABS light alone does not mean the brakes have failed: normal braking remains available but the wheels can lock under hard braking and the stability control is usually disabled at the same time. Have the fault codes read. Wheel speed sensor faults are reported by wheel position, which makes the repair straightforward.

'''Note 2:''' The ABS performs a self-test each time the ignition is switched on and again when the car first moves. The light comes on during the test and goes out when the test passes.

'''Note 3:''' A light that comes on while driving means the ABS has switched itself off. Allow more distance and brake more gently until the fault is repaired.

=== Malfunction indicator light (check engine light) ===
[[File:Engine Malfunction Indicator Light.png|left|frameless]]
'''Cause:''' The engine control module has stored a fault code. The light is required by emissions regulations and covers anything that can raise emissions: a misfire, a fuel mixture out of range, a failed oxygen sensor, a leak in the evaporative emissions system (including a loose fuel cap), or a sensor circuit fault.

'''Note 1:''' A '''steady''' light means a fault is stored and the car can normally be driven to a workshop. A '''flashing''' light means a misfire severe enough to damage the catalytic converter; reduce speed and load and have the car checked immediately.

'''Actions:'''

(i) Check that the fuel filler cap is tight. A loose cap sets an evaporative system code on many cars; the light goes out by itself after several drive cycles once the cap is tightened.

(ii) Read the fault code with an OBD-II scan tool. Every car sold in the United States since 1996 (and in the European Union since 2001 for petrol and 2004 for diesel) has a standard diagnostic connector, usually under the dashboard on the driver's side. The code (for example P0301, cylinder 1 misfire) identifies the system at fault and is the starting point for any repair.

'''Note 2:''' Driving for weeks with the light on risks turning a cheap repair (a sensor or a cap) into an expensive one (a catalytic converter).

=== Oil pressure warning light ===
'''Cause:''' The oil pressure in the engine has fallen below the switch's threshold. Causes include a low oil level, a failed oil pump, a worn engine, or a faulty pressure switch.

'''Actions:''' Stop the engine as soon as it is safe to do so. Check the oil level and top up if it is low. If the level is correct and the light stays on, do not run the engine; have the car recovered. An engine run without oil pressure can be destroyed in less than a minute.

=== Coolant temperature warning light ===
'''Cause:''' The coolant temperature is above the normal range, usually because of a low coolant level, a failed thermostat, a cooling fan that is not running, or a failed water pump.

'''Actions:''' Switch the air conditioning off and the heater on full to shed heat, and stop in a safe place if the light stays on. Do not open the cooling system while it is hot. See the chapter on [[Automobile Repair/Cooling|the cooling system]].

=== Tyre pressure monitoring (TPMS) light ===
'''Cause:''' One or more tyres is below the pressure set in the system, or (when the light flashes for about a minute at start-up and then stays on) the monitoring system itself has a fault, often a sensor with a flat battery.

'''Actions:''' Check all tyre pressures with a gauge, including the spare if it carries a sensor, and inflate to the pressure on the door-frame placard. The light normally goes out after a few minutes of driving. See [[Automobile Repair/Tire pressure|Tire pressure]].

=== Airbag (SRS) warning light ===
'''Cause:''' The restraint system control module has stored a fault: a seat-belt pretensioner, an airbag connector (often under a seat), an occupant sensor, or the module itself.

'''Actions:''' The airbags may not deploy in a collision while the light is on. Have the fault codes read. This system is not a DIY repair.

=== Driver-assistance system warnings ===
Cars with forward-collision warning, automatic braking, lane keeping or adaptive cruise control show their own messages when a camera or radar is blocked, misaligned or faulty. See the chapter on [[Automobile Repair/Smart car|&quot;smart&quot; car systems]].

== References ==
https://repairpal.com/warning-lights-chart

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  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:EF</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>474796</id>
    <redirect title="Wikibooks:Edit filter" />
    <revision>
      <id>4675619</id>
      <parentid>4494895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:29:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Text and images you copy will automatically show here</username>
        <id>3628202</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ Wifi childhood type shit encrypted sim pha LINDA99 xiaomi_EXT xiaomi_AFBD xiaomi_AFBD 2 sim pha mei xiu xiaomi_afbd G5 LINDA99 xiaomi_EXT xiaomi_AFBD xiaomi_AFBD 2 sim pha mei xiu xiaomi_afbd G5 LINDA99 xiaomi_EXT xiaomi_AFBD xiaomi_AFBD 2 sim pha mei xiu xiaomi_afbd G5 LINDA99 xiaomi_EXT xiaomi_AFBD xiaomi_AFBD 2 sim pha mei xiu xiaomi_afbd G5 LINDA99 xiaomi_EXT xiaomi_AFBD xiaomi_AFBD_5G the router external extension extension existing windows exposed expressionless experience exactly...</comment>
      <origin>4675619</origin>
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      <text bytes="4233" sha1="k2gxgke5f2ezuvtjqltqd7vqp4cyw4i" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Wikibooks:Edit filter]]@and sim pha LINDA99 xiaomi_EXT xiaomi_AFBD xiaomi_AFBD 2 sim pha mei xiu xiaomi_afbd G5 LINDA99 xiaomi_EXT xiaomi_AFBD xiaomi_AFBD 2 sim pha mei xiu xiaomi_afbd G5 galaxy S25 urtia bunny wikipedia honor_magic8_lite_data_sheet_en_copy.pdf honor international mk@wifidisinfectant freestyle freecam high quality 457788999tion 6466466656876778866777888678888678856765667456757776787788678889867886665777778865456667776788889999977886678887887999999999900000000000tion 5000000000000000000tk pause the queue 10000000000000tk clear the queue control toy levels 4-690 responding to being controlled by reaping camera camera oakoaokaonokaiaokoo Knight Frank also aoknkNojaojaojoakaoko 🎥🆑🆎🆑🅱️🆑🅱️🙄🅱️🙄🅱️🙄🅱️🆎🙄🅱️🆑🎥🆑🆎🅱️🆑🅰️💯🆑🙄🅱️🆑🅱️🆎🆑🆎🆑🅱️🥉🥈🥇🥇🎖️🏆🏅🏅🖼️🕹️♥️🎶🎶🎵🎵🎼🎼🎼🎼📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📱📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲📲🔌💻🔋🪫🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋💻💻🔌💡⌨️🖥️🖱️💡📁📁📁📈📈📁📁📁📁🗂️🗂️🗂️📈📈📉📊📊📊📊📊📈📉📉📊📊📊📊📈📈📊📊📈📊📊📊📊📈📈📈📈📈📊📊📊📊📈📉📊📊📊📉📈📈📉📊📊📊📊📊📊📊📉📈📈📉📉📊📊📊📊📊📊📊📊📊📈📈📈📈📉📊📊📊📊📊📈📉📊📊📊📊📉📉📉🔒 Lovense_live_sex 🔒 How are you getting jakjnjajijkkaopjOkOojKjOooko🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦🏦💒🗼🏪💒🏪💒🏪💒🏪🏦🗼🏩💒🏪💒🏪💒🏩💒🏩💒🏩💒🏩💒🏩💒🏩💒🏩💒🏩🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️⏲️🚀🛰️🌨️🌦️🌧️📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶📶🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜🛜📴📴📴📴📴📴📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳⏹️📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳⏹️📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳📳♀️📳♀️📳✅✴️✴️✴️✴️✴️✴️1️⃣3️⃣7️⃣#️⃣#️⃣#️⃣🈁🆖🅱️🅰️🅱️🆎🅱️🆎🈂️🈁🅰️🅱️🅱️🆎🆑🈂️🈁🆎🅰️🅱️🆎🆑🆎🆑🆑🆎🅱️🟫🈺㊙️🈂️🈂️🈺㊙️🈵㊙️㊗️🈺🈺㊙️🈺🉑🈚㊙️㊗️🈺㊙️㊙️🈺㊗️🈺㊙️㊙️㊗️🈺㊙️🈺㊙️㊗️㊙️🈺㊙️㊗️㊙️㊗️㊙️㊗️㊙️㊙️㊗️㊙️㊗️㊙️🈺㊙️㊗️㊙️🈺㊙️㊙️🈺㊙️🈺㊙️🈺㊙️㊙️</text>
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        <id>3095725</id>
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      <comment>Rollback 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Text and images you copy will automatically show here|Text and images you copy will automatically show here]]: Vandalism</comment>
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    <title>User:Dom walden/Multivariate Analytic Combinatorics/Homology of Critical Points</title>
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        <username>Dom walden</username>
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      <text bytes="52426" sha1="83bi82h933tx3c40qbwo62da54px8a3" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

Morse theory tells us that the topology of M only changes at its critical points.

The &quot;Morse data&quot; tells us the topology at each critical point.

Attaching this Morse data together gives us a space which is homopotically eqivalent to M.

This space is a &quot;cell complex&quot;, which has an easy to calculate homology.

Theorem: Our domain of convergence is homotopic to a cell complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;This is theorem D.23 in Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546. Also theorem in section 1.2*/5.2* in SMT pp. 200.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is our entire domain, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; our variety
# Project our entire domain to complex projective space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z = \pi(X) \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n - H&lt;/math&gt; [define H]
# Define a linear subspace &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# Define a Morse function on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f: \C\mathbb{P}^n \to \R&lt;/math&gt; which approximates the distance from &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; and such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f^{-1}(0) = G&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f^{-1}(1) = H&lt;/math&gt;
# We &quot;build&quot; &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X - \mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi^{-1}(G \cap Z) \cap (X - \mathcal{V})&lt;/math&gt; by attaching CW complexes at critical points which are of at most dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# At a critical point, the normal Morse data is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, K) = \coprod_x (J_x, K_x)&lt;/math&gt; and the relative complex link is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{L}^\pi = \coprod_x \mathcal{L}_x&lt;/math&gt;
# We show that the quotient &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_x/K_x&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\leq 2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# The neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_x&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to the cone in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_x(X - \mathcal{V})&lt;/math&gt;, and removing the point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; increases the homotopy dimension to at most the homotopy dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_x&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_x \cup \{x\}, K_x)&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\text{cone}(\mathcal{L}_x), \mathcal{L}_x)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{L}_x&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# The tangential Morse data at the critical point is homotopic to the pair &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(D^\lambda, \partial D^\lambda)&lt;/math&gt;
# Therefore, at each critical point a space has been added homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.

Theorem: If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is the complement in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\C^n&lt;/math&gt; of a complex variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# We build &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; by attaching cells of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt; at each critical point.
## Prove that we can do this without changing the homotopy(?)
## We use Thom's Isotopy Lemma to prove that there is a strong deformation retraction, stopping only at critical points.
# Prove these cells are a product of the normal and tangential Morse data.
## Normal data: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\mathcal{L}(S), \partial \mathcal{L}(S)) \times (D^1, \partial D^1)&lt;/math&gt; [GM pp. 18]
## Tangential data: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(B_\delta \cap f^{-1}[v - \epsilon, v + \epsilon], B_\delta \cap f^{-1}(v - \epsilon))&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; (or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;?) [GM pp. 63-64]
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; is the dimension of the strata, then
## If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k = d&lt;/math&gt; then it is a smooth point and the cell is the product of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S^{2(n-d)-1}&lt;/math&gt; and the tangential data is dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;.
## If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k &lt; d&lt;/math&gt;, ...

&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 547.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Example in one dimension ==

Domain with singularities v_1, v_2, ..., v_i

Define our height function f...

Start with our entire domain X

Reduce from X to X_i+ by using Thom's Isotopy lemma to do a strong deformation retract

== Thom's isotopy lemma ==

We present a modified version of Thom's (first) isotopy lemma, less general than the original but more obviously relevant to our situation.

Theorem: Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is a closed subset of a smooth manifold &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; which admits a Whitney stratification and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h : M \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a proper Morse function which has no critical values on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;. Then, the level sets of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; are homeomorphic by a homeomorphism that preserves the strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;For various versions of the full statement of the theorem, see Mather 2012, pp. 499, Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 41, or Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 541.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# Construct control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.
## [Prop 7.1] If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is smooth on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;
# This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; an abstract stratified set and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; a controlled submersion.
# A controlled submersion has, for any smooth vector field on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, a controlled vector field on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; (a &quot;lift&quot;?)&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;
# A controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; which commute with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496.&lt;/ref&gt;
# This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; a locally trivial fibration. [Prop 10.2]&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 499.&lt;/ref&gt;

Control data:

A system of '''control data''' for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; consists of, for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;,
* a '''tubular neighbourhood''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;
* a '''tubular projection function''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_X: T_X \to X&lt;/math&gt;, and
* a '''tubular distance function''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho_X: T_X \to \R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho_X^{-1}(0) = X&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;

[illustration]

such that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &lt; Y&lt;/math&gt; are strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_X \pi_Y(m) = \pi_X(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_X \pi_Y(m) = \rho_X(m)&lt;/math&gt;

for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_X| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_Y(m) \in |T_X|&lt;/math&gt;.

If, for all strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_X|&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h \pi_X(m) = h(m)&lt;/math&gt;, then this control data will be said to be compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;

We prove that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is smooth on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488, prop 7.1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; be the union of strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of dimension less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. We prove by induction on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;.

To construct the tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt; of a stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of dimension less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;l \leq k&lt;/math&gt;, let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;U_l&lt;/math&gt; denote the union of all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Y \geq l&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_l = U_l \cap X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;l = k&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_k = \empty&lt;/math&gt;. Assume by induction that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; has been constructed and that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Y \geq l + 1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1} = \pi_{T_{l+1}}&lt;/math&gt;) then&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489-490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

We wish to construct a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y| \cap X&lt;/math&gt; whose restriction to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y| \cap X_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; is isomorphic to the restriction of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; such that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{X,Y}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y} = \pi_{T_{X,Y}}&lt;/math&gt;) then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

By shrinking &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; if necessary, this relation is already satisfied if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; in place of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; in place of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt;. By the definition, if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}|&lt;/math&gt; then there exists &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Z &gt; l&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt;. We have that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y| \cap |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; Z&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

We can prove that, by shrinking &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt; is a submersion [prop 7.3?] and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y) \pi_{X,Y}(m) = (\rho_Y, \pi_Y)(m)&lt;/math&gt;(?).

To prove it is a submersion, for the tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = (E, \epsilon, \psi)&lt;/math&gt; there exists a smooth positive function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon'&lt;/math&gt; such that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\rho_T, \pi_T): Y \cap |T|_{\epsilon'}^0 \to \R \times X,&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T|_{\epsilon'}^0 = \psi(B_\epsilon \cap B_{\epsilon'})&lt;/math&gt;, is a submersion. If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt; is the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in |T|&lt;/math&gt; such that the rank of

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\rho_T, \pi_T): T \cap |T| \to \R \times X&lt;/math&gt;

at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim(\R \times X)&lt;/math&gt;. We need to prove that for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; there exists a neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; which does not intersect with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. the map is not a submersion in this neighbourhood. It follows from [lemma 7.2] that it is enough to prove for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M = \R^m&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X = \R^{m-c} \times 0_c&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; is the '''standard tubular neighbourhood'''.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

By standard tubular neighbourhood, we mean the trivial bundle with base &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt; and fibre &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^c&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi: \R^m \to \R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in |T| - \R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, the kernal of the differential of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi_T, \rho_T)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is the orthogonal complement of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^m&lt;/math&gt;. By the Whitney conditions, we have that for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; near &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}&lt;/math&gt; is close to the set of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m - c + 1&lt;/math&gt; planes in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m-&lt;/math&gt;space to an &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m - c + 1&lt;/math&gt; plane in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TY_y&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; near enough to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TY_y&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to the kernal of the differential of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi_T, \rho_T)&lt;/math&gt; and, therefore, is a submersion when restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

To prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

Therefore, there exists a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_0&lt;/math&gt; satisfying

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_0(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_0(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

From this we can prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;. Replacing &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; with a smaller tubular neighbourhood if necessary we can assume &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_0|&lt;/math&gt; such that for some &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_0(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt;, then&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;h \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y(m) = h(m).&lt;/math&gt;

By the generalised tubular neighourhood theorem [prop 7.2?], we can replace &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; with a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;. This completes the construction of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 491.&lt;/ref&gt;

This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; an '''abstract stratified set''' with axioms...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 491-492.&lt;/ref&gt;

This also makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; a '''controlled submersion''' because
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h|X: X \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a smooth submersion on each strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, and
# for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; there is a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T'_X&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(v) = h \pi_X(v)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T'_X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

The core of this is the concept of a '''vector field'''. A vector field is a function which assigns, for each point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in a space, a '''vector''', which can be represented by an arrow whose tail starts at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

[picture]

Imagine we have a vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v(x)&lt;/math&gt; defined in a space and draw a line through our space. At each point along this line the vector field assigns a vector. If we move each point in this line along the arrow defined by this vector in the direction of the arrow head. This &quot;flows&quot; the entire line along the vectors.

[picture]

We define a '''stratified vector field''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to be a family of smooth vector fields &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt;, one for each strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

We define a '''controlled vector field''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to be a stratified vector field such that for any strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; there exists a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T'_Y&lt;/math&gt; such that for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &gt; Y&lt;/math&gt; and any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T'_X \cap X&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\eta_X \rho_{Y,X}(v) = 0,&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) = \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)).&lt;/math&gt;

We prove that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is a controlled submersion then, for any smooth vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\zeta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; there is a controlled vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_* \eta(v) = \zeta(h(v))&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proceeding by induction on the maximum dimension of the strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; to be the union of strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. The tubular neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; is the intersection of the tubular neighbourhoods of each strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;. The projection and distance functions are the restrictions of the respective functions of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.

It is trivially true when the maximum dimension of strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is zero. Assume it is true for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; and construct each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; separately for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k + 1&lt;/math&gt;.

By the assumption that we have controlled vector fields for all strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;, we have the two control conditions defined above for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &gt; Y&lt;/math&gt; and that there is a neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^1_Y&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(v) = h \pi_Y(v)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^1_Y&lt;/math&gt;.

We want to prove that for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, the control conditions are satisfied for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt; and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_*\eta_X(v) = \zeta(v)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in X&lt;/math&gt;.

Take a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and define the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; of strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is totally ordered since if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_2&lt;/math&gt; are not comparable then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^2_{Y_1} \cap T^2_{Y_2} = \empty&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, there is a largest member &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y = Y_v&lt;/math&gt;.

Assume the control conditions hold for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y = Y_v&lt;/math&gt;. Then they hold for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i \in S_v&lt;/math&gt;. For, either &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i = Y&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i &lt; Y&lt;/math&gt;. In the latter case, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_Y(v) \in T^1_{Y_i}&lt;/math&gt; (by the choice of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt;'s [is this why?]. Then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
\eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,X}(v) &amp;= \eta_X \rho_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v) \\
&amp;= (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\
&amp;= \eta_Y(\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
(\pi_{Y_i,X})_* \eta_X(v) &amp;= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\
&amp;= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* \eta_Y(v) (\pi_{Y,X}) \\
&amp;= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\
&amp;= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,X}(v))
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and, therefore, condition holds for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i \in S_v&lt;/math&gt;. Also,

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
h_* \eta_X(v) &amp;= (h \circ \pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\
&amp;= h_* \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\
&amp;= \zeta(f(v))
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and, therefore, the conclusion of the theorem holds at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;.

This shows we can construct &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; satisfying the control conditions when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is non-empty and satisfying the theorem when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is empty. The set of vectors satisfying these conditions is convex in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TX_v&lt;/math&gt;, and so we construct &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; globally via a partition of unity.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493-495.&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, we prove that a controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; which commute with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, this combines Proposition 10.1 and Corollary 10.2 on pp. 496 and 497, respectively.&lt;/ref&gt;

For each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; generates a unique smooth local one-parameter group &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_X, \alpha_X)&lt;/math&gt; of diffeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; (by standard results of differential geometry), such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{d}{dt} \alpha(t, v)|_{t=0} = \eta_X(v)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_X&lt;/math&gt; is an open subset of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R \times Z&lt;/math&gt;, ...

If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, \alpha)&lt;/math&gt; by

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;J = \bigcup_{X \in S} J_X&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\alpha = \bigcup_{X \in S} \alpha_X&lt;/math&gt;

we can prove that this is a local one-parameter family of homeomorphisms.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496.&lt;/ref&gt;

Firstly, it is clear that
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;0 \times Z \subseteq J&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(0, v) = v&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;.
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_v = J \cap (\R \times v) \subseteq \R&lt;/math&gt; is an open interval &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt;, possibly infinite at one or both ends.
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t, s, t + s&lt;/math&gt; are in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(t + s, v) = \alpha(t, \alpha(s, v))&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

Secondly, it is clear that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; generates &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; because
# Each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is invariant under &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha[J \cap (\R \times X)] \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt;.
# For each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;, the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \to \alpha(t, v)&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt; into the stratum which contains &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;C^1&lt;/math&gt;.
# For any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(t, v) \in Z&lt;/math&gt;(?) we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d/dt \alpha(t, v) = \eta(\alpha(t, v))&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

It is unique because each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_X, \alpha_X)&lt;/math&gt; is unique. We just need to prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J&lt;/math&gt; is open, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; is continuous, and for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; and any compact set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K \subseteq Z&lt;/math&gt; there exists &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(t, v) \notin K&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \in (a_v, a_v + \epsilon) \cup (b_v - \epsilon, b_v)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

For the latter-most condition, if it did not hold then there exists...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496-497.&lt;/ref&gt;

We prove there is a homeomorphism &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f: Z \to h^{-1}(0) \times \R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ f = h&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is projection to the second factor.

For the coordinate vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\partial&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, by [prop 9.1] there is a controlled vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\tilde\partial&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f_* \tilde\partial(v) = \partial(h(v))&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;. By [prop 10.1], &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\tilde\partial&lt;/math&gt; generates a local one-parameter group &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, \alpha)&lt;/math&gt; such that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;h(\alpha(t,v)) = h(v) + t&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is proper and [d] holds, so &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J = \R \times Z&lt;/math&gt;. If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; as

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(v) = (\alpha(-t, v), h(v))&lt;/math&gt;

then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; maps &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; into &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h^{-1}(0) \times \R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ f = h&lt;/math&gt;. If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\bar f: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to Z&lt;/math&gt; as

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\bar f(v, t) = \alpha(t, v)&lt;/math&gt;

then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f \bar f = \bar f f = Id&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a homeomorphism.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 497.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Topology at critical points ==

Theorem: If there is a critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in the singular variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; with critical value &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in (a, b)&lt;/math&gt; then the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq b}&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;X_{\leq a} \cup [(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)].&lt;/math&gt;

Proof:&lt;ref&gt;Proof outline comes from Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(X_{\leq b}, X_{\leq a})&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(X_{\leq v + \epsilon}, X_{\leq v -\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt;. We can prove this by &quot;moving wall&quot; or Thom's Isotopy Lemma.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 90-91, 120.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq v + \epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq v - \epsilon} \cup (J, K)&lt;/math&gt;, where the latter is the local Morse data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. We do this by moving the wall...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96, 120-121.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, K)&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)&lt;/math&gt; (tangential data, normal data). Again, moving the wall...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65-66, chapter 8, 121.&lt;/ref&gt;
# The normal Morse data depends only on the differential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df(p)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;
# The normal Morse data has the homotopy type of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 169.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Step 1 ===

We get this immediately(?) by Thom's Isotopy Lemma.

=== Step 2 ===

&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, complex case on pp. 120-121 is extension of real case on pp. 95-96.&lt;/ref&gt;

Step 1 works because &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is a submersion at each point of the regions we are homeomorphing. This is not the case at critical points. We need some way by which a homeomorphism can pass through a critical point.

To prove a homeomorphism between two subsets &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, we project &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to some other space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; (in our case &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt;) using some function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt;. We take subsets &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_0)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B = Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_1)&lt;/math&gt;. We need to prove &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; are connected by a one-parameter family of regions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_t&lt;/math&gt; [explain one-parameter family]. The criterion for such a family to exist is that the '''characteristic covectors''' of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; are all nonzero on each stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_t&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 70.&lt;/ref&gt;

At each point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in M&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in N&lt;/math&gt; there are '''tangent spaces''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_xM&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_yN&lt;/math&gt;, a vector space whose zero is at the point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; (resp.)

[picture of various tangent spaces]

In the case the &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N = \R&lt;/math&gt;, the tangent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_x\R&lt;/math&gt; is just &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; but whose origin is at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;.

[picture of T_x\R]

Say &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(x) = y&lt;/math&gt;, then the differential of the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; can be seen as a function whose input is a vector in the tangent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_xM&lt;/math&gt; and whose output is a vector in the tangent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_yM&lt;/math&gt;. [If I move this far on the tangent space of M how do I move in the tangent space of N?]

[picture]

[example for M = \R and N = \R?]

A function which takes as input a vector in the tangent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_xM&lt;/math&gt; (say) and outputs a scalar (usually &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;) is called a '''covector'''. The set of all covectors on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_xM&lt;/math&gt; is called the dual space of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_xM&lt;/math&gt; and is denoted &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^*_xM&lt;/math&gt;. There are only a limited number of ways to express a covectors. For example, if our tangent space is two-dimensional then all covectors are of the form &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;ax + by&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(x, y) \in T_xM&lt;/math&gt;.

We take our space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and map it onto &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; with the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(z) = (r(z), h(z))&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z \in M&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; is the square of the distance of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; to the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.

[graph of mapping]

In this case, the covectors on the tangent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_xM&lt;/math&gt; are of the form &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;adf(x) + bdr(x)&lt;/math&gt; (in this case &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dr&lt;/math&gt; are maps to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;) and on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_y\R^2&lt;/math&gt; are of the form &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;cu + dv&lt;/math&gt; (for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(u, v) \in \R^2&lt;/math&gt;). A covector &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;cu + dv \in T^*_{(u, v)}\R^2&lt;/math&gt; is called a '''characteristic covector''' of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(x) = (u, v)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;cdf(x) + ddr(x) = 0&lt;/math&gt; for all vectors in the tangent space of the stratum containing &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82.&lt;/ref&gt; [explain adf(x) + bdr(x) in terms of this being a function which takes a vector input]

[example of where covectors do and do not vanish on a stratified space, pp. 71?]

What we want is a homeomorphism in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; between the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a small region of the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. The '''local Morse data''' is

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;((B_\delta \cap Z) \cap f^{-1}[v-\epsilon, v+\epsilon], (B_\delta \cap Z) \cap f^{-1}(v-\epsilon))&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B_\delta&lt;/math&gt; is a closed disc in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; of radius &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 63-64.&lt;/ref&gt; Observe that this is the pair &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon)), F^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon)))&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 91.&lt;/ref&gt; [explain Box, Bottom, etc.]

[picture of the two subspaces of Z in M]

We use our map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; to convert these two subspaces to subspaces of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; which are of the form &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq \epsilon\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq -\epsilon\} \cup \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | x \leq \delta, y \leq \epsilon\}&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} = F^{-1}(Y_1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B = F^{-1}(Y_0)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96.&lt;/ref&gt;

We use a homeomorphism between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0&lt;/math&gt; using the technique of &quot;moving the wall&quot; and Thom's Isotopy Lemma. Such a homeomorphism exists when the characteristic covectors of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; are all nonzero on each stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_t&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, chapter 4, particularly pp. 71-72.&lt;/ref&gt;

Given a smooth mapping between manifolds &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F: M \to N&lt;/math&gt; (for example, in our case we could have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N = \R^2&lt;/math&gt;) and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F|Z: Z \to N&lt;/math&gt; is proper. Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y \subset N \times \R&lt;/math&gt; be a closed Whitney stratified subset such that the projection to the second factor &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi: Y \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a proper stratified submersion.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 71.&lt;/ref&gt;

Suppose for each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \in \R&lt;/math&gt;, for each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p \in F(Z) \cap Y_t&lt;/math&gt;, and for each nonzero characteristic covector &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\lambda \in T^*_pN&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F|Z&lt;/math&gt;, the restriction of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\lambda&lt;/math&gt; to the subspace &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_pS_t = \ker(d\pi(p)) \cap T_pS&lt;/math&gt; is nonzero, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; is a stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; which contains &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(p, t)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_t = \pi^{-1}(t) \cap S&lt;/math&gt; is the stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_t = \pi^{-1}(t) \cap Y&lt;/math&gt; which contains &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. This is equivalent to the statement that, for each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \in \R&lt;/math&gt;, the restriction &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F|Z&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_t&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 71-72.&lt;/ref&gt;

This means that, for each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \in \R&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_t)&lt;/math&gt; is stratified by its intersection with the strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;...

We finally prove there is a homeomorphism between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_0) \cong Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_1)&lt;/math&gt; which preserves the Whitney stratification of both sides and is smooth on each stratum.

For the composition

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;Z \times \R \subset M \times \R \to_{F \times I} Y \subset \R^2 \times \R \to_{\pi} \R&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y(t, z) = Y_t(z)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; is the identity and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; is projection to the second factor. 

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z \times \R&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(F \times I)^{-1}(Y)&lt;/math&gt;...

The composition &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ (F \times I): Z \times \R \cap (F \times I)^{-1}(Y) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a stratified submersion because
* The input domain is stratified as above...,
* We have defined &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F|Z&lt;/math&gt; to be transverse to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;, and therefore it preserves the stratification (unless &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(Z) \cap Y = \empty&lt;/math&gt;), and
* We defined above the projection on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; to be a stratified submersion, meaning it is a submersion on each stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(Z) \cap Y&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

Therefore, we can apply Thom's Isotopy Lemma which says there is a homeomorphism between the level sets of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z \times \R&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Step 3 ===

We prove there is a stratum preserving homeomorphism between&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Local Morse Data} \cong (\text{Tangential Morse Data}) \times (\text{Normal Morse Data})&lt;/math&gt;

We first prove that there is a homeomorphism between the product of the normal and tangential Morse data and the '''realisation''' of the following diagram

[diagram from pp. 102]

where realisation means

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;Z \cap (g_1, h_1)^{-1}(P_a) \cap (g_2, h_2)^{-1}(P_b)&lt;/math&gt;

where all the intersections of strata (of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;?) are transverse.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 100-102.&lt;/ref&gt;

The realisation of the above diagram is equal to

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2) \cap (W_1, W_2) = (V_1 \cap W_1, V_1 \cap W_2 \cup V_2 \cap W_1)&lt;/math&gt;

where

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;V_1 = \{ z \in Z : |f(z) - f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta, \rho(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;V_2 = \{ z \in Z : f(z) - f\pi(z) = -\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta, \rho(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;W_1 = \{ z \in Z : |f\pi(z)| \leq 3\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;W_1 = \{ z \in Z : f\pi(z) = -3\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; is the projection from the tubular neighbourhood to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r(z)&lt;/math&gt; is the square of the distance between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; and the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho(z)&lt;/math&gt; is the square of the distance between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi(z)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 100-101.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon \ll \delta&lt;/math&gt; are chosen so that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\delta, \epsilon)&lt;/math&gt; is in the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A^\flat_6&lt;/math&gt; which consists of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A_6 \subset \R^+ \times \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with the properties that for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\epsilon, \delta) \in A_6&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho(z) = \delta&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r\pi(z) = \delta&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|f(z)| \leq \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; then the covectors &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d\rho(z)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dr\pi(z)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df(z)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df\pi(z)&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent when restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_zY&lt;/math&gt; (where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; is the stratum containing &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt;). We can prove such a set exists.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 89.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A^\flat_6&lt;/math&gt; is this plus its reflection about the &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D = \{ x \in X | r(x) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt; for stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;. We will show there is a local trivial fibration of the configuration: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2)&lt;/math&gt; fibres over &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; and is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D \times (\text{normal Morse data})&lt;/math&gt;

(V_1, V_2) -&gt; D \times (normal Morse data)
|           /
--&gt; D   &lt;---

and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(W_1, W_2)&lt;/math&gt; fibres over the tangential Morse data and is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\text{tangential Morse data}) \times (\text{normal slice})&lt;/math&gt;.

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_1 = \{ z \in Z : r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;, the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(z): Z_1 \to \R^2 = (\rho(z), f(z) - f\pi(z))&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to each stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4)&lt;/math&gt;, [list], [by lemma 6.5]. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2) = F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), \text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt;. For each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; of Box and each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt;, we have transverse intersection &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F^{-1}(S) \pitchfork \pi^{-1}(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi|F^{-1}(S)&lt;/math&gt; is a submersion and by Thom's isotopy lemma the projection &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi|F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4): F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4)) \to X&lt;/math&gt; is a stratified fibre bundle over &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;. The fibre over the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi^{-1}(p) \cap (F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), F^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt; and is equal to the normal Morse data...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 101.&lt;/ref&gt;

Take &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G: X \to \R^2 = (r(x), f(x))&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt; have been chosen so that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(G^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), G^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt; is the tangential Morse data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and is contained in the region &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; over which &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi|(V_1, V_2)&lt;/math&gt; is a stratified fibre bundle. Therefore, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(W_1, W_2) = \pi^{-1} G^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), \text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 101-102.&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, this means that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2) \cap (W_1, W_2)&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic (by stratum preserving homeomorphism) to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi^{-1}(p), \cap (V_1, V_2)) \times \pi(W_1, W_2)&lt;/math&gt;, the product of normal and tangential Morse data.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;

We use a succession of such diagrams to interpolate between the box diagram which defines local Morse data [explain] and the above diagram whose realisation we have just proven is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\text{normal Morse data}) \times (\text{tangential Morse data})&lt;/math&gt;.

[diagram_d0.py]

The realisation is the local Morse data. This is equal to the realisation of the diagram below.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 103, 106.&lt;/ref&gt;

[diagram_d11.py]

The realisation of the first diagram [d0] is equivalent to the realisation of the below diagram.

[diagram_d1.py]

In the right-hand picture of the above diagram, we have put a dotted outline around the region &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A^{\flat}_1&lt;/math&gt;. We prove that there are no characteristic covectors for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(r, f): Z \to \R^2&lt;/math&gt; in this region and can, therefore, move the wall in this region...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82-83.&lt;/ref&gt;

By adding a zero-dimensional stratum at the top right corner of the right-hand picture. A one-parameter family of pictures &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P_b(t)&lt;/math&gt; gives rise to a stratified space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y \subset M \times \R&lt;/math&gt; such that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;Y = \{ (z, t) \in M \times \R : (r, f)(z) \in P_b(t) \}.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(r, f)&lt;/math&gt; takes each stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; transversally to each stratum of each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_t&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(f \circ \pi, f)^{-1}(P_a) = f^{-1}[-\epsilon, \infty)&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to each stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_t \cap Z&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, there is a homeomorphism between&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 107.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;Z(D_1) = Z \cap (f \circ \pi, f)^{-1}(P_a) \cap (r, f)^{-1}(P_b(0))&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;Z(D_1) = Z \cap (f \circ \pi, f)^{-1}(P_a) \cap (r, f)^{-1}(P_b(1)).&lt;/math&gt;

== Morse theory ==

Steps(?)
* Explain topology
* Every point of a stratum is locally like a product structure (proved by Thom's Isotopy Lemma) [GM pp. 41-42]
** Including those around critical points, which are the product of normal and tangential Morse data (these are our quasi-local cycles?)
* Thom's Isotopy Lemma proves a strong deformation retraction (which only stops at critical points) [PWM pp. 541-542]

=== Homotopy ===

We want to replace our domain of convergence &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, which is the complement of our singular variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;, with an &quot;equivalent&quot; space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt; which has better understood properties. We say &quot;equivalent&quot; because there are several different things we could mean by &quot;equivalent&quot; in this context. The equivalence we are referring to in this section is called '''homotopy'''.

Imagine two subspaces &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; of a space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; which are defined respectively by smooth functions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f, g: X \to Y&lt;/math&gt;. If there exists a smooth function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_s: X \times [0, 1] \to Y&lt;/math&gt;, called a homotopy, such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_0 = f&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_1 = g&lt;/math&gt; and for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; there exists a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta_a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta_b&lt;/math&gt; such that when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|s - s_0| &lt; \delta_a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|x - x_0| &lt; \delta_b&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|h_s(x) - h_{s_0}(x_0)| &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt;, then we say &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; are '''homotopic'''.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 251-252.&lt;/ref&gt;

Below is an example where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; are one-dimensional curves and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;H(t, s) = h_s(t)&lt;/math&gt;.

[[File:Homotopy_curves.png|300px]]

In [[#Homotopy_equivalence|Appendix A]], we formally prove that we can construct an equivalent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt;. We provide only an example to give some intuition before describing how to construct the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt; in terms of local cycles around critical points.

=== Motivating example ===

Imagine a torus and a height function which is just the z value of the point.

[[File:3D-Leveltorus.png|200px]]

It has four critical points: two at the top and bottom of the outer circle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_1, p_4&lt;/math&gt;) and two at the top and bottom of the inner circle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2, p_3&lt;/math&gt;).

[picture]

When the height is between the &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a two-cell, which can be retracted to a point.

[picture]

When the height is between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_3&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a cylinder, which can be retracted to a two-cell with a one-cell attached.

[[File:3D-Cylinder_and_disk_with_handle.png|200px]]

When the height is between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_4&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a torus with a disc removed, which can be retracted to a cylinder with a one-cell attached.

[[File:3D-Cylinder_with_handle_and_torus_with_hole.png|200px]]

When the height is greater than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_4&lt;/math&gt;, then the full torus is constructed by attaching a two-cell.

[Explain in terms of Morse data and Morse index?]

=== Morse data and quasi-local cycles ===

As in the above example, we start at the &quot;bottom&quot; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and build upwards until just before we reach our first critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.

;Smooth points
:This is a tube around a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-1)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; where the height function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is maximised at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;
:For example, if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y}&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\lambda = 1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B^\lambda&lt;/math&gt; is an arc reaching its highest point at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.
:The normal plane &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is a plane orthogonal to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B^1&lt;/math&gt;(?).
:Its normal link &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L(S)&lt;/math&gt; is a circle with two points missing where it intersects &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;.
:We make our quasi-local cycle out of the product of the arc and circle joined to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_-&lt;/math&gt; at points below &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_-&lt;/math&gt;.
:With the exception of degenerate points, such as monkey saddles...&lt;ref&gt;e.g. Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 211.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Transverse multiple points
:This is the product of a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-torus and a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-k)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;. The torus is the product of circles about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in the complex normal space to each strata which intersects &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. The chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; is supported in the stratum which is the common intersection of the varieties defined by the factors vanishing at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;, and achieves its maximum height at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223-224.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Arrangement multiple point
:This is the product of a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-k)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; and several &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-tori, one for each pair of sheets which intersect transversely, where the torus is the product of circles about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in each sheet.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 226.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Cone point
:A cone point is zero-dimensional so there is no &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;, just a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;-torus about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 227.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book | last1=Goresky | first1=Mark | last2=MacPherson | first2=Robert | title=Stratified Morse Theory | publisher=Springer-Verlag | year=1988 | url=https://www.math.ias.edu/~goresky/pdf/SMT.djvu }}
* {{cite book | last=Henle | first1=Michael | title=A Combinatorial Introduction to Topology | publisher=Dover Publications Inc. New York | year=1979 }}
* {{citation | last=Mather | first=John | title=Notes on Topological Stability | year=2012 | journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society | volume=49 | number=4 | pages=475-506 | url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2012-49-04/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6.pdf }}.
* {{cite book | last1=Pemantle | first1=Robin | last2=Wilson | first2=Mark C. | last3=Melczer | first3=Stephen | title=Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2024 | edition=2nd | url=https://acsvproject.com/PemantleWilsonMelczer23.pdf }}</text>
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    <title>Cookbook:Bánh Chưng</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>481384</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675625</id>
      <parentid>4632245</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T03:31:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>style, format, language, links</comment>
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      <text bytes="4454" sha1="qdgjcb4qi8s2150r1ozh3txzl3zv3xm" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{recipesummary
|Category   = Vietnamese recipes
|Servings   = 10–15
|Time       = 18 hours
|Difficulty = 3
|Image      = [[Image:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|300px]]
}}{{recipe}}

'''Bánh chưng''' (literally &quot;steamed cake&quot;) is a traditional Vietnamese dish made from glutinous rice, mung beans and pork,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=pasgo.vn |title=Sự tích bánh chưng bánh dày:Nguồn gốc ý nghĩa sâu xa của bánh truyền thống |trans-title=The story of Chung cake and Day cake: The origin and profound meaning of traditional cakes |url=https://pasgo.vn/blog/su-tich-banh-trung-banh-day-nguon-goc-y-nghia-sau-xa-cua-banh-truyen-thong-hoamkt-124-5655 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=pasgo.vn |language=Vietnamese}}&lt;/ref&gt; all wrapped in ''lá dong'' (''Stachyphrynium placentarium'') and tied tightly with strings. It is traditionally eaten during Lunar New Year ({{w|Tết|''Tết''}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bánh Chưng biểu tượng văn hoá trong ngày Tết cổ truyền Việt |trans-title=Bánh Chưng – A Cultural Symbol of Vietnam’s Traditional Lunar New Year (Tết) |url=https://banhbaominh.com/banh-chung-bieu-tuong-van-hoa-trong-ngay-tet/#:~:text=%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20g%C3%B3i%20b%C3%A1nh.-,Chu%E1%BA%A9n%20b%E1%BB%8B%20nguy%C3%AAn%20li%E1%BB%87u,ti%E1%BA%BFng%20ho%E1%BA%B7c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20qua%20%C4%91%C3%AAm. |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=banhbaominh |language=vi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bánh chưng is often eaten with pickled onions (dưa hành), pickled vegetables in fish sauce (dưa món), or dipped in sugar for a sweet treat. It can also be sliced, pan fried until golden, and served with sugar or sweet chili sauce.

== Ingredients ==
* 1½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Mung Bean|mung beans]], washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight
* 500 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] [[Cookbook:Pork|pork]] belly (both lean pork and pork fat), cut in large cubes
* 2½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
* 2½ tsp freshly-ground [[Cookbook:Black pepper|black pepper]]
* 3 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsp]] fried [[Cookbook:Shallot|shallot]]
* 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]]
* 3 shallots, [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]]
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Fish Sauce|fish sauce]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Kilogram|kg]] banana leaves (fresh or thawed)
* 5½ cups sticky [[Cookbook:Rice|rice]], washed and soaked in water overnight

== Procedure ==
# Place the mung beans in a pot, cover with water, and bring to a boil.
# Reduce to a simmer, and cook for about 20 minutes until the beans are soft and easily mashable.
# Mash the beans into a paste. Season to taste with 1 tsp salt, fried shallots, 1 tsp pepper and vegetable oil.
# Season the meat with ½ tsp salt and 1½ tsp pepper, and combine with the shallots and fish sauce. Mix well and let it marinate for a few hours.
# Spread about 1 cup of mashed mung bean onto plastic wrap, add a few pieces of lean pork and pork fat, and shape it into a round or squared piece.
# Tear the banana leaves into very large pieces(around 18–20 inches).
# Season the soaked rice with a pinch of salt.
# Lay out two sheets of partially overlapping banana leaves on a flat surface. Place 1 cup of sticky rice at the center of the leaves. Place the fillings on top of the rice and then cover it up with another cup of sticky rice. Fold the leaves and wrap it up tightly like a present.
# To prevent water penetrating into the cake during the boiling process, it is important to wrap up the cake a second time. For the inner layer, make sure that the darker side of the banana leaf faces the rice so that it can tint the cake with a nice subtle green color later on. However, for the outer layer, the darker side of the banana leaf should face outside to give it a beautiful green package.
# After wrapping, tie the cake tightly with twines.
# Arrange the cakes tightly in a large stockpot and fill with water. Bring the stockpot to a boil and let it simmer for about 6 to 8 hours until the cakes feel plump and the rice is congealed.
# To serve, untie and unwrap the cakes, and cut into pieces with a thread or dental floss.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Vietnamese recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using rice]]
[[Category:Recipes using mung bean]]
[[Category:Recipes using pork]]
[[Category:Recipes using shallot]]
[[Category:Recipes using fish sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using salt]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]</text>
      <sha1>qdgjcb4qi8s2150r1ozh3txzl3zv3xm</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4675626</id>
      <parentid>4675625</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T03:32:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Kittycataclysm moved page [[Cookbook:Bánh chưng]] to [[Cookbook:Bánh Chưng]] without leaving a redirect: title case per cookbook style</comment>
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      <text bytes="4454" sha1="qdgjcb4qi8s2150r1ozh3txzl3zv3xm" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{recipesummary
|Category   = Vietnamese recipes
|Servings   = 10–15
|Time       = 18 hours
|Difficulty = 3
|Image      = [[Image:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|300px]]
}}{{recipe}}

'''Bánh chưng''' (literally &quot;steamed cake&quot;) is a traditional Vietnamese dish made from glutinous rice, mung beans and pork,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=pasgo.vn |title=Sự tích bánh chưng bánh dày:Nguồn gốc ý nghĩa sâu xa của bánh truyền thống |trans-title=The story of Chung cake and Day cake: The origin and profound meaning of traditional cakes |url=https://pasgo.vn/blog/su-tich-banh-trung-banh-day-nguon-goc-y-nghia-sau-xa-cua-banh-truyen-thong-hoamkt-124-5655 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=pasgo.vn |language=Vietnamese}}&lt;/ref&gt; all wrapped in ''lá dong'' (''Stachyphrynium placentarium'') and tied tightly with strings. It is traditionally eaten during Lunar New Year ({{w|Tết|''Tết''}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bánh Chưng biểu tượng văn hoá trong ngày Tết cổ truyền Việt |trans-title=Bánh Chưng – A Cultural Symbol of Vietnam’s Traditional Lunar New Year (Tết) |url=https://banhbaominh.com/banh-chung-bieu-tuong-van-hoa-trong-ngay-tet/#:~:text=%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20g%C3%B3i%20b%C3%A1nh.-,Chu%E1%BA%A9n%20b%E1%BB%8B%20nguy%C3%AAn%20li%E1%BB%87u,ti%E1%BA%BFng%20ho%E1%BA%B7c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20qua%20%C4%91%C3%AAm. |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=banhbaominh |language=vi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bánh chưng is often eaten with pickled onions (dưa hành), pickled vegetables in fish sauce (dưa món), or dipped in sugar for a sweet treat. It can also be sliced, pan fried until golden, and served with sugar or sweet chili sauce.

== Ingredients ==
* 1½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Mung Bean|mung beans]], washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight
* 500 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] [[Cookbook:Pork|pork]] belly (both lean pork and pork fat), cut in large cubes
* 2½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
* 2½ tsp freshly-ground [[Cookbook:Black pepper|black pepper]]
* 3 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsp]] fried [[Cookbook:Shallot|shallot]]
* 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]]
* 3 shallots, [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]]
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Fish Sauce|fish sauce]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Kilogram|kg]] banana leaves (fresh or thawed)
* 5½ cups sticky [[Cookbook:Rice|rice]], washed and soaked in water overnight

== Procedure ==
# Place the mung beans in a pot, cover with water, and bring to a boil.
# Reduce to a simmer, and cook for about 20 minutes until the beans are soft and easily mashable.
# Mash the beans into a paste. Season to taste with 1 tsp salt, fried shallots, 1 tsp pepper and vegetable oil.
# Season the meat with ½ tsp salt and 1½ tsp pepper, and combine with the shallots and fish sauce. Mix well and let it marinate for a few hours.
# Spread about 1 cup of mashed mung bean onto plastic wrap, add a few pieces of lean pork and pork fat, and shape it into a round or squared piece.
# Tear the banana leaves into very large pieces(around 18–20 inches).
# Season the soaked rice with a pinch of salt.
# Lay out two sheets of partially overlapping banana leaves on a flat surface. Place 1 cup of sticky rice at the center of the leaves. Place the fillings on top of the rice and then cover it up with another cup of sticky rice. Fold the leaves and wrap it up tightly like a present.
# To prevent water penetrating into the cake during the boiling process, it is important to wrap up the cake a second time. For the inner layer, make sure that the darker side of the banana leaf faces the rice so that it can tint the cake with a nice subtle green color later on. However, for the outer layer, the darker side of the banana leaf should face outside to give it a beautiful green package.
# After wrapping, tie the cake tightly with twines.
# Arrange the cakes tightly in a large stockpot and fill with water. Bring the stockpot to a boil and let it simmer for about 6 to 8 hours until the cakes feel plump and the rice is congealed.
# To serve, untie and unwrap the cakes, and cut into pieces with a thread or dental floss.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Vietnamese recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using rice]]
[[Category:Recipes using mung bean]]
[[Category:Recipes using pork]]
[[Category:Recipes using shallot]]
[[Category:Recipes using fish sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using salt]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]</text>
      <sha1>qdgjcb4qi8s2150r1ozh3txzl3zv3xm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Alexlatham96/Resources</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>481988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675536</id>
      <parentid>4622333</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T15:55:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4675536</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="427" sha1="kdr13ldip2y4wzfa9k2cw61iqkl1te2" xml:space="preserve">[https://github.com/dosbox-staging/dosbox-staging/tree/main/resources Unicode tables]
Missing for many of the lesser known code pages (eg 1-36 and 38-40, skipping nonexistent 28), but I intend to make them on github.
Unsure about the existence of [[User:Alexlatham96/Code page 854|854]], unless it's the true number for 220. Also [[User:Alexlatham96/EBCDIC 253|253]], assumed to be the original Serbo-Croatian EBCDIC code page.</text>
      <sha1>kdr13ldip2y4wzfa9k2cw61iqkl1te2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Sugar cookies</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>484117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675628</id>
      <parentid>4674188</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T03:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>style, format, language, links</comment>
      <origin>4675628</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5625" sha1="qn864lsreph5sygbmyag2921ohqd3ok" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__{{cookdp}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the United States|Cuisine of the United States]] | [[Cookbook:Dessert|Dessert]]
{{Recipe summary
| Category = Recipes for dessert
| Servings = 
| Difficulty = 2
}}
This recipe for '''sugar cookies''' was typical of home economic classes in the US during the 1950s and 1960s. This is intended to be used as roll-out cookies, but it can be &quot;scooped and smashed&quot; like a drop cookie or rolled into a log to make a refrigerator cookie.  Whether it's a soft cookie or a crisp one depends on the thickness of the cookie.

== Ingredients ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ingredient
!Count
!Volume
!Weight
|-
|[[Cookbook:Butter|Butter]]
|–
|¾ cup
|170 g (6 oz)
|-
|[[Cookbook:White sugar|White sugar]]
|–
|1 cup
|200 g
|-
|[[Cookbook:Egg|Eggs]]
|2
|–
|100 g
|-
|[[Cookbook:Vanilla|Vanilla extract]] (see notes)
|–
|½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]]
|3 g
|-
|[[Cookbook:Baking Powder|Baking powder]]
|–
|1 teaspoon
|4 g
|-
|[[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]]
|–
|1 t&lt;nowiki/&gt;easpoon
|5 g
|-
|[[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|All-purpose flour]]
|–
|2.5 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]]
|300 g
|-
|[[Cookbook:Sprinkles|Sprinkles]], colored sugar, and other decorations (optional)
|–
|–
|–
|}

== Equipment ==

* [[Cookbook:Mixing Bowl|Mixing bowl]]
* [[Cookbook:Mixer|Mixing spoon]]
* [[Cookbook:Rolling Pin|Rolling pin]]
* [[Cookbook:Plastic Wrap|Plastic cling wrap]], [[Cookbook:Parchment Paper|parchment paper]], or [[Cookbook:Wax Paper|wax paper]] (optional but recommended)
* [[Cookbook:Cookie sheet|Cookie sheet]], ungreased or lined with parchment baking paper
* [[Cookbook:Cookie Cutter|Cookie cutters]]
* [[Cookbook:Cooling Rack|Cooling rack]]

== Procedure ==
''This procedure describes how to make cut-out cookies. See below for other options.''
# [[Cookbook:Creaming|Cream]] the butter and sugar together.
# Beat in the eggs and vanilla.
# Stir in the baking powder, salt, and flour until the dough is uniform in appearance. Do not overmix.
# [[File:Cheese_Sticks_(5729526519).jpg|thumb|Rolling the dough between plastic wrap to prevent sticking]]If you are making cut-out cookies, roll the dough out between two sheets of plastic wrap or baking paper to a uniform depth of ⅛–¼ inch (3–6 mm) thick.
# Stack the rolled-out dough on to a baking sheet (with one or two layers of plastic wrap or baking paper in between each, so they don't stick to each other) and put in the freezer until frozen through, at least 20 minutes.  
# Remove one sheet of frozen dough at a time. Cut shapes with cookie cutters, or use a pizza cutter to quickly slice it into strips or diamonds.
# Place the cookies on an ungreased or parchment-lined cookie sheet. Top with sprinkles or colored sugar, if desired.
# Bake at 400 °F for 6–8 minutes. Smaller and thinner cookies need less time; larger and thicker ones take longer. If you are cutting out intricate designs, baking on parchment paper is strongly recommended.
# Cool on a wire cooling rack.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Vanilla is a popular flavoring. Alternatively, you can replace some or all of the vanilla extract with lemon extract (not lemon juice) or almond extract. If you have vanilla powder instead of liquid extract, then this is the equivalent of half of a small packet.
* Scrap dough can be re-rolled. If you use plastic cling wrap, baking paper, or other flourless ways to roll out the dough, then the subsequent rounds will not get as tough.
* If you don't have plastic cling wrap or baking paper to roll the dough on, then chill the dough first. Spread a large spoonful of [[Cookbook:Powdered sugar|powdered sugar]] across a clean work surface and lightly dust your rolling pin with it. Roll the dough out, adding more powdered sugar as needed to keep the dough from sticking to the surface or to the rolling pin. The use of powdered sugar instead of flour keeps the surface of the cookies from having a bland, floury taste, and it means that any re-rolled scraps won't get as tough.
* There are three basic ways to make sugar cookies:
*# Cut-out cookies, as described above.
*# Drop cookies, which require scooping the dough (like [[Cookbook:Chocolate Chip Cookies|chocolate chip cookies]] or [[Cookbook:Oatmeal Cookies I|oatmeal cookies]]) onto a baking sheet, and then flattening it a bit with your fingers or the back of a spoon. Top with colored sugar, or roll the whole scoop in sprinkles before flattening and baking. As they are a little thicker, they may take an extra minute to bake.
*# Refrigerator cookies, which require rolling the dough into a log about 2 inches (5 cm) thick, and then freezing it until solid. With a thin, sharp knife, slice disks about ⅛–¼ inch (3–6 mm) thick off the log. These must be uniform in thickness, and all the cookies on the same baking sheet equally thick, or some will burn before the rest are cooked through. Bake as if they were cut-out cookies.
* If you want to make these sugar cookies in advance, you have two options:  
** Prepare the dough, wrap tightly, and freeze for up to 3 months.  For cut-out cookies, the dough would ideally be frozen already rolled out. Then remove, cut, and bake as directed.
** Bake the cookies without any decorations, and then freeze them. When you want to eat them, you can remove them, let them thaw at room temperature, and (if wanted) add icing decorations.

[[Category:Recipes for cookies]]
[[Category:Recipes using sugar]]
[[Category:Recipes using butter]]
[[Category:Recipes using egg]]
[[Category:Recipes using vanilla]]
[[Category:Recipes using baking powder]]
[[Category:Recipes using salt]]
[[Category:Recipes using flour]]</text>
      <sha1>qn864lsreph5sygbmyag2921ohqd3ok</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Carrot Cookies</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>484606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675627</id>
      <parentid>4658442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T03:46:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>style, format, language, links</comment>
      <origin>4675627</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4416" sha1="su7mma6db8lofmu8tqkey5nimfpvayb" xml:space="preserve">__notoc__
{{recipe summary
| category = Cookie recipes
| Yield = 48 cookies
| servings = 
| time = 45 minutes
| difficulty = 2
| image = 
| energy = 
| note = 
}}

{{recipe}}

'''Carrot cookies''' are soft cookies with an orange-flavored icing.  They get their golden color from pureed carrots, but they taste like oranges instead of carrots.  

This recipe is adapted from the &quot;Golden Carrot Cookies&quot; recipe in Betty Crocker's ''Cooky Book''.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; | style=&quot;background: none;color:inherit;&quot;
|+Cookie dough
|-
! Ingredient 
!Count!! Volume !! Weight 
|-
|[[Cookbook:Butter|Butter]], slightly softened (can substitute vegetable shortening for half the butter)
|2 sticks
|1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]]
|
|-
|White granulated [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]]
|–|| ¾ cup||150 g
|-
|Whole [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]]
|2 large
|–
|100 g
|-
| [[Cookbook:Vanilla|Vanilla]] extract
|–|| ½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]] (3 [[Cookbook:Milliliter|ml]])||3 g
|-
|Orange extract (optional)
|–
|½ teaspoon
|3 g
|-
|[[Cookbook:Carrot|Carrots]], cooked until very soft and then mashed or pureed
|–
|1 cup
|250 g
|-
| [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|All-purpose flour]]
|–|| 2½ cups|| 300 g
|-
|[[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]]
|–
|½ tsp
|3 g
|-
|[[Cookbook:Baking Powder|Baking powder]]
|–
|2 teaspoons
|8 g
|-
|Sweetened shredded dried [[Cookbook:Coconut|coconut]]
|–
|¾ cup
|65 g
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Orange buttercream icing
!Ingredient
!Volume
!Weight
|-
|Butter, softened
|4 Tablespoons 
|55 g
|-
|[[Cookbook:Powdered sugar|Powdered sugar]], sifted
|2¼ cups
|250 g
|-
|Orange juice (or frozen orange juice concentrate)
|3 Tablespoons 
|45 g
|-
|Orange [[Cookbook:Zest|zest]] (optional; fresh is best)
|2 teaspoons
|5 g
|-
|Orange extract (optional)
|½ teaspoon
|3 g
|}

== Equipment ==

* [[Cookbook:Mixing Bowl|Mixing bowl]]
* [[Cookbook:Mixer#Stand mixer|Stand mixer]] (optional)
* [[Cookbook:Baking Sheet|Baking sheet]]

== Procedure ==

=== Make the cookies ===
# Preheat [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] to [[Cookbook:Oven Temperatures|400 °F (205°C, gas mark 6—moderately hot)]]. Line baking sheets with parchment baking paper, or lightly grease the pans with shortening.
# Put the butter in a large mixing bowl, and [[Cookbook:Beat|beat]] it with an electric mixer for about 30 seconds. Alternatively, beat it with a wooden spoon until soft.
# Beat in the sugar, scraping the bowl as needed.
# Beat in the eggs, vanilla extract, and orange extract.
# Stir in the carrots, then the flour, salt, and baking powder.
# Stir in the coconut.
# Drop the cookie dough by rounded teaspoonfuls on the prepared baking sheets. Space them out, as they will spread somewhat while baking.
# [[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] in the preheated oven for 8–10 minutes, until they are golden in color and no imprint remains when you gently touch them.
# Cool slightly on the pan, then remove from the pan and cool completely.

=== Make the icing ===

# Using an electric mixer or a wooden spoon, beat together the butter and powdered sugar.
# Stir in the orange juice, zest, and extract to make a smooth, soft buttercream icing.
# Spread gently on the tops of cooled cookies. If the icing is too stiff, the cookies will break when you try to frost them—thin it by adding a small spoonful of water, or warm it slightly to make it softer.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* If you want a solid, uniform color for the cookies, then the carrots should be pureed (smooth like baby food). If you want visible streaks of orange, then shred the carrots on a grater.
* You can use [[Cookbook:Gluten-Free Flour|gluten-free flour substitutes]]. Avoid high-gluten bread flours.
* You can replace up to half the sugar with a sugar substitute.
* This recipe can be halved or doubled easily.
* The dough is soft enough to pipe through a large pastry bag, which may be faster than scooping when making larger batches.
* Store at room temperature or in the refrigerator for a few days. 

[[Category:Baking recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes with metric units]]
[[Category:Recipes using butter]]
[[Category:Recipes using granulated sugar]]
[[Category:Recipes using all-purpose flour]]
[[Category:Recipes using egg]]
[[Category:Recipes for cookies]]
[[Category:Recipes using vanilla]]
[[Category:Recipes using extract and flavoring]]
[[Category:Recipes using baking powder]]
[[Category:Recipes using salt]]
[[Category:Recipes using coconut]]</text>
      <sha1>su7mma6db8lofmu8tqkey5nimfpvayb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook talk:Nutrition</title>
    <ns>103</ns>
    <id>485192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675662</id>
      <parentid>4656757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T09:31:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MarcGarver</username>
        <id>134830</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Carbohydrates are not necessary? */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4675662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="586" sha1="d6r1eub0a4jca5lwlqfvctawjn8btx9" xml:space="preserve">== Carbohydrates are not necessary? ==

The following sentence appears under the &quot;Carbohydrate&quot; headline  :

&quot;Strictly speaking, carbohydrates are not necessary for human nutrition because [[Cookbook:Protein|proteins]] can be converted to glucose, which the body uses for energy&quot;

Is this really true? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-40500-29|&amp;#126;2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-40500-29|talk]]) 18:19, 8 August 2026 (UTC)

:Yes [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:31, 12 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>d6r1eub0a4jca5lwlqfvctawjn8btx9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-40500-29</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>485583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675663</id>
      <parentid>4670356</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T09:32:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MarcGarver</username>
        <id>134830</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* I have added a tag to a page you created */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4675663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1367" sha1="gzcpui5vb8l33atxpw542kml6b83nwx" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User:Ottawahitech/American politics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[User talk:Ottawahitech/American politics|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 22:52, 13 September 2026 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]], Thanks for letting me know. Unfortunately by the time I discovered your post here my file was already deleted. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 01:39, 16 September 2026 (UTC)
::Stop creating pages in another user's space and they won't get deleted. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:32, 12 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gzcpui5vb8l33atxpw542kml6b83nwx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Max</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>485600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675661</id>
      <parentid>4670051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T09:31:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MarcGarver</username>
        <id>134830</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;{{talk page header}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4675661</origin>
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      <text bytes="20" sha1="4zhowibd4ngfergy4xtn9ri5czu02bs" xml:space="preserve">{{talk page header}}</text>
      <sha1>4zhowibd4ngfergy4xtn9ri5czu02bs</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Jaguar/VIN Codes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675522</id>
      <parentid>4675489</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T14:52:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Model Line (Position 6-7) */</comment>
      <origin>4675522</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32453" sha1="8vbodozly39erxtiwp23takn75xn4rr" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 or D] ('16-)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'16)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'16)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'16)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16- or T: '13-'15]
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'16)
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'16)
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'16)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'16)
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'16)
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'16).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'16).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>8vbodozly39erxtiwp23takn75xn4rr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675556</id>
      <parentid>4675522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T18:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Model Line (Position 6-7) */</comment>
      <origin>4675556</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32730" sha1="5bpaet5xrhixnr8jtkbn9iviqm3xk4i" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 or D] ('16-)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'16)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'16)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'16)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16- or T: '13-'15]
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17)
|-
|6J
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17)
|-
|6K
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'16).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'16).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>5bpaet5xrhixnr8jtkbn9iviqm3xk4i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675586</id>
      <parentid>4675556</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T21:34:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4675586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32840" sha1="fua2740ipdqw0e2y51e7b307xcxzds2" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 or D] ('16-)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'16)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'16)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'16)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16- or T: '13-'15]
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17)
|-
|6J
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17)
|-
|6K
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'16).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16-'17).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'17), F-Type Premium w/auto. trans. ('17).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-'17), F-Type Premium w/man. trans. ('17).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16), F-Type SVR ('17).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>fua2740ipdqw0e2y51e7b307xcxzds2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675587</id>
      <parentid>4675586</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T21:44:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Model Line (Position 6-7) */</comment>
      <origin>4675587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32852" sha1="098rcwye1bxqas2nn2u0r4yius4kkzw" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 or D] ('16-'17)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-'17)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'17)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'17)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-'17)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'17)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16-'17 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17)
|-
|6J
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17)
|-
|6K
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'16).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16-'17).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'17), F-Type Premium w/auto. trans. ('17).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-'17), F-Type Premium w/man. trans. ('17).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16), F-Type SVR ('17).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>098rcwye1bxqas2nn2u0r4yius4kkzw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675588</id>
      <parentid>4675587</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T21:47:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4675588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32867" sha1="n9m5k76q9byjn7nluuswjq8y198dwa3" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 or D] ('16-'17)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-'17)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'17)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'17)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-'17)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'17)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16-'17 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17)
|-
|6J
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17)
|-
|6K
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-'17).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16-'17).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'17).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16-'17).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'17), F-Type Premium w/auto. trans. ('17).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-'17), F-Type Premium w/man. trans. ('17).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16-'17), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16-'17).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16), F-Type SVR ('17).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>n9m5k76q9byjn7nluuswjq8y198dwa3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675591</id>
      <parentid>4675588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:02:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Model Line (Position 6-7) */</comment>
      <origin>4675591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32898" sha1="7by5hyzhl1ws02wybeii1pwwlucw6cb" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 (Rwd) or D (Awd)] ('16-'18)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-'18)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'17)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB ('18-)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-'18)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'18)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16-'18 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17)
|-
|6J
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17)
|-
|6K
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-'17).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16-'17).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'17).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16-'17).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'17), F-Type Premium w/auto. trans. ('17).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-'17), F-Type Premium w/man. trans. ('17).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16-'17), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16-'17).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16), F-Type SVR ('17).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>7by5hyzhl1ws02wybeii1pwwlucw6cb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675592</id>
      <parentid>4675591</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:12:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4675592</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33193" sha1="ocnkqedhl8eb2h3zxamcgj38bvjswc2" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 (Rwd) or D (Awd)] ('16-'18)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-'18)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'17)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB ('18-)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-'18)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'18)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16-'18 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17)
|-
|6J
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17)
|-
|6K
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-'18).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16-'18).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'17).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar XJR575 LWB ('18-'1).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16-'17).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'17), F-Type Premium w/auto. trans. ('17).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-'17), F-Type Premium w/man. trans. ('17).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16-'18), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16-'18).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16), F-Type SVR ('17).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>ocnkqedhl8eb2h3zxamcgj38bvjswc2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675600</id>
      <parentid>4675592</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:04:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Model Line (Position 6-7) */</comment>
      <origin>4675600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33293" sha1="07ghvdm1f9bs1cuq31izuvs86zbumz8" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 (Rwd) or D (Awd)] ('16-'19)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-'19)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'17)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB ('18-'19)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Rwd (LWB) '19
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'19), XJ50 3.0 Awd (LWB) '19
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16-'19 or T: '13-'15], XJ50 5.0 Rwd (LWB) '19, XJ Collection (LWB) '19
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17)
|-
|6J
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17)
|-
|6K
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-'18).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16-'18).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'17).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar XJR575 LWB ('18-'1).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16-'17).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'17), F-Type Premium w/auto. trans. ('17).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-'17), F-Type Premium w/man. trans. ('17).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16-'18), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16-'18).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16), F-Type SVR ('17).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>07ghvdm1f9bs1cuq31izuvs86zbumz8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675602</id>
      <parentid>4675600</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:10:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4675602</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33375" sha1="7ca0jnnt63c49cgoukc7whmqpzev4tn" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 (Rwd) or D (Awd)] ('16-'19)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-'19)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'17)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB ('18-'19)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Rwd (LWB) '19
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'19), XJ50 3.0 Awd (LWB) '19
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16-'19 or T: '13-'15], XJ50 5.0 Rwd (LWB) '19, XJ Collection (LWB) '19
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17)
|-
|6J
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17)
|-
|6K
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Awd ('19).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16-'19), XJ50 5.0 Rwd ('19), XJ Collection ('19).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'17).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar XJR575 LWB ('18-'19).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16-'17).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'17), F-Type Premium w/auto. trans. ('17).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-'17), F-Type Premium w/man. trans. ('17).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16-'19), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Rwd ('19).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16), F-Type SVR ('17).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>7ca0jnnt63c49cgoukc7whmqpzev4tn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675603</id>
      <parentid>4675602</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:11:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4675603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33379" sha1="9tcru2rs1k0ugjtgzybmt5nz9zx166n" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 (Rwd) or D (Awd)] ('16-'19)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-'19)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'17)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB ('18-'19)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Rwd (LWB) '19
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'19), XJ50 3.0 Awd (LWB) '19
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16-'19 or T: '13-'15], XJ50 5.0 Rwd (LWB) '19, XJ Collection (LWB) '19
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17)
|-
|6J
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17)
|-
|6K
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Awd ('19).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp.&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16-'19), XJ50 5.0 Rwd ('19), XJ Collection ('19).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'17).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar XJR575 LWB ('18-'19).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16-'17).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'17), F-Type Premium w/auto. trans. ('17).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-'17), F-Type Premium w/man. trans. ('17).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16-'19), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Rwd ('19).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16), F-Type SVR ('17).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>9tcru2rs1k0ugjtgzybmt5nz9zx166n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675605</id>
      <parentid>4675603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:13:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -) */</comment>
      <origin>4675605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33420" sha1="8g0y6w809iqts3spr2o5uvnt9nmo7n2" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (All models: 2000-2015), (Some models: 2016-2019)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 (Rwd) or D (Awd)] ('16-'19)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-'19)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'17)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB ('18-'19)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Rwd (LWB) '19
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'19), XJ50 3.0 Awd (LWB) '19
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16-'19 or T: '13-'15], XJ50 5.0 Rwd (LWB) '19, XJ Collection (LWB) '19
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17)
|-
|6J
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17)
|-
|6K
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Awd ('19).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp.&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16-'19), XJ50 5.0 Rwd ('19), XJ Collection ('19).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'17).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar XJR575 LWB ('18-'19).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16-'17).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'17), F-Type Premium w/auto. trans. ('17).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-'17), F-Type Premium w/man. trans. ('17).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16-'19), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Rwd ('19).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16), F-Type SVR ('17).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>8g0y6w809iqts3spr2o5uvnt9nmo7n2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675622</id>
      <parentid>4675605</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T02:15:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (All models: 2000-2015), (Some models: 2016-2019) */</comment>
      <origin>4675622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33426" sha1="pgehsp4kjk9liy1qe5yvo0tak8bsqdm" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (All models: 2000-2015 plus F-Type '16-'17, XJ '16-'19)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,&lt;br&gt; S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags &lt;br&gt; (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Transmission &amp; Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-):===
* A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17)
* B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17)
* J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|0E
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15)
|-
|0F
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15)
|-
|0G
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12)
|-
|0H
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15]
|-
|0J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15)
|-
|0K
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15)
|-
|8J
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 (Rwd) or D (Awd)] ('16-'19)
|-
|1C
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-'19)
|-
|1E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'17)
|-
|1G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15]
|-
|1J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12)
|-
|2E
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB ('18-'19)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13]
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15)
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Rwd (LWB) '19
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'19), XJ50 3.0 Awd (LWB) '19
|-
|2G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16-'19 or T: '13-'15], XJ50 5.0 Rwd (LWB) '19, XJ Collection (LWB) '19
|-
|2J
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13)
|-
|2K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13)
|-
|3F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3G
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13)
|-
|3H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|3K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport &amp; Speed Pack]] ('12-'15)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14)
|-
|4D
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4E
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11)
|-
|4F
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15)
|-
|4G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15)
|-
|4H
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14)
|-
|4J
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15)
|-
|6A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17
|-
|6B
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17
|-
|6D
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17)
|-
|6E
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17
|-
|6F
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17
|-
|6G
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15)
|-
|6H
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17)
|-
|6J
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17)
|-
|6K
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17)
|-
|7A
|[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15).
|-
| D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Awd ('19).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp.&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16-'19), XJ50 5.0 Rwd ('19), XJ Collection ('19).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14).
|-
| F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15).
|-
| H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'17).
|-
| K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar XJR575 LWB ('18-'19).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15).
|-
| L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R  ('16-'17).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'17), F-Type Premium w/auto. trans. ('17).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17).
|-
| X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14).
|-
| Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15).
|-
| Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15).
|-
| 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13).
|-
| 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-'17), F-Type Premium w/man. trans. ('17).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15).
|-
| 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16-'19), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Rwd ('19).
|-
| 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16), F-Type SVR ('17).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* Y - XF ('16-)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('10-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>pgehsp4kjk9liy1qe5yvo0tak8bsqdm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Infrastructure Policy Casebook/Colorado River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675528</id>
      <parentid>4675498</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T15:27:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emrodri1</username>
        <id>3626789</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4675528</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31793" sha1="svw935e8os2x32xxucknhn3r2nbmz6c" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
[Intro Paragraph] Bureau of Reclamation... Colorado River Basin....
== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam (completed 1936), and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam (completed 1963). Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Basic Numbers of Colorado River&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, while Lower Basin precipitation contributes only about 8 percent. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025 to 2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;), under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; called it reasonable
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Impacts ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.


== Discussion and Further Reading ==
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      <text bytes="34353" sha1="0gblsmu3k07yxfmoatqq61j620ctlj0" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
[Intro Paragraph] Bureau of Reclamation... Colorado River Basin....
== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam (completed 1936), and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam (completed 1963). Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Basic Numbers of Colorado River&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, while Lower Basin precipitation contributes only about 8 percent. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025 to 2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;), under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; called it reasonable
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.


== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="34390" sha1="rge3qmejwol8lfaoscoiow2ehrvme0i" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
[Intro Paragraph] Bureau of Reclamation... Colorado River Basin....
== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam (completed 1936), and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam (completed 1963). Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|-
|Federally recognized Basin tribes
|30
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, while Lower Basin precipitation contributes only about 8 percent. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025 to 2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;), under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; called it reasonable
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.


== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="34407" sha1="izm4uhmn8tealdeexvudx4o533qk7sb" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
[Intro Paragraph] Bureau of Reclamation... Colorado River Basin....
== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam (completed 1936), and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam (completed 1963). Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|-
|Federally recognized Basin tribes
|30
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, while Lower Basin precipitation contributes only about 8 percent. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025 to 2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; called it reasonable
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.


== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="34425" sha1="098d8y2r2n4mej14p1r5bmeedlzw1a2" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
[Intro Paragraph] Bureau of Reclamation... Colorado River Basin....
== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025 to 2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.


== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="35911" sha1="jvr1rj75g3moflfq9bb6rwk4kw0exka" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: the Central Arizona Project has called the post-2028 framework unlawful, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.


== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="36241" sha1="d9h9pe2t74tmneqr2r2xzlivqkhufcd" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: the Central Arizona Project has argued that the post-2028 framework violates the Law of the River&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.


== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="37755" sha1="22os2dmu1s70fr2vkatnempisjxx67a" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: the Central Arizona Project has argued that the post-2028 framework violates the Law of the River&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means more frequent federal decision points and a wider range of possible operations for water users to plan around. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). ''2025–2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West.'' Western Water Assessment, University of Colorado Boulder. 

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="38086" sha1="j5i12gavlsppz7x6vhejtlpbprwoi5y" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: the Central Arizona Project has argued that the post-2028 framework violates the Law of the River&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means more frequent federal decision points and a wider range of possible operations for water users to plan around. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/sites/default/files/2026-05/2025-2026_Extreme_Snow_Drought_in_the_Intermountain_West_FINAL_5.14.2026.pdf&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/sites/default/files/2026-05/2025-2026_Extreme_Snow_Drought_in_the_Intermountain_West_FINAL_5.14.2026.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="38087" sha1="4204co0ktw4fc6vv8owuex241m16jqa" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: the Central Arizona Project has argued that the post-2028 framework violates the Law of the River&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means more frequent federal decision points and a wider range of possible operations for water users to plan around. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west |publisher=Western Water Assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="38624" sha1="dhthongr2e0axfymzc2pxtta414iy54" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: the Central Arizona Project has argued that the post-2028 framework violates the Law of the River&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means more frequent federal decision points and a wider range of possible operations for water users to plan around. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west |publisher=Western Water Assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Clark Hill (2026). Colorado River Operations After 2026. https://www.clarkhill.com/news-events/news/colorado-river-final-eis-post-2026-water-planning-risks/&lt;ref name=&quot;ClarkHill&quot; /&gt;
* Central Arizona Project (2026). Record of Decision and Operating Guidelines underscore need for 3-state deal. https://knowyourwaternews.com/?p=15523&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Central Arizona Project |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Record of Decision and Operating Guidelines underscore need for 3-state deal |url=https://knowyourwaternews.com/?p=15523}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="38074" sha1="mmcjlhkdsyr8khfrmoaboorphx7dtr2" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: the Central Arizona Project has argued that the post-2028 framework violates the Law of the River&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means more frequent federal decision points and a wider range of possible operations for water users to plan around. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west |publisher=Western Water Assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="38593" sha1="7myat4209rsfsayw9slxpqzogjbxrzf" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: the Central Arizona Project has argued that the post-2028 framework violates the Law of the River&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means more frequent federal decision points and a wider range of possible operations for water users to plan around. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

* Does a framework that issues new guidelines every two years help the system adapt, or does it undermine the certainty that cities, farms and tribes need for long-term investment? 
* In June 2026, San Diego agreed to explore trading part of its Colorado River supply to Arizona and Nevada, replacing it with water from its desalination plant. Desalinated water costs about $3,500 per acre-foot, versus $365 for Central Arizona Project water. Can trades like this ease the conflict, and who should pay the difference?

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west |publisher=Western Water Assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="38591" sha1="o4itkyh15j8dib6qd6qccsxmd2v7mr2" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: Arizona water officials have argued that framework fails to comply withe Colorado River Compact&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; calls framework unlawful
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means more frequent federal decision points and a wider range of possible operations for water users to plan around. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

* Does a framework that issues new guidelines every two years help the system adapt, or does it undermine the certainty that cities, farms and tribes need for long-term investment? 
* In June 2026, San Diego agreed to explore trading part of its Colorado River supply to Arizona and Nevada, replacing it with water from its desalination plant. Desalinated water costs about $3,500 per acre-foot, versus $365 for Central Arizona Project water. Can trades like this ease the conflict, and who should pay the difference?

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west |publisher=Western Water Assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4675601</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Xinya Zhao</username>
        <id>3627048</id>
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      <text bytes="38643" sha1="lgd9j3wd0fdby5al68vq1xv6e26zx3b" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: Arizona water officials have argued that framework fails to comply withe Colorado River Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As a result, about 90 percent of the water used in the Lower Basin is Upper Basin flow released into Lake Mead. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; says framework fails to comply with the Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means more frequent federal decision points and a wider range of possible operations for water users to plan around. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

* Does a framework that issues new guidelines every two years help the system adapt, or does it undermine the certainty that cities, farms and tribes need for long-term investment? 
* In June 2026, San Diego agreed to explore trading part of its Colorado River supply to Arizona and Nevada, replacing it with water from its desalination plant. Desalinated water costs about $3,500 per acre-foot, versus $365 for Central Arizona Project water. Can trades like this ease the conflict, and who should pay the difference?

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west |publisher=Western Water Assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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        <username>Xinya Zhao</username>
        <id>3627048</id>
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      <text bytes="38688" sha1="qhub30jhdqf55gvi5cqnopwozs2io66" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: Arizona water officials have argued that framework fails to comply withe Colorado River Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nearly all of the river flow reaching the Lower Basin originates in the Upper Basin and is released through Glen Canyon Dam into Lake Mead&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; says framework fails to comply with the Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means more frequent federal decision points and a wider range of possible operations for water users to plan around. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

* Does a framework that issues new guidelines every two years help the system adapt, or does it undermine the certainty that cities, farms and tribes need for long-term investment? 
* In June 2026, San Diego agreed to explore trading part of its Colorado River supply to Arizona and Nevada, replacing it with water from its desalination plant. Desalinated water costs about $3,500 per acre-foot, versus $365 for Central Arizona Project water. Can trades like this ease the conflict, and who should pay the difference?

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west |publisher=Western Water Assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="38707" sha1="n9fucikw247o6rpfp03b6sbq9jqtz0s" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: Arizona water officials have argued that framework fails to comply withe Colorado River Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nearly all of the river flow reaching the Lower Basin originates in the Upper Basin and is released through Glen Canyon Dam into Lake Mead&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; says framework fails to comply with the Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means that operating rules are set only through 2028; water users do not yet know the rules that will apply after the current interval. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

* Does a framework that issues new guidelines every two years help the system adapt, or does it undermine the certainty that cities, farms and tribes need for long-term investment? 
* In June 2026, San Diego agreed to explore trading part of its Colorado River supply to Arizona and Nevada, replacing it with water from its desalination plant. Desalinated water costs about $3,500 per acre-foot, versus $365 for Central Arizona Project water. Can trades like this ease the conflict, and who should pay the difference?

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west |publisher=Western Water Assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>n9fucikw247o6rpfp03b6sbq9jqtz0s</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4675607</id>
      <parentid>4675606</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:18:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xinya Zhao</username>
        <id>3627048</id>
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      <comment>/* Introduction */</comment>
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      <text bytes="38705" sha1="gvy8un5cgck0l7s8b07w20pp49yfdns" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026 the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: Arizona water officials have argued the framework fails to comply with Colorado River Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nearly all of the river flow reaching the Lower Basin originates in the Upper Basin and is released through Glen Canyon Dam into Lake Mead&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; says framework fails to comply with the Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of Record of Decision of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence with the ROD, the Secretary of the Interior completed the formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes and increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus, resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. While the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective compared to the projections created in the 2000s, improved scientific research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) established a process for the Federal Government to consider environmental effects during the decision-making process of all major federal actions. Pursuant to section 106 of NEPA, the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment” and would need the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. This commenced the development of alternatives, which concluded in early 2026 with the publication of a draft EIS. Throughout the 2.5-year period, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, many conflicting concerns were raised among stakeholders. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own plan proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which tend to have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern the 10 year period, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it takes priority over Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation received $8.3 billion under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, with amounts obligated toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Without funding support, Lower Basin states have limited opportunity to receive increased water deliveries.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, power access is consistently maintained without compromising water availability for the Upper Basin. Meanwhile, Lower Basin water users receive less water in exchange for continued power access.

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means that operating rules are set only through 2028; water users do not yet know the rules that will apply after the current interval. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

* Does a framework that issues new guidelines every two years help the system adapt, or does it undermine the certainty that cities, farms and tribes need for long-term investment? 
* In June 2026, San Diego agreed to explore trading part of its Colorado River supply to Arizona and Nevada, replacing it with water from its desalination plant. Desalinated water costs about $3,500 per acre-foot, versus $365 for Central Arizona Project water. Can trades like this ease the conflict, and who should pay the difference?

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west |publisher=Western Water Assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="39815" sha1="ch8ghe8mbynq3rxr22u0y92sfpc5rm8" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026, the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.

Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: Arizona water officials have argued the framework fails to comply with Colorado River Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nearly all of the river flow reaching the Lower Basin originates in the Upper Basin and is released through Glen Canyon Dam into Lake Mead&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; says framework fails to comply with the Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence, the Secretary of the Interior completed a formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes that increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS), resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. However, the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective when compared to the 2000s projections. Improved research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
Pursuant to section 106 of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment.” Therefore, the Bureau of Reclamation must develop an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and NEPA documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. Between the publication of the Notice of Intent and the 2026 Draft EIS, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, stakeholder concerns conflicted with each other. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Draft EIS's Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern how water is distributed between 2027-2036, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply.
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances.
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it will take priority over current Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, per the ROD, Upper Basin States contributions are voluntary, and may contribute up to 200 thousand acre feet per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; However, the Operating Guidelines do not impose water allotment cuts to the Upper Basin or impose required water contribution measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation funds toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in 2025, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. For Lower Basin states, a loss of funds can result in a loss of opportunity for increased water apportionments.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, the Upper Basin's power access is consistently maintained without compromising their water availability. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin must trade off water supply in exchange for continued power access.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means that operating rules are set only through 2028; water users do not yet know the rules that will apply after the current interval. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

* Does a framework that issues new guidelines every two years help the system adapt, or does it undermine the certainty that cities, farms and tribes need for long-term investment? 
* Water contributions and conservation measures for the Upper Basin are voluntary, while Lower Basin contributions are incentivized under ICS. Does the lack of incentives discourage Upper Basin contributions? Alternatively, because the Lower Basin experiences reduced water delivery, is the availability of incentives an equitable solution?
* In June 2026, San Diego agreed to explore trading part of its Colorado River supply to Arizona and Nevada, replacing it with water from its desalination plant. Desalinated water costs about $3,500 per acre-foot, versus $365 for Central Arizona Project water. Can trades like this ease the conflict, and who should pay the difference?

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west |publisher=Western Water Assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Endara, Emilia and Kenney, Doug (2026). The Colorado River: Searching for Solutions in the Face of Uncertainty. https://www.colorado.edu/center/gwc/media/842.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Endara |first=Emilia |last2=Kenney |first2=Doug |date=2026 |title=The Colorado river in the Face of Uncertainty |url=https://www.colorado.edu/center/gwc/media/842}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Buschatzke, Thomas (2026). State of Arizona Comments on Post 2026 Colorado River FEIS. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/af/81/c4806afc445782abedaec6bb4821/2026-8-10-az-feis-p26-comments.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bushatzke |first=Thomas |date=August 10, 2026 |title=State of Arizona Comments on Post 2026 Colorado River FEIS |url=https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/af/81/c4806afc445782abedaec6bb4821/2026-8-10-az-feis-p26-comments.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="40155" sha1="iid77rc4jebuq4ve8c2yu5uj02hv1eg" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
On August 21, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) setting the rules for operating Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the two largest reservoirs on the Colorado River, from 2027 through 2036&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The decision replaces the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which expire at the end of 2026, and governs a river that supplies water to about 40 million people in seven U.S. states and Mexico&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.
[[File:Lake Powell - Glen Canyon Dam.jpg|thumb|Lake Powell is in the Upper Basin and hosts the Glen Canyon Dam]]
The river's legal allocations, set largely between the 1920s and 1940s, total about 16.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, while its natural flow averaged 12.7 maf per year from 2008 to 2025. In 2026, the basin recorded its lowest snowpack on record and Lake Mead fell to a record-low elevation. After years of negotiation, the seven Basin States could not agree on how to share future shortages.
[[File:Aerial views of Lake Mead National Recreation Area, formed when Hoover Dam backed up the Colorado River. Boulder City, Nevada LCCN2011633017.tif|thumb|Lake Mead is a reservoir in the Lower Basin and hosts the Hoover Dam]]
Without a state agreement, Interior did not adopt fixed long-term operating rules. Instead, the ROD establishes a ten-year Decision Framework under which operating guidelines are issued for two-year intervals. The first guidelines, for 2027–2028, reduce Lower Basin deliveries by 1.25 maf per year and impose no mandatory reductions on the Upper Basin. The decision remains contested: Arizona water officials have argued the framework fails to comply with Colorado River Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arizona Reconsultation Committee |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Arizona Reconsultation Committee Meeting #14 |url=https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/2026.08.24_ARC_Meeting_FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Nevada has filed suit against the Department of the Interior&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

The case raises a central question: how should a system be governed when legal claims, physical infrastructure and future supply no longer align? The framework favors flexibility and adaptability over fixed long-term rules.

== Background ==

=== Geography and Infrastructure ===
The Colorado River rises in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Its basin spans seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California) and two Mexican states (Baja California and Sonora). The river flows toward the Gulf of California, but in most years it no longer reaches the sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reclamation |first=Bureau of |title=Colorado River Basin {{!}} Bureau of Reclamation |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/ |access-date=2026-10-11 |website=www.usbr.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin is regulated by two very large reservoirs: Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, and Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam. Together they can store about four years of the river's average flow. Their size allowed the system to keep delivering water through dry years for decades without cutting releases. The same storage, however, long masked the underlying imbalance between supply and use.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+Colorado River at a Glance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 1. Purpose and Need, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_1_Ch1_PurposeNeed_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Item
!Value
|-
|Basin Area
|~250,000 square miles
|-
|River Length
|~1,400 miles
|-
|People served
|~40 million
|}
[[File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png|center|707x707px]]

=== Sources of Flow and the Supply Gap ===
Where the river's water is produced and where it is used are highly uneven. High-elevation snowmelt areas in the Upper Basin, about 15 percent of the basin's area, supply about 92 percent of annual flow&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Technical Appendix 3. Hydrologic Resources, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-III/P26-FEIS_TA_03_Hydro_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nearly all of the river flow reaching the Lower Basin originates in the Upper Basin and is released through Glen Canyon Dam into Lake Mead&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;. This asymmetry lies at the root of the dispute over who should bear shortages.

[[File:Colorado_river_flow_and_allocation.png|alt=Colorado river flow and allocation|800x800px]]

Because snowmelt supplies most of the flow, the basin is highly sensitive to snowpack and temperature. Since 2000, natural flow has averaged well below the twentieth-century mean. Research attributes part of the decline to warming, which reduces the runoff produced by a given snowpack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milly |first=P. C. D. |last2=Dunne |first2=K. A. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9187 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6483 |pages=1252–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.aay9187 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam, Black Canyon, Arizona–Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lake Mead and its bathtub ring upstream of Hoover Dam]]
Water use did not fall at the same pace. In the Lower Basin, deliveries plus evaporation and system losses exceed inflows by a &quot;structural deficit&quot; commonly estimated at more than 1 million acre-feet per year. The gap was filled by drawing down storage. Lake Mead and Lake Powell were nearly full around 2000; by March to April 2023 their combined storage had fallen to a record low of 24 percent of total capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Conditions worsened in 2026. The winter of 2025-2026 brought the lowest observed snowpack on record, and Lake Mead reached a record-low elevation in August&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 21, 2026 |title=Interior Department Finalizes Plans for 2027-2028 Colorado |url=https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392}}&lt;/ref&gt;, shortly before the 2026 Record of Decision was signed. 

=== The Law of the River ===
The Colorado River is governed not by a single statute but by an accumulation of compacts, federal laws, court decisions, contracts, an international treaty and operating guidelines, collectively known as the &quot;Law of the River.&quot;

==== Prior Appropriation and the 1922 Compact ====
Western water law follows the doctrine of prior appropriation (&quot;first in time, first in right&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;, under which the earliest users hold the most secure rights. In the early twentieth century, slower-growing states feared that fast-growing California would establish senior rights to most of the river before they could develop their own uses. Negotiations among the seven states, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, produced the Colorado River Compact, signed in Santa Fe in November 1922. The Compact divided the basin at Lee Ferry, Arizona, into an Upper Basin and a Lower Basin. It apportioned to each basin the consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet per year. Under Article III(d), the Upper Basin must not cause flow at Lee Ferry to be depleted below 75 maf over any ten consecutive years.

These allocations rested on flow estimates from an unusually wet period in the early twentieth century. Together with later obligations to Mexico, total legal entitlements now exceed what the river reliably produces.

==== Later Laws and Decisions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+History table of the Law of the River&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Year
!Instrument
!What it does
|-
|1922
|Colorado River Compact
|Splits basin at Lee Ferry; 7.5 maf/yr to each basin
|-
|1928
|Boulder Canyon Project Act
|Authorizes Hoover Dam; Lower Basin split: CA 4.4, AZ 2.8, NV 0.3 maf
|-
|1944
|U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty
|Guarantees Mexico 1.5 maf/yr
|-
|1948
|Upper Colorado River Basin Compact
|Divides Upper Basin share among its states by percentage
|-
|1956
|Colorado River Storage Project Act
|Authorizes Glen Canyon Dam and other Upper Basin storage
|-
|1963
|Arizona v. California
|Upholds 1928 allocations; confirms Interior authority; recognizes tribal reserved rights
|-
|1968
|Colorado River Basin Project Act
|Authorizes CAP, but makes it junior to California's 4.4 maf
|}

==== Federal Authority and Tribal Water Rights ====
The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, operates the major federal reservoirs and serves as &quot;watermaster&quot; of the Lower Basin, a role confirmed in Arizona v. California (1963). Whether that authority extends to reallocating water among states without their consent is contested.

About thirty federally recognized tribes in the basin hold water rights, many of them senior under the reserved-rights doctrine. Tribes were not parties to the 1922 Compact, and many tribal rights remain unquantified or undeveloped for lack of infrastructure.

=== Key Actors and Institutions ===
The central divide in the post-2026 negotiations was between the two basins. The Upper Basin states, which produce most of the water, held that any conservation of theirs should be voluntary. The Lower Basin states, which use most of it, wanted mandatory cuts to be shared once reductions exceeded 1.5 maf per year. Within the Lower Basin, burdens also differ because of priority: Arizona's Central Arizona Project (CAP) is junior to California.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key Actors(''For the formal participants in the NEPA process, see the table in the Record of Decision section.'')
!Actor
!Role
!Position on the ROD
|-
|Department of Interior
|Rule the dams; Lower Basin watermaster; issued the ROD
|A framework until states agree
|-
|Upper Basin states (CO, NM, UT, WY)
|7.5 maf
|Cuts should be voluntary; no mandatory cuts in ROD
|-
|Arizona
|2.8 maf; most junior priority
|Largest cut 760,000 af/yr; says framework fails to comply with the Compact&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
|-
|California
|4.4 maf; senior priority
|Cut 440,000 af/yr; sees near-term certainty
|-
|Nevada
|0.3 maf; depends on Lake Mead
|Cut 50,000 af/yr; filed suit against Interior over the ROD(Aug 2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basin tribes(30)
|Senior reserved rights
|Positions vary
|-
|Mexico
|1.5 maf under 1944 Treaty
|Handled through IBWC
|}

=== From Surplus to Shortage Management ===
Since 2000 the basin's institutions have shifted from distributing surplus to managing scarcity through a series of negotiated, time-limited agreements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Event
!Significance
|-
|2003
|Quantification Settlement Agreement
|California limited to its 4.4 maf, partly via farm-to-city transfers
|-
|2007
|Interim Guidelines
|First shortage rules tied to Lake Mead elevations; coordinated Powell–Mead operation; expire end of 2026 
|-
|2017
|Minute 323
|Mexico shares shortages and conservation through 2026
|-
|2019
|Drought Contingency Plans
|Added voluntary Lower Basin reductions and Upper Basin drought operations
|-
|2021
|First federal shortage declaration (for 2022) 
|Cuts fall first on Arizona under the 1968 priority 
|}
These agreements shared a common design: each was negotiated among the seven states, often with federal funding, and each was temporary. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the core of the current operating rules, expire at the end of 2026. Replacing them required a new environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and, ideally, a new consensus among the states. The next section examines how that process unfolded, and why it ended in a federal decision without a state agreement.

== The Record of Decision ==
Section XI.G7.D of the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines instructed the Secretary of the Interior to review the efficacy the guidelines by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=2007 |title=Record of Decision |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In adherence, the Secretary of the Interior completed a formal review process in December 2020. The Final Report found that the 2007 Interim Guidelines provided operational criteria for the lakes that increased water predictability for Lower Basin states. In addition, the creation of water storage and delivery mechanisms, such as the Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS), resulted in increased elevations in Lake Mead. However, the 2007 Interim Guidelines were effective when compared to the 2000s projections. Improved research and intensified drought conditions indicated an increased risk of the Colorado River reaching critically low levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Review of the Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/7d/7.D.Review_FinalReport_12-18-2020.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This analysis concluded that the post-2026 Operating Framework should allow for more flexibility, improve participation in complementary conservation efforts, and implement stronger, more robust measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 31, 2026 |title=Review of the 2007 Interim Guidelines &amp; 7.D. Report |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/interimguidelines/7dreport/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The NEPA Process ===
Pursuant to section 106 of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the creation of a Colorado River governance structure has “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment.” Therefore, the Bureau of Reclamation must develop an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that outlines alternatives and addresses public comments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2025 |title=National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10352/pdf/COMPS-10352.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the 2007 Interim Guidelines expiring in 2026, the Bureau of Reclamation’s new governance structure for the Colorado River would be shaped by thorough stakeholder engagement and NEPA documentation requirements.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bureau of Reclamation NEPA Timelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
!Date
!Action
|-
|December 2020
|2007 Interim Guidelines are reviewed for efficacy.
|-
|June 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice published in Federal Register. Commences 60 day public comment period. 
|-
|August 2022
|Pre-Scoping Notice public comment closes.
|-
|June 2023
|Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement published in the Federal Register. Commences 60 Day public comment period and public meeting opportunities. Negotiations begin.
|-
|August 2023
|Notice of Intent public comment closes
|-
|January 2025
|Alternatives Report published, informing the continuing negotiation and consultation process. 
|-
|January 2026
|Notice of Availability of Draft EIS is published in the Federal Register. 45 day public comment period commences. Negotiations and consultations continue.
|-
|March 2026
|Public comment closes
|-
|July 2026
|Final EIS published
|-
|August 2026
|Record of Decision Published outlining the 2027-2036 Decision Framework for water distribution
|-
|August 2026
|2027-2028 Operating Guidelines are Published
|-
|October 2027
|2007 Interim Guidelines expire. The 2027 Water Year begins on October 1, 2026, commencing the start of the first Operations Interval in the 10 year Decision Framework.
|}

==== Stakeholder Engagement ====
In 2022, a pre-scoping notice was published in the Federal register, allowing public engagement prior to the formal initiation of the NEPA process. Received public comments were used to develop strategies for meaningful public engagement across the Basin. These comments were incorporated into a Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which formally initiated the NEPA process upon publication in 2023. Between the publication of the Notice of Intent and the 2026 Draft EIS, the Bureau of Reclamation regularly consulted with Basin states, Basin tribes, non-governmental organizations, water users, other participating federal agencies, and agencies to inform the development of alternative operational guidelines. In addition, the Bureau of Reclamation and other federal agencies hosted public meetings and conferences to gather input.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-I/P26-FEIS_4_Ch4_ConsultCoord_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout the public comment period and engagement efforts, stakeholder concerns conflicted with each other. For example, both the Upper Basin and Lower Basin States submitted their own proposals. The Upper Basin Plan proposed water delivery cuts for Lower Basin States users only. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin Plan proposed a reduction strategy for the entire Basin. In this plan, the Lower Basin experienced water delivery cuts during average or dry conditions, but both the Upper and Lower Basin must cut water delivery in under the driest conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hite |first=Kirsten |last2=Sheikh |first2=Pervase A. |last3=Stem |first3=Charles, V. |date=October 1, 2026 |title=Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45546 |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the agreement would need to appropriately incorporate Tribal water rights, which have priority over other water uses of the Colorado River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Due to the tense and conflicting nature of the consultation process, the preliminary draft EIS did not identify a preferred alternative. Consultations and negotiations continued during the Draft EIS's Public Comment period and to inform the governance decisions in the final EIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of the Interior |date=August 2026 |title=Record of Decision Decision Framework for Colorado River Guidelines:
Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (2027-2036) |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/P26_RecordofDecision_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Formal Participants in the NEPA Process&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=July 2026 |title=Appendix P. Tribal Consultation and Coordination Efforts, Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations Final EIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/Vol-II/P26-FEIS_Appendix_P_TribalConsultationEfforts_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Party Type
!Role
!Name
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Federal Entities
|Lead Agency
|Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Cooperating Agency
|Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior
|-
|National Parks Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
|-
|U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, Department of State 
|-
|Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy
|-
|Technical Expertise
|U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |States
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Upper Basin
|Colorado
|-
|New Mexico
|-
|Utah
|-
|Wyoming
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lower Basin
|Arizona
|-
|California
|-
|Nevada
|-
| rowspan=&quot;43&quot; |Tribes
| rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |Basin Tribes
|Ak-Chin Indian Community
|-
|Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
|-
|Cocopah Indian Tribe
|-
|Colorado River Indian Tribes
|-
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
|-
|Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
|-
|Gila River Indian Community
|-
|Havasupai Tribe
|-
|Hopi Tribe
|-
|Hualapai Indian Tribe
|-
|Jicarilla Apache Nation
|-
|Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians
|-
|Moapa Band of Paiute Indians
|-
|Navajo Nation
|-
|Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
|-
|Pascua Yaqui Tribe
|-
|Quechan Indian Tribe
|-
|Salt River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community
|-
|San Carlos Apache Tribe
|-
|San Juan Southern Paiute
|-
|Southern Ute Indian Tribe
|-
|Tohono O'odham Nation
|-
|Tonto Apache Tribe
|-
|Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|-
|Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
|-
|White Mountain Apache Tribe
|-
|Yavapai-Apache Nation
|-
|Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
|-
|Zuni Tribe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Non-Basin, Technical Expertise
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Acoma
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Cochiti
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Jemez
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Laguna
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Nambé
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Pojoaque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Felipe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of San Juan
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Sandia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Ana
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Santa Clara
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Tesuque
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pueblo of Zia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Non-Government Organizations
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Conservation Groups
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |American Rivers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Environmental Defense Fund
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |National Audubon Society
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Nature Conservancy
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Trout Unlimited
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Western Resource Advocates
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |International
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mexico
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Comission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico National Water Commission
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Relations
|}

==== Alternatives ====
The NEPA Process resulted in the development of 6 possible alternatives, each incorporating stakeholder interests differently. 

* '''No Action Alternative''': Colorado River would no longer operate according to the 2007 Interim Operating Guidelines following the 2026 expiration. No activities for water storage and delivery are defined, other than pre-existing emergency measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Basic Coordination Alternative''': This alternative represents governance largely defined by Federal Authority and would be incorporated if Basin states could not reach a new agreement. Bureau of Reclamation would determine releases for Lake Powell and identify when Upper Basin States should take additional action. Otherwise, no new delivery or storage mechanisms are defined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2025 |title=Alternatives Report: Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for
Lake Powell and Lake Mead |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/documents/post2026/alternatives/Post-2026_Alternatives_Report_20250117_508.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Enhanced Coordination Alternative''': This alternative is defined by Tribal and federal stakeholder suggestions. Water would be distributed proportionally to the storages of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. It also includes Basin-wide contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Maximum Operational Flexibility Alternative''': Advocated by non-governmental conservation organizations, this alternative called for voluntary Basin-wide contributions. Additionally, 3 additional Basin reservoirs will be used for water storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Supply Driven Alternative''': This incorporates elements of  proposals from Upper and Lower Basin States. It includes new storage and distribution mechanisms for Lake Powell and Lake Mead and incentives for conservation efforts. Contributions are Basin-Wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* '''Preferred Alternative''': A 10 year decision framework that issues new operating guidelines every 2 years. It does not establish guidelines for Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Instead, it establishes guidelines for how to develop ''future'' operating guidelines.This Alternative was not present in the Draft EIS posted for public review, as negotiations with stakeholders failed to reach a consensus. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=January 2026 |title=Chapter 2. Description of Alternatives: Post-2026 Colorado River Reservoir Operations DEIS |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/draft-eis/docs/vol-1/P26-DEIS-2-Ch2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2027-2036 Colorado River Decision Framework ===

==== Governance Structure ====
Rather than a single set of Operating Guidelines to govern how water is distributed between 2027-2036, the preferred alternative outlined in the ROD and formally implemented is a 10 year decision framework. The framework promotes flexibility and adaptability to changing natural conditions by dividing the 10 year period into intervals that last 2 years. During each interval, new Operating Guidelines for the operations of Lake Mead and Lake Powell are issued remain in effect until the start of the next operating interval. While this is an open-ended framework, it still maintains that each interval's Operating Guidelines incorporate core principles and minimum operational requirements. For example, the operational principles state that Operating Guidelines must:

* Consider changing hydrologic conditions and remain responsive to fluctuating water supply.
* Ensure Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead do not compromise critical infrastructure. If Lake Powell falls below 3,500 feet in elevation or Lake Mead falls below 1,000 feet in elevation, the Bureau of Reclamation will intervene to protect critical infrastructure facilities. 
* Include Long Range Operating Criteria (LROC) in its guidelines. LROC refers to the specific protocols and metrics to coordinate Lake Mead and Lake Powell operations. In addition, the LROC should outline how to address Extraordinary Circumstances.
* Reflect recommendations of consensus between parties. If a new agreement emerges among stakeholders, it will take priority over current Operating Guidelines.

In addition, there are key threshold ranges the operating guidelines must remain within. However, the selected ranges remain broad to accommodate new water governance strategies or future consensus agreements. The Operating Guidelines also establish a timeline requirements for the development of the following interval's Operational Guidelines, ensuring each guideline is completed with timely reviews and consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==== 2027- 2028 Operating Guidelines ====
The first Operating Guidelines under the Decision Framework will be effective for the 2027-2028 interval. The goal of the current operating guidelines is to maintain water access in the Lower Basin and protect critical infrastructure through increasing Lake Powell elevation in the Upper Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=2026 |title=Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; While protecting critical infrastructure protects electricity access across the Basin, water allotments for Lower Basin states was cut by 21%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Travis |last2=Hay |first2=Andrew |date=September 14, 2026 |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Julia |editor2-last=Bryson |editor2-first=Donna |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Nia |title=How drought and demand pushed the Colorado River toward crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ENVIRONMENT/COLORADO-RIVER/znpngebyxvl/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, per the ROD, Upper Basin States contributions are voluntary, and may contribute up to 200 thousand acre feet per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; However, the Operating Guidelines do not impose water allotment cuts to the Upper Basin or impose required water contribution measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Terms of the 2028 Operating Guidelines&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 2026 |title=Operating Guidelines – Colorado River Guidelines for Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead Operating Years 2027 and 2028 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/2027-2028OperatingGuidelines_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Operations
!Mechanisms
|-
|Lake Powell (Upper Basin)
|
* Lake Powell's elevation should be protected and not drop below 3,510 feet.
* The amount of water Lake Powell releases water will be determined by the elevation level. When Lake Powell's elevation is above 3,565 feet (Upper Elevation Range), Lake Powell can release 8.23 million acre feet (maf) of water in an initial release. Subsequent monthly releases will evaluated appropriately, between 8.0 and 7.5 maf. If it is below 3,540 feet (Lower Elevation Range), Lake Powell should 7.0 maf in its initial releases. Following monthly releases should be adjusted according to elevation, but no less than 6.0 maf.
|-
|Colorado River Storage Project (Upper Basin)
|
* Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Upper Basin Units are water reservoirs in the Upper Basin that should maintain drought operations throughout the interval.
* Releases should be less than 7.0 maf, unless otherwise negotiated among the Department of Interiror, Upper Basin States, and Lower Basin States.
|-
|Lake Mead (Lower Basin)
|
* Lake Mead should remain above 1,010 feet.
* Under Shortage conditions, Lake Mead will reduce its release of water for Lower Basin state consumption by 1.25 maf. Each year, Lower Basin states will receive 6.25 maf for consumptive use and apportioned according to current agreements among Lower Basin states.
* If Lake Mead is above 1,125 feet, the Secretary of the Interior may increase water apportionments.
|-
|Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS)
|
* The 2007 Interim Guidelines created an Intentionally Created Surplus, which is a mechanism that rewards projects that conserve water and increase water supply. Additional amounts of water are delivered to Lower Basin states proportional to the amount of water they contributed through ICS projects. 
* The ICS program is continued, but there is limitations on the amount that is delivered annually. ICS may not surpass 800,000 acre feet (af) over the interval.  
* ICS deliveries will occur if Lake Mead elevation is under 1,000 feet.
|-
|Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP)
|
* Federally Managed Water Resource Pool (FMWRP) is created to strengthen Federal delivery of ICS in Lake Mead. The Bureau of Reclamation will accumulate a maximum of 450,000 af to meet delivery requirements. 
* In times of shortages, Tribal water entitlements are reduced due to reduced water supply. The FMWRP provides shortage offsets to Lower Basin Tribes up to 25% of their reduced entitlements. 
|-
|Mexico
|
* Water delivery to Mexico must follow the 1944 Water Treaty.
* Reductions must be negotiated through the International Boundary and Water Commission. 
|}

== Implications ==

=== '''Funding''' ===
While the 2027-2036 Decision Framework and 2027-2028 Operation Guidelines have no specific funding mechanisms, the availability of other federal funds impact water deliveries in the Lower Basin. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act designated $4 billion in conservation efforts in the Colorado River Basin, establishes a grant program for water management and conservation through the Lower Colorado River Basin System Conservation and Efficiency Program, and designates an additional $50 million for upper Basin Conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Steps for Drought Mitigation Funding from Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-steps-drought-mitigation-funding-inflation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Bureau of Reclamation funds toward water storage projects and Colorado River Conservation in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Anna E. |last2=Stern |first2=Charles V. |date=03/21/2024 |title=Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47032}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in 2025, the Trump Administration froze funding for Infrastructure Reduction Act Projects that had not yet been distributed, pausing payments for many recipients in the Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Alex |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump funding freeze includes payments to keep the Colorado River flowing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/25/nx-s1-5302718/trump-funding-freeze-includes-payments-to-keep-the-colorado-river-flowing}}&lt;/ref&gt; The availability of Federal funds strengthens conservation measures and can impact the elevation of Lake Mead and Lake Powell. For Lower Basin states, a loss of funds can result in a loss of opportunity for increased water apportionments.

=== Resource Access ===

==== Water ====
Under the 2027–2028 Operating Guidelines, required reductions fall on the Lower Basin. Arizona's deliveries are reduced by 760,000 acre-feet (af) per year, California's by 440,000 af and Nevada's by 50,000 af, a total of 1.25 maf per year&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Arizona's share is the largest because Central Arizona Project supplies are junior to California's under the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act. The Upper Basin faces no mandatory reductions. The framework provides for releases from upstream federal reservoirs when needed to protect critical Lake Powell elevations.

==== Electricity ====
[[File:2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg|thumb|The Hoover Dam Services Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada]]
Lake Powell hosts the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead hosts the Hoover Dam. Therefore, shortage can threaten the availability of hydropower. The Glen Canyon Dam services Nebraska, every Upper Basin state, and every Lower Basin State except California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=February 23, 2026 |title=Glen Canyon Unit |url=https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the Hoover Dam distributes energy to the Lower Basin States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Reclamation |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Hoover Dam |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines prioritize increasing Lake Powell elevation high, the Upper Basin's power access is consistently maintained without compromising their water availability. Meanwhile, the Lower Basin must trade off water supply in exchange for continued power access.

=== Flexibility and Reliability ===
Issuing guidelines in two-year intervals lets operations respond to changing hydrology, but it also means that operating rules are set only through 2028; water users do not yet know the rules that will apply after the current interval. The Final EIS indicates that the framework does not by itself secure the system. In modeling of a representative version of the framework, Lake Powell stayed above 3,500 feet in every month in 58 percent of simulated futures through 2039, and Lake Mead stayed above 975 feet in every month in 72 percent. Reclamation found that, absent additional action, the framework is reasonably likely to be vulnerable to Lake Powell falling below 3,500 feet within the next ten years under a drier future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discussion and Further Reading ==

=== Discussion Questions ===

* Does a framework that issues new guidelines every two years help the system adapt, or does it undermine the certainty that cities, farms and tribes need for long-term investment? 
* Water contributions and conservation measures for the Upper Basin are voluntary, while Lower Basin contributions are incentivized under ICS. Does the lack of incentives discourage Upper Basin contributions? Alternatively, because the Lower Basin experiences reduced water delivery, is the availability of incentives an equitable solution?
* In June 2026, San Diego agreed to explore trading part of its Colorado River supply to Arizona and Nevada, replacing it with water from its desalination plant. Desalinated water costs about $3,500 per acre-foot, versus $365 for Central Arizona Project water. Can trades like this ease the conflict, and who should pay the difference?

=== Further Reading ===

==== Framework ====

* Schmidt, J. C., Yackulic, C. B., &amp; Kuhn, E. (2023). The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. ''WIREs Water'', 10(6), e1672. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=J.C. |last2=Yackulic |first2=C.B. |last3=Kuhn |first3=E. |date=2023 |title=The Colorado River water crisis: Its origin and the future. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1672 |journal=WIRES Water |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e1672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Naishadham, Suman (2024). How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naishadham |first=Suman |date=August 14, 2024 |title=How states dependent on the Colorado River are struggling to strike a long-term agreement |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-states-dependent-on-the-colorado-river-are-struggling-to-strike-a-long-term-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bureau of Reclamation (2026). Future Colorado River Operations Fact Sheet. https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/decision-doc/FutureColoradoOperations_Factsheet.pdf&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Arens, Seth (2026). 2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West. https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arens |first=Seth |date=May 14, 2026 |title=2025-2026 Extreme Snow Drought in the Intermountain West |url=https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/hazard-assessments/briefing/2025-2026-extreme-snow-drought-intermountain-west |publisher=Western Water Assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reception ====

* Endara, Emilia and Kenney, Doug (2026). The Colorado River: Searching for Solutions in the Face of Uncertainty. https://www.colorado.edu/center/gwc/media/842.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Endara |first=Emilia |last2=Kenney |first2=Doug |date=2026 |title=The Colorado river in the Face of Uncertainty |url=https://www.colorado.edu/center/gwc/media/842}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Galang, Drew (2026). Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision. https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galang |first=Drew |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Nevada Files Lawsuit Against Department of the Interior over Colorado River Operations Record of Decision |url=https://www.gov.nv.gov/press-releases/nevada-files-lawsuit-against-department-of-the-interior-over-colorado-river-operations-record-of-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Buschatzke, Thomas (2026). State of Arizona Comments on Post 2026 Colorado River FEIS. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/af/81/c4806afc445782abedaec6bb4821/2026-8-10-az-feis-p26-comments.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bushatzke |first=Thomas |date=August 10, 2026 |title=State of Arizona Comments on Post 2026 Colorado River FEIS |url=https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/af/81/c4806afc445782abedaec6bb4821/2026-8-10-az-feis-p26-comments.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Basin States Release Joint Statement on Federal Environmental Impact Statement Regarding Future Colorado River Operations (2026). https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2026 |title=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding |url=https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/upper-basin-states-release-joint-statement-federal-environmental-impact-statement-regarding}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>The Permanent Advantage</title>
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The permanent Advantage

The permanent Advantage is a Book of Positional Puzzles 

Welcome to '''The Permanent Advantage''', a collection of endless number of positional chess opening puzzles from famous games.

'''Contents'''

How to Use the Book

'''Part I: The Puzzles'''

[[Chapter 1: Queen's Pawn Openings]]

Puzzles 1–5

Chapter 2: King's Pawn Openings

Puzzles 6–11

Chapter 3: More Famous Games

Puzzles 12–15

'''Part II: The Solutions'''

Chapter 1 Solutions

Chapter 2 Solutions

Chapter 3 Solutions

Chapter 1 Queens Pawn opening 


= Chapter 1: Queen's Pawn Openings =

== Positional Puzzles from Queen's Pawn Openings ==
This chapter contains five positional opening puzzles based on famous games played by Mikhail Botvinnik, Bobby Fischer, Boris Spassky and Magnus Carlsen.

The positions come from openings such as the Nimzo-Indian Defence, Grünfeld Defence, Queen's Gambit Declined and Catalan-related systems.

These positions focus on positional ideas rather than immediate attacks. Pay attention to pawn breaks, pawn structures, doubled pawns, piece development and the bishop pair.

For each puzzle, try to decide what you would play and explain the reason for your choice. The solutions are given separately in the Solutions section.

== Puzzle 1 ==
'''Game:''' Mikhail Botvinnik vs José Raúl Capablanca

'''Event:''' AVRO tournament (round 11), Netherlands, November 22, 1938

'''Opening:''' Nimzo-Indian Defence, Botvinnik System             

l[[Fie:Puzzle 3 board.png|center|500x500px|Puzzle 3 chess position]]

'''White to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

Think about White's development, the centre and the future position of the pieces before choosing your move.

== Puzzle 2 ==
'''Game:''' Donald Byrne vs Bobby Fischer

'''Event:''' Rosenwald Memorial, New York, October 17, 1956

'''Opening:''' Grünfeld Defence                                                                                                                                           

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=rnbq1rk1%2Fppppppbp%2F5np1%2F8%2F2PP1B2%2F2N2N2%2FPP2PPPP%2FR2QKB1R+b+KQ+-+0+5&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

Look carefully at Black's central possibilities and consider which move fits the positional ideas of the opening.

== Puzzle 3 ==
'''Game:''' Boris Spassky vs Bobby Fischer

'''Event:''' World Championship, Game 5, Reykjavik, July 1972

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=r1bqk2r%2Fpp1p1ppp%2F2n1pn2%2F2p5%2F1bPP4%2F2NBPN2%2FPP3PPP%2FR1BQK2R+b+KQkq+-+0+6&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Opening:''' Nimzo-Indian Defence, Hübner Variation                                                                           

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

Consider the pawn structure and the position of the pieces. Try to find the move that gives Black the most useful positional plan.

== Puzzle 4 ==
'''Game:''' Bobby Fischer vs Boris Spassky

'''Event:''' World Championship, Game 6, Reykjavik, July 23, 1972

'''Opening:''' Queen's Gambit Declined

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=white&amp;fen=rnbq1rk1%2Fp1p1bpp1%2F1p2pn1p%2F3p4%2F2PP3B%2F2N1PN2%2FPP3PPP%2FR2QKB1R+w+KQ+-+0+8&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''White to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

Examine the central pawn structure and think about how White can improve the position before choosing a move.

== Puzzle 5 ==
'''Game:''' Magnus Carlsen vs Ian Nepomniachtchi

'''Event:''' World Championship, Game 6, Dubai, December 3, 2021

'''Opening:''' Queen's Pawn Game, Pseudo-Catalan 

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=white&amp;fen=rnbq1rk1%2Fppp1bppp%2F4pn2%2F3p4%2F3P4%2F5NP1%2FPPP1PPBP%2FRNBQ1RK1+w+-+-+0+6&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''White to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

Think about White's development, the centre and the possible pawn breaks. Choose the move you believe gives White the best positional chances.

== End of Chapter 1 ==
'''Chapter 2''' King's Pawn Openings #''The Permanent Advantage''.

= Chapter 2: King's Pawn Openings =

== Positional Puzzles from King's Pawn Openings ==
Six positional opening puzzles from the Immortal Game, Morphy's Opera Game, the Marshall Attack, Deep Blue vs Kasparov and the Berlin Defence.

Chapter 2 moves to open games after 1.e4, where development and king safety matter even more. Some of these positions show famous opening mistakes, so the move played in the game is not always the right answer.

Decide what you would play, then check the solutions at the back of the book.

== Puzzle 6 ==
'''Game:''' Adolf Anderssen vs Lionel Kieseritzky

'''Event:''' London, June 21, 1851 (the &quot;Immortal Game&quot;)

'''Opening:''' King's Gambit Accepted, Bishop's Gambit

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=rnb1kbnr%2Fpppp1ppp%2F8%2F8%2F2B1Pp1q%2F8%2FPPPP2PP%2FRNBQ1KNR+b+kq+-+0+4&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 7 ==
'''Game:''' Paul Morphy vs Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard

'''Event:''' Paris Opera box, autumn 1858 (exact date uncertain)

'''Opening:'''  &lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=rnbqkbnr%2Fppp2ppp%2F3p4%2F4p3%2F3PP3%2F5N2%2FPPP2PPP%2FRNBQKB1R+b+KQkq+-+0+3&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 8 ==
'''Game:''' José Raúl Capablanca vs Frank Marshall

'''Event:''' Manhattan Chess Club, New York, October 23, 1918

'''Opening:''' Ruy Lopez, Marshall Attack

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=white&amp;fen=r1bq1rk1%2F2p1bppp%2Fp1n2n2%2F1p1pp3%2F4P3%2F1BP2N2%2FPP1P1PPP%2FRNBQR1K1+w+-+-+0+9&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''White to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 9 ==
'''Game:''' Deep Blue vs Garry Kasparov

'''Event:''' Rematch, Game 6, New York, May 11, 1997

'''Opening:''' Caro-Kann Defence, Karpov Variation

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=r1bqkb1r%2Fpp1n1ppp%2F2p1pn2%2F6N1%2F3P4%2F3B1N2%2FPPP2PPP%2FR1BQK2R+b+KQkq+-+0+7&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 10 ==
'''Game:''' Garry Kasparov vs Veselin Topalov

'''Event:''' Hoogovens (round 4), Wijk aan Zee, January 20, 1999

'''Opening:''' Pirc Defence, 150 Attack

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=rnbqk2r%2Fppp1ppbp%2F3p1np1%2F8%2F3PP3%2F2N1B3%2FPPPQ1PPP%2FR3KBNR+b+KQkq+-+0+5&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 11 ==
'''Game:''' Garry Kasparov vs Vladimir Kramnik

'''Event:''' Classical World Championship, Game 1, London, October 2000

'''Opening:''' Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=r1bqkbnr%2Fpppp1ppp%2F2n5%2F1B2p3%2F4P3%2F5N2%2FPPPP1PPP%2FRNBQK2R+b+KQkq+-+0+3&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== End of Chapter 2 ==
Chapter 3 More famous games

= Chapter 3: More Famous Games =

== More Positional Puzzles from Famous Games ==
Four more positional opening puzzles from famous games, including the Evergreen Game, Réti's famous miniature, the Gold Coins Game and Kasparov's Octopus Knight game.

Chapter 3 adds four more puzzles from famous games, in the Evans Gambit, Caro-Kann, French and Sicilian. Each game was checked against published game records. As in Chapter 2, the move played in the game is not always the best one, so decide what you would play, then check the solutions at the back of the book.

== Puzzle 12 ==
'''Game:''' Adolf Anderssen vs Jean Dufresne

'''Event:''' Berlin (usually assumed), 1852 (the &quot;Evergreen Game&quot;, an informal game)

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/MEaNLewtLBPhrjsG5sGvkk&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Opening:''' Evans Gambit

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 13 ==
'''Game:''' Richard Réti vs Savielly Tartakower

'''Event:''' Vienna, 1910 (a casual game)

'''Opening:''' Caro-Kann Defence

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/Pf3wvNWPb854uu76XkzWyW&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 14 ==
'''Game:''' Stepan Levitsky vs Frank Marshall

'''Event:''' DSB Congress, Breslau, July 20, 1912 (the &quot;Gold Coins Game&quot;)

'''Opening:''' French Defence, Marshall Variation

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/L31y9dMoPaj9VeSux2VTvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 15 ==
'''Game:''' Anatoly Karpov vs Garry Kasparov

'''Event:''' World Championship, Game 16, Moscow, October 15, 1985

'''Opening:''' Sicilian Defence, Taimanov Variation (karpov vs garry)                               &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/Np2ieCh8CT71C7Azrrr6TX&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== End of Chapter 3 ==

= Permanent Advantage/Chapter 4: More Queen's Pawn Openings =

== More Positional Puzzles from Queen's Pawn Openings ==
Three more positional opening puzzles from the Dutch Defence, the Tarrasch Defence and the Modern Benoni.

Chapter 4 adds three more Queen's Pawn puzzles from famous games. Each game was checked against published game records. As before, the move played in the game is not always the best one, so decide what you would play, then check the solutions at the back of the book.

== Puzzle 16 ==
'''Game:''' Edward Lasker vs George Alan Thomas

'''Event:''' London, 1912 (a casual game at the City of London Chess Club)

''':''' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/P5nFcXU9AyN2zBjLWZBH4C&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Opening:''' Dutch Defence

'''Black to move. What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 17 ==
'''Game:''' Gersz Rotlewi vs Akiba Rubinstein

'''Event:''' Lodz, Poland, December 26, 1907

thttps://claude.ai/artifact/2uCA3k89Wm8nLb68Gpg3ch

'''Opening:''' Tarrasch Defence, Symmetrical Variatio

White to move what woudl you play?


== Puzzle 18 ==
'''Game:''' Boris Spassky vs Bobby Fischer

'''Event:''' World Championship, Game 3, Reykjavik, July 16, 1972

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/JihK8W67QSG1arci3GSwir&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Opening:''' Modern Benoni, Knight's Tour Variation

'''Black to move. What would you play?'''
----

== Chapter 5 ==

= Permanent Advantage/Chapter 5: Italian Game and Bird's Opening =

= More Positional Puzzles from the Italian Game and Bird's Opening =
Two more positional opening puzzles, from the Italian Game and Bird's Opening.

Chapter 5 adds two more puzzles from famous games, both won by brilliant attacks that began with a mistake. Each game was checked against published game records. Decide what you would play, then check the solutions at the back of the book.

== Puzzle 19 ==
'''Game:''' Wilhelm Steinitz vs Curt von Bardeleben

'''Event:''' Hastings (round 10), August 17, 1895yhttps://claude.ai/artifact/QU4BzzboALLtsqjGUy3pod

'''Opening:''' Giuoco Piano

'''Black to move. What would you play?'''

''[Insert the chessboard diagram from Chapter 5, page 29 of the PDF.]''

== Puzzle 20 ==
'''Game:''' Emanuel Lasker vs Johann Bauer

'''Event:''' Amsterdam (round 1), 1889

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/2ZTa9boSVCtjSww2gccXAV&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Opening:''' Bird's Opening

'''Black to move. What would you play?'''

''[Insert the chessboard diagram from Chapter 5, page 30 of the PDF.]''

Part II: The Solutions

How to Use the Solutions

The solutions section gives the answer to each positional puzzle and explains the ideas behind the move.

Before reading the solution, try to solve the position yourself. Look at the pieces, pawn structure, development and possible plans. Do not worry if your move is different from the move played in the game—the important part is understanding why one move works better than another.

Each solution includes the move, a short continuation and an explanation of the positional idea. The goal is not simply to memorize the move, but to understand the thinking behind it.

Some of the puzzles come from famous games where the move played in the actual game was not necessarily the strongest choice. Therefore, compare your own idea with the solution and think about what makes the recommended move useful.

Chapter 1 Solutions

The solutions to Puzzles 1–5 from Queen's Pawn Openings are given here.

Chapter 2 Solutions

The solutions to Puzzles 6–11 from King's Pawn Openings are given here.

Chapter 3 Solutions

The solutions to Puzzles 12–15 from More Famous Games are given here.

Chapter 1 Puzzles Soulutions

Here are the Answers of chapter one

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://webcrafts.mintlify.app/solutions/queens-pawn-openings/puzzle-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Here are the Answers of Chapter 2

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://webcrafts.mintlify.app/solutions/kings/puzzle-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Here are the Answers of Chapter 3

Puzzle1 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/MEaNLewtLBPhrjsG5sGvkk&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Puzzle2 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/Pf3wvNWPb854uu76XkzWyW&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Puzzle 3 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/L31y9dMoPaj9VeSux2VTvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Puzzle 4 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/DtcnfPLFSj2SEYCdYrbgc&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Here are the answers for Chapter 4</text>
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        <id>3627727</id>
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      <comment>I made chapter 4and 5</comment>
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{{qr-scope}}

The permanent Advantage

The permanent Advantage is a Book of Positional Puzzles. 

Welcome to '''The Permanent Advantage''', a collection of endless number of positional chess opening puzzles from famous games.

'''Contents'''

How to Use the Book

'''Part I: The Puzzles'''

[[Chapter 1: Queen's Pawn Openings]]

Puzzles 1–5

Chapter 2: King's Pawn Openings

Puzzles 6–11

Chapter 3: More Famous Games

Puzzles 12–15

'''Part II: The Solutions'''

Chapter 1 Solutions

Chapter 2 Solutions

Chapter 3 Solutions

Chapter 1 Queens Pawn opening 


= Chapter 1: Queen's Pawn Openings =

== Positional Puzzles from Queen's Pawn Openings ==
This chapter contains five positional opening puzzles based on famous games played by Mikhail Botvinnik, Bobby Fischer, Boris Spassky and Magnus Carlsen.

The positions come from openings such as the Nimzo-Indian Defence, Grünfeld Defence, Queen's Gambit Declined and Catalan-related systems.

These positions focus on positional ideas rather than immediate attacks. Pay attention to pawn breaks, pawn structures, doubled pawns, piece development and the bishop pair.

For each puzzle, try to decide what you would play and explain the reason for your choice. The solutions are given separately in the Solutions section.

== Puzzle 1 ==
'''Game:''' Mikhail Botvinnik vs José Raúl Capablanca

'''Event:''' AVRO tournament (round 11), Netherlands, November 22, 1938

'''Opening:''' Nimzo-Indian Defence, Botvinnik System             

l[[Fie:Puzzle 3 board.png|center|500x500px|Puzzle 3 chess position]]

'''White to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

Think about White's development, the centre and the future position of the pieces before choosing your move.

== Puzzle 2 ==
'''Game:''' Donald Byrne vs Bobby Fischer

'''Event:''' Rosenwald Memorial, New York, October 17, 1956

'''Opening:''' Grünfeld Defence                                                                                                                                           

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=rnbq1rk1%2Fppppppbp%2F5np1%2F8%2F2PP1B2%2F2N2N2%2FPP2PPPP%2FR2QKB1R+b+KQ+-+0+5&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

Look carefully at Black's central possibilities and consider which move fits the positional ideas of the opening.

== Puzzle 3 ==
'''Game:''' Boris Spassky vs Bobby Fischer

'''Event:''' World Championship, Game 5, Reykjavik, July 1972

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=r1bqk2r%2Fpp1p1ppp%2F2n1pn2%2F2p5%2F1bPP4%2F2NBPN2%2FPP3PPP%2FR1BQK2R+b+KQkq+-+0+6&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Opening:''' Nimzo-Indian Defence, Hübner Variation                                                                           

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

Consider the pawn structure and the position of the pieces. Try to find the move that gives Black the most useful positional plan.

== Puzzle 4 ==
'''Game:''' Bobby Fischer vs Boris Spassky

'''Event:''' World Championship, Game 6, Reykjavik, July 23, 1972

'''Opening:''' Queen's Gambit Declined

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=white&amp;fen=rnbq1rk1%2Fp1p1bpp1%2F1p2pn1p%2F3p4%2F2PP3B%2F2N1PN2%2FPP3PPP%2FR2QKB1R+w+KQ+-+0+8&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''White to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

Examine the central pawn structure and think about how White can improve the position before choosing a move.

== Puzzle 5 ==
'''Game:''' Magnus Carlsen vs Ian Nepomniachtchi

'''Event:''' World Championship, Game 6, Dubai, December 3, 2021

'''Opening:''' Queen's Pawn Game, Pseudo-Catalan 

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=white&amp;fen=rnbq1rk1%2Fppp1bppp%2F4pn2%2F3p4%2F3P4%2F5NP1%2FPPP1PPBP%2FRNBQ1RK1+w+-+-+0+6&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''White to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

Think about White's development, the centre and the possible pawn breaks. Choose the move you believe gives White the best positional chances.

== End of Chapter 1 ==
'''Chapter 2''' King's Pawn Openings #''The Permanent Advantage''.

= Chapter 2: King's Pawn Openings =

== Positional Puzzles from King's Pawn Openings ==
Six positional opening puzzles from the Immortal Game, Morphy's Opera Game, the Marshall Attack, Deep Blue vs Kasparov and the Berlin Defence.

Chapter 2 moves to open games after 1.e4, where development and king safety matter even more. Some of these positions show famous opening mistakes, so the move played in the game is not always the right answer.

Decide what you would play, then check the solutions at the back of the book.

== Puzzle 6 ==
'''Game:''' Adolf Anderssen vs Lionel Kieseritzky

'''Event:''' London, June 21, 1851 (the &quot;Immortal Game&quot;)

'''Opening:''' King's Gambit Accepted, Bishop's Gambit

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=rnb1kbnr%2Fpppp1ppp%2F8%2F8%2F2B1Pp1q%2F8%2FPPPP2PP%2FRNBQ1KNR+b+kq+-+0+4&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 7 ==
'''Game:''' Paul Morphy vs Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard

'''Event:''' Paris Opera box, autumn 1858 (exact date uncertain)

'''Opening:'''  &lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=rnbqkbnr%2Fppp2ppp%2F3p4%2F4p3%2F3PP3%2F5N2%2FPPP2PPP%2FRNBQKB1R+b+KQkq+-+0+3&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 8 ==
'''Game:''' José Raúl Capablanca vs Frank Marshall

'''Event:''' Manhattan Chess Club, New York, October 23, 1918

'''Opening:''' Ruy Lopez, Marshall Attack

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=white&amp;fen=r1bq1rk1%2F2p1bppp%2Fp1n2n2%2F1p1pp3%2F4P3%2F1BP2N2%2FPP1P1PPP%2FRNBQR1K1+w+-+-+0+9&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''White to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 9 ==
'''Game:''' Deep Blue vs Garry Kasparov

'''Event:''' Rematch, Game 6, New York, May 11, 1997

'''Opening:''' Caro-Kann Defence, Karpov Variation

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=r1bqkb1r%2Fpp1n1ppp%2F2p1pn2%2F6N1%2F3P4%2F3B1N2%2FPPP2PPP%2FR1BQK2R+b+KQkq+-+0+7&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 10 ==
'''Game:''' Garry Kasparov vs Veselin Topalov

'''Event:''' Hoogovens (round 4), Wijk aan Zee, January 20, 1999

'''Opening:''' Pirc Defence, 150 Attack

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=rnbqk2r%2Fppp1ppbp%2F3p1np1%2F8%2F3PP3%2F2N1B3%2FPPPQ1PPP%2FR3KBNR+b+KQkq+-+0+5&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 11 ==
'''Game:''' Garry Kasparov vs Vladimir Kramnik

'''Event:''' Classical World Championship, Game 1, London, October 2000

'''Opening:''' Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lichess1.org/export/fen.gif?color=black&amp;fen=r1bqkbnr%2Fpppp1ppp%2F2n5%2F1B2p3%2F4P3%2F5N2%2FPPPP1PPP%2FRNBQK2R+b+KQkq+-+0+3&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== End of Chapter 2 ==
Chapter 3 More famous games

= Chapter 3: More Famous Games =

== More Positional Puzzles from Famous Games ==
Four more positional opening puzzles from famous games, including the Evergreen Game, Réti's famous miniature, the Gold Coins Game and Kasparov's Octopus Knight game.

Chapter 3 adds four more puzzles from famous games, in the Evans Gambit, Caro-Kann, French and Sicilian. Each game was checked against published game records. As in Chapter 2, the move played in the game is not always the best one, so decide what you would play, then check the solutions at the back of the book.

== Puzzle 12 ==
'''Game:''' Adolf Anderssen vs Jean Dufresne

'''Event:''' Berlin (usually assumed), 1852 (the &quot;Evergreen Game&quot;, an informal game)

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/MEaNLewtLBPhrjsG5sGvkk&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Opening:''' Evans Gambit

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 13 ==
'''Game:''' Richard Réti vs Savielly Tartakower

'''Event:''' Vienna, 1910 (a casual game)

'''Opening:''' Caro-Kann Defence

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/Pf3wvNWPb854uu76XkzWyW&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 14 ==
'''Game:''' Stepan Levitsky vs Frank Marshall

'''Event:''' DSB Congress, Breslau, July 20, 1912 (the &quot;Gold Coins Game&quot;)

'''Opening:''' French Defence, Marshall Variation

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/L31y9dMoPaj9VeSux2VTvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 15 ==
'''Game:''' Anatoly Karpov vs Garry Kasparov

'''Event:''' World Championship, Game 16, Moscow, October 15, 1985

'''Opening:''' Sicilian Defence, Taimanov Variation (karpov vs garry)                               &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/Np2ieCh8CT71C7Azrrr6TX&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Black to move'''

'''What would you play?'''

== End of Chapter 3 ==

= Permanent Advantage/Chapter 4: More Queen's Pawn Openings =

== More Positional Puzzles from Queen's Pawn Openings ==
Three more positional opening puzzles from the Dutch Defence, the Tarrasch Defence and the Modern Benoni.

Chapter 4 adds three more Queen's Pawn puzzles from famous games. Each game was checked against published game records. As before, the move played in the game is not always the best one, so decide what you would play, then check the solutions at the back of the book.

== Puzzle 16 ==
'''Game:''' Edward Lasker vs George Alan Thomas

'''Event:''' London, 1912 (a casual game at the City of London Chess Club)

''':''' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/P5nFcXU9AyN2zBjLWZBH4C&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Opening:''' Dutch Defence

'''Black to move. What would you play?'''

== Puzzle 17 ==
'''Game:''' Gersz Rotlewi vs Akiba Rubinstein

'''Event:''' Lodz, Poland, December 26, 1907

thttps://claude.ai/artifact/2uCA3k89Wm8nLb68Gpg3ch

'''Opening:''' Tarrasch Defence, Symmetrical Variatio

White to move what woudl you play?


== Puzzle 18 ==
'''Game:''' Boris Spassky vs Bobby Fischer

'''Event:''' World Championship, Game 3, Reykjavik, July 16, 1972

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/JihK8W67QSG1arci3GSwir&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Opening:''' Modern Benoni, Knight's Tour Variation

'''Black to move. What would you play?'''
----

== Chapter 5 ==

= Permanent Advantage/Chapter 5: Italian Game and Bird's Opening =

= More Positional Puzzles from the Italian Game and Bird's Opening =
Two more positional opening puzzles, from the Italian Game and Bird's Opening.

Chapter 5 adds two more puzzles from famous games, both won by brilliant attacks that began with a mistake. Each game was checked against published game records. Decide what you would play, then check the solutions at the back of the book.

== Puzzle 19 ==
'''Game:''' Wilhelm Steinitz vs Curt von Bardeleben

'''Event:''' Hastings (round 10), August 17, 1895yhttps://claude.ai/artifact/QU4BzzboALLtsqjGUy3pod

'''Opening:''' Giuoco Piano

'''Black to move. What would you play?'''

''[Insert the chessboard diagram from Chapter 5, page 29 of the PDF.]''

== Puzzle 20 ==
'''Game:''' Emanuel Lasker vs Johann Bauer

'''Event:''' Amsterdam (round 1), 1889

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/2ZTa9boSVCtjSww2gccXAV&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Opening:''' Bird's Opening

'''Black to move. What would you play?'''

''[Insert the chessboard diagram from Chapter 5, page 30 of the PDF.]''

Part II: The Solutions

How to Use the Solutions

The solutions section gives the answer to each positional puzzle and explains the ideas behind the move.

Before reading the solution, try to solve the position yourself. Look at the pieces, pawn structure, development and possible plans. Do not worry if your move is different from the move played in the game—the important part is understanding why one move works better than another.

Each solution includes the move, a short continuation and an explanation of the positional idea. The goal is not simply to memorize the move, but to understand the thinking behind it.

Some of the puzzles come from famous games where the move played in the actual game was not necessarily the strongest choice. Therefore, compare your own idea with the solution and think about what makes the recommended move useful.

Chapter 1 Solutions

The solutions to Puzzles 1–5 from Queen's Pawn Openings are given here.

Chapter 2 Solutions

The solutions to Puzzles 6–11 from King's Pawn Openings are given here.

Chapter 3 Solutions

The solutions to Puzzles 12–15 from More Famous Games are given here.

Chapter 1 Puzzles Soulutions

Here are the Answers of chapter one

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://webcrafts.mintlify.app/solutions/queens-pawn-openings/puzzle-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Here are the Answers of Chapter 2

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://webcrafts.mintlify.app/solutions/kings/puzzle-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Here are the Answers of Chapter 3

Puzzle1 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/MEaNLewtLBPhrjsG5sGvkk&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Puzzle2 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/Pf3wvNWPb854uu76XkzWyW&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Puzzle 3 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/L31y9dMoPaj9VeSux2VTvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Puzzle 4 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://claude.ai/artifact/DtcnfPLFSj2SEYCdYrbgc&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Here are the answers for Chapter 4</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Project Firecorn/Drafts</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>486092</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>4674049</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T06:02:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Project Firecorn</username>
        <id>3371292</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Added QLever</comment>
      <origin>4675629</origin>
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      <text bytes="112" sha1="eq8yvdgqxzyx9366i7znygezrfv9n2g" xml:space="preserve">[[User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/RDF Programming|RDF Programming]]

[[User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever|QLever]]</text>
      <sha1>eq8yvdgqxzyx9366i7znygezrfv9n2g</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Koine Greek/Declining 3rd Declension Nouns</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>486211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675632</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-12T06:17:53Z</timestamp>
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        <username>It-is-Truly-Meet</username>
        <id>3624460</id>
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      <text bytes="9799" sha1="aaxcbs49j8j4qxe1i8pqb7hq6o6ut4s" xml:space="preserve">==3rd Declension Noun Tables==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot;
|+ ὁ παῖς — child
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|παῖς||'''παῖδ'''ες
|-
|'''παιδ'''óς||'''παίδ'''ων
|-
|'''παιδ'''ῐ́||παισί
|-
|'''παῖδ'''ᾰ||'''παῖδ'''ᾰς
|-
| παῖ||'''παῖδ'''ες
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot;
|+ ὁ γίγας — giant
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| γίγας||γίγαντες
|-
| γίγαντος||γιγάντων
|-
| γίγαντι||γίγασι(ν)
|-
| γίγαντα||γίγαντας
|-
| γίγαν||γίγαντες
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot;
|+ ὁ θής — hired man
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| θής||θῆτες
|-
| θητός||θητῶν
|-
| θητί||θησί(ν)
|-
| θῆτα||θῆτας
|-
| θής||θῆτες
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot;
|+ ἡ λαμπάς — torch
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| Nom.
| λαμπάς||λαμπάδες
|-
| Gen.
| λαμπάδος||λαμπάδων
|-
| Dat.
| λαμπάδι||λαμπάσι(ν)
|-
| Acc.
| λαμπάδα||λαμπάδας
|-
| Voc.
| λαμπάς||λαμπάδες
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot;
|+ ὁ/ἡ ὄρνις — bird
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| ὄρνις||ὄρνιθες
|-
| ὄρνιθος||ὀρνίθων
|-
| ὄρνιθι||ὄρνισι(ν)
|-
| ὄρνιν||ὄρνιθας
|-
| ὄρνις||ὄρνιθες
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot;
|+ ἡ ἐλπίς — hope
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| ἐλπίς||ἐλπίδες
|-
| ἐλπίδος||ἐλπίδων
|-
| ἐλπίδι||ἐλπίσι(ν)
|-
| ἐλπίδα||ἐλπίδας
|-
| ἐλπί||ἐλπίδες
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot;
|+ ὁ δαίμων — divinity
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| δαίμων||δαίμονες
|-
| δαίμονος||δαιμόνων
|-
| δαίμονι||δαίμοσι(ν)
|-
| δαίμονα||δαίμονας
|-
| δαῖμον||δαίμονες
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot;
|+ ὁ ἄρχων — ruler
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| Nom.
| ἄρχων||ἄρχοντες
|-
| Gen.
| ἄρχοντος||ἀρχόντων
|-
| Dat.
| ἄρχοντι||ἄρχουσι(ν)
|-
| Acc.
| ἄρχοντα||ἄρχοντας
|-
| Voc.
| ἄρχον||ἄρχοντες
|}
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Masculine Nouns==
* παιδ child
* δαιμον divinity, spirit
* ἀρχοντ ruler

The first set of nouns are all MASCULINE in gender. These particular masculine nouns add the following suffixes to their stem to indicate number and case:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Case||Singular||Plural
|-
|Nom.||–'''ς'''||–ες
|-
|Gen.||–ος||–ων
|-
|Dat.||–ι||–'''σ'''ι
|-
|Acc.||–α||–ας
|}

===The Trouble with Sigma===

Notice that two of the case endings involve adding a sigma to the stem: nom. sing. = –ς, dat. plu. = –σι. The set of nouns we are discussing have stems ending in a DENTAL (recall that the dental STOP consonants are –τ/-δ/-θ, and the dental NASAL is –ν). At this moment, it would be good to review some alphabet math so that we can see what pronunciation – and therefore spelling – changes arise.

Recall that when a σ follows a dental stop consonant, the dental disappears and the σ remains: e.g., δ + σ = σ. A similar process occurs when a σ follows a –ν, only sometimes (usually in the nominative singular) it is the σ that disappears: ν + σ = ν. In such instances, we often (though not always!) see the process of COMPENSATORY LENGTHENING, where a Greek vowel lengthens to make up for the loss of a consonant that follows. Note, however, that only a short vowel can be lengthened; if the vowel is already long or a diphthong, it cannot be lengthened further.

With this alphabet math in mind, take careful note of the ways that the trouble with sigma affects the spelling of our three nouns:

ὁ παῖς, παιδός child

Singular	Plural
Nominative	(παιδς→ ) παῖς	παῖδες
Genitive	παιδός	παίδων
Dative	παιδί	(παιδσι→ ) παισί
Accusative	παῖδα	παῖδας
ὁ δαίμων, δαίμονος divinity (cf. S 259; GPH p. 11)

Singular	Plural
Nominative	(δαιμονς→ ) δαίμων	δαίμονες
Genitive	δαίμονος	δαιμόνων
Dative	δαίμονι	(δαιμονσι→ ) δαίμοσι
Accusative	δαίμονα	δαίμονας
ὁ ἄρχων, ἄρχοντος ruler (cf. S 259; GPH p. 9)

Singular	Plural
Nominative	(ἀρχοντς→ ) ἄρχων	ἄρχοντες
Genitive	ἄρχοντος	ἀρχόντων
Dative	ἄρχοντι	(ἀρχοντσι→ ) ἄρχουσι
Accusative	ἄρχοντα	ἄρχοντας
Spell it Like It Sounds!

Remember: A word ending in –σι can add a final –ν (MOVABLE NU) to ease pronunciation: e.g., εἴκοσί εἰσι → εἴκοσίν εἰσι. For the noun παῖς, for example, this means the dative plural form παισί can appear as παισίν. It does not affect the parsing, meaning, or translation.

===Declining and Declensions===

The process of writing or saying all the INFLECTED forms of a noun is called DECLINING a noun. This is because ancient scholars metaphorically described noun forms as “declining” down from their nominative singular form. The other cases – Genitive, Dative, and Accusative – are sometimes referred to as OBLIQUE CASES, to distinguish them from this nominative singular form.

Almost all Greek nouns belong to one of three INFLECTION patterns, called the FIRST DECLENSION, SECOND DECLENSION, and THIRD DECLENSION. Each represents a particular set of case endings for gender, number, and case. The nouns of this lesson belong to the THIRD DECLENSION.

===Noun Vocabulary===

The vocabulary entry for Greek nouns always comprises three words: e.g., ὁ ἄρχων, ἄρχοντος. These three words represent the following:

The DEFINITE ARTICLE, which signals the gender of the noun. The article ὁ indicates that a noun is masculine. For more on the definite article, see below.
The NOMINATIVE SINGULAR, so you can see exactly how this form appears. This is particularly helpful if the nominative singular has been changed in response to a sigma, e.g., (ἀρχοντς→ ) ἄρχων.
The GENITIVE SINGULAR, so you can identify the NOUN STEM, which can be found by dropping the ending –ος, e.g., ἀρχοντ-.
It is important, therefore, that all three words be memorized as the vocabulary entry for any given Greek noun.

Nouns and the Persistent Accent
For most Greek verbs, RECESSIVE ACCENTUATION determines which syllable receives the accent. In the case of most Greek nouns (and adjectives), PERSISTENT ACCENTUATION determines which syllable receives the accent.

The NOMINATIVE SINGULAR of each noun has a particular vowel or diphthong that receives the ACCENT. Where this accented vowel or diphthong is found – antepenult, penult, or ultima – is a matter of spelling, and must be memorized. For example, note that the accent is “born” on the alpha of ἄρχων, but on the omega of ἡγεμών. As a general principle, the accent on all the other INFLECTED forms of a noun tries to remain, or PERSIST, on the same vowel or diphthong on which it is found in the nominative singular, unless forced to change position or accent type (e.g., from circumflex to acute).

Note that the 3rd declension case ending for the nominative singular adds only a consonant (-ς) to the noun stem; the remaining case endings add ANOTHER SYLLABLE to the noun. In practice, this means that if the accented vowel or diphthong is found, say, in the ultima of the nominative singular form, the same vowel or diphthong becomes the penult in the remaining inflected forms.

There are three general PERSISTENT ACCENT situations or rules that apply to nouns of the third declension.

1. When the accent falls on the PENULT of inflected forms…

It stays there. If the penult is LONG, the accent is a circumflex with short ultima, acute with long ultima.

Singular	Plural
αἰών	αἰῶνες
αἰῶνος	αἰώνων
αἰῶνι	αἰῶσι
αἰῶνα	αἰῶνας
If the penult is SHORT, the accent remains acute throughout all forms.

Singular	Plural
ἡγεμών	ἡγεμόνες
ἡγεμόνος	ἡγεμόνων
ἡγεμόνι	ἡγεμόσι
ἡγεμόνα	ἡγεμόνας
 

Note that the rule for accents that fall on the penult is IDENTICAL to that of VERBS with only TWO SYLLABLES!
 

2. When the accent is on the ANTEPENULT of inflected forms…

The accent can only be acute on the antepenult. If the ULTIMA becomes LONG (e.g., genitive plural –ων), the accent moves to the PENULT.

Singular	Plural
ἄρχων	ἄρχοντες
ἄρχοντος	ἀρχόντων
ἄρχοντι	ἄρχουσι
ἄρχοντα	ἄρχοντας
 

Note that the rule for accents that fall on the antepenult is IDENTICAL to that of VERBS with THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES!
 

3. When the accent falls on a MONOSYLLABIC nominative singular noun…

The accent usually moves to the ULTIMA of the genitive and dative cases, singular and plural. In these situations, the accent on the ultima is ACUTE over short vowels (e.g. –ός), and circumflex over long (e.g. –ῶν). This accent pattern is irregular, and must be memorized.

Singular	Plural
πούς	πόδες
ποδός	ποδῶν
ποδί	ποσί
πόδα	πόδας
There are a handful of monosyllabic nouns that instead accent the penult of the genitive plural (S 252a). The most common ones are ὁ, ἡ παῖς, παιδός child (genitive plural = παίδων), declined above, φῶς, φωτός light (genitive plural = φώτων), and οὖς, ὠτός ear (genitive plural = ὤτων).

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Alexlatham96/EBCDIC 253</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;IBM code page 253 (CCSID 253) is an EBCDIC code page with full ASCII used in IBM mainframes in the five countries of what was known as Yugoslavia to support the Croatian language, Serbian language, Bosnian language, and Slovenian language. It has been superseded by Code page 321.  ==Codepage layout==  Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.  {|{{chset-table-header1|Code page 252&lt;ref name=&quot;IBM_CP252&quot;/&gt;}} |- |{{chset-left1|0x}} |{{chset-ctrl1|U+0000 NULL|...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="12629" sha1="l6q6oq3exjj8rvslkr93adtif3yjh11" xml:space="preserve">IBM code page 253 (CCSID 253) is an EBCDIC code page with full ASCII used in IBM mainframes in the five countries of what was known as Yugoslavia to support the Croatian language, Serbian language, Bosnian language, and Slovenian language. It has been superseded by Code page 321.

==Codepage layout==

Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

{|{{chset-table-header1|Code page 252&lt;ref name=&quot;IBM_CP252&quot;/&gt;}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|0x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0000 NULL|NUL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0001 START OF HEADING|SOH}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0002 START OF TEXT|STX}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0003 END OF TEXT|ETX}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SEL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION|HT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RNL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+007F DELETE|DEL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |GE}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SPS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RPT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000B LINE TABULATION|VT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000C FORM FEED (FF)|FF}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)|CR}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000E SHIFT OUT|SO}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000F SHIFT IN|SI}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|1x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0010 DATA LINK ESCAPE|DLE}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0011 DEVICE CONTROL ONE|DC1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0012 DEVICE CONTROL TWO|DC2}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0013 DEVICE CONTROL THREE|DC3}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RES/&lt;br/&gt;ENP|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0085 NEXT LINE (NEL)|NL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0008 BACKSPACE|BS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |POC}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0018 CANCEL|CAN}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0019 END OF MEDIUM|EM}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |UBS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |CU1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001C INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR|IFS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001D INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE|IGS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001E INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO|IRS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001F INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE|ITB|style=line-height:1}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|2x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |DS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SOS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |FS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |WUS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |BYP/&lt;br/&gt;INP|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000A LINE FEED (LF)|LF}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0017 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK|ETB}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001B ESCAPE|ESC}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SA}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SFE}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SM/&lt;br/&gt;SW|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |CSP}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |MFA}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0005 ENQUIRY|ENQ}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0006 ACKNOWLEDGE|ACK}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0007 BELL|BEL}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|3x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0016 SYNCHRONOUS IDLE|SYN}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |IR}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |PP}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |TRN}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |NBS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0004 END OF TRANSMISSION|EOT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SBS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |IT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RFF}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |CU3}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0014 DEVICE CONTROL FOUR|DC4}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0015 NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE|NAK}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001A SUBSTITUTE|SUB}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|4x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0020 SPACE|SP}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=010C|U+010C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CARON|Č|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002E|U+002E FULL STOP|.}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003C|U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN|&amp;lt;}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0028|U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS|(}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002B|U+002B PLUS SIGN|+}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0021|U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK|!}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|5x}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0026|U+0026 AMPERSAND|&amp;}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=017D|U+017D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON|Ž|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=00A4|U+00A4 CURRENCY SIGN|¤|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002A|U+002A ASTERISK|*}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0029|U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS|)}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003B|U+003B SEMICOLON|;}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0106|U+0106 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH ACUTE|Ć|style=background:#FFD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|6x}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002D|U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS|-}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002F|U+002F SOLIDUS|/}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0161|U+0161 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON|š|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002C|U+002C COMMA|,}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0025|U+0025 PERCENT SIGN|%}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=005F|U+005F LOW LINE|_}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003E|U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN|&amp;gt;}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003F|U+003F QUESTION MARK|?}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|7x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0111|U+0111 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE|đ|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003A|U+003A COLON|:}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0023|U+0023 NUMBER SIGN|#}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0110|U+0110 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE|Ð|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=00B4|U+00B4 ACUTE ACCENT|´|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003D|U+003D EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#61;}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0022|U+0022 QUOTATION MARK|&quot;}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|8x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0061|U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A|a}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0062|U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B|b}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0063|U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C|c}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0064|U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D|d}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0065|U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E|e}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0066|U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F|f}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0067|U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G|g}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0068|U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H|h}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0069|U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I|i}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|9x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006A|U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J|j}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006B|U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K|k}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006C|U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L|l}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006D|U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M|m}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006E|U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N|n}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006F|U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O|o}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0070|U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P|p}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0071|U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q|q}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0072|U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R|r}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Ax}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0107|U+0107 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE|ć|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0073|U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S|s}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0074|U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T|t}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0075|U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U|u}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0076|U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V|v}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0077|U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W|w}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0078|U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X|x}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0079|U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y|y}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=007A|U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z|z}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Bx}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Cx}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=010D|U+010D LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON|č|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0041|U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|A}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0042|U+0042 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|B}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0043|U+0043 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|C}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0044|U+0044 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|D}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0045|U+0045 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|E}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0046|U+0046 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|F}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0047|U+0047 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|G}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0048|U+0048 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|H}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0049|U+0049 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|I}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Dx}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=017E|U+017E LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON|ž|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004A|U+004A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|J}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004B|U+004B LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|K}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004C|U+004C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|L}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004D|U+004D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|M}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004E|U+004E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|N}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004F|U+004F LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|O}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0050|U+0050 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|P}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0051|U+0051 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|Q}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0052|U+0052 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|R}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=02DA|U+02DA RING ABOVE|˚|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Ex}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0160|U+0160 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON|Š|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0053|U+0053 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|S}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0054|U+0054 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|T}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0055|U+0055 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|U}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0056|U+0056 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|V}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0057|U+0057 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|W}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0058|U+0058 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|X}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0059|U+0059 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|Y}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=005A|U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|Z}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=02C7|U+02C7 CARON|ˇ|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Fx}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0030|U+0030 DIGIT ZERO|0}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0031|U+0031 DIGIT ONE|1}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0032|U+0032 DIGIT TWO|2}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0033|U+0033 DIGIT THREE|3}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0034|U+0034 DIGIT FOUR|4}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0035|U+0035 DIGIT FIVE|5}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0036|U+0036 DIGIT SIX|6}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0037|U+0037 DIGIT SEVEN|7}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0038|U+0038 DIGIT EIGHT|8}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0039|U+0039 DIGIT NINE|9}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |EO}}
|-
|{{chset-table-footer1|
{{legend|#FFD|Differences from EBCDIC 500}}
}}
|}

==References==</text>
      <sha1>l6q6oq3exjj8rvslkr93adtif3yjh11</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675538</id>
      <parentid>4675537</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T16:00:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Codepage layout */</comment>
      <origin>4675538</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12603" sha1="cbhoapy8so3mjw7vqhnes47p5weo59w" xml:space="preserve">IBM code page 253 (CCSID 253) is an EBCDIC code page with full ASCII used in IBM mainframes in the five countries of what was known as Yugoslavia to support the Croatian language, Serbian language, Bosnian language, and Slovenian language. It has been superseded by Code page 321.

==Codepage layout==

Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

{|{{chset-table-header1|EBCDIC 253}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|0x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0000 NULL|NUL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0001 START OF HEADING|SOH}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0002 START OF TEXT|STX}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0003 END OF TEXT|ETX}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SEL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION|HT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RNL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+007F DELETE|DEL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |GE}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SPS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RPT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000B LINE TABULATION|VT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000C FORM FEED (FF)|FF}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)|CR}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000E SHIFT OUT|SO}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000F SHIFT IN|SI}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|1x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0010 DATA LINK ESCAPE|DLE}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0011 DEVICE CONTROL ONE|DC1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0012 DEVICE CONTROL TWO|DC2}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0013 DEVICE CONTROL THREE|DC3}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RES/&lt;br/&gt;ENP|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0085 NEXT LINE (NEL)|NL}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0008 BACKSPACE|BS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |POC}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0018 CANCEL|CAN}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0019 END OF MEDIUM|EM}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |UBS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |CU1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001C INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR|IFS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001D INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE|IGS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001E INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO|IRS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001F INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE|ITB|style=line-height:1}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|2x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |DS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SOS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |FS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |WUS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |BYP/&lt;br/&gt;INP|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000A LINE FEED (LF)|LF}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0017 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK|ETB}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001B ESCAPE|ESC}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SA}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SFE}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SM/&lt;br/&gt;SW|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |CSP}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |MFA}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0005 ENQUIRY|ENQ}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0006 ACKNOWLEDGE|ACK}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0007 BELL|BEL}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|3x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0016 SYNCHRONOUS IDLE|SYN}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |IR}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |PP}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |TRN}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |NBS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0004 END OF TRANSMISSION|EOT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |SBS}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |IT}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |RFF}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |CU3}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0014 DEVICE CONTROL FOUR|DC4}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0015 NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE|NAK}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001A SUBSTITUTE|SUB}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|4x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0020 SPACE|SP}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=010C|U+010C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CARON|Č|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002E|U+002E FULL STOP|.}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003C|U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN|&amp;lt;}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0028|U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS|(}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002B|U+002B PLUS SIGN|+}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0021|U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK|!}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|5x}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0026|U+0026 AMPERSAND|&amp;}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=017D|U+017D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON|Ž|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=00A4|U+00A4 CURRENCY SIGN|¤|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002A|U+002A ASTERISK|*}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0029|U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS|)}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003B|U+003B SEMICOLON|;}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0106|U+0106 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH ACUTE|Ć|style=background:#FFD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|6x}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002D|U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS|-}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002F|U+002F SOLIDUS|/}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0161|U+0161 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON|š|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=002C|U+002C COMMA|,}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0025|U+0025 PERCENT SIGN|%}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=005F|U+005F LOW LINE|_}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003E|U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN|&amp;gt;}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003F|U+003F QUESTION MARK|?}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|7x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0111|U+0111 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE|đ|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=003A|U+003A COLON|:}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0023|U+0023 NUMBER SIGN|#}}
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|{{chset-cell1|u=003D|U+003D EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#61;}}
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|-
!{{chset-left1|8x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0061|U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A|a}}
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|{{chset-cell1|u=0065|U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E|e}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0066|U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F|f}}
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|{{chset-cell1|u=0068|U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H|h}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0069|U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I|i}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|9x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006A|U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J|j}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006B|U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K|k}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006C|U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L|l}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006D|U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M|m}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006E|U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N|n}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=006F|U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O|o}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0070|U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P|p}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0071|U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q|q}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0072|U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R|r}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Ax}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0107|U+0107 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE|ć|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0073|U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S|s}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0074|U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T|t}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0075|U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U|u}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0076|U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V|v}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0077|U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W|w}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0078|U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X|x}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0079|U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y|y}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=007A|U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z|z}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Bx}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
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!{{chset-left1|Cx}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=010D|U+010D LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON|č|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0041|U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|A}}
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|{{chset-cell1|u=0045|U+0045 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|E}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0046|U+0046 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|F}}
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|{{chset-cell1|u=0048|U+0048 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|H}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0049|U+0049 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|I}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Dx}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=017E|U+017E LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON|ž|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004A|U+004A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|J}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004B|U+004B LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|K}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004C|U+004C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|L}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004D|U+004D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|M}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004E|U+004E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|N}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=004F|U+004F LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|O}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0050|U+0050 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|P}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0051|U+0051 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|Q}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=0052|U+0052 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|R}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=02DA|U+02DA RING ABOVE|˚|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
!{{chset-left1|Ex}}
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|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
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|{{chset-cell1|u=0057|U+0057 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|W}}
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|{{chset-cell1|u=0059|U+0059 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|Y}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=005A|U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|Z}}
|{{chset-cell1|u=02C7|U+02C7 CARON|ˇ|style=background:#FFD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
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|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
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!{{chset-left1|Fx}}
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|{{chset-ctrl1|      |EO}}
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{{legend|#FFD|Differences from EBCDIC 500}}
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==References==</text>
      <sha1>cbhoapy8so3mjw7vqhnes47p5weo59w</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User:DoctorWho319</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>486318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675578</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T20:05:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DoctorWho319</username>
        <id>3628186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4675578</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="77" sha1="08calcn1o3ifto9zj85nd9ol6iy6s28" xml:space="preserve">The tools for understanding basic legal concepts should he free for everyone.</text>
      <sha1>08calcn1o3ifto9zj85nd9ol6iy6s28</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>486319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675630</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T06:11:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Project Firecorn</username>
        <id>3371292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;== Chapters == [[User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever/Wikidata/Basics|Basics]]  [[User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever/Wikidata|Wikidata]]  [[User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever/Commons|Commons]]  == Notes ==  [[User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever/Questions|Questions]]&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="267" sha1="9vm796mzwpha7opepr95jfiokoxplql" xml:space="preserve">== Chapters ==
[[User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever/Wikidata/Basics|Basics]]

[[User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever/Wikidata|Wikidata]]

[[User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever/Commons|Commons]]

== Notes ==

[[User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever/Questions|Questions]]</text>
      <sha1>9vm796mzwpha7opepr95jfiokoxplql</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever/Wikidata/Basics</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>486320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675631</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T06:17:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Project Firecorn</username>
        <id>3371292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Page created. Added a few questions.</comment>
      <origin>4675631</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="70" sha1="nzxsn0e25y2g8du3vhjvy360qul6j69" xml:space="preserve">== Notes ==

== Questions ==
What is QLever?

Why should I use QLever?</text>
      <sha1>nzxsn0e25y2g8du3vhjvy360qul6j69</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever/Wikidata/Examples</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>486321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675633</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T06:40:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Project Firecorn</username>
        <id>3371292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Page created. Added one Example.</comment>
      <origin>4675633</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="390" sha1="7ahx6uvirh5rkebkta8oynh2bto24nw" xml:space="preserve">{{SPARQL
| query = # Cities in the UK with population. 
PREFIX wdt: &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/&gt;
PREFIX wd: &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/&gt;
SELECT ?city ?cityLabel ?population WHERE {
  ?city wdt:P31 wd:Q515 . # Instance of: City
  ?city wdt:P17 wd:Q145 . # Country: United Kingdom
  ?city wdt:P1082 ?population . # Population of the City
}
ORDER BY DESC(?einwohner)
LIMIT 100}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4675635</id>
      <parentid>4675633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:01:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Project Firecorn</username>
        <id>3371292</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>I forgot to translate ?einwohner at the order by. This was corrected.</comment>
      <origin>4675635</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="391" sha1="9u445qre7vo60klrwwnu933mpeukbjo" xml:space="preserve">{{SPARQL
| query = # Cities in the UK with population. 
PREFIX wdt: &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/&gt;
PREFIX wd: &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/&gt;
SELECT ?city ?cityLabel ?population WHERE {
  ?city wdt:P31 wd:Q515 . # Instance of: City
  ?city wdt:P17 wd:Q145 . # Country: United Kingdom
  ?city wdt:P1082 ?population . # Population of the City
}
ORDER BY DESC(?population)
LIMIT 100}}</text>
      <sha1>9u445qre7vo60klrwwnu933mpeukbjo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Project Firecorn/Drafts/QLever/Commons/Examples</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>486322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675636</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:50:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Project Firecorn</username>
        <id>3371292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{SPARQL query = pHashes from images. SELECT ?file ?pHash WHERE {   ?file p:P9310 ?pHashStatement.   ?pHashStatement ps:P9310 ?pHash.   ?pHashStatement pq:P459 wd:Q104884110.      ?file schema:url ?image. } LIMIT 10000 }}&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="221" sha1="buxeoed67tnbzumbaxwivrw64cp52m3" xml:space="preserve">{{SPARQL
query = pHashes from images.
SELECT ?file ?pHash
WHERE {
  ?file p:P9310 ?pHashStatement.
  ?pHashStatement ps:P9310 ?pHash.
  ?pHashStatement pq:P459 wd:Q104884110.
  
  ?file schema:url ?image.
}
LIMIT 10000
}}</text>
      <sha1>buxeoed67tnbzumbaxwivrw64cp52m3</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4675637</id>
      <parentid>4675636</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:54:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Project Firecorn</username>
        <id>3371292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Corrected syntax error.</comment>
      <origin>4675637</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="223" sha1="in81vdgdrtcv8la2l6v1874o76hvves" xml:space="preserve">{{SPARQL
| query = pHashes from images.
SELECT ?file ?pHash
WHERE {
  ?file p:P9310 ?pHashStatement.
  ?pHashStatement ps:P9310 ?pHash.
  ?pHashStatement pq:P459 wd:Q104884110.
  
  ?file schema:url ?image.
}
LIMIT 10000
}}</text>
      <sha1>in81vdgdrtcv8la2l6v1874o76hvves</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4675638</id>
      <parentid>4675637</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:55:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Project Firecorn</username>
        <id>3371292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Corrected another syntax error.</comment>
      <origin>4675638</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="224" sha1="jg5haxsnows18oyjbmmihq2j2wl0fb7" xml:space="preserve">{{SPARQL
| query = #pHashes from images.
SELECT ?file ?pHash
WHERE {
  ?file p:P9310 ?pHashStatement.
  ?pHashStatement ps:P9310 ?pHash.
  ?pHashStatement pq:P459 wd:Q104884110.
  
  ?file schema:url ?image.
}
LIMIT 10000
}}</text>
      <sha1>jg5haxsnows18oyjbmmihq2j2wl0fb7</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:TomaszRz</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>486323</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4675700</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T11:42:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TomaszRz</username>
        <id>3628230</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>User page</comment>
      <origin>4675700</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="80" sha1="tmk0r2kj957u4nlqk901nweipyk6h1i" xml:space="preserve">Interested in car maintenance and repair; contributing to [[Automobile Repair]].</text>
      <sha1>tmk0r2kj957u4nlqk901nweipyk6h1i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>