Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion

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== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Enhancing Web Browser Security through Cookie Encryption]] ==
{{archive top|'''Kept'''. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:28, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
To avoid further conflict with the user who entered this text into Wikiversity, I am opening a RFD request.

I am not sure about how to proceed, although I am inclined to move it out of mainspace = quasi-delete. I am looking forward to get input from others, especially curators and custodians. Some considerations:

1) There is perhaps no more appearance/suspicion of copyright violation, now that the ResearchGate (RG) article (of which this is a copy, perhaps an incomplete copy?) carries a license.

2) The article is not a complete replica from RG: at a minimum, it lacks images. The inserter could have continued editing the page in his user space before he uploads images, that is, before he finalizes the page for consumption, but that did not happen. I did not check whether the text is an exact one-to-one match; the article does not indicate anything in that regard.

3) The principle implied seems to be this: users should feel free to duplicate non-peer-reviewed articles from RG in English Wikiversity, perhaps to increase the Google search and LLM yield. I find this problematic, in part for the duplication. I would say: choose a venue and publish it there. If RG is not good enough for you as a publishing venue, choose Wikiversity instead, but not both?

4) There are some features that appear unduly promotional. There is a link to a dot com home page of the inserter of the article. I dot not know how we handle or should handle this, whether prohibit such a link, etc. This is perhaps not so much a call to quasi-deletion but a call to make it less promotional.

5) I cannot determine the value of such an article. It seems to be a pseudo-article describing someone's browser extension. Can someone do a better analysis?

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:48, 8 October 2025 (UTC)

:2) Images for Wikicommons are being created, it will take a lot of time. and the text is not an exact one-to-one match
:3) I also mentioned that It was being created so that it is more accessible from mobile phone, which is not possible in RG or in Zenodo
:Let me clarify the purpose of uploading it to different platforms
:Zenodo - registration and to link DOI
:RG - Self Archiving 
:Wikiversity - Accessible by anyone from any device. LLMs may get trained on Wikiversity data or use these data for indexing 
:5) The paper is a result of a research project which involved a browser extension which was built to test the theory.  [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 01:34, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I find the practice here of publishing non-identical but similar text (&quot;the text is not an exact one-to-one match&quot;) with almost the same title to be problematic. I cannot imagine this is a recommended practice in academic publishing. At a minimum, somewhere near the top, the page should say something like the following: &quot;This text is based on article ___ published at ___ but is not identical. The author of the differences/changes is ___.&quot; Everything else leads to an undesirable confusion. In academic publishing, the title of an article serves as key part of identification of the artifact.
:: As I said before, I seen nothing particularly academic article-like about the page except for external/superficial signs. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:30, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::That Article has been published under CC BY SA 4.0
:::And I am one of the author of the article. That gives me right to modify text and publish it under a similar name. However, I will add the disclaimer text that you have suggested. I hope that helps.  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 06:07, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::: It may give you that right from the ''copyright'' perspective, but perhaps not from ''academic publishing integrity'' perspective. Unfortunately, I do not have any guideline handy; I am merely following my common (or not so common) sense. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:32, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I would like to ask: was this article guided by someone from an academic institution, such as a university? Is it reviewed at least in some weak sense? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:39, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::Yes, This article has been reviewed by two academic professors, their names are also listed as co authors.
:::First, a project guide would help us with selecting a topic and with the document 
:::Second, an Internal examiner would go through our experiment and approve it
:::Finally, External Examiner would examine the documentation and verify it. 
:::We were required by these professors to put their name under contributions [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 05:48, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: Let me explicate the promotional potential of such a page a bit: one can go to the page of the article in Wikiversity --&gt; https://tomjoejames.com/ --&gt; HitMyTarget (a commercial, profit-making entity?) Why would the link be to a commercial web site rather than an academic page, or perhaps a LinkedIn account, which I think the person has? There could also be no link at all; a search for the name would turn out something in Google as well. But providing a direct link would drive users/viewers toward that website much stronger since otherwise the viewer of the page would have to open a new Google search window or the like. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:45, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::It is evident that the website is not even close to being complete. 
:::I will be creating a separate page under the same domain name specifically for people to contact me.
:::The url would probably be defined as tomjoejames.com/contact-me/
:::I haven't decided yet. But that is my personal website.
:::If the community requires me to remove it, I will. But personally I think people who are from here most likely to click the link to know more about me or to contact me. Either way I think my personal website serves the purpose. 
:::As for the HitMyTarget, it can be traced from any of my links. From my research gate profile, linkedin page or even my own userpage.
:::On the article I did not add any promotional content about myself, I hyperlinked only my own name. I do not know how that is promotional. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 06:04, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::: I am pausing any further responses from me to see whether anyone else has any input. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:30, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:What does it mean &quot;There is perhaps no more appearance/suspicion of copyright violation&quot;? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:57, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:I have accepted VRT permission per [[ticket:2025100410001149]] FYI. [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Matrix|contribs]]) 11:00, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you Matrix [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 12:43, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
:I would '''delete''' it. 1) it states its a learning resource. It could not be a learning resource as not rewieved original research. 2) It is not an ongoing research, nor the research was performed on Wikiversity - wv is not a preprint or article database. Maybe it could be moved elsewhere withn Wikimedia domain, but I dont know where. So I would delete it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:56, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::I would '''keep it.''' Like Dan had pointed out,  we do have article-like pages in Wikiversity, and this is not just a random pseudo science article but an article that is a report of an final year project, it has been reviewed by 3 professors whose name has been mentioned at the very beginning.   [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 14:50, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::I think it is not good to rate pages by appearance. It can be done on other Wikimedia projects, but it cannot be done on Wikiversity, because Wikiversity does not create a static format for presenting information, but is focused on the goal and process. Unfortunately, the goal and process do not have a uniform format. While a target article on Wikipedia or an entry on Wiktionary have some standard target format, Wikiversity does not. That is why I personally rate pages according to the goals and their assessment. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:05, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

Further reading for this nomination: [[S: Wikisource:Proposed_deletions/Archives/2025#Index:Cookie_Encryption.pdf]]; EncycloPetey handled the matter. Let me quote his wisdom on Zenodo (which I lack): &quot;This is tied to a PDF on Commons that was uploaded as &quot;own work&quot; with a CC license and a doi link to Zenodo, with no indication of where this paper was published or if it was published. Zenodo is not a publisher; it is a site for storing research and sharing papers. If Zenodo is the only place this was &quot;published&quot; then it was effectively self-published. --EncycloPetey (talk) 16:14, 15 September 2025 (UTC)&quot;

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:55, 9 October 2025 (UTC)

:Can you clarify what point are you trying to state? Didn't I already state that the article is published by me? 
:I first created the article in wikisource which I thought would be the perfect place, unfortunately they do not allow self published articles that are not notable. Then I discovered Wikiversity where they allow self published articles. That is why I created the article here. 
:Unlike in wikisource, I did follow guidelines.
:Ever since you deleted the first article, I spent time reading Wikiversity guidelines and I do think that I am following it perfectly.
:I would like to get your suggestions on how should I improve the page,  10 points would be sufficient. 
:Because your goals or intentions are confusing me very much. At first you told me that the article is exactly the same as the preprint in RG and therefore there is no use to it here. And then when I continued to optimize it for Wikiversity, you went ahead and said it is problematic according to recommended academic publishing. 
:Atleast just respond to the points that I have made whether you agree or disagree. So that I clarify and proceed to discuss points that are important and relevant 
:Have you published an research article? If yes, could you send it to me so that I can see the format you have done it [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 10:45, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I am giving a chance/time to other curators/custodians to look at the matter and respond to my inputs. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:14, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: Incidentally, above I counted 4 questions (or more), 1 request (or more?) and 1 command (or more?). That is a behavior of a commanding entity. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:24, 9 October 2025 (UTC)

I would '''delete it''''. It's more like an academic communication than a learning resource or research.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:32, 26 October 2025 (UTC)
:: In the above post, I do not see any valid rationale for deletion: we do have article-like pages, in Wikijournals and also e.g. in [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Stellar Stefan–Boltzmann constant]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:59, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
:::But I do, see above. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:56, 20 November 2025 (UTC)

:it is a '''student research paper''' forming part of a learning resource on web security and encryption.
:The project was conducted as part of a final-year university course and documented as a practical study on cookie encryption and it has been reviewed by three professors. However, I will be creating a sub page for the article to elaborately describe the experiment that we have conducted and the results we got.    [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 15:57, 26 October 2025 (UTC)
::And why should w host research papers? Wikiversity is not an academic Journal nor repository. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:06, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:::I do not wish to go through this same argument once again, I've already answered to this question several times in Dan's talk page, Colloquium. you can refer them. I am not hosting the research paper here, I have already hosted the pdf in the ResearchGate, I have published a text version in the wikiversity so that it may be useful for others. Unless you can show me how that article is totally useless, I would like to '''keep''' the article in the wikiversity.    [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 10:13, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::::And thats the point I am having. Wikiversity is not paper repository. The only way is to publish it via WikiJournal, but they want it for Wikipedia usually. Why wikiversity should be a duplication of ResearchGate, Academia or Zenodo?
::::What I can read on [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?]] policy is, that Wikiversity research &quot;...includes interpreting primary sources, forming ideas, or taking observations.&quot; The article doent look to fall into this. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:43, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::Well, then how come you missed the term &quot;Learning Projects&quot;? As Jtneill had pointed out, this is a legitimate learning project. And also, I do have the VRT permission to host this article on Wikiversity.  [[ticket:2025100410001149]] . besides ResearchGate is an self-archiving platform. the document version in it is not accessibly to screen readers (usually disable people use them), Translators, and also for the mobile readers. therefore I do have valid reasons to publish this article on wikiversity. 
:::::# It is a learning project, therefore according to WIkiversity Policy, It qualifies. 
:::::# I have an explicit VRT permission to host this article on Wikiversity
:::::# Versions that are published in RG, Zenodo are documents, and they are not accessible by screen readers or mobile users. Therefore it is imperative that an article version of this paper exist on here. 
:::::Therefore this article qualifies to stay here on Wikiversity.  [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 11:22, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Keep'''. This is a legitimate student learning project that may be of use to others. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:51, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Pragmatics/History]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted. Other related resources have been deleted. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:24, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Another KYPark page and subpages with unclear organization scheme. Contains fairly many redlinked items. See also [[User:KYPark/Literature]], perhaps a similar concept. Unlikely to be really useful for others but KYPark. '''Move to user space'''.

As an alternative, moving to [[History of Pragmatics (KYPark)]] would make sense to me: the topic is identified using a natural-language phrase (instead of the relatively unnatural slash) and the responsible editor is indicated so that the reader knows whether to look or not. And for those who oppose the brackets (which I like): [[History of Pragmatics/KYPark]]. Or also: [[KYPark/History of Pragmatics]]. But then, searches in mainspace will see that content and the question is whether that is good. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:21, 15 October 2025 (UTC)

:What about to propose the user to write some guidelines, how other can participate instead of deleting it? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:03, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I plan to move the pages to userspace as I proposed. If someone wants to ask KYPark to address the problems, they should feel free. There will be plenty of time for KYPark to address the problems while the material is in user space. After the problems are addressed, the material can be moved back to mainspace. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:38, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:So I would '''delete''' it. In the blocked user space its useless. The user cannot improve it and Wikiversity is not free hosting service for personal pages. My believe is, that there should be just a few working pages in the users spaces. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:30, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

'''Move'''. Insufficient statement of learning objective or connection to related learning resources with insufficient current activity to stay in main space. The page was originally [[History of pragmatics]] but was moved by Dave B. Therefore, I suggest moving to [[User:KYPark/History of pragmatics]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Palliative medicine]] ==
{{archive top|'''Kept'''. Page has been improved. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:38, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}

Underdeveloped and has not been improved on since 2007. Author inactive. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:42, 14 December 2025 (UTC)

:Delete, per nominator [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:16, 22 January 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, I would also expect there to be more and especially that someone would write how to use it. However, it still seems to me to be a useful thing in the sense of a syllabus, so that someone who is interested in the topic knows what information to obtain in order to get a complete picture of the topic. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:55, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Canadian Wilderness]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:07, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
This page doesn't seem to belong to wikiversity. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:55, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

:In principle there could be some material useful here but in practice, I don't see what this page is adding as an educational resource. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:54, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
:I can see this being a useful resource to a bigger project. Maybe we could move it to the &quot;[[Wikiversity:Drafts|Draft]]&quot; namespace vs. deleting it? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:28, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
::Does anyone plan to work on it? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:59, 8 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Next week the page has it's 17th birthday. Ever now and than someone added to it. With a lot of work it could be a nice encyclopedic article but making it educational .... Merging it may take more work than rewriting it. Move to Draft might be the best option. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:58, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:36, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped resource, has not been edited for more than a decade. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:03, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:Looks like a test, '''delete'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== False flag &quot;authority hack&quot; user page deletion ==
{{archive top|'''Not undeleted''', the requester dropped the request. See Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion v. 2803217.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:36, 10 May 2026 (UTC)}}
'''Undeletion requested'''

Hi, Juandev marked my user page as &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, and deleted it. 

First, I asked him for help with &quot;time limit for new users&quot;, and he replied - I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. 

Then he wrote me another message: Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. - probably referring to the intro of my About me page where I present me and my work. 

Before I could explain him the difference between the neutral information and advertising and promotion, he deleted my user page. 

Here is my answer I posted to the discussion today: 

: Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work.
:
: There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that.
:
: There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
:
: Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies.
:
: Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):

: == Introduction ==
: The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
:
: The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:
: == Theoretical foundations ==
: The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
:* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
:* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
:* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
: Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:
: == Experiential empiricism ==
: The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
:* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
:* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
:* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
:* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
:
: All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
:
: I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity.
:
: Best regards, Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]]


I suggest you check the deleted user page, and see for yourself if it is &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, or a legit author's page with one paragraph short presentation, while the rest of the page is about my research project. 

Thank you for undeleting my user page, so I can use it. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:26, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:Hi Senad,
:Welcome to Wikiversity.
:It looks like you tried adding similar content to Wikipedia and ran into similar difficulties over there ([[w:User talk:Senad Dizdarević]])? Perhaps that is what has led to you Wikiversity?
:Basically, if you'd like to collaborate and help build open educational resources, feel free to contribute to Wikiversity. But if the primary motivation is to promote your autobiographical work you're probably going to run into challenges.
:Sincerely,
:James
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
::James, Hi, and thank you for your answer. 
::Yes, in 2025, I created the autobiographic page on Wikipedia, which was removed because of the links to my books on Amazon. To admin, I explained that I did not know the rules, and agreed that page is removed. Now I know that somebody else must write a Wikipedia page for you. 
::On the deleted user page on Wikiversity, there were no links to Amazon or any other form of promotion, just neutral as possible basic presentation of my writing (one sentence) and current project (the rest of the page). 
::I created Wikiversity page to present my AIPA Method project, to invite researchers to read it, give their opinion, and conduct empirical researches in their institutions. Now, it is in a theoretical phase, and needs more empirical testing. 
::Best regards, 
::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:03, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It looks to me like the primary motivation for contributing to Wikiversity is to drive traffic / search engine ranking to your website?
:::* [[User:Senad Dizdarević]]
:::* [[AIPA Method]]
:::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:36, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
::::No, it is not. There is no link to my website, so &quot;driving traffic to my website&quot; is not possible. 
::::For your educational purposes: 
::::Copilot &quot;AI:  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:38, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::So do you still insist of undeleting your former version of your userpage if you have created the new one? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:15, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::No, because in the moment of undeletition, somebody could delete it again, and so on. Thank you for not deleting my new user page, as it is made in your user page image.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 08:59, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

{{archive bottom}}

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;Mippedia&quot; for deletion ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>iac0jn5zu7638ahf7905hjwvl7srczw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811252</id>
      <parentid>2811250</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T12:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Enhancing Web Browser Security through Cookie Encryption */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives/22#Enhancing Web Browser Security through Cookie Encryption]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2811252</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45869" sha1="t5m9kyda5e7sp66mwexan3lwxxw9wxw" xml:space="preserve">{{/header}}
== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Pragmatics/History]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted. Other related resources have been deleted. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:24, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Another KYPark page and subpages with unclear organization scheme. Contains fairly many redlinked items. See also [[User:KYPark/Literature]], perhaps a similar concept. Unlikely to be really useful for others but KYPark. '''Move to user space'''.

As an alternative, moving to [[History of Pragmatics (KYPark)]] would make sense to me: the topic is identified using a natural-language phrase (instead of the relatively unnatural slash) and the responsible editor is indicated so that the reader knows whether to look or not. And for those who oppose the brackets (which I like): [[History of Pragmatics/KYPark]]. Or also: [[KYPark/History of Pragmatics]]. But then, searches in mainspace will see that content and the question is whether that is good. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:21, 15 October 2025 (UTC)

:What about to propose the user to write some guidelines, how other can participate instead of deleting it? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:03, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I plan to move the pages to userspace as I proposed. If someone wants to ask KYPark to address the problems, they should feel free. There will be plenty of time for KYPark to address the problems while the material is in user space. After the problems are addressed, the material can be moved back to mainspace. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:38, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:So I would '''delete''' it. In the blocked user space its useless. The user cannot improve it and Wikiversity is not free hosting service for personal pages. My believe is, that there should be just a few working pages in the users spaces. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:30, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

'''Move'''. Insufficient statement of learning objective or connection to related learning resources with insufficient current activity to stay in main space. The page was originally [[History of pragmatics]] but was moved by Dave B. Therefore, I suggest moving to [[User:KYPark/History of pragmatics]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Palliative medicine]] ==
{{archive top|'''Kept'''. Page has been improved. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:38, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}

Underdeveloped and has not been improved on since 2007. Author inactive. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:42, 14 December 2025 (UTC)

:Delete, per nominator [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:16, 22 January 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, I would also expect there to be more and especially that someone would write how to use it. However, it still seems to me to be a useful thing in the sense of a syllabus, so that someone who is interested in the topic knows what information to obtain in order to get a complete picture of the topic. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:55, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Canadian Wilderness]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:07, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
This page doesn't seem to belong to wikiversity. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:55, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

:In principle there could be some material useful here but in practice, I don't see what this page is adding as an educational resource. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:54, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
:I can see this being a useful resource to a bigger project. Maybe we could move it to the &quot;[[Wikiversity:Drafts|Draft]]&quot; namespace vs. deleting it? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:28, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
::Does anyone plan to work on it? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:59, 8 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Next week the page has it's 17th birthday. Ever now and than someone added to it. With a lot of work it could be a nice encyclopedic article but making it educational .... Merging it may take more work than rewriting it. Move to Draft might be the best option. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:58, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:36, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped resource, has not been edited for more than a decade. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:03, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:Looks like a test, '''delete'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== False flag &quot;authority hack&quot; user page deletion ==
{{archive top|'''Not undeleted''', the requester dropped the request. See Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion v. 2803217.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:36, 10 May 2026 (UTC)}}
'''Undeletion requested'''

Hi, Juandev marked my user page as &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, and deleted it. 

First, I asked him for help with &quot;time limit for new users&quot;, and he replied - I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. 

Then he wrote me another message: Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. - probably referring to the intro of my About me page where I present me and my work. 

Before I could explain him the difference between the neutral information and advertising and promotion, he deleted my user page. 

Here is my answer I posted to the discussion today: 

: Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work.
:
: There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that.
:
: There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
:
: Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies.
:
: Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):

: == Introduction ==
: The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
:
: The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:
: == Theoretical foundations ==
: The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
:* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
:* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
:* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
: Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:
: == Experiential empiricism ==
: The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
:* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
:* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
:* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
:* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
:
: All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
:
: I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity.
:
: Best regards, Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]]


I suggest you check the deleted user page, and see for yourself if it is &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, or a legit author's page with one paragraph short presentation, while the rest of the page is about my research project. 

Thank you for undeleting my user page, so I can use it. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:26, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:Hi Senad,
:Welcome to Wikiversity.
:It looks like you tried adding similar content to Wikipedia and ran into similar difficulties over there ([[w:User talk:Senad Dizdarević]])? Perhaps that is what has led to you Wikiversity?
:Basically, if you'd like to collaborate and help build open educational resources, feel free to contribute to Wikiversity. But if the primary motivation is to promote your autobiographical work you're probably going to run into challenges.
:Sincerely,
:James
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
::James, Hi, and thank you for your answer. 
::Yes, in 2025, I created the autobiographic page on Wikipedia, which was removed because of the links to my books on Amazon. To admin, I explained that I did not know the rules, and agreed that page is removed. Now I know that somebody else must write a Wikipedia page for you. 
::On the deleted user page on Wikiversity, there were no links to Amazon or any other form of promotion, just neutral as possible basic presentation of my writing (one sentence) and current project (the rest of the page). 
::I created Wikiversity page to present my AIPA Method project, to invite researchers to read it, give their opinion, and conduct empirical researches in their institutions. Now, it is in a theoretical phase, and needs more empirical testing. 
::Best regards, 
::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:03, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It looks to me like the primary motivation for contributing to Wikiversity is to drive traffic / search engine ranking to your website?
:::* [[User:Senad Dizdarević]]
:::* [[AIPA Method]]
:::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:36, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
::::No, it is not. There is no link to my website, so &quot;driving traffic to my website&quot; is not possible. 
::::For your educational purposes: 
::::Copilot &quot;AI:  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:38, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::So do you still insist of undeleting your former version of your userpage if you have created the new one? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:15, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::No, because in the moment of undeletition, somebody could delete it again, and so on. Thank you for not deleting my new user page, as it is made in your user page image.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 08:59, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

{{archive bottom}}

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;Mippedia&quot; for deletion ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>t5m9kyda5e7sp66mwexan3lwxxw9wxw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811254</id>
      <parentid>2811252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T12:59:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pragmatics/History */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives/22#Pragmatics/History]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2811254</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43180" sha1="edmgvm8gl8jqmulumrwbjnmufhleysg" xml:space="preserve">{{/header}}
== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Palliative medicine]] ==
{{archive top|'''Kept'''. Page has been improved. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:38, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}

Underdeveloped and has not been improved on since 2007. Author inactive. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:42, 14 December 2025 (UTC)

:Delete, per nominator [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:16, 22 January 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, I would also expect there to be more and especially that someone would write how to use it. However, it still seems to me to be a useful thing in the sense of a syllabus, so that someone who is interested in the topic knows what information to obtain in order to get a complete picture of the topic. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:55, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Canadian Wilderness]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:07, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
This page doesn't seem to belong to wikiversity. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:55, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

:In principle there could be some material useful here but in practice, I don't see what this page is adding as an educational resource. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:54, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
:I can see this being a useful resource to a bigger project. Maybe we could move it to the &quot;[[Wikiversity:Drafts|Draft]]&quot; namespace vs. deleting it? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:28, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
::Does anyone plan to work on it? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:59, 8 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Next week the page has it's 17th birthday. Ever now and than someone added to it. With a lot of work it could be a nice encyclopedic article but making it educational .... Merging it may take more work than rewriting it. Move to Draft might be the best option. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:58, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:36, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped resource, has not been edited for more than a decade. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:03, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:Looks like a test, '''delete'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== False flag &quot;authority hack&quot; user page deletion ==
{{archive top|'''Not undeleted''', the requester dropped the request. See Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion v. 2803217.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:36, 10 May 2026 (UTC)}}
'''Undeletion requested'''

Hi, Juandev marked my user page as &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, and deleted it. 

First, I asked him for help with &quot;time limit for new users&quot;, and he replied - I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. 

Then he wrote me another message: Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. - probably referring to the intro of my About me page where I present me and my work. 

Before I could explain him the difference between the neutral information and advertising and promotion, he deleted my user page. 

Here is my answer I posted to the discussion today: 

: Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work.
:
: There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that.
:
: There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
:
: Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies.
:
: Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):

: == Introduction ==
: The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
:
: The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:
: == Theoretical foundations ==
: The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
:* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
:* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
:* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
: Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:
: == Experiential empiricism ==
: The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
:* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
:* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
:* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
:* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
:
: All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
:
: I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity.
:
: Best regards, Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]]


I suggest you check the deleted user page, and see for yourself if it is &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, or a legit author's page with one paragraph short presentation, while the rest of the page is about my research project. 

Thank you for undeleting my user page, so I can use it. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:26, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:Hi Senad,
:Welcome to Wikiversity.
:It looks like you tried adding similar content to Wikipedia and ran into similar difficulties over there ([[w:User talk:Senad Dizdarević]])? Perhaps that is what has led to you Wikiversity?
:Basically, if you'd like to collaborate and help build open educational resources, feel free to contribute to Wikiversity. But if the primary motivation is to promote your autobiographical work you're probably going to run into challenges.
:Sincerely,
:James
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
::James, Hi, and thank you for your answer. 
::Yes, in 2025, I created the autobiographic page on Wikipedia, which was removed because of the links to my books on Amazon. To admin, I explained that I did not know the rules, and agreed that page is removed. Now I know that somebody else must write a Wikipedia page for you. 
::On the deleted user page on Wikiversity, there were no links to Amazon or any other form of promotion, just neutral as possible basic presentation of my writing (one sentence) and current project (the rest of the page). 
::I created Wikiversity page to present my AIPA Method project, to invite researchers to read it, give their opinion, and conduct empirical researches in their institutions. Now, it is in a theoretical phase, and needs more empirical testing. 
::Best regards, 
::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:03, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It looks to me like the primary motivation for contributing to Wikiversity is to drive traffic / search engine ranking to your website?
:::* [[User:Senad Dizdarević]]
:::* [[AIPA Method]]
:::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:36, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
::::No, it is not. There is no link to my website, so &quot;driving traffic to my website&quot; is not possible. 
::::For your educational purposes: 
::::Copilot &quot;AI:  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:38, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::So do you still insist of undeleting your former version of your userpage if you have created the new one? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:15, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::No, because in the moment of undeletition, somebody could delete it again, and so on. Thank you for not deleting my new user page, as it is made in your user page image.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 08:59, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

{{archive bottom}}

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;Mippedia&quot; for deletion ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>edmgvm8gl8jqmulumrwbjnmufhleysg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811256</id>
      <parentid>2811254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T13:00:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Palliative medicine */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives/22#Palliative medicine]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2811256</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42139" sha1="opelkz17s5neivhwi39062em74fzqy0" xml:space="preserve">{{/header}}
== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Canadian Wilderness]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:07, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
This page doesn't seem to belong to wikiversity. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:55, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

:In principle there could be some material useful here but in practice, I don't see what this page is adding as an educational resource. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:54, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
:I can see this being a useful resource to a bigger project. Maybe we could move it to the &quot;[[Wikiversity:Drafts|Draft]]&quot; namespace vs. deleting it? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:28, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
::Does anyone plan to work on it? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:59, 8 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Next week the page has it's 17th birthday. Ever now and than someone added to it. With a lot of work it could be a nice encyclopedic article but making it educational .... Merging it may take more work than rewriting it. Move to Draft might be the best option. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:58, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:36, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped resource, has not been edited for more than a decade. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:03, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:Looks like a test, '''delete'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== False flag &quot;authority hack&quot; user page deletion ==
{{archive top|'''Not undeleted''', the requester dropped the request. See Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion v. 2803217.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:36, 10 May 2026 (UTC)}}
'''Undeletion requested'''

Hi, Juandev marked my user page as &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, and deleted it. 

First, I asked him for help with &quot;time limit for new users&quot;, and he replied - I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. 

Then he wrote me another message: Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. - probably referring to the intro of my About me page where I present me and my work. 

Before I could explain him the difference between the neutral information and advertising and promotion, he deleted my user page. 

Here is my answer I posted to the discussion today: 

: Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work.
:
: There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that.
:
: There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
:
: Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies.
:
: Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):

: == Introduction ==
: The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
:
: The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:
: == Theoretical foundations ==
: The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
:* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
:* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
:* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
: Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:
: == Experiential empiricism ==
: The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
:* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
:* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
:* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
:* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
:
: All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
:
: I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity.
:
: Best regards, Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]]


I suggest you check the deleted user page, and see for yourself if it is &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, or a legit author's page with one paragraph short presentation, while the rest of the page is about my research project. 

Thank you for undeleting my user page, so I can use it. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:26, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:Hi Senad,
:Welcome to Wikiversity.
:It looks like you tried adding similar content to Wikipedia and ran into similar difficulties over there ([[w:User talk:Senad Dizdarević]])? Perhaps that is what has led to you Wikiversity?
:Basically, if you'd like to collaborate and help build open educational resources, feel free to contribute to Wikiversity. But if the primary motivation is to promote your autobiographical work you're probably going to run into challenges.
:Sincerely,
:James
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
::James, Hi, and thank you for your answer. 
::Yes, in 2025, I created the autobiographic page on Wikipedia, which was removed because of the links to my books on Amazon. To admin, I explained that I did not know the rules, and agreed that page is removed. Now I know that somebody else must write a Wikipedia page for you. 
::On the deleted user page on Wikiversity, there were no links to Amazon or any other form of promotion, just neutral as possible basic presentation of my writing (one sentence) and current project (the rest of the page). 
::I created Wikiversity page to present my AIPA Method project, to invite researchers to read it, give their opinion, and conduct empirical researches in their institutions. Now, it is in a theoretical phase, and needs more empirical testing. 
::Best regards, 
::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:03, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It looks to me like the primary motivation for contributing to Wikiversity is to drive traffic / search engine ranking to your website?
:::* [[User:Senad Dizdarević]]
:::* [[AIPA Method]]
:::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:36, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
::::No, it is not. There is no link to my website, so &quot;driving traffic to my website&quot; is not possible. 
::::For your educational purposes: 
::::Copilot &quot;AI:  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:38, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::So do you still insist of undeleting your former version of your userpage if you have created the new one? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:15, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::No, because in the moment of undeletition, somebody could delete it again, and so on. Thank you for not deleting my new user page, as it is made in your user page image.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 08:59, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

{{archive bottom}}

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;Mippedia&quot; for deletion ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>opelkz17s5neivhwi39062em74fzqy0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811259</id>
      <parentid>2811256</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T13:04:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* False flag &quot;authority hack&quot; user page deletion */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives/23#False flag &quot;authority hack&quot; user page deletion]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2811259</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33164" sha1="7jvuhjqtebecyq1jhn9c21lar7wdwo8" xml:space="preserve">{{/header}}
== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Canadian Wilderness]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:07, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
This page doesn't seem to belong to wikiversity. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:55, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

:In principle there could be some material useful here but in practice, I don't see what this page is adding as an educational resource. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:54, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
:I can see this being a useful resource to a bigger project. Maybe we could move it to the &quot;[[Wikiversity:Drafts|Draft]]&quot; namespace vs. deleting it? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:28, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
::Does anyone plan to work on it? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:59, 8 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Next week the page has it's 17th birthday. Ever now and than someone added to it. With a lot of work it could be a nice encyclopedic article but making it educational .... Merging it may take more work than rewriting it. Move to Draft might be the best option. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:58, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:36, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped resource, has not been edited for more than a decade. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:03, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:Looks like a test, '''delete'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;Mippedia&quot; for deletion ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7jvuhjqtebecyq1jhn9c21lar7wdwo8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811260</id>
      <parentid>2811259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T13:06:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* &quot;Mippedia&quot; for deletion */ Fix heading</comment>
      <origin>2811260</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33152" sha1="l0vyyyfxyvywgm11wefjye8lo3y6vo1" xml:space="preserve">{{/header}}
== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Canadian Wilderness]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:07, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
This page doesn't seem to belong to wikiversity. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:55, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

:In principle there could be some material useful here but in practice, I don't see what this page is adding as an educational resource. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:54, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
:I can see this being a useful resource to a bigger project. Maybe we could move it to the &quot;[[Wikiversity:Drafts|Draft]]&quot; namespace vs. deleting it? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:28, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
::Does anyone plan to work on it? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:59, 8 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Next week the page has it's 17th birthday. Ever now and than someone added to it. With a lot of work it could be a nice encyclopedic article but making it educational .... Merging it may take more work than rewriting it. Move to Draft might be the best option. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:58, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:36, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped resource, has not been edited for more than a decade. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:03, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:Looks like a test, '''delete'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[Mippedia]] ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l0vyyyfxyvywgm11wefjye8lo3y6vo1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811262</id>
      <parentid>2811260</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T13:10:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mippedia */ reply: {{ping|Sevent Me}} any comment? (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2811262</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33321" sha1="50qeqlkv6a9ub9j4pc0rhjzo8fqwai7" xml:space="preserve">{{/header}}
== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Canadian Wilderness]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:07, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
This page doesn't seem to belong to wikiversity. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:55, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

:In principle there could be some material useful here but in practice, I don't see what this page is adding as an educational resource. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:54, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
:I can see this being a useful resource to a bigger project. Maybe we could move it to the &quot;[[Wikiversity:Drafts|Draft]]&quot; namespace vs. deleting it? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:28, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
::Does anyone plan to work on it? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:59, 8 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Next week the page has it's 17th birthday. Ever now and than someone added to it. With a lot of work it could be a nice encyclopedic article but making it educational .... Merging it may take more work than rewriting it. Move to Draft might be the best option. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:58, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:36, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped resource, has not been edited for more than a decade. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:03, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:Looks like a test, '''delete'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[Mippedia]] ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{ping|Sevent Me}} any comment? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:10, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>50qeqlkv6a9ub9j4pc0rhjzo8fqwai7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811263</id>
      <parentid>2811262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T13:13:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Emergency Operation Centre GIS */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2811263</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33554" sha1="9bc97tz1yea6yjid3syr7vqz1u7m00r" xml:space="preserve">{{/header}}
== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Canadian Wilderness]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:07, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
This page doesn't seem to belong to wikiversity. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:55, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

:In principle there could be some material useful here but in practice, I don't see what this page is adding as an educational resource. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:54, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
:I can see this being a useful resource to a bigger project. Maybe we could move it to the &quot;[[Wikiversity:Drafts|Draft]]&quot; namespace vs. deleting it? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:28, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
::Does anyone plan to work on it? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:59, 8 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Next week the page has it's 17th birthday. Ever now and than someone added to it. With a lot of work it could be a nice encyclopedic article but making it educational .... Merging it may take more work than rewriting it. Move to Draft might be the best option. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:58, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:36, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped resource, has not been edited for more than a decade. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:03, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:Looks like a test, '''delete'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Delete'''. Insufficiently developed. Was moved from [[b:Emergency Operation Centre GIS]].
: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:13, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[Mippedia]] ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{ping|Sevent Me}} any comment? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:10, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9bc97tz1yea6yjid3syr7vqz1u7m00r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811264</id>
      <parentid>2811263</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T13:18:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Classical guitar pedagogy */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2811264</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33759" sha1="qn2w14rvljt1yq0mt4kt0zz1xeb42j5" xml:space="preserve">{{/header}}
== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Canadian Wilderness]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:07, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
This page doesn't seem to belong to wikiversity. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:55, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

:In principle there could be some material useful here but in practice, I don't see what this page is adding as an educational resource. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:54, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
:I can see this being a useful resource to a bigger project. Maybe we could move it to the &quot;[[Wikiversity:Drafts|Draft]]&quot; namespace vs. deleting it? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:28, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
::Does anyone plan to work on it? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:59, 8 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Next week the page has it's 17th birthday. Ever now and than someone added to it. With a lot of work it could be a nice encyclopedic article but making it educational .... Merging it may take more work than rewriting it. Move to Draft might be the best option. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:58, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:36, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped resource, has not been edited for more than a decade. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:03, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:Looks like a test, '''delete'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Move''' to [[w:User:Grégory Leclair/Classical guitar pedagogy]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:18, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Delete'''. Insufficiently developed. Was moved from [[b:Emergency Operation Centre GIS]].
: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:13, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[Mippedia]] ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{ping|Sevent Me}} any comment? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:10, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qn2w14rvljt1yq0mt4kt0zz1xeb42j5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811266</id>
      <parentid>2811264</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T13:19:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives/23#LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2811266</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33144" sha1="djv58gvlkhcein2zseizzb523jmmhjg" xml:space="preserve">{{/header}}
== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Canadian Wilderness]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:07, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
This page doesn't seem to belong to wikiversity. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:55, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

:In principle there could be some material useful here but in practice, I don't see what this page is adding as an educational resource. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:54, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
:I can see this being a useful resource to a bigger project. Maybe we could move it to the &quot;[[Wikiversity:Drafts|Draft]]&quot; namespace vs. deleting it? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:28, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
::Does anyone plan to work on it? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:59, 8 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Next week the page has it's 17th birthday. Ever now and than someone added to it. With a lot of work it could be a nice encyclopedic article but making it educational .... Merging it may take more work than rewriting it. Move to Draft might be the best option. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:58, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Move''' to [[w:User:Grégory Leclair/Classical guitar pedagogy]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:18, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Delete'''. Insufficiently developed. Was moved from [[b:Emergency Operation Centre GIS]].
: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:13, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[Mippedia]] ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{ping|Sevent Me}} any comment? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:10, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>djv58gvlkhcein2zseizzb523jmmhjg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811268</id>
      <parentid>2811266</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T13:20:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Canadian Wilderness */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives/23#Canadian Wilderness]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2811268</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31495" sha1="grwukt8nnou8q3n608d8oq2m6ff6bh8" xml:space="preserve">{{/header}}
== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Move''' to [[w:User:Grégory Leclair/Classical guitar pedagogy]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:18, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Delete'''. Insufficiently developed. Was moved from [[b:Emergency Operation Centre GIS]].
: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:13, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[Mippedia]] ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{ping|Sevent Me}} any comment? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:10, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>grwukt8nnou8q3n608d8oq2m6ff6bh8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811328</id>
      <parentid>2811268</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T16:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Koavf</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mippedia */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>2811328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31804" sha1="3c24nrw86864ner3m04ma2lytb9x7ce" xml:space="preserve">{{/header}}
== [[Korean/Words]] ==
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since many pages are affected.)

I proposed to quasi-delete, i.e. '''move to userspace''' of the main (or sole?) creator, {{User|KYPark}}.

The page is organized a little bit like a dictionary. It makes it redundant to Wiktionary except that Wikiversity allows original research and there does seem to be original research there. Thus, its being organized as a dictionary would alone not necessarily be a problem.

Where I see a problem is in the organization and execution/implementation. Consider [[Korean/Words/가다]], which seems rather typical of the subpages (some subpages are like categories and transclude the pages for individual words):
* On the putative definition line, there is this: &quot;한곳에서 다른 곳으로 장소를 이동하다&quot;, apparently(?) in Korean. That does not seem to fit well into the ''English'' Wikiversity.
* There seems to be some original research into etymological relations between Korean and European languages in the &quot;Comparatives&quot; section (from what I recall, the English Wiktionary rejected this kind of content from KYPark). Admittedly, it is marked using &quot;This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity&quot;, so it could be tolerable, but even so, one has to wonder whether Wikiversity wants this kind of fringe science/research or outright pseudo-science.
** Fringe science: fringe physics has been moved to user space before. This would be fringe etymology. But then, original research is allowed.

Deletion is not required; moving to user space suffices, I think. Alternatively, one could at least rename the pages to make it clear from the title that this is not Wikiversity voice but rather KYPark voice, e.g. &quot;Korean/Words (KYPark)/...&quot; or  &quot;Korean/Words/KYPark/...&quot;  (recall the &quot;Fedosin&quot; pages featuring the name &quot;Fedosin&quot;).

Methodology: I see almost no methodological notes spanning the words at [[Korean/Words]]. And yet, if this is original research inventing new etymological connections, surely there should be some general considerations/analysis on how to proceed and how that manner of procedure differs from mainstream etymology?

Prefix index (max 200 items?):
{{collapse top}}
{{Small START}}
{{Special:Prefixindex/Korean/Words}}
{{Small END}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:33, 24 September 2025 (UTC)

:I would keep it. If there is a course of Korean, why not to have a resesearch on Korean vocabulary? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:53, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose to dismiss the above input: 1) it does not contain any argument, except for a question, and a question is not an argument (it can be so reinterpreted, but that includes additional burden on the interpreters, in interpreting it the wrong way); 2) it ignores all the issues I have raised, including that there is something like definition lines in Korean, in this ''English'' Wikiversity. To answer the question asked: there can be a research on Korean vocabulary in the mainspace, but not one showing the defects I identified above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:35, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:I've reviewed a sample of approximately 20 of the Korean/Words sub-pages and lean towards moving to user space because:
:* The pages appear to be an idiosynchratic collection of etymological pages about Korean language
:* There is minimal English instruction which is problematic for English Wikiversity
:* There is no explanation of research method
:* There is no educational rationale
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:Well, since the original creator has indef I change my mind and I would '''delete''' it. The case is nobody knows how to continue with the research and if we move it to the userspace, the user cannot improve it eihter. What the original user can do to request admin, to send them a contentent to their email for example if they really want to improve the resource elsewhere. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

I think the consensus here is delete. {{U|Codename Noreste}} do you know an efficient way to mass delete these pages? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:49, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: I would use a script, but I would probably not delete those pages yet until we have the pseudobot user group. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[IMHA Research Archives]] ==
I propose to '''move to userspace''', including the subpages. I struggle to understand how Wikiversity readers are supposed to benefit from the material here and in the subpages. In the log, there is e.g. '10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{&lt;nowiki/&gt;{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;)', so the page was deleted before, but not the subpages.

We could also delete all the material if we have strong enough suspicion too much of it is copyright violation. In any case, moving to user space improves the matter a little by moving the content away from Google search. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

:Looking at some sub-pages, they can be deleted e.g., because they only consist of broken links or are largely empty. I deleted a couple but haven't been through all to check. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)

As an example, let me give the wikitext content of [[IMHA Research Archives/3. Scientific litterature search, storage and use]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
==[[/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal/]]==

==[[/PubMed/]]==

==[[/Google and Google Scholar/]]==

==[[/Zotero/]]==

==[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d91z7bcyelfvk42/AAAkIvjtBnnFMbiU9ZLOdVL9a/Andrioti_database%20sources0310.pptx?dl=0 Maritime health web portal ressources ]==
&lt;/pre&gt;
The wikilinks are red; the external link to dropbox says &quot;You don't have access&quot;. This was made in 2016. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:04, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:I suggest delete -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should avoid deletion as much as possible, instead moving to user space (bar copyvio, ethics violation, etc.). This is a good general principle. It greatly improves auditability and makes it so much easier for anyone to request undeletion since they know what content they are requesting for undeletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Do not recreate Wikiversity from the educational and research project to the personal blog. That will lead to the cancelation of it by WMF. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:44, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: The English Wikiversity has a long tradition of moving problematic content to user space, as per evidence collected at [[User:Dan_Polansky/About Wikiversity#Moving pages to userspace]]. If Wikimedia Foundation finds this problematic, they can start a discussion in Colloquium and state their concerns. They do not need to make explicit threats at first; they can start a discussion and explain why it is problematic. They can even do it from an anonymous IP and provide a well-articulated reasoning. And anyone else can start a discussion in Colloquium to change this tradition. I do not see why we should not want to change that tradition based on well-articulated, compelling reasoning. I see no reason why Juandev should be making threats instead of them, on a per RFD basis. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: If Juandev is ''sincere'' about deleting very-low-value items ''from user space'', he should perhaps demonstrate that by asking his pages like [[:cs:Uživatel:Juandev/Problémy/Kov/Repase dvířek elektroskříně]] to be deleted; otherwise, I register a ''glaring inconsistence''. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:43, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::What was the original delate page about @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]? I guess that would be crucial for the decission. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:48, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] the couple of pages I checked and deleted were much like @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] posted above i.e., headings with empty sections and/or broken links but no substantive content. But I think each sub-page needs checking. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:59, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::::So I'm saying that the main page usually determines what the other pages are for. But if I don't know the page because it's been deleted, or why was deleted (deletion based on the founder's request is probably not the rule), it's hard to judge. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:16, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I've pasted the original content of the root page: [[IMHA Research Archives#Original page]] (i.e., prior to the content being removed and deletion requested) to help understand the context for the sub-pages. In 2018, Saltrabook blanked the page, indicating that the content had been moved elsewhere, and requested page deletion. Marshallsumter then deleted the main page but not the sub-pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see, so if those subpages are usefull I would keept them, if not I would delete them. I dont see a point of providing free hosting to sombody, by moving many pages to their user space. The question is if we want to host (i.e. to have in the main ns) lists of links elsewhere. I have no opinion on that. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:11, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: Let me clarify that while many of the subpages are like the example above, [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Zotero]] is different:
:: &quot;A continuous critical and evidence based learning is a core issue in clinical practice, research, teaching, publication and prevention activities. The Zotero Program is just one of many scientific literature management programs, that should be used for these purposes. Of course one can live without such a database but it helps a lot and can save a lot of time that could be used for more interesting issues. Not only that, but it helps to create better publications and knowledge. Without this program it can be very time consuming to publish a scientific article with the requested style for the references. Further in daily practice when you want to collect and cite a few references for a specific evidence in a clinical colloquium and discussion, this program is excellent. Therefore we strongly recommend that all maritime health persons learn how to use this excellent tool in their daily maritime health practice of all different types. There are good online courses for self-instruction on how to use Zotero. For example this one: Zotero fast online course But in order to increase IMHAR´s collective scientific strength in the use of EBM we would like to give training sessions in every possible opportunity, IMHA Symposia, seminars and other types of meetings. The database is useful for personal purposes but especially also for collaborative aims. At the IMHAR meeting in Paris Oct 7th 2016 we will give an introduction to the program by showing how it can be used in the daily practice and discuss strength and weaknesses compared to other similar databases.&quot;
: Even longer is e.g. [[IMHA Research Archives/Scientific litterature search, storage and use/Medicina Maritima - the Spanish scientific maritime health journal]].
: However, that does not mean these should be salvaged. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:53, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Saltrabook}} I'm wondering if you can respond here to help us decide about whether to delete the IMHA Research Archives sub-pages or perhaps move them to your user space? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:58, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
: [[Special:Diff/2811248]] provides confirmation from Saltrabook to go ahead and delete these archives -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== Undeletion request ==

It was deleted by an admin without discussion and with untrue rationale. If people take offense with the question that doesn't mean it's not a valid question and the page was good. Please undelete the Wikidebate page [https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030352/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_it_likely_that_Earth_has_been_visited_by_aliens_millions_of_years_ago%3F Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]

There are lots of sources on the subject, the wikidebate is sourced very well compared to other wikidebates and wikiversity pages, and the page is educational, useful and of good quality. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 23:57, 10 April 2026 (UTC)

:Page: [[Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?]]
:Ping: [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:21, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is no need for a discussion for straight garbage-level, pseudoscientific content.
:For '''Is it likely that Earth has been visited by aliens millions of years ago?''', the flaws for this page wouldn't even take someone more than a few minutes to assess:
:* Essentially, the &quot;pro&quot; arguments unproven claims being derived from irrelevant, established facts (basically: &quot;it is likely aliens have came because Earth has existed for so long [sources proving Earth's longevity]&quot;). These are not serious, scientifically-backed arguments - these are non sequiturs. It's as if I said Wikipedia has existed longer than my existence on Earth ([https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74351725/eyJoIjogImZiODhmYzNkODU1N2UxMWExYzUyODJiYzgzZTRmZDM4OTBjODY5YWMzMjA3NDNmOWEyZTA0ZTU3ZGYwZjAyYTkiLCAidSI6ICJodHRwczovL3B1cmUuaHZhLm5sL3dz-libre.pdf?1636354596=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCritical_Point_of_View_A_Wikipedia_Reade.pdf&amp;Expires=1775872055&amp;Signature=GqbUZboYRvUYWi~aW40LT5eZSHrLuDL3o0-DxAH8vSvcJcGAuyByZWLF2oHTY6GlB72TqvZxpE-v9d4gvsA6myriYqO~QQQZgWxjT2JXjUWC-yiPcTF4l~lroJSi4dY0v9eKiBcU03l-aeUdrX8~UPfi0TfW0IhsmzH-VBR6X6FrzRpIqc6uM6n9YXfr5FRB3aCqqokU690af3n0Hguaub1Zgmh9qjYYqzBS0VOOHjKTTEQnDuadX3jl5CQeXYTaeCC3H0hMeVwHlratbrnuFEKC1aN0-5znCUoSzMEg21ECzGPTrSDM1W05dcK-u0ZTCeUGKAuC-2yRFL3sY46MIw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=157 reputable source proving ''this'' fact]), therefore it's likely that my birth took place solely for the sake of me experiencing Wikipedia (0 backing). It makes no sense and no person with at least a high school-level of intelligence would take this seriously. 
:* What is worse is that the user is being misleading with their &quot;[the page is] sourced very well&quot; claim. The sources ''themselves'' don't even back up the claims. It's just used as proof for an established concept, where the user then uses this established concept to jump to an unsupported, laughable conclusion that is pulled out of thin air. It's utterly ridiculous to even consider such a page for mainspace since it clearly violates our [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] policy. This is, once again, pseudoscientific content that has caused our website to reduce in quality over the last few years. 
:* Going source by source, we can see that:
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918011642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thebigd/compress-earths-history-into-24-hrs-humans-came-at-1158-pm-yet-killed-70-of-wildlife/ ‘Compress Earth’s history into 24 hrs. Humans came at 11:58 pm, yet killed 70% of wildlife’] is literally just a blog post which doesn't even mention aliens or extraterrestrial life. It just talks about Earth's history in accordance with the 24-hour metric of time, and the author tries to use this article as a 'piece in the puzzle' of aliens &quot;possibly&quot; visiting Earth... which, once again, is unsupported and is not backed up anywhere in the article.
:#[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808053249/https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/11/jurassic-worlds-might-be-easier-spot-modern-earth The Cornell article does not even remotely support the idea that &quot;aliens visited Earth&quot;]. It mentions a ''chance'' of &quot;life there [a habitable exoplanet] might not be limited to microbes, but could include creatures as large and varied as the megalosauruses or microraptors that once roamed Earth.&quot;, but again, no justification to take this article as proof that &quot;aliens may have visited us!&quot;. There's no mention of aliens visiting Earth anywhere in the article. Once again this is only proving the background premise, but not the unsupported, nonsensical &quot;alien likelihood&quot; argument that the author of this garbage page is trying to push so desperately.
:#The Parker Solar Probe WP article does not even mention aliens either. It follows the same issues as the previous argument.
:And the other page this user complained about [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Atcovi#Deletion_of_educational_page_because_of_personal_opinion on my talk page] holds almost similar, maybe even more fatal mistakes, than this one. It has nothing to do with &quot;taking offense&quot;, this is just low-quality, garbage content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:56, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why do you think pro claims are required to be proven? It's possible to object to them and these are arguments, not contextualized to be statements of proven facts. And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future. Instead of insulting others' intelligence, maybe engage with the actual reasoning rather than censoring it away. And there are lots of sources, such as [https://interestingengineering.com/science/alien-civilizations-may-have-visited-earth-millions-of-years-ago-study-says Alien Civilizations May Have Visited Earth Millions of Years Ago, Study Says] etc etc. The sources are used for the arguments themselves individually. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Because, once again, this is not a site that caters to rampant debating for the sake of &quot;we need to employ rationality and logic to solve the world's problems&quot;, we have policies that we need to fulfill. The claims made in the pro argument clearly do not meet [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]], since you cannot verify these arguments with the sources because they are not relevant. 
:::''&quot;And it's not a strange or unreasonable argument to make that since Earth has existed for long, it's more likely that aliens have come here in the past than in recent times or the near future.&quot;'' The point being is that these arguments are not supported by the sources. Even the article you mention poses the idea as a hypothetical model. This is just you twisting the article to fit your unsupported narrative. I'll bring direct quotes for you to show why the linked article does not help you:
:::* ''One problem the researchers do make sure to point out is that '''they are working with only one data point: our own behaviors and capabilities for space exploration'''. “We tried to come up with a model that would involve the fewest assumptions about sociology that we could,” Carroll-Nellenback told Business Insider. '''We have no real way of knowing the motivations of an alien civilization'''.'' --&gt; proves that this is just speculation and no evidence-based arguments have been provided for the idea that aliens likely visited Earth.
:::And I'm not sure if you read my entire response, but I ''did'' engage with your &quot;actual reasoning&quot; and exposed its weaknesses and lack of adherence to Wikiversity policies. If we allowed content that was just filled with non sequiturs we would have content that fails Wikiversity's educational objectives and reduces the overall quality of this website, hence why such a harsh stance needs to be taken. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:50, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks for proving that the Wikimedia ecosystem is unfit to deliberate on controversial topics. The question is entirely valid and the content is far better sourced than nearly all Wikidebates and has no genuine flaws. The only possible issue with it as far as I can see is that now that Wikidebates has been paused people can't add objections if they do have sth specific to say about the topic that's not already included on that page which already had plenty of Cons and objections.
::::The page was more educational than most of Wikiversity and it was well-sourced – wikidebates was for arguments so people were invited to make arguments based on sourced things or outlined logic and the page met [[WV:V]] and most pages on Wikiversity aren't sourced as good. Doesn't look like people can see beyond their biases and personal views here but that's more evident in the marginalization and deletion of wikidebates and the low activity in that project than these selective deletions. A constructive thing to do would be to add reasoned Cons and objections not yet on the page and people had plenty of time to do that. There are and will be other sites for free constructive rational adversarial deliberation (not a big loss in that sense). [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 16:31, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for failing to address any of my arguments and going on an unrelated, nonsensical tangent that has nothing to do with the discussion. Once you start producing work that aligns with Wikiversity's content policies instead of typing up laughable, pseudoscientific garbage, then maybe your work can be accepted and not removed. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:59, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::I suggest you stop ridiculing things and learn respectfully forming genuine points about the subject at hand. {{tq|the idea as a hypothetical model}} but please learn first about what arguments are and why they're not the same as a statement of objective proven fact. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 17:18, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

==Pages by Harold Foppele==
[[User:Harold Foppele]] is locally blocked indefinitely and globally banned for sockpuppetry. There were also WMF and local community concerns expressed about copyright violation and AI (over)use. As a result, I think the Wikiversity pages created by this account warrant review with regard what should be deleted, what should be retained etc.:
* [[Completing the square]]
* [[Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume]]
* [[Quantum]]
** [[Quantum/Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Quantum A Matter Of Size]]
* [[Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance]]
* [[Quantum: A Walk Through the Universe]]
* [[Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era]]
* [[Quantum Formulas Collection]]
* [[Quantum harmonic oscillator]]
* [[Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
** [[Quantum mechanics/Timeline]]
* [[Quantum mechanics learning module]]
* [[Quantum mechanics measurements]]
* [[Quantum Noisy Qubits]]
* [[Quantum optics beam splitter experiments]]
* [[Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together]]
* [[Quantum Ultra fast lasers]]
* [[Speed of sound experiments]]
* [[User:Harold Foppele]]
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete all''' Not worth keeping. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:27, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Classical guitar pedagogy]] ==

According to the talk page, the author of this page intended to create this page for Wikipedia. At this moment in time (nearly 20 years later), the page is still riddled with red links and doesn't seem to fit Wikiversity's learning modules. Therefore, I propose that this page should be deleted. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:03, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Weak delete''' This at least has &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; that someone could use, but agreed that it's not particularly useful and not likely to be developed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Move''' to [[w:User:Grégory Leclair/Classical guitar pedagogy]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:18, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Film writing]] ==

Undeveloped since 2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:05, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' Nothing here. Great idea in principle, tho. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:25, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
: '''Keep''' and integrate with existing [[:Category:Filmmaking]] resources. I've tidied the page, so it looks less abandoned. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[United States UFO files]]==
Seems to be WP-like; material copied from [[w:United States UFO files]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', but why would a PROD template not suffice? My logic was that it is a newly created page (made just today), and isn't a big project/difficult page to deal with. Do we not deal with newly created pages that appear to not satisfy Wikiversity's objectives/mission with a PROD template? Wouldn't we best reserve RFDs for long-standing pages (like the two pages above this section being listed for deletion) or ''after'' the PROD template isn't enough to determine the fate of such pages (per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Proposed deletion (prod)|here]]: &quot;Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted [after the placement of the PROD template] may discuss deletion.&quot;)? A PROD template may also be useful in this case to alert the author that the page is not compatible with Wikiversity's learning objectives and communicates a concise opportunity to refine the page with the 90-day limit. Maybe even in this case, a speedy would've been enough (possibly fitting [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|#12]]: &quot;No research objectives or discussion in history. Welcome users and resources when likely to be expanded shortly.&quot;).
:Interested to hear your thoughts as I want to make sure this is clear, as I've been cleaning up a lot of 'dead' pages around Wikiversity and find myself confused on whether to use PROD or RFD. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:08, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
: Yes, could be speedy deleted. Otherwise, I don't know about the merits about leaving it around for 90 days, hence me bringing it to here. There is some comment in [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] about the specific deletion templates not being so important. More important I think is to flag for discussion. However, we could also improve the proposed policy to make the process clearer. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Emergency Operation Centre GIS]] ==

Undeveloped for over a decade (only thing present is just an outline). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:44, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:*'''Delete'''
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:59, 22 May 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Delete'''. Insufficiently developed. Was moved from [[b:Emergency Operation Centre GIS]].
: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:13, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

==[[Mippedia]] ==

I propose the deletion of the page &quot;[[Mippedia]]&quot;, due to the subject not being backed by reputable sources. Pages with the same subject has been deleted multiple times on the Indonesian Wikipedia. The original writer of the page did it solely to promote his wiki site. [[User:ANNAFscience|ANNAFscience]] ([[User talk:ANNAFscience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ANNAFscience|contribs]]) 10:39, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{ping|Sevent Me}} any comment? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:10, 23 May 2026 (UTC)
:'''Delete''' I don't know what the point of this is. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:26, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Free Body Diagrams</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-23T16:51:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>project box(es)</comment>
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      <text bytes="1771" sha1="losos369v87h7hwwjs7mw5lb2gpizey" xml:space="preserve">{{physics}}
It is easy to make a mistake drawing a freebody diagram.  It is the preliminary analysis of the statics problem and the basis for writing down your balancing equations.  Take care to get the diagram correct and if your results are not making sense, review the diagram to be sure it is not misleading you.

[[Image:Polea-simple-movil.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A force system]]
[[Image:Free_Body_Diagram.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A free body diagram of the force system]]


Notice that while the force on the rope is correctly propagated as the same on both sides of the pulley the forces as provided are not possible.  After the force on the left is decomposed into an X and Y [[w:Cartesian|Cartesian]] component to add to the other forces, they do not balance.  This weight must be swinging to the left as shown until there is a restoring force to the right.   The Weight straight down is not balanced by the vertical component of the rope on the right.  So the weight must be sinking.  This diagram is not in static equilibrium so it cannot be analyzed for useful information using static methods which assume the system shown by the free body diagram is in static equilibrium (motionless).

&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
==Example problem:==  
[[Image:Polispasto2.jpg|thumb|left|300px]]
Given that the shown rope tension is incorrect, find the correct tension in the rope for the Weight and Pulley Configuration shown.

COMMENT:

Not enough information given.  The bottom pulley will have to move sideways to establish equal angles in the two legs of the line wrapping the bottom pulley.  The tension to define equilibrium will depend  on these angles, which must be given, or, alternatively, the diameters of the pulleys and the distance between them must be given.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Portal:Music/Introduction</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kirby - Electrotechnics</username>
        <id>3074947</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removed dead links and added open-source software in the Music Resources Section</comment>
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      <text bytes="8632" sha1="rnumfal07siiyc8hawqg6xofttwru0f" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Musical notes.svg|right|120x120px]]

Music is a self-expressed art form whose medium consists of pulse, movement, tempo, pitch (measured by frequency and music theory scales), plucks (either on strings or percussion), friction (e.g, of strings) ambience (either performed live or in studio - e.g reverberation and absorption), vibration of sound waves, radio and electromagnetic alteration (such as noise and theremin), controlled-voltage electronic synthesis, collage/alteration of sound recordings (popularly known as samples) and predetermined moments of silence. 

	Whether an audible work is recognized as music it depends on the cultural context which is experienced; common agreement among participants (as this self-expressed art form can expand collectively, through a band/group/orchestra/collective, mantras and even through the listeners). 

	Despite the existence of atonal music, the predominant characteristics of this art are determined by melody - a more understandable method of frequency separation (into musical notes) - and harmony, which in most cases occur when non-frequency colliding sound waves are emitted simultaneously (except in cases of intentional dissonance). 

	Fundamentals related to pulse belong to rhythm (associated to the concepts of tempo, meter and articulation) that are determined by percussive instruments, drums and sometimes electrical pulses&lt;ref&gt;¹ Omri Cohen (2021-09-27) &quot;Audio-rate everything!&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxHHJIDQC0A&lt;/ref&gt;. Dynamics relates to overall loud and soft passages exerted by the instruments (not mentioning “compressors”&lt;ref&gt;² &quot;Three tricks with the FET Compressor. Softube Studios (2012)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDMBdR1OW38&lt;/ref&gt;), just as the sonic qualities of timbre and texture of each (sometimes subjectively referred to as the “color” of a musical sound).

==Theory and composition==

===Western music===

The goal of the 'Theory and composition' department is to equip the student with the tools and skills necessary to compose, arrange and analyze music. At the completion of this course of study, students will possess the skills and knowledge of western theory, creative writing, arranging, as well as having a portfolio of original works.

{{colbegin|3}}
* [[Introduction to music|Introduction to music]]
* [[Fundamentals of Music|Fundamentals of music]]
* [[Music Theory I]]
* [[Music Theory II]]
* [[Chords (music)|Chords]]
* [[Harmony]]
* [[Form and Analysis|Form and analysis]]
* [[Beginning Composition|Composition : Beginning]]
* [[Advanced Composition|Composition, Advanced]]
* [[Lyrical Composition|Lyrical composition]]
* [[Counterpoint]]
* [[Music Technology]]
* [[Arranging]]
* [[Orchestration]]
* [[Film scoring for Musicians|Film scoring]] (in conjunction with the [[Course:Practical narrative film editing|Film editing course]])
* [[Final Theory Project]]
* [[Music Appreciation|Music appreciation]]
* [[Glossary of musical terms]]
* [[Xenharmonic music theory]]
{{colend}}

=== Non-western music ===
Some Non-European cultures have different music composition, arrangement and analysis traditions, less commonly known in western cultural spheres.{{colbegin|3}}
* [[Gamelan]]
* [[Carnatic music]]
* [[Andalusi Classical Music]]
* [[Persian Classical Music]]
* [[Arabic Classical Music]]
* [[Ottoman Classical Music]]
* [[Hindustani Classical Music]]{{colend}}
===Genres===
Some genres of Western music have genre-specific music theory.{{colbegin|3}}
* [[Basic Blues &amp; Rock]]
* [[Jazz]]{{colend}}


===Ear training===
Ear training is learning/training your ears to recognize what you hear and put it down onto paper. These are basic learning guides, exercises and projects to help you understand in a meaningful way the flurry of sound in music.{{colbegin|3}}
* [[Ear training - Intervals and Harmony|Ear training - Intervals and Harmony (pitch oriented)]]
* [[Ear training - rhythm]]{{colend}}

==Musicology==

{{MultiCol}}
=== Generalities ===

* [[Music Appreciation|Music appreciation and history]]
* [[Survey of Musical Genres|Survey of musical genres]]
* [[Music in Film|Music in film]]
* [[The Symphony and the Opera|Symphony and opera]]

{{ColBreak}}
=== Western music ===

* [[Brief History of Western Music]]
* [[Music of the Medieval Era]]
* [[Music of the Renaissance]]

{{ColBreak}}
* [[Music of the Baroque Era]]
* [[Music of the Classical Era]]
* [[Music of the Romantic Era]]
* [[Music of the 20th Century]]

{{EndMultiCol}}

==Music instruments==

{{MultiCol}}
=== [[String instruments]] ===

* [[Violin]]
* [[Viola]]
* [[Violoncello]]
* [[Double bass]]
* [[Fiddle]]
* [[Harp]]
* [[Guitar]]
** [[Classical guitar|Classic guitar (or ''&quot;Acoustic&quot;'' guitar)]]
** [[Electric Guitar|Electric guitar]]
** [[Bass guitar|Bass guitar]]
* [[Ukulele]]
* [[Banjo]]
* [[Mandolin]]
* [[Lute]]

{{ColBreak}}
=== [[Woodwind instruments]] ===

* [[Flute]]
* [[Oboe]]
* [[Clarinet]]
* [[Bassoon]]
* [[Saxophone]]
** [[Soprano Saxophone|Soprano saxophone]]
** [[Alto Saxophone|Alto saxophone]]
** [[Tenor Saxophone|Tenor saxophone]]
** [[Baritone Saxophone|Baritone saxophone]]
* [[Recorder]]
* [[Ocarina]]

===[[Brass instruments]]===

* [[Trumpet]]
* [[French horn]]
* [[Trombone]]
* [[Tuba]]
* [[Euphonium]]

{{ColBreak}}
=== [[Percussion instruments]] ===

* [[Concert Percussion|Concert percussion]] (Snare drum, crash cymbals, timpani, etc.)
* [[Drum set]]
* [[Mallet Instruments|Mallet instruments]] (Marimba, xylophone, vibraphone, chimes, etc.)
* [[Tabla]] (an Indian pair of drums)
* [[Pipe and tabor]]

=== [[Keyboard instruments]] ===

* [[Piano]]
* [[Organ]]

=== [[Topic: Voice | Voice]] ===

* [[Soprano]]
* [[Contralto]]
* [[Countertenor]]
* [[Tenor]]
* [[Baritone]]
* [[Bass (voice)|Bass]]

{{EndMultiCol}}

==Music resources==
[[wikibooks:Subject:Music|Wikibooks - Music]]{{MultiCol}}
=== Hands on ===

* [[Blues basics]]
* [[Rock basics]]
* [[Wikiversity the Movie/music|Wikiversity the movie : music]]
* [[Jamming Online|Jamming online]]
* [[Experimental music]]
* [[Film scoring for Musicians|Practical lessons in film scoring]] (in conjunction with the [[Course:Practical narrative film editing|film editing course]])
* [[Digital Audio Workstation]]

=== Textbooks ===

* [[b:Music|Wikibooks Music theory]]
* [[b:Western Music History|Western music history]]
* [[b:Garageband Quick Tutorial|Garageband quick tutorial]]
* [[b:Sound Recording|Sound recording]]

{{ColBreak}}
=== Open-Source software ===

;For all operating systems

* [http://openmetronome.sourceforge.net/ Metronome]
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/vtone/ Vtones] (Basic Midi editor)
* [http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ Audacity] (Sound editor)
* [http://ardour.org/ Ardour] (Digital Audio Workstation; A great program for multi-track recording, mixing, mastering, etc.)
* [http://musescore.org/ Musescore] (Music Notation software)
* [https://otuner.sourceforge.net/ Tuning Software]
* [https://supercollider.github.io/ SuperCollider] (Programming Language and Environment for sound synthesis and algorithmic composition)

{{ColBreak}}
;For Linux

* [https://github.com/calf-studio-gear/calf/ Calf Plugins] Sound Plugins including compressor, multichorus, reverb,etc.
* [http://www.antcom.de/gtick/ GTick] (very nice and useful metronome for Gnome desktop)
* [[:w:LMMS|Linux MultiMedia Studio (''LMMS'')]]

=== External links ===

* [http://music.wikia.com/wiki/Music_Hub Music topics on Wikia]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Sound/list|Musical works available for download]]
* [[w:History of music|'History of music' on Wikipedia]]

{{EndMultiCol}}

==Active participants==

''If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name below. (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better)''
Please leave a timestamp - if it is more than a year old, there is potential for nomination to the inactive participants list.
*[[User:Kirby_-_Electrotechnics|Kirby]] (he/him), Banjo, May 2026

==Inactive participants==

*[[User:CQ|CQ]]
* Since 20 February 2012‎. Reviewed [[Portal:Pentatonic Impressionism (China Wu Sheng) in the view of Neo-classical Piano Techniques-training]] for Main Page News about 8 August 2019. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 19:58, 16 January 2020 (UTC)
* [[User:SelfieCity|SelfieCity]] 12 July 2021
*[[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]]
*[[User:Thierry613|Thierry613]]
*[[User:Bibeyjj|Bibeyjj]]
&lt;references /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Audio-rate everything!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxHHJIDQC0A|date=2021-09-27|accessdate=2025-07-27|last=Omri Cohen}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Building A Cigar Box Guitar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811276</id>
      <parentid>1553827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T14:27:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kirby - Electrotechnics</username>
        <id>3074947</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Removed Dead link</comment>
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      <text bytes="2901" sha1="8az9czqm1e2ym6kigl4ky32mjvlgi6d" xml:space="preserve">From the [[w:Cigar_box_guitar|Wikipedia Article]]:

The cigar box guitar is a primitive chordophone whose resonator is a discarded cigar box. Because the instrument is homemade, there is no standard for dimensions, string types or construction techniques. Many early cigar box guitars consisted only of one or two strings that were attached to the ends of a broomstick that was inserted into the cigar box. Other cigar box guitars were more complex, with the builder attempting to simulate a real stringed instrument, such as a guitar, banjo, or fiddle.

Currently, there is a resurgence in this humble instrument and musicians are creating many new designs. Some are adding additional strings and necks while others are incorporating active electronics that make them playable through guitar amplifiers. These musicians gather daily in the Cigar Box Guitar Forum [1] to discuss new construction techniques, playing styles and more. There are also several cigar box guitar festivals being organized throughout the United States.

If a cigar box is not available, other substitutes have been suggested. Notably, an unused pizza box.

== Project Outline ==

This project is designed to help those in need or want to build a homemade guitar out of a couple of spare parts found inexpensively. For the average price of about $15 (not including necessary tools), you can craft and complete a working instrument, electrified or acoustic, to add a unique flair to performance or casual play.

== Materials Needed ==

*Wooden Cigar Box (the larger, the better)
*3 foot long 1x2 (Poplar wood is most affordable for its durability)
* Elmer's Wood Glue, or other company's wood glues, or Gorilla glue
*Tuning Machines
*1/2 pint sealant/stain
*Sponge Paint Brush (1/2&quot; to 1&quot; works well)
*Sandpaper (220 grain)
*Drill w/ multiple sized bits
*Hacksaw/Coping Saw
*1/2&quot; Woodfile

== Getting Started ==

There are as many ways to construct a Cigar Box Guitar (or CBG) as there are people on this earth, what I am outlining for you is my own method of construction I have come up with through trial and error. To keep things simple, I am going to stick with the most basic techniques.

Make sure you have a couple of hours to dedicated to the initial steps of construction, as these require the most care. Give yourself plenty of working space, and depending on where you are working, be prepared to clean up a lot of sawdust and wood scrap. Make sure to envision what you want your CBG to look like before you jump in and start making cuts in your wood. This can be a slow learning process, so just be patient and sooner than you may think, you'll have your very own hand-built CBG to show off and play.

==See also==
*[[Introduction to GarageBand]] - If you have a digital recording of your Cigar Box Guitar, please donate it to GarageBand project.

[[Category:Craft arts]]
[[Category:Music]]
[[Category:Woodworking]]</text>
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// This also kills any onclick stuff that used to be going on in the toc
function rmTocTooltips() {
	var toc=document.getElementById('toc');
	if (toc) {
		var tocLinks=toc.getElementsByTagName('A');
		var tocLen = tocLinks.length;
		for (j=0; j&lt;tocLen; ++j) {
			removeTooltip(tocLinks[j], true);
		}
	}
}

function addTooltip(a, popData) {
	if ( !isPopupLink(a) ) { return; }
	a.onmouseover=mouseOverWikiLink;
	a.onmouseout= mouseOutWikiLink;
	a.onmousedown = killPopup;
	a.hasPopup = true;
	a.popData = popData;
}

function removeTooltip(a) {
	if ( !a.hasPopup ) { return; }
	a.onmouseover = null;
	a.onmouseout = null;
	if (a.originalTitle) { a.title = a.originalTitle; }
	a.hasPopup=false;
}

function removeTitle(a) {
	a.title='';
	if (a.originalTitle) { return; }
	a.originalTitle=a.title;
}

function restoreTitle(a) {
	if ( a.title || !a.originalTitle ) { return; }
	a.title = a.originalTitle;
}

function registerHooks(np) {
	var popupMaxWidth=getValueOf('popupMaxWidth');

	if (typeof popupMaxWidth == 'number') {
		var setMaxWidth = function () {
			np.mainDiv.style.maxWidth = popupMaxWidth + 'px';
			np.maxWidth = popupMaxWidth;

            try {
				// hack for IE
				// see http://www.svendtofte.com/code/max_width_in_ie/
				// use setExpression as documented here on msdn: http://tinyurl dot com/dqljn
	
				if (np.mainDiv.style.setExpression) {
					np.mainDiv.style.setExpression(
						'width', 'document.body.clientWidth &gt; ' +
						popupMaxWidth + ' ? &quot;' +popupMaxWidth + 'px&quot;: &quot;auto&quot;');
				}
            }
            catch (errors) {
            	errlog( &quot;Running on IE8 are we not?: &quot; + errors );
            }
		};
		np.addHook(setMaxWidth, 'unhide', 'before');
	}
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	if (window.addPopupShortcuts &amp;&amp; window.rmPopupShortcuts) {
	    np.addHook(addPopupShortcuts, 'unhide', 'after');
	    np.addHook(rmPopupShortcuts, 'hide', 'before');
	}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
}


function mouseOverWikiLink(evt) {
	if (!window.popupsReady || !window.popupsReady()) { return; }
	if (!evt &amp;&amp; window.event) {evt=window.event}
	return mouseOverWikiLink2(this, evt);
}

function footnoteTarget(a) {
	var aTitle=Title.fromAnchor(a);
	// We want &quot;.3A&quot; rather than &quot;%3A&quot; or &quot;?&quot; here, so use the anchor property directly
	var anch = aTitle.anchor;
	if ( ! /^(cite_note-|_note-|endnote)/.test(anch) ) { return false;	}

	var lTitle=Title.fromURL(location.href);
	if ( lTitle.toString(true) != aTitle.toString(true) ) {	return false; }

	var el=document.getElementById(anch);
	while ( el &amp;&amp; typeof el.nodeName == 'string') {
		var nt = el.nodeName.toLowerCase();
		if ( nt == 'li' ) { return el; }
		else if ( nt == 'body' ) { return false; }
		else if ( el.parentNode ) { el=el.parentNode; }
		else { return false; }
	}
	return false;
}

function footnotePreview(x, navpop) {
	setPopupHTML('&lt;hr&gt;' + x.innerHTML, 'popupPreview',  navpop.idNumber,
		     getValueOf('popupSubpopups') ? function() {
		setupTooltips(document.getElementById('popupPreview' + navpop.idNumber));
	} : null);
}

// var modid=0;
// if(!window.opera) { window.opera={postError: console.log}; }

function modifierKeyHandler(a) {
	return function(evt) {
		//		opera.postError('modifierKeyHandler called' + (++modid));
		//		opera.postError(''+evt + modid);
		//		for (var i in evt) {
		//			opera.postError('' + modid + ' ' + i + ' ' + evt[i]);
		//		}
		//		opera.postError(''+evt.ctrlKey + modid);
		var mod=getValueOf('popupModifier');
		if (!mod) { return true; }

		if (!evt &amp;&amp; window.event) {evt=window.event};
		//		opera.postError('And now....'+modid);
		//		opera.postError(''+evt+modid);
		//		opera.postError(''+evt.ctrlKey+modid);

		var modPressed = modifierPressed(evt);
		var action = getValueOf('popupModifierAction');

		// FIXME: probable bug - modifierPressed should be modPressed below?
		if ( action == 'disable' &amp;&amp; modifierPressed ) { return true; }
		if ( action == 'enable' &amp;&amp; !modifierPressed ) { return true; }

		mouseOverWikiLink2(a, evt);
	};
}

function modifierPressed(evt) {
		var mod=getValueOf('popupModifier');
		if (!mod) { return false; }

		if (!evt &amp;&amp; window.event) {evt=window.event};
//		opera.postError('And now....'+modid);
//		opera.postError(''+evt+modid);
//		opera.postError(''+evt.ctrlKey+modid);

		return ( evt &amp;&amp; mod &amp;&amp; evt[mod.toLowerCase() + 'Key'] );

}

function dealWithModifier(a,evt) {
	if (!getValueOf('popupModifier')) { return false; }
	var action = getValueOf('popupModifierAction');
	if ( action == 'enable' &amp;&amp; !modifierPressed(evt) ||
	     action == 'disable' &amp;&amp; modifierPressed(evt) ) {
		// if the modifier is needed and not pressed, listen for it until
		// we mouseout of this link.
		restoreTitle(a);
		var addHandler='addEventListener';
		var rmHandler='removeEventListener';
		var on='';
		if (!document.addEventListener) {
			addHandler='attachEvent';
			rmHandler='detachEvent';
			on='on';
		}
		if (!document[addHandler]) { // forget it
			return;
		}

		a.modifierKeyHandler=modifierKeyHandler(a);

		switch (action) {
		case 'enable':
			document[addHandler](on+'keydown', a.modifierKeyHandler, false);
			a[addHandler](on+'mouseout', function() {
					document[rmHandler](on+'keydown',
							    a.modifierKeyHandler, false);
				}, true);
			break;
		case 'disable':
			document[addHandler](on+'keyup', a.modifierKeyHandler, false);
		}

		return true;
	}
	return false;
}

function mouseOverWikiLink2(a, evt) {
	if (dealWithModifier(a,evt)) { return; }
	if ( getValueOf('removeTitles') ) { removeTitle(a); }
	if ( a==pg.current.link &amp;&amp; a.navpopup &amp;&amp; a.navpopup.isVisible() ) { return; }
	pg.current.link=a;

	if (getValueOf('simplePopups') &amp;&amp; pg.option.popupStructure===null) {
		// reset *default value* of popupStructure
		setDefault('popupStructure', 'original');
	}

	var article=(new Title()).fromAnchor(a);
	// set global variable (ugh) to hold article (wikipage)
	pg.current.article = article;

	if (!a.navpopup) {
		// FIXME: this doesn't behave well if you mouse out of a popup
		// directly into a link with the same href
		if (pg.current.linksHash[a.href] &amp;&amp; false) {
			a.navpopup = pg.current.linksHash[a.href];
		}
		else {
			a.navpopup=newNavpopup(a, article);
			pg.current.linksHash[a.href] = a.navpopup;
			pg.current.links.push(a);
		}
	}
	if (a.navpopup.pending===null || a.navpopup.pending!==0) {
		// either fresh popups or those with unfinshed business are redone from scratch
		simplePopupContent(a, article);
	}
	a.navpopup.showSoonIfStable(a.navpopup.delay);

	getValueOf('popupInitialWidth');

	clearInterval(pg.timer.checkPopupPosition);
	pg.timer.checkPopupPosition=setInterval(checkPopupPosition, 600);

	if(getValueOf('simplePopups')) {
		if (getValueOf('popupPreviewButton') &amp;&amp; !a.simpleNoMore) {
			var d=document.createElement('div');
			d.className='popupPreviewButtonDiv';
			var s=document.createElement('span');
			d.appendChild(s);
			s.className='popupPreviewButton';
			s['on' + getValueOf('popupPreviewButtonEvent')] = function() {
				a.simpleNoMore=true;
				nonsimplePopupContent(a,article);
			}
			s.innerHTML=popupString('show preview');
			setPopupHTML(d, 'popupPreview', a.navpopup.idNumber);
		}
		return;
	}

	if (a.navpopup.pending!==0 ) {
	    nonsimplePopupContent(a, article);
	}
}

// simplePopupContent: the content that is shown even when simplePopups is true
function simplePopupContent(a, article) {
	/* FIXME hack */ a.navpopup.hasPopupMenu=false;
	a.navpopup.setInnerHTML(popupHTML(a));
	fillEmptySpans({navpopup:a.navpopup});

	if (getValueOf('popupDraggable'))
	{
		var dragHandle = getValueOf('popupDragHandle') || null;
		if (dragHandle &amp;&amp; dragHandle != 'all') {
			dragHandle += a.navpopup.idNumber;
		}
		setTimeout(function(){a.navpopup.makeDraggable(dragHandle);}, 150);
	}

//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	if (getValueOf('popupRedlinkRemoval') &amp;&amp; a.className=='new') {
		setPopupHTML('&lt;br&gt;'+popupRedlinkHTML(article), 'popupRedlink', a.navpopup.idNumber);
	}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
}

function debugData(navpopup) {
	if(getValueOf('popupDebugging') &amp;&amp; navpopup.idNumber) {
		setPopupHTML('idNumber='+navpopup.idNumber + ', pending=' + navpopup.pending,
			     'popupError', navpopup.idNumber);
	}
}

function newNavpopup(a, article) {
	var navpopup = new Navpopup();
	navpopup.fuzz=5;
	navpopup.delay=getValueOf('popupDelay')*1000;
	// increment global counter now
	navpopup.idNumber = ++pg.idNumber;
	navpopup.parentAnchor = a;
	navpopup.parentPopup = (a.popData &amp;&amp; a.popData.owner);
	navpopup.article = article;
	registerHooks(navpopup);
	return navpopup;
}


function nonsimplePopupContent(a, article) {
	var diff=null, history=null;
	var params=parseParams(a.href);
	var oldid=(typeof params.oldid=='undefined' ? null : params.oldid);
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	if(getValueOf('popupPreviewDiffs') &amp;&amp; window.loadDiff) {
		diff=params.diff;
	}
	if(getValueOf('popupPreviewHistory')) {
		history=(params.action=='history');
	}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
	a.navpopup.pending=0;
	var x;
	
	if (x=footnoteTarget(a)) {
		footnotePreview(x, a.navpopup);
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	} else if ( diff || diff === 0 ) {
		loadDiff(article, oldid, diff, a.navpopup);
	} else if ( history ) {
		loadAPIPreview('history', article, a.navpopup);
	} else if ( pg.re.contribs.test(a.href) ) {
		loadAPIPreview('contribs', article, a.navpopup);
	} else if ( pg.re.backlinks.test(a.href) ) {
		loadAPIPreview('backlinks', article, a.navpopup);
    } else if ( // FIXME should be able to get all preview combinations with options
		article.namespaceId()==pg.nsImageId &amp;&amp;
		( getValueOf('imagePopupsForImages') || ! anchorContainsImage(a) )
		) {
		loadAPIPreview('imagepagepreview', article, a.navpopup);
		loadImage(article, a.navpopup);
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
	} else {
		if (article.namespaceId() == pg.nsCategoryId &amp;&amp;
				getValueOf('popupCategoryMembers')) {
			loadAPIPreview('category', article, a.navpopup);
		} else if ((article.namespaceId() == pg.nsUserId || article.namespaceId() == pg.nsUsertalkId) &amp;&amp;
				getValueOf('popupUserInfo')) {
			loadAPIPreview('userinfo', article, a.navpopup);
		}
		startArticlePreview(article, oldid, a.navpopup);
	}
}

function pendingNavpopTask(navpop) {
	if (navpop &amp;&amp; navpop.pending===null) { navpop.pending=0; }
	++navpop.pending;
	debugData(navpop);
}

function completedNavpopTask(navpop) {
	if (navpop &amp;&amp; navpop.pending) { --navpop.pending; }
	debugData(navpop);
}

function startArticlePreview(article, oldid, navpop) {
	navpop.redir=0;
	loadPreview(article, oldid, navpop);
}

function loadPreview(article, oldid, navpop) {
	pendingNavpopTask(navpop);
	if (!navpop.redir) { navpop.originalArticle=article; }
	if (!navpop.visible &amp;&amp; getValueOf('popupLazyDownloads')) {
		var id=(navpop.redir) ? 'DOWNLOAD_PREVIEW_REDIR_HOOK' : 'DOWNLOAD_PREVIEW_HOOK';
		navpop.addHook(function() {
				getWiki(article, insertPreview, oldid, navpop);
				return true; }, 'unhide', 'before', id);
	} else {
		getWiki(article, insertPreview, oldid, navpop);
	}
}

function loadPreviewFromRedir(redirMatch, navpop) {
	// redirMatch is a regex match
	var target = new Title().fromWikiText(redirMatch[2]);
	// overwrite (or add) anchor from original target
	// mediawiki does overwrite; eg [[User:Lupin/foo3#Done]]
	if ( navpop.article.anchor ) { target.anchor = navpop.article.anchor; }
	var trailingRubbish=redirMatch[4];
	navpop.redir++;
	navpop.redirTarget=target;
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	if (window.redirLink) {
		var warnRedir = redirLink(target, navpop.article);
		setPopupHTML(warnRedir, 'popupWarnRedir', navpop.idNumber);
	}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
	navpop.article=target;
	fillEmptySpans({redir: true, redirTarget: target, navpopup:navpop});
	return loadPreview(target, null,  navpop);
}

function insertPreview(download) {
	if (!download.owner) { return; }

	var redirMatch = pg.re.redirect.exec(download.data);
	if (download.owner.redir===0 &amp;&amp; redirMatch) {
		completedNavpopTask(download.owner);
		loadPreviewFromRedir(redirMatch, download.owner);
		return;
	}

	if (download.owner.visible || !getValueOf('popupLazyPreviews')) {
	    insertPreviewNow(download);
	} else {
		var id=(download.owner.redir) ? 'PREVIEW_REDIR_HOOK' : 'PREVIEW_HOOK';
		download.owner.addHook( function(){insertPreviewNow(download); return true;},
					'unhide', 'after', id );
	}
}

function insertPreviewNow(download) {
	if (!download.owner) { return; }
	var wikiText=download.data;
	var navpop=download.owner;
	completedNavpopTask(navpop);
	var art=navpop.redirTarget || navpop.originalArticle;

//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	makeFixDabs(wikiText, navpop);
	if (getValueOf('popupSummaryData') &amp;&amp; window.getPageInfo) {
		var info=getPageInfo(wikiText, download);
		setPopupTrailer(getPageInfo(wikiText, download), navpop.idNumber);
	}

	var imagePage='';
	if (art.namespaceId()==pg.nsImageId) { imagePage=art.toString(); }
	else { imagePage=getValidImageFromWikiText(wikiText); }
	if(imagePage) { loadImage(Title.fromWikiText(imagePage), navpop); }
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;

	if (getValueOf('popupPreviews')) { insertArticlePreview(download, art, navpop); }

}

function insertArticlePreview(download, art, navpop) {
	if (download &amp;&amp; typeof download.data == typeof ''){
		if (art.namespaceId()==pg.nsTemplateId &amp;&amp; getValueOf('popupPreviewRawTemplates')) {
			// FIXME compare/consolidate with diff escaping code for wikitext
			var h='&lt;hr&gt;&lt;tt&gt;' + download.data.entify().split('\\n').join('&lt;br&gt;\\n') + '&lt;/tt&gt;';
			setPopupHTML(h, 'popupPreview', navpop.idNumber);
		}
		else {
			var p=prepPreviewmaker(download.data, art, navpop);
			p.showPreview();
		}
	}
}

function prepPreviewmaker(data, article, navpop) {
	// deal with tricksy anchors
	var d=anchorize(data, article.anchorString());
	var urlBase=joinPath([pg.wiki.articlebase, article.urlString()]);
	var p=new Previewmaker(d, urlBase, navpop);
	return p;
}


// Try to imitate the way mediawiki generates HTML anchors from section titles
function anchorize(d, anch) {
	if (!anch) { return d; }
	var anchRe=RegExp('(?:=+\\s*' + literalizeRegex(anch).replace(/[_ ]/g, '[_ ]') + '\\s*=+|\\{\\{\\s*'+getValueOf('popupAnchorRegexp')+'\\s*(?:\\|[^|}]*)*?\\s*'+literalizeRegex(anch)+'\\s*(?:\\|[^}]*)?\}\})');
	var match=d.match(anchRe);
	if(match &amp;&amp; match.length &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; match[0]) { return d.substring(d.indexOf(match[0])); }

// &lt;nowiki&gt;
	// now try to deal with == foo [[bar|baz]] boom == -&gt; #foo_baz_boom
// &lt;/nowiki&gt;
	var lines=d.split('\n');
	for (var i=0; i&lt;lines.length; ++i) {
		lines[i]=lines[i].replace(RegExp('[[]{2}([^|\\]]*?[|])?(.*?)[\\]]{2}', 'g'), '$2')
			.replace(/'''([^'])/g, '$1').replace(RegExp(&quot;''([^'])&quot;, 'g'), '$1');
		if (lines[i].match(anchRe)) {
			return d.split('\n').slice(i).join('\n').replace(RegExp('^[^=]*'), '');
		}
	}
	return d;
}

function killPopup() {
	if (getValueOf('popupShortcutKeys') &amp;&amp; window.rmPopupShortcuts) { rmPopupShortcuts(); }
	if (!pg) { return; }
	pg.current.link &amp;&amp; pg.current.link.navpopup &amp;&amp; pg.current.link.navpopup.banish();
	pg.current.link=null;
	abortAllDownloads();
	if (pg.timer.checkPopupPosition !== null) {
		clearInterval(pg.timer.checkPopupPosition);
		pg.timer.checkPopupPosition=null;
	}
	return true; // preserve default action
}
// ENDFILE: actions.js
// STARTFILE: domdrag.js
/**
   @fileoverview
   The {@link Drag} object, which enables objects to be dragged around.

   &lt;pre&gt;
   *************************************************
   dom-drag.js
   09.25.2001
   www.youngpup.net
   **************************************************
   10.28.2001 - fixed minor bug where events
   sometimes fired off the handle, not the root.
   *************************************************
   Pared down, some hooks added by [[User:Lupin]]

   Copyright Aaron Boodman.
   Saying stupid things daily since March 2001.
   &lt;/pre&gt;
*/

/**
   Creates a new Drag object. This is used to make various DOM elements draggable.
   @constructor
*/
function Drag () {
	/**
	   Condition to determine whether or not to drag. This function should take one parameter, an Event.
	   To disable this, set it to &lt;code&gt;null&lt;/code&gt;.
	   @type Function
	*/
	this.startCondition = null;
	/**
	   Hook to be run when the drag finishes. This is passed the final coordinates of
	   the dragged object (two integers, x and y). To disables this, set it to &lt;code&gt;null&lt;/code&gt;.
	   @type Function
	*/
	this.endHook = null;
}

/**
   Gets an event in a cross-browser manner.
   @param {Event} e
   @private
*/
Drag.prototype.fixE = function(e) {
	if (typeof e == 'undefined') { e = window.event; }
	if (typeof e.layerX == 'undefined') { e.layerX = e.offsetX; }
	if (typeof e.layerY == 'undefined') { e.layerY = e.offsetY; }
	return e;
};
/**
   Initialises the Drag instance by telling it which object you want to be draggable, and what you want to drag it by.
   @param {DOMElement} o The &quot;handle&quot; by which &lt;code&gt;oRoot&lt;/code&gt; is dragged.
   @param {DOMElement} oRoot The object which moves when &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt; is dragged, or &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt; if omitted.
*/
Drag.prototype.init = function(o, oRoot) {
	var dragObj      = this;
	this.obj = o;
	o.onmousedown    = function(e) { dragObj.start.apply( dragObj, [e]); };
	o.dragging       = false;
	o.popups_draggable      = true;
	o.hmode          = true;
	o.vmode          = true;

	o.root = oRoot &amp;&amp; oRoot !== null ? oRoot : o ;

	if (isNaN(parseInt(o.root.style.left, 10))) { o.root.style.left   = &quot;0px&quot;; }
	if (isNaN(parseInt(o.root.style.top,  10))) { o.root.style.top    = &quot;0px&quot;; }

	o.root.onthisStart  = function(){};
	o.root.onthisEnd    = function(){};
	o.root.onthis       = function(){};
};

/**
   Starts the drag.
   @private
   @param {Event} e
*/
Drag.prototype.start = function(e) {
	var o = this.obj; // = this;
	e = this.fixE(e);
	if (this.startCondition &amp;&amp; !this.startCondition(e)) { return; }
	var y = parseInt(o.vmode ? o.root.style.top  : o.root.style.bottom, 10);
	var x = parseInt(o.hmode ? o.root.style.left : o.root.style.right,  10);
	o.root.onthisStart(x, y);

	o.lastMouseX    = e.clientX;
	o.lastMouseY    = e.clientY;

	var dragObj      = this;
	o.onmousemoveDefault    = document.onmousemove;
	o.dragging              = true;
	document.onmousemove    = function(e) { dragObj.drag.apply( dragObj, [e] ); };
	document.onmouseup      = function(e) { dragObj.end.apply( dragObj, [e] ); };
	return false;
};
/**
   Does the drag.
   @param {Event} e
   @private
*/
Drag.prototype.drag = function(e) {
	e = this.fixE(e);
	var o = this.obj;

	var ey    = e.clientY;
	var ex    = e.clientX;
	var y = parseInt(o.vmode ? o.root.style.top  : o.root.style.bottom, 10);
	var x = parseInt(o.hmode ? o.root.style.left : o.root.style.right,  10 );
	var nx, ny;

	nx = x + ((ex - o.lastMouseX) * (o.hmode ? 1 : -1));
	ny = y + ((ey - o.lastMouseY) * (o.vmode ? 1 : -1));

	this.obj.root.style[o.hmode ? &quot;left&quot; : &quot;right&quot;] = nx + &quot;px&quot;;
	this.obj.root.style[o.vmode ? &quot;top&quot; : &quot;bottom&quot;] = ny + &quot;px&quot;;
	this.obj.lastMouseX    = ex;
	this.obj.lastMouseY    = ey;

	this.obj.root.onthis(nx, ny);
	return false;
};

/**
   Ends the drag.
   @private
*/
Drag.prototype.end = function()  {
	document.onmousemove=this.obj.onmousemoveDefault;
	document.onmouseup   = null;
	this.obj.dragging    = false;
	if (this.endHook) {
		this.endHook( parseInt(this.obj.root.style[this.obj.hmode ? &quot;left&quot; : &quot;right&quot;], 10),
			      parseInt(this.obj.root.style[this.obj.vmode ? &quot;top&quot; : &quot;bottom&quot;], 10));
	}
};
// ENDFILE: domdrag.js
// STARTFILE: structures.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
pg.structures.original={};
pg.structures.original.popupLayout=function () {
	return ['popupError', 'popupImage', 'popupTopLinks', 'popupTitle',
		'popupData', 'popupOtherLinks',
		'popupRedir', ['popupWarnRedir', 'popupRedirTopLinks',
			       'popupRedirTitle', 'popupRedirData', 'popupRedirOtherLinks'],
		'popupMiscTools', ['popupRedlink'],
		'popupPrePreviewSep', 'popupPreview', 'popupSecondPreview', 'popupPreviewMore', 'popupPostPreview', 'popupFixDab'];
};
pg.structures.original.popupRedirSpans=function () {
	return ['popupRedir', 'popupWarnRedir', 'popupRedirTopLinks',
		'popupRedirTitle', 'popupRedirData', 'popupRedirOtherLinks'];
};
pg.structures.original.popupTitle=function (x) {
	log ('defaultstructure.popupTitle');
	if (!getValueOf('popupNavLinks')) {
		return navlinkStringToHTML('&lt;b&gt;&lt;&lt;mainlink&gt;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;',x.article,x.params);
	}
	return '';
};
pg.structures.original.popupTopLinks=function (x) {
	log ('defaultstructure.popupTopLinks');
	if (getValueOf('popupNavLinks')) { return navLinksHTML(x.article, x.hint, x.params); }
	return '';
};
pg.structures.original.popupImage=function(x) {
	log ('original.popupImage, x.article='+x.article+', x.navpop.idNumber='+x.navpop.idNumber);
	return imageHTML(x.article, x.navpop.idNumber);
};
pg.structures.original.popupRedirTitle=pg.structures.original.popupTitle;
pg.structures.original.popupRedirTopLinks=pg.structures.original.popupTopLinks;


function copyStructure(oldStructure, newStructure) {
	pg.structures[newStructure]={};
	for (var prop in pg.structures[oldStructure]) {
		pg.structures[newStructure][prop]=pg.structures[oldStructure][prop];
	}
}

copyStructure('original', 'nostalgia');
pg.structures.nostalgia.popupTopLinks=function(x)  {
	var str='';
	str += '&lt;b&gt;&lt;&lt;mainlink|shortcut= &gt;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;';

	// user links
	// contribs - log - count - email - block
	// count only if applicable; block only if popupAdminLinks
	str += 'if(user){&lt;br&gt;&lt;&lt;contribs|shortcut=c&gt;&gt;';
	str+='if(wikimedia){*&lt;&lt;count|shortcut=#&gt;&gt;}';
	str+='if(ipuser){}else{*&lt;&lt;email|shortcut=E&gt;&gt;}if(admin){*&lt;&lt;block|shortcut=b&gt;&gt;}}';

	// editing links
	// talkpage   -&gt; edit|new - history - un|watch - article|edit
	// other page -&gt; edit - history - un|watch - talk|edit|new
	var editstr='&lt;&lt;edit|shortcut=e&gt;&gt;';
	var editOldidStr='if(oldid){&lt;&lt;editOld|shortcut=e&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;revert|shortcut=v|rv&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;edit|cur&gt;&gt;}else{'
	+ editstr + '}'
	var historystr='&lt;&lt;history|shortcut=h&gt;&gt;';
	var watchstr='&lt;&lt;unwatch|unwatchShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;watch|shortcut=w|watchThingy&gt;&gt;';

	str+='&lt;br&gt;if(talk){' +
		editOldidStr+'|&lt;&lt;new|shortcut=+&gt;&gt;' + '*' + historystr+'*'+watchstr + '*' +
		'&lt;b&gt;&lt;&lt;article|shortcut=a&gt;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;|&lt;&lt;editArticle|edit&gt;&gt;' +
		'}else{' + // not a talk page
		editOldidStr + '*' + historystr + '*' + watchstr + '*' +
		'&lt;b&gt;&lt;&lt;talk|shortcut=t&gt;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;|&lt;&lt;editTalk|edit&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;newTalk|shortcut=+|new&gt;&gt;'
		+ '}';

	// misc links
	str += '&lt;br&gt;&lt;&lt;whatLinksHere|shortcut=l&gt;&gt;*&lt;&lt;relatedChanges|shortcut=r&gt;&gt;';
	str += 'if(admin){&lt;br&gt;}else{*}&lt;&lt;move|shortcut=m&gt;&gt;';

	// admin links
	str += 'if(admin){*&lt;&lt;unprotect|unprotectShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;protect|shortcut=p&gt;&gt;*' +
	'&lt;&lt;undelete|undeleteShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;delete|shortcut=d&gt;&gt;}';
	return navlinkStringToHTML(str, x.article, x.params);
};
pg.structures.nostalgia.popupRedirTopLinks=pg.structures.nostalgia.popupTopLinks;

/** -- fancy -- **/
copyStructure('original', 'fancy');
pg.structures.fancy.popupTitle=function (x) {
	return navlinkStringToHTML('&lt;font size=+0&gt;&lt;&lt;mainlink&gt;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;',x.article,x.params);
};
pg.structures.fancy.popupTopLinks=function(x) {
	var hist='&lt;&lt;history|shortcut=h|hist&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;lastEdit|shortcut=/|last&gt;&gt;if(mainspace_en){|&lt;&lt;editors|shortcut=E|eds&gt;&gt;}';
	var watch='&lt;&lt;unwatch|unwatchShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;watch|shortcut=w|watchThingy&gt;&gt;';
	var move='&lt;&lt;move|shortcut=m|move&gt;&gt;';
	return navlinkStringToHTML('if(talk){' +
				   '&lt;&lt;edit|shortcut=e&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;new|shortcut=+|+&gt;&gt;*' + hist + '*' +
				   '&lt;&lt;article|shortcut=a&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;editArticle|edit&gt;&gt;' + '*' + watch + '*' + move +
				   '}else{&lt;&lt;edit|shortcut=e&gt;&gt;*' + hist +
				   '*&lt;&lt;talk|shortcut=t|&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;editTalk|edit&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;newTalk|shortcut=+|new&gt;&gt;' +
				   '*' + watch + '*' + move+'}&lt;br&gt;', x.article, x.params);
};
pg.structures.fancy.popupOtherLinks=function(x) {
	var admin='&lt;&lt;unprotect|unprotectShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;protect|shortcut=p&gt;&gt;*&lt;&lt;undelete|undeleteShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;delete|shortcut=d|del&gt;&gt;';
	var user='&lt;&lt;contribs|shortcut=c&gt;&gt;if(wikimedia){|&lt;&lt;count|shortcut=#|#&gt;&gt;}';
	user+='if(ipuser){|&lt;&lt;arin&gt;&gt;}else{*&lt;&lt;email|shortcut=E|'+
	popupString('email')+'&gt;&gt;}if(admin){*&lt;&lt;block|shortcut=b&gt;&gt;}';

	var normal='&lt;&lt;whatLinksHere|shortcut=l|links here&gt;&gt;*&lt;&lt;relatedChanges|shortcut=r|related&gt;&gt;';
	return navlinkStringToHTML('&lt;br&gt;if(user){' + user + '*}if(admin){'+admin+'if(user){&lt;br&gt;}else{*}}' + normal,
				   x.article, x.params);
};
pg.structures.fancy.popupRedirTitle=pg.structures.fancy.popupTitle;
pg.structures.fancy.popupRedirTopLinks=pg.structures.fancy.popupTopLinks;
pg.structures.fancy.popupRedirOtherLinks=pg.structures.fancy.popupOtherLinks;


/** -- fancy2 -- **/
// hack for [[User:MacGyverMagic]]
copyStructure('fancy', 'fancy2');
pg.structures.fancy2.popupTopLinks=function(x) { // hack out the &lt;br&gt; at the end and put one at the beginning
	return '&lt;br&gt;'+pg.structures.fancy.popupTopLinks(x).replace(RegExp('&lt;br&gt;$','i'),'');
};
pg.structures.fancy2.popupLayout=function () { // move toplinks to after the title
	return ['popupError', 'popupImage', 'popupTitle', 'popupData', 'popupTopLinks', 'popupOtherLinks',
		'popupRedir', ['popupWarnRedir', 'popupRedirTopLinks', 'popupRedirTitle', 'popupRedirData', 'popupRedirOtherLinks'],
		'popupMiscTools', ['popupRedlink'],
		'popupPrePreviewSep', 'popupPreview', 'popupSecondPreview', 'popupPreviewMore', 'popupPostPreview', 'popupFixDab'];
};

/** -- menus -- **/
copyStructure('original', 'menus');
pg.structures.menus.popupLayout=function () {
	return ['popupError', 'popupImage', 'popupTopLinks', 'popupTitle', 'popupOtherLinks',
		'popupRedir', ['popupWarnRedir', 'popupRedirTopLinks', 'popupRedirTitle', 'popupRedirData', 'popupRedirOtherLinks'],
		'popupData', 'popupMiscTools', ['popupRedlink'],
		'popupPrePreviewSep', 'popupPreview', 'popupSecondPreview', 'popupPreviewMore', 'popupPostPreview', 'popupFixDab'];
};
function toggleSticky(uid) {
	var popDiv=document.getElementById('navpopup_maindiv'+uid);
	if (!popDiv) { return; }
	if (!popDiv.navpopup.sticky) { popDiv.navpopup.stick(); }
	else {
		popDiv.navpopup.unstick();
		popDiv.navpopup.hide();
	}
}
pg.structures.menus.popupTopLinks = function (x, shorter) {
	// FIXME maybe this stuff should be cached
	var s=[];
	var dropdiv='&lt;div class=&quot;popup_drop&quot;&gt;';
	var enddiv='&lt;/div&gt;';
	var endspan='&lt;/span&gt;';
	var hist='&lt;&lt;history|shortcut=h&gt;&gt;';
	if (!shorter) { hist = '&lt;menurow&gt;' + hist +
			'|&lt;&lt;historyfeed|rss&gt;&gt;if(mainspace_en){|&lt;&lt;editors|shortcut=E&gt;&gt;}&lt;/menurow&gt;'; }
	var lastedit='&lt;&lt;lastEdit|shortcut=/|show last edit&gt;&gt;';
	var jsHistory='&lt;&lt;lastContrib|last set of edits&gt;&gt;&lt;&lt;sinceMe|changes since mine&gt;&gt;';
	var linkshere='&lt;&lt;whatLinksHere|shortcut=l|what links here&gt;&gt;';
	var related='&lt;&lt;relatedChanges|shortcut=r|related changes&gt;&gt;';
	var search='&lt;menurow&gt;&lt;&lt;search|shortcut=s&gt;&gt;if(wikimedia){|&lt;&lt;globalsearch|shortcut=g|global&gt;&gt;}' +
	'|&lt;&lt;google|shortcut=G|web&gt;&gt;&lt;/menurow&gt;';
	var watch='&lt;menurow&gt;&lt;&lt;unwatch|unwatchShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;watch|shortcut=w|watchThingy&gt;&gt;&lt;/menurow&gt;';
	var protect='&lt;menurow&gt;&lt;&lt;unprotect|unprotectShort&gt;&gt;|' +
	'&lt;&lt;protect|shortcut=p&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;protectlog|log&gt;&gt;&lt;/menurow&gt;';
	var del='&lt;menurow&gt;&lt;&lt;undelete|undeleteShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;delete|shortcut=d&gt;&gt;|' +
	'&lt;&lt;deletelog|log&gt;&gt;&lt;/menurow&gt;';
	var move='&lt;&lt;move|shortcut=m|move page&gt;&gt;';
	var nullPurge='&lt;menurow&gt;&lt;&lt;nullEdit|shortcut=n|null edit&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;purge|shortcut=P&gt;&gt;&lt;/menurow&gt;';
	var viewOptions='&lt;menurow&gt;&lt;&lt;view|shortcut=v&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;render|shortcut=S&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;raw&gt;&gt;&lt;/menurow&gt;';
	var editRow='if(oldid){' +
	'&lt;menurow&gt;&lt;&lt;edit|shortcut=e&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;editOld|shortcut=e|this&amp;nbsp;revision&gt;&gt;&lt;/menurow&gt;' +
	'&lt;menurow&gt;&lt;&lt;revert|shortcut=v&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;undo&gt;&gt;&lt;/menurow&gt;' + '}else{&lt;&lt;edit|shortcut=e&gt;&gt;}';
	var markPatrolled='if(rcid){&lt;&lt;markpatrolled|mark patrolled&gt;&gt;}';
	var newTopic='if(talk){&lt;&lt;new|shortcut=+|new topic&gt;&gt;}';
	var protectDelete='if(admin){' + protect + del + '}';

	if (getValueOf('popupActionsMenu')) {
		s.push( '&lt;&lt;mainlink&gt;&gt;*' + dropdiv + menuTitle('actions'));
	} else {
		s.push( dropdiv + '&lt;&lt;mainlink&gt;&gt;');
	}
	s.push( '&lt;menu&gt;')
	s.push( editRow + markPatrolled + newTopic + hist + lastedit )
	if (!shorter) { s.push(jsHistory); }
	s.push( move + linkshere + related)
	if (!shorter) { s.push(nullPurge + search); }
	if (!shorter) { s.push(viewOptions); }
	s.push('&lt;hr&gt;' + watch + protectDelete);
	s.push('&lt;hr&gt;' +
	       'if(talk){&lt;&lt;article|shortcut=a|view article&gt;&gt;&lt;&lt;editArticle|edit article&gt;&gt;}' +
	       'else{&lt;&lt;talk|shortcut=t|talk page&gt;&gt;&lt;&lt;editTalk|edit talk&gt;&gt;' +
	       '&lt;&lt;newTalk|shortcut=+|new topic&gt;&gt;}&lt;/menu&gt;' + enddiv);

	// user menu starts here
	var email='&lt;&lt;email|shortcut=E|email user&gt;&gt;';
	var contribs=	'if(wikimedia){&lt;menurow&gt;}&lt;&lt;contribs|shortcut=c|contributions&gt;&gt;if(wikimedia){&lt;/menurow&gt;}' +
	'if(admin){&lt;menurow&gt;&lt;&lt;deletedContribs&gt;&gt;&lt;/menurow&gt;}';


	s.push('if(user){*' + dropdiv + menuTitle('user'));
	s.push('&lt;menu&gt;'); +
	s.push('&lt;menurow&gt;&lt;&lt;userPage|shortcut=u|user&amp;nbsp;page&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;userSpace|space&gt;&gt;&lt;/menurow&gt;');
	s.push('&lt;&lt;userTalk|shortcut=t|user talk&gt;&gt;&lt;&lt;editUserTalk|edit user talk&gt;&gt;' +
	       '&lt;&lt;newUserTalk|shortcut=+|leave comment&gt;&gt;');
	if(!shorter) { s.push( 'if(ipuser){&lt;&lt;arin&gt;&gt;}else{' + email + '}') }
	else { s.push( 'if(ipuser){}else{' + email + '}') }
	s.push('&lt;hr&gt;' + contribs + '&lt;&lt;userlog|shortcut=L|user log&gt;&gt;');
	s.push('if(wikimedia){&lt;&lt;count|shortcut=#|edit counter&gt;&gt;}');
	s.push('if(admin){&lt;menurow&gt;&lt;&lt;unblock|unblockShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;block|shortcut=b|block user&gt;&gt;&lt;/menurow&gt;}');
	s.push('&lt;&lt;blocklog|shortcut=B|block log&gt;&gt;' + getValueOf('popupExtraUserMenu'));
	s.push('&lt;/menu&gt;'  + enddiv + '}');

	// popups menu starts here
	if (getValueOf('popupSetupMenu') &amp;&amp; !x.navpop.hasPopupMenu /* FIXME: hack */) {
		x.navpop.hasPopupMenu=true;
		s.push('*' + dropdiv + menuTitle('popupsMenu') + '&lt;menu&gt;');
		s.push('&lt;&lt;togglePreviews|toggle previews&gt;&gt;');
		s.push('&lt;&lt;purgePopups|reset&gt;&gt;');
		s.push('&lt;&lt;disablePopups|disable&gt;&gt;');
		s.push('&lt;/menu&gt;'+enddiv);
	}
	return navlinkStringToHTML(s.join(''), x.article, x.params);
};

function menuTitle(s) {
	return '&lt;a href=&quot;#&quot; noPopup=1&gt;' + popupString(s) + '&lt;/a&gt;';
}

pg.structures.menus.popupRedirTitle=pg.structures.menus.popupTitle;
pg.structures.menus.popupRedirTopLinks=pg.structures.menus.popupTopLinks;

copyStructure('menus', 'shortmenus');
pg.structures.shortmenus.popupTopLinks=function(x) {
	return pg.structures.menus.popupTopLinks(x,true);
};
pg.structures.shortmenus.popupRedirTopLinks=pg.structures.shortmenus.popupTopLinks;

copyStructure('shortmenus', 'dabshortmenus');
pg.structures.dabshortmenus.popupLayout=function () {
	return ['popupError', 'popupImage', 'popupTopLinks', 'popupTitle', 'popupOtherLinks',
		'popupRedir', ['popupWarnRedir', 'popupRedirTopLinks', 'popupRedirTitle', 'popupRedirData', 'popupRedirOtherLinks'],
		'popupData', 'popupMiscTools', ['popupRedlink'], 'popupFixDab',
		'popupPrePreviewSep', 'popupPreview', 'popupSecondPreview', 'popupPreviewMore', 'popupPostPreview'];
};

copyStructure('menus', 'dabmenus');
pg.structures.dabmenus.popupLayout=pg.structures.dabshortmenus.popupLayout;


//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
pg.structures.lite={};
pg.structures.lite.popupLayout=function () {
	return ['popupTitle', 'popupPreview' ];
};
pg.structures.lite.popupTitle=function (x) {
	log (x.article + ': structures.lite.popupTitle');
	//return navlinkStringToHTML('&lt;b&gt;&lt;&lt;mainlink&gt;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;',x.article,x.params);
	return '&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;popup_mainlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;' + x.article.toString() + '&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;';
};
// ENDFILE: structures.js
// STARTFILE: autoedit.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
function getParamValue(paramName, h) {
	if (typeof h == 'undefined' ) { h = document.location.href; }
	var cmdRe=RegExp('[&amp;?]'+paramName+'=([^&amp;]*)');
	var m=cmdRe.exec(h);
	if (m) {
		try {
			return decodeURIComponent(m[1]);
		} catch (someError) {}
	}
	return null;
}

function substitute(data,cmdBody) {
	// alert('sub\nfrom: '+cmdBody.from+'\nto: '+cmdBody.to+'\nflags: '+cmdBody.flags);
	var fromRe=RegExp(cmdBody.from, cmdBody.flags);
	return data.replace(fromRe, cmdBody.to);
}

function execCmds(data, cmdList) {
	for (var i=0; i&lt;cmdList.length; ++i) {
		data=cmdList[i].action(data, cmdList[i]);
	}
	return data;
}

function parseCmd(str) {
	// returns a list of commands
	if (!str.length) { return []; }
	var p=false;
	switch (str[0]) {
	case 's':
		p=parseSubstitute(str);
		break;
	default:
		return false;
	}
	if (p) { return [p].concat(parseCmd(p.remainder)); }
	return false;
}

function unEscape(str, sep) {
	return str.split('\\\\').join('\\').split('\\'+sep).join(sep).split('\\n').join('\n');
}


function parseSubstitute(str) {
	// takes a string like s/a/b/flags;othercmds and parses it

	var from,to,flags,tmp;

	if (str.length&lt;4) { return false; }
	var sep=str.charAt(1);
	str=str.substring(2);

	tmp=skipOver(str,sep);
	if (tmp) { from=tmp.segment; str=tmp.remainder; }
	else { return false; }

	tmp=skipOver(str,sep);
	if (tmp) { to=tmp.segment; str=tmp.remainder; }
	else { return false; }

	flags='';
	if (str.length) {
		tmp=skipOver(str,';') || skipToEnd(str, ';');
		if (tmp) {flags=tmp.segment; str=tmp.remainder; }
	}

	return {action: substitute, from: from, to: to, flags: flags, remainder: str};

}

function skipOver(str,sep) {
	var endSegment=findNext(str,sep);
	if (endSegment&lt;0) { return false; }
	var segment=unEscape(str.substring(0,endSegment), sep);
	return {segment: segment, remainder: str.substring(endSegment+1)};
}

function skipToEnd(str,sep) {
	return {segment: str, remainder: ''};
}

function findNext(str, ch) {
	for (var i=0; i&lt;str.length; ++i) {
		if (str.charAt(i)=='\\') { i+=2; }
		if (str.charAt(i)==ch) { return i; }
	}
	return -1;
}

function setCheckbox(param, box) {
	var val=getParamValue(param);
	if (val!==null) {
		switch (val) {
		case '1': case 'yes': case 'true':
			box.checked=true;
			break;
		case '0': case 'no':  case 'false':
			box.checked=false;
		}
	}
}

function autoEdit() {
	if (!setupPopups.completed) { setupPopups(); }
	if (!document.editform) { return false; }
	if (window.autoEdit.alreadyRan) { return false; }
	window.autoEdit.alreadyRan=true;
	var cmdString=getParamValue('autoedit');
	if (cmdString) {
		try {
			var editbox=document.editform.wpTextbox1;
		} catch (dang) { return; }
		var cmdList=parseCmd(cmdString);
		var input=editbox.value;
		var output=execCmds(input, cmdList);
		editbox.value=output;
		// wikEd user script compatibility
		if (typeof(wikEdUseWikEd) != 'undefined') {
			if (wikEdUseWikEd == true) {
				WikEdUpdateFrame();
			}
		}
	}
	setCheckbox('autominor', document.editform.wpMinoredit);
	setCheckbox('autowatch', document.editform.wpWatchthis);

	var rvid = getParamValue('autorv');
	if (rvid) {
		var url=pg.wiki.apiwikibase + '?action=query&amp;format=json&amp;prop=revisions&amp;revids='+rvid;
		startDownload(url, null, autoEdit2);
	} else { autoEdit2(); }
}

function autoEdit2(d) {
	var summary=getParamValue('autosummary');
	var summaryprompt=getParamValue('autosummaryprompt');
	var summarynotice='';
	if (d &amp;&amp; d.data &amp;&amp; getParamValue('autorv')) {
		var s = getRvSummary(summary, d.data);
		if (s===false) {
			summaryprompt=true;
			summarynotice=popupString('Failed to get revision information, please edit manually.\n\n');
			summary = simplePrintf(summary, [getParamValue('autorv'), '(unknown)', '(unknown)']);
		} else { summary = s; }
	}
	if (summaryprompt) {
		var txt= summarynotice +
			popupString('Enter a non-empty edit summary or press cancel to abort');
		var response=prompt(txt, summary);
		if (response) { summary=response; }
		else { return; }
	}
	if (summary) { document.editform.wpSummary.value=summary; }
	// Attempt to avoid possible premature clicking of the save button
	// (maybe delays in updates to the DOM are to blame?? or a red herring)
	setTimeout(autoEdit3, 100);
}

function autoClickToken() {
    return mw.user.sessionId();
}

function autoEdit3() {
    if( getParamValue('actoken') != autoClickToken()) return;

	var btn=getParamValue('autoclick');
	if (btn) {
		if (document.editform &amp;&amp; document.editform[btn]) {
			var button=document.editform[btn];
			var msg=tprintf('The %s button has been automatically clicked. Please wait for the next page to load.',
					[ button.value ]);
			bannerMessage(msg);
			document.title='('+document.title+')';
			button.click();
		} else {
			alert(tprintf('Could not find button %s. Please check the settings in your javascript file.',
				      [ btn ]));
		}
	}
}

function bannerMessage(s) {
	var headings=document.getElementsByTagName('h1');
	if (headings) {
		var div=document.createElement('div');
		div.innerHTML='&lt;font size=+1&gt;&lt;b&gt;' + s + '&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;';
		headings[0].parentNode.insertBefore(div, headings[0]);
	}
}

function getRvSummary(template, json) {
	try {
	    var o=getJsObj(json);
	    var edit = anyChild(o.query.pages).revisions[0];
	} catch (badness) {return false;}
	var timestamp = edit.timestamp.split(/[A-Z]/g).join(' ').replace(/^ *| *$/g, '');
	return simplePrintf(template, [edit.revid, timestamp, edit.userhidden === undefined ? edit.user : '(hidden)']);
}

//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: autoedit.js
// STARTFILE: downloader.js
/**
   @fileoverview
   {@link Downloader}, a xmlhttprequest wrapper, and helper functions.
*/

/**
   Creates a new Downloader
   @constructor
   @class The Downloader class. Create a new instance of this class to download stuff.
   @param {String} url The url to download. This can be omitted and supplied later.
*/
function Downloader(url) {
	// Source: http://jibbering.com/2002/4/httprequest.html
	/** xmlhttprequest object which we're wrapping */
	this.http = false;

	/*@cc_on @*/
	/*@if (@_jscript_version &gt;= 5)
	// JScript gives us Conditional compilation,
	// we can cope with old IE versions.
	// and security blocked creation of the objects.
	try {
	this.http = new ActiveXObject(&quot;Msxml2.XMLHTTP&quot;);
	} catch (e) {
	try {
	this.http = new ActiveXObject(&quot;Microsoft.XMLHTTP&quot;);
	} catch (E) {
	// this.http = false;
	}
	}
	@end @*/

	if (! this.http &amp;&amp; typeof XMLHttpRequest!='undefined') { this.http = new XMLHttpRequest(); }
	/**
	    The url to download
	    @type String
	*/
	this.url = url;
	/**
	    A universally unique ID number
	    @type integer
	*/
	this.id=null;
	/**
	    Modification date, to be culled from the incoming headers
	    @type Date
	    @private
	*/
	this.lastModified = null;
	/**
	    What to do when the download completes successfully
	    @type Function
	    @private
	*/
	this.callbackFunction = null;
	/**
	    What to do on failure
	    @type Function
	    @private
	*/
	this.onFailure = null;
	/**
	    Flag set on &lt;code&gt;abort&lt;/code&gt;
	    @type boolean
	*/
	this.aborted = false;
	/**
	   HTTP method. See http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html for possibilities.
	   @type String
	*/
	this.method='GET';
	/**
	    Async flag.
	    @type boolean
	*/
	this.async=true;
}

new Downloader();

/** Submits the http request. */
Downloader.prototype.send = function (x) {
	if (!this.http) { return null; }
	return this.http.send(x);
};
/** Aborts the download, setting the &lt;code&gt;aborted&lt;/code&gt; field to true.  */
Downloader.prototype.abort = function () {
	if (!this.http) { return null; }
	this.aborted=true;
	return this.http.abort();
};
/** Returns the downloaded data. */
Downloader.prototype.getData = function () {if (!this.http) { return null; } return this.http.responseText;};
/** Prepares the download. */
Downloader.prototype.setTarget = function () {
	if (!this.http) { return null; }
	this.http.open(this.method, this.url, this.async);
};
/** Gets the state of the download. */
Downloader.prototype.getReadyState=function () {if (!this.http) { return null; } return this.http.readyState;};

pg.misc.downloadsInProgress = { };

/** Starts the download.
    Note that setTarget {@link Downloader#setTarget} must be run first
*/
Downloader.prototype.start=function () {
	if (!this.http) { return; }
	pg.misc.downloadsInProgress[this.id] = this;
	this.http.send(null);
};

/** Gets the 'Last-Modified' date from the download headers.
    Should be run after the download completes.
    Returns &lt;code&gt;null&lt;/code&gt; on failure.
    @return {Date}
*/
Downloader.prototype.getLastModifiedDate=function () {
	if(!this.http) { return null; }
	var lastmod=null;
	try {
		lastmod=this.http.getResponseHeader('Last-Modified');
	} catch (err) {}
	if (lastmod) { return new Date(lastmod); }
	return null;
};

/** Sets the callback function.
    @param {Function} f callback function, called as &lt;code&gt;f(this)&lt;/code&gt; on success
*/
Downloader.prototype.setCallback = function (f) {
	if(!this.http) { return; }
	this.http.onreadystatechange = f;
};

Downloader.prototype.getStatus = function() { if (!this.http) { return null; } return this.http.status; };

//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// helper functions

/** Creates a new {@link Downloader} and prepares it for action.
    @param {String} url The url to download
    @param {integer} id The ID of the {@link Downloader} object
    @param {Function} callback The callback function invoked on success
    @return {String/Downloader} the {@link Downloader} object created, or 'ohdear' if an unsupported browser
*/
function newDownload(url, id, callback, onfailure) {
	var d=new Downloader(url);
	if (!d.http) { return 'ohdear'; }
	d.id=id;
	d.setTarget();
	if (!onfailure) {
		onfailure=2;
	}
	var f = function () {
		if (d.getReadyState() == 4) {
			delete pg.misc.downloadsInProgress[this.id];
			try {
				if ( d.getStatus() == 200 ) {
					d.data=d.getData();
					d.lastModified=d.getLastModifiedDate();
					callback(d);
				} else if (typeof onfailure == typeof 1) {
					if (onfailure &gt; 0) {
						// retry
						newDownload(url, id, callback, onfailure - 1);
					}
				} else if (typeof onfailure == 'function') {
					onfailure(d,url,id,callback);
				}
			} catch (somerr) { /* ignore it */ }
		}
	};
	d.setCallback(f);
	return d;
}
/** Simulates a download from cached data.
    The supplied data is put into a {@link Downloader} as if it had downloaded it.
    @param {String} url The url.
    @param {integer} id The ID.
    @param {Function} callback The callback, which is invoked immediately as &lt;code&gt;callback(d)&lt;/code&gt;,
    where &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt; is the new {@link Downloader}.
    @param {String} data The (cached) data.
    @param {Date} lastModified The (cached) last modified date.
*/
function fakeDownload(url, id, callback, data, lastModified, owner) {
	var d=newDownload(url,callback);
	d.owner=owner;
	d.id=id; d.data=data;
	d.lastModified=lastModified;
	return callback(d);
}

/**
   Starts a download.
   @param {String} url The url to download
   @param {integer} id The ID of the {@link Downloader} object
   @param {Function} callback The callback function invoked on success
   @return {String/Downloader} the {@link Downloader} object created, or 'ohdear' if an unsupported browser
*/
function startDownload(url, id, callback) {
	var d=newDownload(url, id, callback);
	if (typeof d == typeof '' ) { return d; }
	d.start();
	return d;
}

/**
   Aborts all downloads which have been started.
*/
function abortAllDownloads() {
	for ( var x in pg.misc.downloadsInProgress ) {
		try {
			pg.misc.downloadsInProgress[x].aborted=true;
			pg.misc.downloadsInProgress[x].abort();
			delete pg.misc.downloadsInProgress[x];
		} catch (e) { }
	}
}
// ENDFILE: downloader.js
// STARTFILE: livepreview.js
// TODO: location is often not correct (eg relative links in previews)

/**
 * InstaView - a Mediawiki to HTML converter in JavaScript
 * Version 0.6.1
 * Copyright (C) Pedro Fayolle 2005-2006
 * //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pilaf
 * Distributed under the BSD license
 *
 * Changelog:
 *
 * 0.6.1
 * - Fixed problem caused by \r characters
 * - Improved inline formatting parser
 *
 * 0.6
 * - Changed name to InstaView
 &lt;nowiki&gt;
 * - Some major code reorganizations and factored out some common functions
 * - Handled conversion of relative links (i.e. [[/foo]])
 * - Fixed misrendering of adjacent definition list items
 * - Fixed bug in table headings handling
 * - Changed date format in signatures to reflect Mediawiki's
 * - Fixed handling of [[:Image:...]]
 * - Updated MD5 function (hopefully it will work with UTF-8)
 * - Fixed bug in handling of links inside images
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;
 *
 * To do:
 * - Better support for &lt;math&gt;
 * - Full support for &lt;nowiki&gt;
 * - Parser-based (as opposed to RegExp-based) inline wikicode handling (make it one-pass and bullet-proof)
 * - Support for templates (through AJAX)
 * - Support for coloured links (AJAX)
 */


var Insta = {}

function setupLivePreview() {

    // options
    Insta.conf =
	{
	    baseUrl: '',

	    user: {},

	    wiki: {
		lang: pg.wiki.lang,
		interwiki: pg.wiki.interwiki,
		default_thumb_width: 180
	    },

	    paths: {
		articles: pg.wiki.articlePath + '/',
		// Only used for Insta previews with images. (not in popups)
		math: '/math/',
		images: '//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/', // FIXME ( window.getImageUrlStart ? getImageUrlStart(pg.wiki.hostname) : ''),
		images_fallback: '//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/',
		magnify_icon: 'skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png'
	    },

	    locale: {
		user: mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsUserId],
		image: mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsImageId],
		category: mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsCategoryId],
		// shouldn't be used in popup previews, i think
		months: ['Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','Jun','Jul','Aug','Sep','Oct','Nov','Dec']
	    }
	}

    // options with default values or backreferences
    with (Insta.conf) {
	user.name = user.name || 'Wikiversity participant'
	user.signature = '[['+locale.user+':'+user.name+'|'+user.name+']]'
    }

    // define constants
    Insta.BLOCK_IMAGE = new RegExp('^\\[\\[(?:File|Image|'+Insta.conf.locale.image+
				       '):.*?\\|.*?(?:frame|thumbnail|thumb|none|right|left|center)', 'i');

}


Insta.dump = function(from, to)
{
	if (typeof from == 'string') from = document.getElementById(from)
	if (typeof to == 'string') to = document.getElementById(to)
	to.innerHTML = this.convert(from.value)
}

Insta.convert = function(wiki)
{
	var	ll = (typeof wiki == 'string')? wiki.replace(/\r/g,'').split(/\n/): wiki, // lines of wikicode
		o='',	// output
		p=0,	// para flag
		$r	// result of passing a regexp to $()

	// some shorthands
	function remain() { return ll.length }
	function sh() { return ll.shift() } // shift
	function ps(s) { o+=s } // push

	function f() // similar to C's printf, uses ? as placeholders, ?? to escape question marks
	{
		var i=1,a=arguments,f=a[0],o='',c,p
		for (;i&lt;a.length; i++) if ((p=f.indexOf('?'))+1) {
			// allow character escaping
			i -= c=f.charAt(p+1)=='?'?1:0
			o += f.substring(0,p)+(c?'?':a[i])
			f=f.substr(p+1+c)
		} else break;
		return o+f
	}

	function html_entities(s) { return s.replace(/&amp;/g,&quot;&amp;amp;&quot;).replace(/&lt;/g,&quot;&amp;lt;&quot;).replace(/&gt;/g,&quot;&amp;gt;&quot;) }

	function max(a,b) { return (a&gt;b)?a:b }
	function min(a,b) { return (a&lt;b)?a:b }

	// return the first non matching character position between two strings
	function str_imatch(a, b)
	{
		for (var i=0, l=min(a.length, b.length); i&lt;l; i++) if (a.charAt(i)!=b.charAt(i)) break
		return i
	}

	// compare current line against a string or regexp
	// if passed a string it will compare only the first string.length characters
	// if passed a regexp the result is stored in $r
	function $(c) { return (typeof c == 'string') ? (ll[0].substr(0,c.length)==c) : ($r = ll[0].match(c)) }

	function $$(c) { return ll[0]==c } // compare current line against a string
	function _(p) { return ll[0].charAt(p) } // return char at pos p

	function endl(s) { ps(s); sh() }

	function parse_list()
	{
		var prev='';

		while (remain() &amp;&amp; $(/^([*#:;]+)(.*)$/)) {

			var l_match = $r

			sh()

			var ipos = str_imatch(prev, l_match[1])

			// close uncontinued lists
			for (var i=prev.length-1; i &gt;= ipos; i--) {

				var pi = prev.charAt(i)

				if (pi=='*') ps('&lt;/ul&gt;')
				else if (pi=='#') ps('&lt;/ol&gt;')
				// close a dl only if the new item is not a dl item (:, ; or empty)
				else switch (l_match[1].charAt(i)) { case'':case'*':case'#': ps('&lt;/dl&gt;') }
			}

			// open new lists
			for (var i=ipos; i&lt;l_match[1].length; i++) {

				var li = l_match[1].charAt(i)

				if (li=='*') ps('&lt;ul&gt;')
				else if (li=='#') ps('&lt;ol&gt;')
				// open a new dl only if the prev item is not a dl item (:, ; or empty)
				else switch(prev.charAt(i)) { case'':case'*':case'#': ps('&lt;dl&gt;') }
			}

			switch (l_match[1].charAt(l_match[1].length-1)) {

				case '*': case '#':
					ps('&lt;li&gt;' + parse_inline_nowiki(l_match[2])); break

				case ';':
					ps('&lt;dt&gt;')

					var dt_match

					// handle ;dt :dd format
					if (dt_match = l_match[2].match(/(.*?)(:.*?)$/)) {

						ps(parse_inline_nowiki(dt_match[1]))
						ll.unshift(dt_match[2])

					} else ps(parse_inline_nowiki(l_match[2]))

					break

				case ':':
					ps('&lt;dd&gt;' + parse_inline_nowiki(l_match[2]))
			}

			prev=l_match[1]
		}

		// close remaining lists
		for (var i=prev.length-1; i&gt;=0; i--)
			ps(f('&lt;/?&gt;', (prev.charAt(i)=='*')? 'ul': ((prev.charAt(i)=='#')? 'ol': 'dl')))
	}

	function parse_table()
	{
		endl(f('&lt;table?&gt;', $(/^\{\|( .*)$/)? $r[1]: ''))

		for (;remain();) if ($('|')) switch (_(1)) {
			case '}': endl('&lt;/table&gt;'); return
			case '-': endl(f('&lt;tr ?&gt;', $(/\|-*(.*)/)[1])); break
			default: parse_table_data()
		}
		else if ($('!')) parse_table_data()
		else sh()
	}

	function parse_table_data()
	{
		var td_line, match_i

		// 1: &quot;|+&quot;, '|' or '+'
		// 2: ??
		// 3: attributes ??
		// TODO: finish commenting this regexp
		var td_match = sh().match(/^(\|\+|\||!)((?:([^[|]*?)\|(?!\|))?(.*))$/)

		if (td_match[1] == '|+') ps('&lt;caption');
		else ps('&lt;t' + ((td_match[1]=='|')?'d':'h'))

		if (typeof td_match[3] != 'undefined') {

			ps(' ' + td_match[3])
			match_i = 4

		} else match_i = 2

		ps('&gt;')

		if (td_match[1] != '|+') {

			// use || or !! as a cell separator depending on context
			// NOTE: when split() is passed a regexp make sure to use non-capturing brackets
			td_line = td_match[match_i].split((td_match[1] == '|')? '||': /(?:\|\||!!)/)

			ps(parse_inline_nowiki(td_line.shift()))

			while (td_line.length) ll.unshift(td_match[1] + td_line.pop())

		} else ps(td_match[match_i])

		var tc = 0, td = []

		for (;remain(); td.push(sh()))
		if ($('|')) {
			if (!tc) break // we're at the outer-most level (no nested tables), skip to td parse
			else if (_(1)=='}') tc--
		}
		else if (!tc &amp;&amp; $('!')) break
		else if ($('{|')) tc++

		if (td.length) ps(Insta.convert(td))
	}

	function parse_pre()
	{
		ps('&lt;pre&gt;')
		do endl(parse_inline_nowiki(ll[0].substring(1)) + &quot;\n&quot;); while (remain() &amp;&amp; $(' '))
		ps('&lt;/pre&gt;')
	}

	function parse_block_image()
	{
		ps(parse_image(sh()))
	}

	function parse_image(str)
	{
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
		// get what's in between &quot;[[Image:&quot; and &quot;]]&quot;
		var tag = str.substring(str.indexOf(':') + 1, str.length - 2);

		var width;
		var attr = [], filename, caption = '';
		var thumb=0, frame=0, center=0;
		var align='';

		if (tag.match(/\|/)) {
			// manage nested links
			var nesting = 0;
			var last_attr;
			for (var i = tag.length-1; i &gt; 0; i--) {
				if (tag.charAt(i) == '|' &amp;&amp; !nesting) {
					last_attr = tag.substr(i+1);
					tag = tag.substring(0, i);
					break;
				} else switch (tag.substr(i-1, 2)) {
					case ']]':
						nesting++;
						i--;
						break;
					case '[[':
						nesting--;
						i--;
				}
			}

			attr = tag.split(/\s*\|\s*/);
			attr.push(last_attr);
			filename = attr.shift();

			var w_match;

			for (;attr.length; attr.shift())
			if (w_match = attr[0].match(/^(\d*)(?:[px]*\d*)?px$/)) width = w_match[1]
			else switch(attr[0]) {
				case 'thumb':
				case 'thumbnail':
					thumb=true;
				case 'frame':
					frame=true;
					break;
				case 'none':
				case 'right':
				case 'left':
					center=false;
					align=attr[0];
					break;
				case 'center':
					center=true;
					align='none';
					break;
				default:
					if (attr.length == 1) caption = attr[0];
			}

		} else filename = tag;


		var o='';

		if (frame) {

			if (align=='') align = 'right';

			o += f(&quot;&lt;div class='thumb t?'&gt;&quot;, align);

			if (thumb) {
				if (!width) width = Insta.conf.wiki.default_thumb_width;

				o += f(&quot;&lt;div style='width:?px;'&gt;?&quot;, 2+width*1, make_image(filename, caption, width)) +
					f(&quot;&lt;div class='thumbcaption'&gt;&lt;div class='magnify' style='float:right'&gt;&lt;a href='?' class='internal' title='Enlarge'&gt;&lt;img src='?'&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;?&lt;/div&gt;&quot;,
						Insta.conf.paths.articles + Insta.conf.locale.image + ':' + filename,
						Insta.conf.paths.magnify_icon,
						parse_inline_nowiki(caption)
					)
			} else {
				o += '&lt;div&gt;' + make_image(filename, caption) + f(&quot;&lt;div class='thumbcaption'&gt;?&lt;/div&gt;&quot;, parse_inline_nowiki(caption))
			}

			o += '&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;';

		} else if (align != '') {
			o += f(&quot;&lt;div class='float?'&gt;&lt;span&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&quot;, align, make_image(filename, caption, width));
		} else {
			return make_image(filename, caption, width);
		}

		return center? f(&quot;&lt;div class='center'&gt;?&lt;/div&gt;&quot;, o): o;
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
	}

	function parse_inline_nowiki(str)
	{
		var start, lastend=0
		var substart=0, nestlev=0, open, close, subloop;
		var html='';

		while (-1 != (start = str.indexOf('&lt;nowiki&gt;', substart))) {
			html += parse_inline_wiki(str.substring(lastend, start));
			start += 8;
			substart = start;
			subloop = true;
			do {
				open = str.indexOf('&lt;nowiki&gt;', substart);
				close = str.indexOf('&lt;/nowiki&gt;', substart);
				// &lt;/nowiki&gt;
				if (close&lt;=open || open==-1) {
					if (close==-1) {
						return html + html_entities(str.substr(start));
					}
					substart = close+9;
					if (nestlev) {
						nestlev--;
					} else {
						lastend = substart;
						html += html_entities(str.substring(start, lastend-9));
						subloop = false;
					}
				} else {
					substart = open+8;
					nestlev++;
				}
			} while (subloop)
		}

		return html + parse_inline_wiki(str.substr(lastend));
	}

	function make_image(filename, caption, width)
	{
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
		// uppercase first letter in file name
		filename = filename[0].toUpperCase() + filename.substr(1);
		// replace spaces with underscores
		filename = filename.replace(/ /g, '_');

		caption = strip_inline_wiki(caption);

		var md5 = hex_md5(filename);

		var source = md5[0] + '/' + md5.substr(0,2) + '/' + filename;

		if (width) width = &quot;width='&quot; + width + &quot;px'&quot;;

		var img = f(&quot;&lt;img onerror=\&quot;this.onerror=null;this.src='?'\&quot; src='?' ? ?&gt;&quot;, Insta.conf.paths.images_fallback + source, Insta.conf.paths.images + source, (caption!='')? &quot;alt='&quot; + caption + &quot;'&quot; : '', width);

		return f(&quot;&lt;a class='image' ? href='?'&gt;?&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, (caption!='')? &quot;title='&quot; + caption + &quot;'&quot; : '', Insta.conf.paths.articles + Insta.conf.locale.image + ':' + filename, img);
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
	}

	function parse_inline_images(str)
	{
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
		var start, substart=0, nestlev=0;
		var loop, close, open, wiki, html;

		while (-1 != (start=str.indexOf('[[', substart))) {
			if(str.substr(start+2).match(RegExp('^(Image|File|' + Insta.conf.locale.image + '):','i'))) {
				loop=true;
				substart=start;
				do {
					substart+=2;
					close=str.indexOf(']]',substart);
					open=str.indexOf('[[',substart);
					if (close&lt;=open||open==-1) {
						if (close==-1) return str;
						substart=close;
						if (nestlev) {
							nestlev--;
						} else {
							wiki=str.substring(start,close+2);
							html=parse_image(wiki);
							str=str.replace(wiki,html);
							substart=start+html.length;
							loop=false;
						}
					} else {
						substart=open;
						nestlev++;
					}
				} while (loop)

			} else break;
		}

//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
		return str;
	}

	// the output of this function doesn't respect the FILO structure of HTML
	// but since most browsers can handle it I'll save myself the hassle
	function parse_inline_formatting(str)
	{
		var em,st,i,li,o='';
		while ((i=str.indexOf(&quot;''&quot;,li))+1) {
			o += str.substring(li,i);
			li=i+2;
			if (str.charAt(i+2)==&quot;'&quot;) {
				li++;
				st=!st;
				o+=st?'&lt;strong&gt;':'&lt;/strong&gt;';
			} else {
				em=!em;
				o+=em?'&lt;em&gt;':'&lt;/em&gt;';
			}
		}
		return o+str.substr(li);
	}

	function parse_inline_wiki(str)
	{
		var aux_match;

		str = parse_inline_images(str);
		str = parse_inline_formatting(str);

		// math
		while (aux_match = str.match(/&lt;(?:)math&gt;(.*?)&lt;\/math&gt;/i)) {
			var math_md5 = hex_md5(aux_match[1]);
			str = str.replace(aux_match[0], f(&quot;&lt;img src='?.png'&gt;&quot;, Insta.conf.paths.math+math_md5));
		}

		// Build a Mediawiki-formatted date string
		var date = new Date;
		var minutes = date.getUTCMinutes();
		if (minutes &lt; 10) minutes = '0' + minutes;
		var date = f(&quot;?:?, ? ? ? (UTC)&quot;, date.getUTCHours(), minutes, date.getUTCDate(), Insta.conf.locale.months[date.getUTCMonth()], date.getUTCFullYear());

		// text formatting
		return str.
			// signatures
			replace(/~{5}(?!~)/g, date).
			replace(/~{4}(?!~)/g, Insta.conf.user.name+' '+date).
			replace(/~{3}(?!~)/g, Insta.conf.user.name).

// &lt;nowiki&gt;
			// [[:Category:...]], [[:Image:...]], etc...

			replace(RegExp('\\[\\[:((?:'+Insta.conf.locale.category+'|Image|File|'+Insta.conf.locale.image+'|'+Insta.conf.wiki.interwiki+'):[^|]*?)\\]\\](\w*)','gi'), &quot;&lt;a href='&quot;+Insta.conf.paths.articles+&quot;$1'&gt;$1$2&lt;/a&gt;&quot;).
			// remove straight category and interwiki tags
			replace(RegExp('\\[\\[(?:'+Insta.conf.locale.category+'|'+Insta.conf.wiki.interwiki+'):.*?\\]\\]','gi'),'').

			// [[:Category:...|Links]], [[:Image:...|Links]], etc...
			replace(RegExp('\\[\\[:((?:'+Insta.conf.locale.category+'|Image|File|'+Insta.conf.locale.image+'|'+Insta.conf.wiki.interwiki+'):.*?)\\|([^\\]]+?)\\]\\](\\w*)','gi'), &quot;&lt;a href='&quot;+Insta.conf.paths.articles+&quot;$1'&gt;$2$3&lt;/a&gt;&quot;).

			// [[/Relative links]]
			replace(/\[\[(\/[^|]*?)\]\]/g, f(&quot;&lt;a href='?$1'&gt;$1&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, Insta.conf.baseUrl)).

			// [[/Replaced|Relative links]]
			replace(/\[\[(\/.*?)\|(.+?)\]\]/g, f(&quot;&lt;a href='?$1'&gt;$2&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, Insta.conf.baseUrl)).

			// [[Common links]]
			replace(/\[\[([^|]*?)\]\](\w*)/g, f(&quot;&lt;a href='?$1'&gt;$1$2&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, Insta.conf.paths.articles)).

			// [[Replaced|Links]]
			replace(/\[\[(.*?)\|([^\]]+?)\]\](\w*)/g, f(&quot;&lt;a href='?$1'&gt;$2$3&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, Insta.conf.paths.articles)).

			// [[Stripped:Namespace|Namespace]]
			replace(/\[\[([^\]]*?:)?(.*?)( *\(.*?\))?\|\]\]/g, f(&quot;&lt;a href='?$1$2$3'&gt;$2&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, Insta.conf.paths.articles)).

			// External links
			replace(/\[(https?|news|ftp|mailto|gopher|irc):(\/*)([^\]]*?) (.*?)\]/g, &quot;&lt;a class='external' href='$1:$2$3'&gt;$4&lt;/a&gt;&quot;).
			replace(/\[http:\/\/(.*?)\]/g, &quot;&lt;a class='external' href='http://$1'&gt;[#]&lt;/a&gt;&quot;).
			replace(/\[(news|ftp|mailto|gopher|irc):(\/*)(.*?)\]/g, &quot;&lt;a class='external' href='$1:$2$3'&gt;$1:$2$3&lt;/a&gt;&quot;).
			replace(/(^| )(https?|news|ftp|mailto|gopher|irc):(\/*)([^ $]*[^.,!?;: $])/g, &quot;$1&lt;a class='external' href='$2:$3$4'&gt;$2:$3$4&lt;/a&gt;&quot;).

			replace('__NOTOC__','').
			replace('__NOEDITSECTION__','');
	}

/*
*/
	function strip_inline_wiki(str)
	{
		return str
			.replace(/\[\[[^\]]*\|(.*?)\]\]/g,'$1')
			.replace(/\[\[(.*?)\]\]/g,'$1')
			.replace(/''(.*?)''/g,'$1');
	}
// &lt;/nowiki&gt;
	
	// begin parsing
	for (;remain();) if ($(/^(={1,6})(.*)\1(.*)$/)) {
		p=0
		endl(f('&lt;h?&gt;?&lt;/h?&gt;?', $r[1].length, parse_inline_nowiki($r[2]), $r[1].length, $r[3]))

	} else if ($(/^[*#:;]/)) {
		p=0
		parse_list()

	} else if ($(' ')) {
		p=0
		parse_pre()

	} else if ($('{|')) {
		p=0
		parse_table()

	} else if ($(/^----+$/)) {
		p=0
		endl('&lt;hr&gt;')

	} else if ($(Insta.BLOCK_IMAGE)) {
		p=0
		parse_block_image()

	} else {

		// handle paragraphs
		if ($$('')) {
			if (p = (remain()&gt;1 &amp;&amp; ll[1]==(''))) endl('&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;')
		} else {
			if(!p) {
				ps('&lt;p&gt;')
				p=1
			}
			ps(parse_inline_nowiki(ll[0]) + ' ')
		}

		sh();
	}

	return o
};

window.wiki2html=function(txt,baseurl) {
    Insta.conf.baseUrl=baseurl;
    return Insta.convert(txt);
};
// ENDFILE: livepreview.js
// STARTFILE: pageinfo.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
function popupFilterPageSize(data) {
	return formatBytes(data.length);
}

function popupFilterCountLinks(data) {
	var num=countLinks(data);
	return String(num) + '&amp;nbsp;' + ((num!=1)?popupString('wikiLinks'):popupString('wikiLink'));
}

function popupFilterCountImages(data) {
	var num=countImages(data);
	return String(num) + '&amp;nbsp;' + ((num!=1)?popupString('images'):popupString('image'));
}

function popupFilterCountCategories(data) {
	var num=countCategories(data);
	return String(num) + '&amp;nbsp;' + ((num!=1)?popupString('categories'):popupString('category'));
}


function popupFilterLastModified(data,download) {
	var lastmod=download.lastModified;
	var now=new Date();
	var age=now-lastmod;
	if (lastmod &amp;&amp; getValueOf('popupLastModified')) {
		return (tprintf('%s old', [formatAge(age)])).replace(RegExp(' ','g'), '&amp;nbsp;');
	}
	return '';
}

function formatAge(age) {
	// coerce into a number
	var a=0+age, aa=a;

	var seclen  = 1000;
	var minlen  = 60*seclen;
	var hourlen = 60*minlen;
	var daylen  = 24*hourlen;
	var weeklen = 7*daylen;

	var numweeks = (a-a%weeklen)/weeklen; a = a-numweeks*weeklen; var sweeks = addunit(numweeks, 'week');
	var numdays  = (a-a%daylen)/daylen;   a = a-numdays*daylen;   var sdays  = addunit(numdays, 'day');
	var numhours = (a-a%hourlen)/hourlen; a = a-numhours*hourlen; var shours = addunit(numhours,'hour');
	var nummins  = (a-a%minlen)/minlen;   a = a-nummins*minlen;   var smins  = addunit(nummins, 'minute');
	var numsecs  = (a-a%seclen)/seclen;   a = a-numsecs*seclen;   var ssecs  = addunit(numsecs, 'second');

	if (aa &gt; 4*weeklen) { return sweeks; }
	if (aa &gt; weeklen)   { return sweeks + ' ' + sdays; }
	if (aa &gt; daylen)    { return sdays  + ' ' + shours; }
	if (aa &gt; 6*hourlen) { return shours; }
	if (aa &gt; hourlen)   { return shours + ' ' + smins; }
	if (aa &gt; 10*minlen) { return smins; }
	if (aa &gt; minlen)    { return smins  + ' ' + ssecs; }
	return ssecs;
}

function addunit(num,str) { return '' + num + ' ' + ((num!=1) ? popupString(str+'s') : popupString(str)) ;}

function runPopupFilters(list, data, download) {
	var ret=[];
	for (var i=0; i&lt;list.length; ++i) {
		if (list[i] &amp;&amp; typeof list[i] == 'function') {
			var s=list[i](data, download, download.owner.article);
			if (s) { ret.push(s); }
		}
	}
	return ret;
}

function getPageInfo(data, download) {
	if (!data || data.length === 0) { return popupString('Empty page'); }

	var popupFilters=getValueOf('popupFilters') || [];
	var extraPopupFilters = getValueOf('extraPopupFilters') || [];
	var pageInfoArray = runPopupFilters(popupFilters.concat(extraPopupFilters), data, download);

	var pageInfo=pageInfoArray.join(', ');
	if (pageInfo !== '' ) { pageInfo = upcaseFirst(pageInfo); }
	return pageInfo;
}


// this could be improved!
function countLinks(wikiText) { return wikiText.split('[[').length - 1; }

// if N = # matches, n = # brackets, then
// String.parenSplit(regex) intersperses the N+1 split elements
// with Nn other elements. So total length is
// L= N+1 + Nn = N(n+1)+1. So N=(L-1)/(n+1).

function countImages(wikiText) {
	return (wikiText.parenSplit(pg.re.image).length - 1) / (pg.re.imageBracketCount + 1);
}

function countCategories(wikiText) {
	return (wikiText.parenSplit(pg.re.category).length - 1) / (pg.re.categoryBracketCount + 1);
}

function popupFilterStubDetect(data, download, article)     {
	var counts=stubCount(data, article);
	if (counts.real) { return popupString('stub'); }
	if (counts.sect) { return popupString('section stub'); }
	return '';
}

function popupFilterDisambigDetect(data, download, article) {
	if (getValueOf('popupOnlyArticleDabStub') &amp;&amp; article.namespace()) { return ''; }
	return (isDisambig(data, article)) ? popupString('disambig') : '';
}

function formatBytes(num) {
	return (num &gt; 949) ? (Math.round(num/100)/10+popupString('kB')) : (num +'&amp;nbsp;' + popupString('bytes')) ;
}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: pageinfo.js
// STARTFILE: titles.js
/**
   @fileoverview Defines the {@link Title} class, and associated crufty functions.

   &lt;code&gt;Title&lt;/code&gt; deals with article titles and their various
   forms.  {@link Stringwrapper} is the parent class of
   &lt;code&gt;Title&lt;/code&gt;, which exists simply to make things a little
   neater.

*/

/**
   Creates a new Stringwrapper.
   @constructor

   @class the Stringwrapper class. This base class is not really
   useful on its own; it just wraps various common string operations.
*/
function Stringwrapper() {
	/**
	   Wrapper for this.toString().indexOf()
	   @param {String} x
	   @type integer
	*/
	this.indexOf=function(x){return this.toString().indexOf(x);};
	/**
	   Returns this.value.
	   @type String
	*/
	this.toString=function(){return this.value;};
	/**
	   Wrapper for {@link String#parenSplit} applied to this.toString()
	   @param {RegExp} x
	   @type Array
	*/
	this.parenSplit=function(x){return this.toString().parenSplit(x);};
	/**
	   Wrapper for this.toString().substring()
	   @param {String} x
	   @param {String} y (optional)
	   @type String
	*/
	this.substring=function(x,y){
		if (typeof y=='undefined') { return this.toString().substring(x); }
		return this.toString().substring(x,y);
	};
	/**
	   Wrapper for this.toString().split()
	   @param {String} x
	   @type Array
	*/
	this.split=function(x){return this.toString().split(x);};
	/**
	   Wrapper for this.toString().replace()
	   @param {String} x
	   @param {String} y
	   @type String
	*/
	this.replace=function(x,y){ return this.toString().replace(x,y); };
}


/**
   Creates a new &lt;code&gt;Title&lt;/code&gt;.
   @constructor

   @class The Title class. Holds article titles and converts them into
   various forms. Also deals with anchors, by which we mean the bits
   of the article URL after a # character, representing locations
   within an article.

   @param {String} value The initial value to assign to the
   article. This must be the canonical title (see {@link
   Title#value}. Omit this in the constructor and use another function
   to set the title if this is unavailable.
*/
function Title(val) {
	/**
	   The canonical article title. This must be in UTF-8 with no
	   entities, escaping or nasties. Also, underscores should be
	   replaced with spaces.
	   @type String
	   @private
	*/
	this.value=null;
	/**
	   The canonical form of the anchor. This should be exactly as
	   it appears in the URL, i.e. with the .C3.0A bits in.
	   @type String
	*/
	this.anchor='';

	this.setUtf(val);
}
Title.prototype=new Stringwrapper();
/**
   Returns the canonical representation of the article title, optionally without anchor.
   @param {boolean} omitAnchor
   @fixme Decide specs for anchor
   @return String The article title and the anchor.
*/
Title.prototype.toString=function(omitAnchor) {
	return this.value + ( (!omitAnchor &amp;&amp; this.anchor) ? '#' + this.anchorString() : '' );
};
Title.prototype.anchorString=function() {
	if (!this.anchor) { return ''; }
	var split=this.anchor.parenSplit(/((?:[.][0-9A-F]{2})+)/);
	var len=split.length;
	for (var j=1; j&lt;len; j+=2) {
		// FIXME s/decodeURI/decodeURIComponent/g ?
		split[j]=decodeURIComponent(split[j].split('.').join('%')).split('_').join(' ');
	}
	return split.join('');
};
Title.prototype.urlAnchor=function() {
	var split=this.anchor.parenSplit('/((?:[%][0-9A-F]{2})+)/');
	var len=split.length;
	for (var j=1; j&lt;len; j+=2) {
		split[j]=split[j].split('%').join('.');
	}
	return split.join('');
};
Title.prototype.anchorFromUtf=function(str) {
	this.anchor=encodeURIComponent(str.split(' ').join('_'))
	.split('%3A').join(':').split(&quot;'&quot;).join('%27').split('%').join('.');
};
Title.fromURL=function(h) {
	return new Title().fromURL(h);
};
Title.prototype.fromURL=function(h) {
	if (typeof h != 'string') {
		this.value=null;
		return this;
	}

	// NOTE : playing with decodeURI, encodeURI, escape, unescape,
	// we seem to be able to replicate the IE borked encoding

	// IE doesn't do this new-fangled utf-8 thing.
	// and it's worse than that.
	// IE seems to treat the query string differently to the rest of the url
	// the query is treated as bona-fide utf8, but the first bit of the url is pissed around with

	// we fix up &amp; for all browsers, just in case.
	var splitted=h.split('?');
	splitted[0]=splitted[0].split('&amp;').join('%26');

	if (pg.flag.linksLikeIE6) {
		splitted[0]=encodeURI(decode_utf8(splitted[0]));
	}

	h=splitted.join('?');

	var contribs=pg.re.contribs.exec(h);
	if (contribs !== null) {
		if (contribs[1]=='title=') { contribs[3]=contribs[3].split('+').join(' '); }
		var u=new Title(contribs[3]);
		this.setUtf(this.decodeNasties(mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsUserId] + ':' + u.stripNamespace()));
		return this;
	}

	var email=pg.re.email.exec(h);
	if (email !== null) {
		this.setUtf(this.decodeNasties(mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsUserId] + ':' + new Title(email[3]).stripNamespace()));
		return this;
	}

	var backlinks=pg.re.backlinks.exec(h);
	if (backlinks) {
		this.setUtf(this.decodeNasties(new Title(backlinks[3])));
		return this;
	}

	// no more special cases to check --
	// hopefully it's not a disguised user-related or specially treated special page
	var m=pg.re.main.exec(h);
	if(m===null) { this.value=null; }
	else {
        var fromBotInterface = /[?](.+[&amp;])?title=/.test(h);
        if (fromBotInterface) {
            m[2]=m[2].split('+').join('_');
        }
        var extracted = m[2] + (m[3] ? '#' + m[3] : '');
        if (pg.flag.isSafari &amp;&amp; /%25[0-9A-Fa-f]{2}/.test(extracted)) {
            // Fix Safari issue
            // Safari sometimes encodes % as %25 in UTF-8 encoded strings like %E5%A3 -&gt; %25E5%25A3.
            this.setUtf(decodeURIComponent(unescape(extracted)));
        } else {
            this.setUtf(this.decodeNasties(extracted));
        }
    }
	return this;
};
Title.prototype.decodeNasties=function(txt) {
	var ret= this.decodeEscapes(decodeURI(txt));
	ret = ret.replace(/[_ ]*$/, '');
	return ret;
};
Title.prototype.decodeEscapes=function(txt) {
	var split=txt.parenSplit(/((?:[%][0-9A-Fa-f]{2})+)/);
	var len=split.length;
	for (var i=1; i&lt;len; i=i+2) {
		// FIXME is decodeURIComponent better?
		split[i]=unescape(split[i]);
	}
	return split.join('');
};
Title.fromAnchor=function(a) {
	return new Title().fromAnchor(a);
};
Title.prototype.fromAnchor=function(a) {
	if (!a) { this.value=null; return this; }
	return this.fromURL(a.href);
};
Title.fromWikiText=function(txt) {
	return new Title().fromWikiText(txt);
};
Title.prototype.fromWikiText=function(txt) {
	// FIXME - testing needed
	if (!pg.flag.linksLikeIE6) { txt=myDecodeURI(txt); }
	this.setUtf(txt);
	return this;
};
Title.prototype.hintValue=function(){
	if(!this.value) { return ''; }
	return safeDecodeURI(this.value);
};
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
Title.prototype.toUserName=function(withNs) {
	if (this.namespaceId() != pg.nsUserId &amp;&amp; this.namespaceId() != pg.nsUsertalkId) {
		this.value=null;
		return;
	}
	this.value = (withNs ? mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsUserId] + ':' : '') + this.stripNamespace().split('/')[0];
};
Title.prototype.userName=function(withNs) {
	var t=(new Title(this.value));
	t.toUserName(withNs);
	if (t.value) { return t; }
	return null;
};
Title.prototype.toTalkPage=function() {
	// convert article to a talk page, or if we can't, return null
	// In other words: return null if this ALREADY IS a talk page
	// and return the corresponding talk page otherwise
	//
	// Per //www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Namespace#Subject_and_talk_namespaces
	// * All discussion namespaces have odd-integer indices
	// * The discussion namespace index for a specific namespace with index n is n + 1
	if (this.value===null) { return null; }
	
	var namespaceId = this.namespaceId();
	if (namespaceId&gt;=0 &amp;&amp; namespaceId % 2 == 0) //non-special and subject namespace
	{
		var localizedNamespace = mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[namespaceId+1];
		if (typeof localizedNamespace!=='undefined')
		{
			if (localizedNamespace==='') return this.value = this.stripNamespace();
			this.value = localizedNamespace.split(' ').join('_') + ':' + this.stripNamespace();
			return this.value;
		}
	}

	this.value=null;
	return null;
};
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// Return canonical, localized namespace
Title.prototype.namespace=function() {
	return mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[this.namespaceId()];
};
Title.prototype.namespaceId=function() {
	var n=this.value.indexOf(':');
	if (n&lt;0) { return 0; } //mainspace
	var namespaceId = mw.config.get('wgNamespaceIds')[this.value.substring(0,n).split(' ').join('_').toLowerCase()];
	if (typeof namespaceId=='undefined') return 0; //mainspace
	return namespaceId;
};
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
Title.prototype.talkPage=function() {
	var t=new Title(this.value);
	t.toTalkPage();
	if (t.value) { return t; }
	return null;
};
Title.prototype.isTalkPage=function() {
	if (this.talkPage()===null) { return true; }
	return false;
};
Title.prototype.toArticleFromTalkPage=function() {
	//largely copy/paste from toTalkPage above.
	if (this.value===null) { return null; }
	
	var namespaceId = this.namespaceId();
	if (namespaceId&gt;=0 &amp;&amp; namespaceId % 2 == 1) //non-special and talk namespace
	{
		var localizedNamespace = mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[namespaceId-1];
		if (typeof localizedNamespace!=='undefined')
		{
			if (localizedNamespace==='') return this.value = this.stripNamespace();
			this.value = localizedNamespace.split(' ').join('_') + ':' + this.stripNamespace();
			return this.value;
		}
	}

	this.value=null;
	return null;
};
Title.prototype.articleFromTalkPage=function() {
	var t=new Title(this.value);
	t.toArticleFromTalkPage();
	if (t.value) { return t; }
	return null;
};
Title.prototype.articleFromTalkOrArticle=function() {
	var t=new Title(this.value);
	if ( t.toArticleFromTalkPage() ) { return t; }
	return this;
};
Title.prototype.isIpUser=function() {
	return pg.re.ipUser.test(this.userName());
};
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
Title.prototype.stripNamespace=function(){ // returns a string, not a Title
	var n=this.value.indexOf(':');
	if (n&lt;0) { return this.value; }
	var namespaceId = this.namespaceId();
	if (typeof namespaceId==='undefined') return this.value;
	return this.value.substring(n+1);
};
Title.prototype.setUtf=function(value){
	if (!value) { this.value=''; return; }
	var anch=value.indexOf('#');
	if(anch &lt; 0) { this.value=value.split('_').join(' '); this.anchor=''; return; }
	this.value=value.substring(0,anch).split('_').join(' ');
	this.anchor=value.substring(anch+1);
	this.ns=null; // wait until namespace() is called
};
Title.prototype.setUrl=function(urlfrag) {
	var anch=urlfrag.indexOf('#');
	this.value=safeDecodeURI(urlfrag.substring(0,anch));
	this.anchor=value.substring(anch+1);
};
Title.prototype.append=function(x){
	this.setUtf(this.value + x);
};
Title.prototype.urlString=function(x) {
	x || ( x={} );
	var v=this.toString(true);
	if (!x.omitAnchor &amp;&amp; this.anchor) { v+= '#' + this.urlAnchor(); }
	if (!x.keepSpaces) { v=v.split(' ').join('_'); }
	return encodeURI(v).split('&amp;').join('%26').split('?').join('%3F').split('+').join('%2B');
};
Title.prototype.removeAnchor=function() {
	return new Title(this.toString(true));
};
Title.prototype.toUrl=function() {
	return pg.wiki.titlebase + this.urlString();
};


function paramValue(param, url) {
	var s=url.parenSplit(RegExp('[?&amp;]' + literalizeRegex(param) + '=([^?&amp;]*)'));
	if (!url) { return null; }
	return s[1] || null;
}

function parseParams(url) {
	var ret={};
	if (url.indexOf('?')==-1) { return ret; }
	var s=url.split('?').slice(1).join();
	var t=s.split('&amp;');
	for (var i=0; i&lt;t.length; ++i) {
		var z=t[i].split('=');
		z.push(null);
		ret[z[0]]=z[1];
	}
	return ret;
}

// all sorts of stuff here
// FIXME almost everything needs to be rewritten

function oldidFromAnchor(a) { return paramValue('oldid', a.href); }
//function diffFromAnchor(a) { return paramValue('diff', a.href); }


function wikiMarkupToAddressFragment (str) { // for images
	var ret = safeDecodeURI(str);
	ret = ret.split(' ').join('_');
	ret = encodeURI(ret);
	return ret;
}

// (a) myDecodeURI (first standard decodeURI, then pg.re.urlNoPopup)
// (b) change spaces to underscores
// (c) encodeURI (just the straight one, no pg.re.urlNoPopup)

function myDecodeURI (str) {
	var ret;
	// FIXME decodeURIComponent??
	try { ret=decodeURI(str.toString()); }
	catch (summat) { return str; }
	for (var i=0; i&lt;pg.misc.decodeExtras.length; ++i) {
		var from=pg.misc.decodeExtras[i].from;
		var to=pg.misc.decodeExtras[i].to;
		ret=ret.split(from).join(to);
	}
	return ret;
}

function safeDecodeURI(str) { var ret=myDecodeURI(str); return ret || str; }

///////////
// TESTS //
///////////

//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
function isIpUser(user) {return pg.re.ipUser.test(user);}

function isDisambig(data, article) {
	if (!getValueOf('popupAllDabsStubs') &amp;&amp; article.namespace()) { return false; }
	return ! article.isTalkPage() &amp;&amp; pg.re.disambig.test(data);
}

function stubCount(data, article) {
	if (!getValueOf('popupAllDabsStubs') &amp;&amp; article.namespace()) { return false; }
	var sectStub=0;
	var realStub=0;
	if (pg.re.stub.test(data)) {
		var s=data.parenSplit(pg.re.stub);
		for (var i=1; i&lt;s.length; i=i+2) {
			if (s[i]) { ++sectStub; }
			else { ++realStub; }
		}
	}
	return { real: realStub, sect: sectStub };
}

function isValidImageName(str){ // extend as needed...
	return ( str.indexOf('{') == -1 );
}

function isInStrippableNamespace(article) {
	//I believe that this method means to return whether the given article is in a namspace without subpages. Meaning, it's broken.
	return ( article.namespace() !== '' );
}

function isInMainNamespace(article) { return !isInStrippableNamespace(article); }

function anchorContainsImage(a) {
	// iterate over children of anchor a
	// see if any are images
	if (a===null) { return false; }
	kids=a.childNodes;
	for (var i=0; i&lt;kids.length; ++i) { if (kids[i].nodeName=='IMG') { return true; } }
	return false;
}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
function isPopupLink(a) {
	// NB for performance reasons, TOC links generally return true
	// they should be stripped out later

	if (!markNopopupSpanLinks.done) { markNopopupSpanLinks(); }
	if (a.inNopopupSpan || a.className=='sortheader') { return false; }

	// FIXME is this faster inline?
	if (a.onmousedown || a.getAttribute('nopopup')) { return false; }
	var h=a.href;
	if (!pg.re.basenames.test(h)) { return false; }
	if ( !pg.re.urlNoPopup.test(h) ) { return true;	}
	return (
		(pg.re.email.test(h) || pg.re.contribs.test(h) || pg.re.backlinks.test(h)) &amp;&amp;
		h.indexOf('&amp;limit=') == -1 );
}

function markNopopupSpanLinks() {
	if( !getValueOf('popupOnlyArticleLinks'))
		fixVectorMenuPopups();

	var s=getElementsByClassName(document, '*', &quot;nopopups&quot;)
	for (var i=0; i&lt;s.length; ++i) {
		var as=s[i].getElementsByTagName('a');
		for (var j=0; j&lt;as.length; ++j) {
			as[j].inNopopupSpan=true;
		}
	}
	
	markNopopupSpanLinks.done=true;
}

function fixVectorMenuPopups() {
	var vmenus = getElementsByClassName( document, 'div', 'vectorMenu');
	for( i= 0; vmenus &amp;&amp; i&lt; vmenus.length; i++ ) {
		var h5 = vmenus[i].getElementsByTagName('h5')[0];
		if( h5) var a = h5.getElementsByTagName('a')[0];
		if( a ) a.inNopopupSpan=true;
	}
}
// ENDFILE: titles.js
// STARTFILE: cookies.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Cookie handling
// from http://www.quirksmode.org/js/cookies.html

var Cookie= {
	create: function(name,value,days)
	{
		var expires;
		if (days)
		{
			var date = new Date();
			date.setTime(date.getTime()+(days*24*60*60*1000));
			expires = &quot;; expires=&quot;+date.toGMTString();
		}
		else { expires = &quot;&quot;; }
		document.cookie = name+&quot;=&quot;+value+expires+&quot;; path=/&quot;;
	},

	read: function(name)
	{
		var nameEQ = name + &quot;=&quot;;
		var ca = document.cookie.split(';');
		for(var i=0;i &lt; ca.length;i++)
		{
			var c = ca[i];
			while (c[0]==' ') { c = c.substring(1,c.length); }
			if (c.indexOf(nameEQ) === 0) { return c.substring(nameEQ.length,c.length); }
		}
		return null;
	},

	erase: function(name)
	{
		Cookie.create(name,&quot;&quot;,-1);
	}
};
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: cookies.js
// STARTFILE: getpage.js
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Wiki-specific downloading
//

// Schematic for a getWiki call
//
//   getWiki-&gt;-getPageWithCaching
//                    |
//       false        |          true
// getPage&lt;-[findPictureInCache]-&gt;-onComplete(a fake download)
//   \.
//     (async)-&gt;addPageToCache(download)-&gt;-onComplete(download)


/** @todo {document}
    @param {Title} article
    @param {Function} onComplete
    @param {integer} oldid
    @param {Navapopup} owner
*/
function getWiki(article, onComplete, oldid, owner) {
	// set ctype=text/css to get around opera gzip bug
	var url = pg.wiki.titlebase + article.removeAnchor().urlString() +
	    '&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/css';
	if (oldid || oldid===0 || oldid==='0') { url += '&amp;oldid='+oldid; }
	url += '';

	getPageWithCaching(url, onComplete, owner);
}

// check cache to see if page exists

function getPageWithCaching(url, onComplete, owner) {
	log('getPageWithCaching, url='+url);
	var i=findInPageCache(url);
	if (i &gt; -1) {
		var d=fakeDownload(url, owner.idNumber, onComplete,
				   pg.cache.pages[i].data, pg.cache.pages[i].lastModified,
				   owner);
	} else {
		var d=getPage(url, onComplete, owner);
		if (d &amp;&amp; owner &amp;&amp; owner.addDownload) {
			owner.addDownload(d);
			d.owner=owner;
		}
	}
}

function getPage(url, onComplete, owner) {
	log('getPage');
	var callback= function (d) { if (!d.aborted) {addPageToCache(d); onComplete(d);} };
	return startDownload(url, owner.idNumber, callback);
}

function findInPageCache(url) {
	for (var i=0; i&lt;pg.cache.pages.length; ++i) {
		if (url==pg.cache.pages[i].url) { return i; }
	}
	return -1;
}

function addPageToCache(download) {
	log('addPageToCache '+download.url);
	var page = {url: download.url, data: download.data, lastModified: download.lastModified};
	return pg.cache.pages.push(page);
}
// ENDFILE: getpage.js
// STARTFILE: md5-2.2alpha.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
/*
 * A JavaScript implementation of the RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message
 * Digest Algorithm, as defined in {{RFC|1321}}.
 * Version 2.2-alpha Copyright (C) Paul Johnston 1999 - 2005
 * Other contributors: Greg Holt, Andrew Kepert, Ydnar, Lostinet
 * Distributed under the BSD License
 * See http://pajhome.org.uk/crypt/md5 for more info.
 */

/*
 * Configurable variables. You may need to tweak these to be compatible with
 * the server-side, but the defaults work in most cases.
 */
var hexcase = 0;   /* hex output format. 0 - lowercase; 1 - uppercase	     */
var b64pad  = &quot;&quot;; /* base-64 pad character. &quot;=&quot; for strict RFC compliance   */

/*
 * These are the functions you'll usually want to call
 * They take string arguments and return either hex or base-64 encoded strings
 */
function hex_md5(s)    { return rstr2hex(rstr_md5(str2rstr_utf8(s))); }
function b64_md5(s)    { return rstr2b64(rstr_md5(str2rstr_utf8(s))); }
function any_md5(s, e) { return rstr2any(rstr_md5(str2rstr_utf8(s)), e); }
function hex_hmac_md5(k, d)
  { return rstr2hex(rstr_hmac_md5(str2rstr_utf8(k), str2rstr_utf8(d))); }
function b64_hmac_md5(k, d)
  { return rstr2b64(rstr_hmac_md5(str2rstr_utf8(k), str2rstr_utf8(d))); }
function any_hmac_md5(k, d, e)
  { return rstr2any(rstr_hmac_md5(str2rstr_utf8(k), str2rstr_utf8(d)), e); }

/*
 * Perform a simple self-test to see if the VM is working
 */
function md5_vm_test()
{
  return hex_md5(&quot;abc&quot;) == &quot;900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72&quot;;
}

/*
 * Calculate the MD5 of a raw string
 */
function rstr_md5(s)
{
  return binl2rstr(binl_md5(rstr2binl(s), s.length * 8));
}

/*
 * Calculate the HMAC-MD5, of a key and some data (raw strings)
 */
function rstr_hmac_md5(key, data)
{
  var bkey = rstr2binl(key);
  if(bkey.length &gt; 16) bkey = binl_md5(bkey, key.length * 8);

  var ipad = Array(16), opad = Array(16);
  for(var i = 0; i &lt; 16; i++)
  {
    ipad[i] = bkey[i] ^ 0x36363636;
    opad[i] = bkey[i] ^ 0x5C5C5C5C;
  }

  var hash = binl_md5(ipad.concat(rstr2binl(data)), 512 + data.length * 8);
  return binl2rstr(binl_md5(opad.concat(hash), 512 + 128));
}

/*
 * Convert a raw string to a hex string
 */
function rstr2hex(input)
{
  var hex_tab = hexcase ? &quot;0123456789ABCDEF&quot; : &quot;0123456789abcdef&quot;;
  var output = &quot;&quot;;
  var x;
  for(var i = 0; i &lt; input.length; i++)
  {
    x = input.charCodeAt(i);
    output += hex_tab.charAt((x &gt;&gt;&gt; 4) &amp; 0x0F)
	   +  hex_tab.charAt( x	       &amp; 0x0F);
  }
  return output;
}

/*
 * Convert a raw string to a base-64 string
 */
function rstr2b64(input)
{
  var tab = &quot;ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/&quot;;
  var output = &quot;&quot;;
  var len = input.length;
  for(var i = 0; i &lt; len; i += 3)
  {
    var triplet = (input.charCodeAt(i) &lt;&lt; 16)
		| (i + 1 &lt; len ? input.charCodeAt(i+1) &lt;&lt; 8 : 0)
		| (i + 2 &lt; len ? input.charCodeAt(i+2)	    : 0);
    for(var j = 0; j &lt; 4; j++)
    {
      if(i * 8 + j * 6 &gt; input.length * 8) output += b64pad;
      else output += tab.charAt((triplet &gt;&gt;&gt; 6*(3-j)) &amp; 0x3F);
    }
  }
  return output;
}

/*
 * Convert a raw string to an arbitrary string encoding
 */
function rstr2any(input, encoding)
{
  var divisor = encoding.length;
  var remainders = Array();
  var i, q, x, quotient;

  /* Convert to an array of 16-bit big-endian values, forming the dividend */
  var dividend = Array(input.length / 2);
  for(i = 0; i &lt; dividend.length; i++)
  {
    dividend[i] = (input.charCodeAt(i * 2) &lt;&lt; 8) | input.charCodeAt(i * 2 + 1);
  }

  /*
   * Repeatedly perform a long division. The binary array forms the dividend,
   * the length of the encoding is the divisor. Once computed, the quotient
   * forms the dividend for the next step. We stop when the dividend is zero.
   * All remainders are stored for later use.
   */
  while(dividend.length &gt; 0)
  {
    quotient = Array();
    x = 0;
    for(i = 0; i &lt; dividend.length; i++)
    {
      x = (x &lt;&lt; 16) + dividend[i];
      q = Math.floor(x / divisor);
      x -= q * divisor;
      if(quotient.length &gt; 0 || q &gt; 0)
	quotient[quotient.length] = q;
    }
    remainders[remainders.length] = x;
    dividend = quotient;
  }

  /* Convert the remainders to the output string */
  var output = &quot;&quot;;
  for(i = remainders.length - 1; i &gt;= 0; i--)
    output += encoding.charAt(remainders[i]);

  return output;
}

/*
 * Encode a string as utf-8.
 * For efficiency, this assumes the input is valid utf-16.
 */
function str2rstr_utf8(input)
{
  var output = &quot;&quot;;
  var i = -1;
  var x, y;

  while(++i &lt; input.length)
  {
    /* Decode utf-16 surrogate pairs */
    x = input.charCodeAt(i);
    y = i + 1 &lt; input.length ? input.charCodeAt(i + 1) : 0;
    if(0xD800 &lt;= x &amp;&amp; x &lt;= 0xDBFF &amp;&amp; 0xDC00 &lt;= y &amp;&amp; y &lt;= 0xDFFF)
    {
      x = 0x10000 + ((x &amp; 0x03FF) &lt;&lt; 10) + (y &amp; 0x03FF);
      i++;
    }

    /* Encode output as utf-8 */
    if(x &lt;= 0x7F)
      output += String.fromCharCode(x);
    else if(x &lt;= 0x7FF)
      output += String.fromCharCode(0xC0 | ((x &gt;&gt;&gt; 6 ) &amp; 0x1F),
				    0x80 | ( x	       &amp; 0x3F));
    else if(x &lt;= 0xFFFF)
      output += String.fromCharCode(0xE0 | ((x &gt;&gt;&gt; 12) &amp; 0x0F),
				    0x80 | ((x &gt;&gt;&gt; 6 ) &amp; 0x3F),
				    0x80 | ( x	       &amp; 0x3F));
    else if(x &lt;= 0x1FFFFF)
      output += String.fromCharCode(0xF0 | ((x &gt;&gt;&gt; 18) &amp; 0x07),
				    0x80 | ((x &gt;&gt;&gt; 12) &amp; 0x3F),
				    0x80 | ((x &gt;&gt;&gt; 6 ) &amp; 0x3F),
				    0x80 | ( x	       &amp; 0x3F));
  }
  return output;
}

/*
 * Encode a string as utf-16
 */
function str2rstr_utf16le(input)
{
  var output = &quot;&quot;;
  for(var i = 0; i &lt; input.length; i++)
    output += String.fromCharCode( input.charCodeAt(i)	      &amp; 0xFF,
				  (input.charCodeAt(i) &gt;&gt;&gt; 8) &amp; 0xFF);
  return output;
}

function str2rstr_utf16be(input)
{
  var output = &quot;&quot;;
  for(var i = 0; i &lt; input.length; i++)
    output += String.fromCharCode((input.charCodeAt(i) &gt;&gt;&gt; 8) &amp; 0xFF,
				   input.charCodeAt(i)	      &amp; 0xFF);
  return output;
}

/*
 * Convert a raw string to an array of little-endian words
 * Characters &gt;255 have their high-byte silently ignored.
 */
function rstr2binl(input)
{
  var output = Array(input.length &gt;&gt; 2);
  for(var i = 0; i &lt; output.length; i++)
    output[i] = 0;
  for(var i = 0; i &lt; input.length * 8; i += 8)
    output[i&gt;&gt;5] |= (input.charCodeAt(i / 8) &amp; 0xFF) &lt;&lt; (i%32);
  return output;
}

/*
 * Convert an array of little-endian words to a string
 */
function binl2rstr(input)
{
  var output = &quot;&quot;;
  for(var i = 0; i &lt; input.length * 32; i += 8)
    output += String.fromCharCode((input[i&gt;&gt;5] &gt;&gt;&gt; (i % 32)) &amp; 0xFF);
  return output;
}

/*
 * Calculate the MD5 of an array of little-endian words, and a bit length.
 */
function binl_md5(x, len)
{
  /* append padding */
  x[len &gt;&gt; 5] |= 0x80 &lt;&lt; ((len) % 32);
  x[(((len + 64) &gt;&gt;&gt; 9) &lt;&lt; 4) + 14] = len;

  var a =  1732584193;
  var b = -271733879;
  var c = -1732584194;
  var d =  271733878;

  for(var i = 0; i &lt; x.length; i += 16)
  {
    var olda = a;
    var oldb = b;
    var oldc = c;
    var oldd = d;

    a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 0], 7 , -680876936);
    d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 1], 12, -389564586);
    c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 2], 17,	 606105819);
    b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 3], 22, -1044525330);
    a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 4], 7 , -176418897);
    d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 5], 12,	 1200080426);
    c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 6], 17, -1473231341);
    b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 7], 22, -45705983);
    a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 8], 7 ,	 1770035416);
    d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 9], 12, -1958414417);
    c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+10], 17, -42063);
    b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+11], 22, -1990404162);
    a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+12], 7 ,	 1804603682);
    d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+13], 12, -40341101);
    c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+14], 17, -1502002290);
    b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+15], 22,	 1236535329);

    a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 1], 5 , -165796510);
    d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 6], 9 , -1069501632);
    c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+11], 14,	 643717713);
    b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 0], 20, -373897302);
    a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 5], 5 , -701558691);
    d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+10], 9 ,	 38016083);
    c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+15], 14, -660478335);
    b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 4], 20, -405537848);
    a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 9], 5 ,	 568446438);
    d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+14], 9 , -1019803690);
    c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 3], 14, -187363961);
    b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 8], 20,	 1163531501);
    a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+13], 5 , -1444681467);
    d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 2], 9 , -51403784);
    c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 7], 14,	 1735328473);
    b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+12], 20, -1926607734);

    a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 5], 4 , -378558);
    d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 8], 11, -2022574463);
    c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+11], 16,	 1839030562);
    b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+14], 23, -35309556);
    a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 1], 4 , -1530992060);
    d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 4], 11,	 1272893353);
    c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 7], 16, -155497632);
    b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+10], 23, -1094730640);
    a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+13], 4 ,	 681279174);
    d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 0], 11, -358537222);
    c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 3], 16, -722521979);
    b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 6], 23,	 76029189);
    a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 9], 4 , -640364487);
    d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+12], 11, -421815835);
    c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+15], 16,	 530742520);
    b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 2], 23, -995338651);

    a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 0], 6 , -198630844);
    d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 7], 10,	 1126891415);
    c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+14], 15, -1416354905);
    b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 5], 21, -57434055);
    a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+12], 6 ,	 1700485571);
    d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 3], 10, -1894986606);
    c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+10], 15, -1051523);
    b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 1], 21, -2054922799);
    a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 8], 6 ,	 1873313359);
    d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+15], 10, -30611744);
    c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 6], 15, -1560198380);
    b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+13], 21,	 1309151649);
    a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 4], 6 , -145523070);
    d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+11], 10, -1120210379);
    c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 2], 15,	 718787259);
    b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 9], 21, -343485551);

    a = safe_add(a, olda);
    b = safe_add(b, oldb);
    c = safe_add(c, oldc);
    d = safe_add(d, oldd);
  }
  return Array(a, b, c, d);
}

/*
 * These functions implement the four basic operations the algorithm uses.
 */
function md5_cmn(q, a, b, x, s, t)
{
  return safe_add(bit_rol(safe_add(safe_add(a, q), safe_add(x, t)), s),b);
}
function md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x, s, t)
{
  return md5_cmn((b &amp; c) | ((~b) &amp; d), a, b, x, s, t);
}
function md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x, s, t)
{
  return md5_cmn((b &amp; d) | (c &amp; (~d)), a, b, x, s, t);
}
function md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x, s, t)
{
  return md5_cmn(b ^ c ^ d, a, b, x, s, t);
}
function md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x, s, t)
{
  return md5_cmn(c ^ (b | (~d)), a, b, x, s, t);
}

/*
 * Add integers, wrapping at 2^32. This uses 16-bit operations internally
 * to work around bugs in some JS interpreters.
 */
function safe_add(x, y)
{
  var lsw = (x &amp; 0xFFFF) + (y &amp; 0xFFFF);
  var msw = (x &gt;&gt; 16) + (y &gt;&gt; 16) + (lsw &gt;&gt; 16);
  return (msw &lt;&lt; 16) | (lsw &amp; 0xFFFF);
}

/*
 * Bitwise rotate a 32-bit number to the left.
 */
function bit_rol(num, cnt)
{
  return (num &lt;&lt; cnt) | (num &gt;&gt;&gt; (32 - cnt));
}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: md5-2.2alpha.js
// STARTFILE: parensplit.js
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// parenSplit

// String.prototype.parenSplit should do what ECMAscript says
// String.prototype.split does, interspersing paren matches between
// the split elements

if (String('abc'.split(/(b)/))!='a,b,c') {
	// broken String.split, e.g. konq, IE
	String.prototype.parenSplit=function (re) {
		re=nonGlobalRegex(re);
		var s=this;
		var m=re.exec(s);
		var ret=[];
		while (m &amp;&amp; s) {
			// without the following loop, we have
			// 'ab'.parenSplit(/a|(b)/) != 'ab'.split(/a|(b)/)
			for(var i=0; i&lt;m.length; ++i) {
				if (typeof m[i]=='undefined') m[i]='';
			}
			ret.push(s.substring(0,m.index));
			ret = ret.concat(m.slice(1));
			s=s.substring(m.index + m[0].length);
			m=re.exec(s);
		}
		ret.push(s);
		return ret;
	};
} else {
	String.prototype.parenSplit=function (re) { return this.split(re); };
	String.prototype.parenSplit.isNative=true;
}

function nonGlobalRegex(re) {
	var s=re.toString();
	flags='';
	for (var j=s.length; s.charAt(j) != '/'; --j) {
		if (s.charAt(j) != 'g') { flags += s.charAt(j); }
	}
	var t=s.substring(1,j);
	return RegExp(t,flags);
}
// ENDFILE: parensplit.js
// STARTFILE: tools.js
// IE madness with encoding
// ========================
//
// suppose throughout that the page is in utf8, like wikipedia
//
// if a is an anchor DOM element and a.href should consist of
//
// http://host.name.here/wiki/foo?bar=baz
//
// then IE gives foo as &quot;latin1-encoded&quot; utf8; we have foo = decode_utf8(decodeURI(foo_ie))
// but IE gives bar=baz correctly as plain utf8
//
// ---------------------------------
//
// IE's xmlhttp doesn't understand utf8 urls. Have to use encodeURI here.
//
// ---------------------------------
//
// summat else

// Source: http://aktuell.de.selfhtml.org/artikel/javascript/utf8b64/utf8.htm

//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
function encode_utf8(rohtext) {
	// dient der Normalisierung des Zeilenumbruchs
	rohtext = rohtext.replace(/\r\n/g,&quot;\n&quot;);
	var utftext = &quot;&quot;;
	for(var n=0; n&lt;rohtext.length; n++)
	{
		// ermitteln des Unicodes des  aktuellen Zeichens
		var c=rohtext.charCodeAt(n);
		// alle Zeichen von 0-127 =&gt; 1byte
		if (c&lt;128)
			utftext += String.fromCharCode(c);
		// alle Zeichen von 127 bis 2047 =&gt; 2byte
		else if((c&gt;127) &amp;&amp; (c&lt;2048)) {
			utftext += String.fromCharCode((c&gt;&gt;6)|192);
			utftext += String.fromCharCode((c&amp;63)|128);}
		// alle Zeichen von 2048 bis 66536 =&gt; 3byte
		else {
			utftext += String.fromCharCode((c&gt;&gt;12)|224);
			utftext += String.fromCharCode(((c&gt;&gt;6)&amp;63)|128);
			utftext += String.fromCharCode((c&amp;63)|128);}
	}
	return utftext;
}

function getJsObj(json) {
	try {
		var json_ret = eval('(' + json + ')');
	} catch (someError) {
		errlog('Something went wrong with getJsobj, json='+json);
		return 1;
	}
	if( json_ret['warnings'] ) {
		for( var w=0; w &lt; json_ret['warnings'].length; w++ ) {
			log( json_ret['warnings'][w]['*'] );
		}
	} else if ( json_ret['error'] ) {
		errlog( json_ret['error'].code + ': ' + json_ret['error'].info );
	}
	return json_ret;
}

function anyChild(obj) {
	for (var p in obj) {
		return obj[p];
	}
	return null;
}

//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;

function decode_utf8(utftext) {
	var plaintext = &quot;&quot;; var i=0, c=0, c1=0, c2=0;
	// while-Schleife, weil einige Zeichen uebersprungen werden
	while(i&lt;utftext.length)
	{
		c = utftext.charCodeAt(i);
		if (c&lt;128) {
			plaintext += String.fromCharCode(c);
			i++;}
		else if((c&gt;191) &amp;&amp; (c&lt;224)) {
			c2 = utftext.charCodeAt(i+1);
			plaintext += String.fromCharCode(((c&amp;31)&lt;&lt;6) | (c2&amp;63));
			i+=2;}
		else {
			c2 = utftext.charCodeAt(i+1); c3 = utftext.charCodeAt(i+2);
			plaintext += String.fromCharCode(((c&amp;15)&lt;&lt;12) | ((c2&amp;63)&lt;&lt;6) | (c3&amp;63));
			i+=3;}
	}
	return plaintext;
}


function upcaseFirst(str) {
	if (typeof str != typeof '' || str=='') return '';
	return str[0].toUpperCase() + str.substring(1);
}


function findInArray(arr, foo) {
	if (!arr || !arr.length) { return -1; }
	var len=arr.length;
	for (var i=0; i&lt;len; ++i) { if (arr[i]==foo) { return i; } }
	return -1;
}

function nextOne (array, value) {
	// NB if the array has two consecutive entries equal
	//    then this will loop on successive calls
	var i=findInArray(array, value);
	if (i&lt;0) { return null; }
	return array[i+1];
}

function literalizeRegex(str){
	return str.replace(RegExp('([-.|()\\\\+?*^${}\\[\\]])', 'g'), '\\$1');
}

String.prototype.entify=function() {
	//var shy='&amp;shy;';
	return this.split('&amp;').join('&amp;amp;').split('&lt;').join('&amp;lt;').split('&gt;').join('&amp;gt;'/*+shy*/).split('&quot;').join('&amp;quot;');
};

function findThis(array, value) {
	if (typeof array.length == 'undefined') { return null; }
	for (var i=0; i&lt;array.length; ++i) {
		if (array[i]==value) { return i; }
	}
	return null;
}

function removeNulls(list) {
	var ret=[];
	for (var i=0; i&lt;list.length; ++i) {
		if (list[i]) {
			ret.push(list[i]);
		}
	}
	return ret;
}
function joinPath(list) {
	return removeNulls(list).join('/');
}


function simplePrintf(str, subs) {
	if (!str || !subs) { return str; }
	var ret=[];
	var s=str.parenSplit(/(%s|\$[0-9]+)/);
	var i=0;
	do {
		ret.push(s.shift());
		if ( !s.length ) { break; }
		var cmd=s.shift();
		if (cmd == '%s') {
			if ( i &lt; subs.length ) { ret.push(subs[i]); } else { ret.push(cmd); }
			++i;
		} else {
			var j=parseInt( cmd.replace('$', ''), 10 ) - 1;
			if ( j &gt; -1 &amp;&amp; j &lt; subs.length ) { ret.push(subs[j]); } else { ret.push(cmd); }
		}
	} while (s.length &gt; 0);
	return ret.join('');
}

function max(a,b){return a&lt;b ? b : a;}
function min(a,b){return a&gt;b ? b : a;}

function isString(x) { return (typeof x === 'string' || x instanceof String); }
//function isNumber(x) { return (typeof x === 'number' || x instanceof Number); }
function isRegExp(x) { return x instanceof RegExp; }
function isArray (x) { return x instanceof Array; }
function isObject(x) { return x instanceof Object; }
function isFunction(x) {
    return !isRegExp(x) &amp;&amp; (typeof x === 'function' || x instanceof Function);
}

function repeatString(s,mult) {
	var ret='';
	for (var i=0; i&lt;mult; ++i) { ret += s; }
	return ret;
}

function zeroFill(s, min) {
	min = min || 2;
	var t=s.toString();
	return repeatString('0', min - t.length) + t;
}

function map(f, o) {
	if (isArray(o)) { return map_array(f,o); }
	return map_object(f,o);
}
function map_array(f,o) {
	var ret=[];
	for (var i=0; i&lt;o.length; ++i) {
		ret.push(f(o[i]));
	}
	return ret;
}
function map_object(f,o) {
	var ret={};
	for (var i in o) { ret[o]=f(o[i]); }
	return ret;
}
// ENDFILE: tools.js
// STARTFILE: dab.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Dab-fixing code
//


function retargetDab(newTarget, oldTarget, friendlyCurrentArticleName, titleToEdit) {
	log('retargetDab: newTarget='+newTarget + ' oldTarget=' + oldTarget);
	return changeLinkTargetLink(
	{newTarget: newTarget,
			text: newTarget.split(' ').join('&amp;nbsp;'),
			hint: tprintf('disambigHint', [newTarget]),
			summary: simplePrintf(
				    getValueOf('popupFixDabsSummary'), [friendlyCurrentArticleName, newTarget ]),
			clickButton: 'wpDiff', minor: true, oldTarget: oldTarget,
			watch: getValueOf('popupWatchDisambiggedPages'),
			title: titleToEdit});
}

function listLinks(wikitext, oldTarget, titleToEdit) {
	// mediawiki strips trailing spaces, so we do the same
	// testcase: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radial&amp;oldid=97365633
	var reg=RegExp('\\[\\[([^|]*?) *(\\||\\]\\])', 'gi');
	var ret=[];
	var splitted=wikitext.parenSplit(reg);
	// ^[a-z]+ should match interwiki links, hopefully (case-insensitive)
// &lt;nowiki&gt;
	// and ^[a-z]* should match those and [[:Category...]] style links too
// &lt;/nowiki&gt;
	var omitRegex=RegExp('^[a-z]*:|^[Ss]pecial:|^[Ii]mage|^[Cc]ategory');
	var friendlyCurrentArticleName= oldTarget.toString();
	var wikPos = getValueOf('popupDabWiktionary');

	for (var i=1; i&lt;splitted.length; i=i+3) {
		if (typeof splitted[i] == typeof 'string' &amp;&amp; splitted[i].length&gt;0 &amp;&amp; !omitRegex.test(splitted[i])) {
			ret.push( retargetDab(splitted[i], oldTarget, friendlyCurrentArticleName, titleToEdit) );
		} /* if */
	} /* for loop */

	ret = rmDupesFromSortedList(ret.sort());

	if (wikPos) {
		var wikTarget='wiktionary:' +
			friendlyCurrentArticleName.replace( RegExp('^(.+)\\s+[(][^)]+[)]\\s*$'), '$1' );

		var meth;
		if (wikPos.toLowerCase() == 'first') { meth = 'unshift'; }
		else { meth = 'push'; }

		ret[meth]( retargetDab(wikTarget, oldTarget, friendlyCurrentArticleName, titleToEdit) );
	}

	ret.push(changeLinkTargetLink(
	{ newTarget: null,
			text: popupString('remove this link').split(' ').join('&amp;nbsp;'),
			hint: popupString(&quot;remove all links to this disambig page from this article&quot;),
			clickButton: &quot;wpDiff&quot;, oldTarget: oldTarget,
			summary: simplePrintf(getValueOf('popupRmDabLinkSummary'), [friendlyCurrentArticleName]),
			watch: getValueOf('popupWatchDisambiggedPages'),
			title: titleToEdit
			}));
	return ret;
}

function rmDupesFromSortedList(list) {
	var ret=[];
	for (var i=0; i&lt;list.length; ++i) {
		if (ret.length===0 || list[i]!=ret[ret.length-1]) { ret.push(list[i]); }
	}
	return ret;
}

function makeFixDab(data, navpop) {
	// grab title from parent popup if there is one; default exists in changeLinkTargetLink
	var titleToEdit=(navpop.parentPopup &amp;&amp; navpop.parentPopup.article.toString());
	var list=listLinks(data, navpop.originalArticle, titleToEdit);
	if (list.length===0) { log('listLinks returned empty list'); return null; }
	var html='&lt;hr&gt;' + popupString('Click to disambiguate this link to:') + '&lt;br&gt;';
	html+=list.join(', ');
	return html;
}


function makeFixDabs(wikiText, navpop) {
	if (getValueOf('popupFixDabs') &amp;&amp; isDisambig(wikiText, navpop.article) &amp;&amp;
	    Title.fromURL(location.href).namespaceId() != pg.nsSpecialId &amp;&amp;
	    navpop.article.talkPage() ) {
		setPopupHTML(makeFixDab(wikiText, navpop), 'popupFixDab', navpop.idNumber);
	}
}

function popupRedlinkHTML(article) {
	return changeLinkTargetLink(
		{ newTarget: null, text: popupString('remove this link').split(' ').join('&amp;nbsp;'),
			hint: popupString(&quot;remove all links to this page from this article&quot;),
			clickButton: &quot;wpDiff&quot;,
			oldTarget: article.toString(),
			summary: simplePrintf(getValueOf('popupRedlinkSummary'), [article.toString()])});
}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: dab.js
// STARTFILE: htmloutput.js

function appendPopupContent(obj, elementId, popupId, onSuccess) {
	return setPopupHTML(obj, elementId, popupId, onSuccess, true);
}

// this has to use a timer loop as we don't know if the DOM element exists when we want to set the text
function setPopupHTML (str, elementId, popupId, onSuccess, append) {
	if (elementId=='popupPreview') {
	}
	if (typeof popupId === 'undefined') {
		//console.error('popupId is not defined in setPopupHTML, html='+str.substring(0,100));
		popupId = pg.idNumber;
	}

	var popupElement=document.getElementById(elementId+popupId);
	if (popupElement) {
		if (!append) { popupElement.innerHTML=''; }
		if (isString(str)) {
			popupElement.innerHTML+=str;
		} else {
			popupElement.appendChild(str);
		}
		if (onSuccess) { onSuccess(); }
		setTimeout(checkPopupPosition, 100);
		return true;
	} else {
		// call this function again in a little while...
		setTimeout(function(){
				setPopupHTML(str,elementId,popupId,onSuccess);
			}, 600);
	}
	return null;
}

//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
function setPopupTrailer(str,id) {return setPopupHTML(str, 'popupData', id);}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;


function fillEmptySpans(args) { return fillEmptySpans2(args); }

// args.navpopup is mandatory
// optional: args.redir, args.redirTarget
// FIXME: ye gods, this is ugly stuff
function fillEmptySpans2(args) { // if redir is present and true then redirTarget is mandatory
	var redir=true;
	if (typeof args != 'object' || typeof args.redir == 'undefined' || !args.redir) { redir=false; }
	var a=args.navpopup.parentAnchor;

	var article, hint=null, oldid=null, params={};
	if (redir &amp;&amp; typeof args.redirTarget == typeof {}) {
		article=args.redirTarget;
		//hint=article.hintValue();
	} else {
		article=(new Title()).fromAnchor(a);
		hint=a.originalTitle || article.hintValue();
		params=parseParams(a.href);
		oldid=(getValueOf('popupHistoricalLinks')) ? params.oldid : null;
		rcid=params.rcid;
	}
	var x={ article:article, hint: hint, oldid: oldid, rcid: rcid, navpop:args.navpopup, params:params };

	var structure=pg.structures[getValueOf('popupStructure')];
	if (typeof structure != 'object') {
		setPopupHTML('popupError', 'Unknown structure (this should never happen): '+
			     pg.option.popupStructure, args.navpopup.idNumber);
		return;
	}
	var spans=flatten(pg.misc.layout);
	var numspans = spans.length;
	var redirs=pg.misc.redirSpans;

	for (var i=0; i&lt;numspans; ++i) {
		var f=findThis(redirs, spans[i]);
		//log('redir='+redir+', f='+f+', spans[i]='+spans[i]);
		if ( (f!==null &amp;&amp; !redir) || (f===null &amp;&amp; redir) ) {
			//log('skipping this set of the loop');
			continue;
		}
		var structurefn=structure[spans[i]];
		var setfn = setPopupHTML;
		if (getValueOf('popupActiveNavlinks') &amp;&amp; 
		    (spans[i].indexOf('popupTopLinks')==0 || spans[i].indexOf('popupRedirTopLinks')==0)
			    ) {
			setfn = setPopupTipsAndHTML;
		}
		switch (typeof structurefn) {
		case 'function':
			//log('running '+spans[i]+'({article:'+x.article+', hint:'+x.hint+', oldid: '+x.oldid+'})');
			setfn(structurefn(x), spans[i], args.navpopup.idNumber);
			break;
		case 'string':
			setfn(structurefn, spans[i], args.navpopup.idNumber);
			break;
		default:
			errlog('unknown thing with label '+spans[i]);
			break;
		}
	}
}

// flatten an array
function flatten(list, start) {
	var ret=[];
	if (typeof start == 'undefined') { start=0; }
	for (var i=start; i&lt;list.length; ++i) {
		if (typeof list[i] == typeof []) {
			return ret.concat(flatten(list[i])).concat(flatten(list, i+1));
		}
		else { ret.push(list[i]); }
	}
	return ret;
}

// Generate html for whole popup
function popupHTML (a) {
	getValueOf('popupStructure');
	var structure=pg.structures[pg.option.popupStructure];
	if (typeof structure != 'object') {
		//return 'Unknown structure: '+pg.option.popupStructure;
		// override user choice
		pg.option.popupStructure=pg.optionDefault.popupStructure;
		return popupHTML(a);
	}
	if (typeof structure.popupLayout != 'function') { return 'Bad layout'; }
	pg.misc.layout=structure.popupLayout();
	if (typeof structure.popupRedirSpans == 'function') { pg.misc.redirSpans=structure.popupRedirSpans(); }
	else { pg.misc.redirSpans=[]; }
	return makeEmptySpans(pg.misc.layout, a.navpopup);
}

function makeEmptySpans (list, navpop) {
	var ret='';
	for (var i=0; i&lt;list.length; ++i) {
		if (typeof list[i] == typeof '') {
		    ret += emptySpanHTML(list[i], navpop.idNumber, 'div');
		} else if (typeof list[i] == typeof [] &amp;&amp; list[i].length &gt; 0 ) {
			ret = ret.parenSplit(RegExp('(&lt;/[^&gt;]*?&gt;$)')).join(makeEmptySpans(list[i], navpop));
		} else if (typeof list[i] == typeof {} &amp;&amp; list[i].nodeType ) {
			ret += emptySpanHTML(list[i].name, navpop.idNumber, list[i].nodeType);
		}
	}
	return ret;
}


function emptySpanHTML(name, id, tag, classname) {
	tag = tag || 'span';
	if (!classname) { classname = emptySpanHTML.classAliases[name]; }
	classname = classname || name;
	if (name == getValueOf('popupDragHandle')) { classname += ' popupDragHandle'; }
	return simplePrintf('&lt;%s id=&quot;%s&quot; class=&quot;%s&quot;&gt;&lt;/%s&gt;', [tag, name + id, classname, tag]);
}
emptySpanHTML.classAliases={ 'popupSecondPreview': 'popupPreview' };

// generate html for popup image
// &lt;a id=&quot;popupImageLinkn&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;popupImagen&quot;&gt;
// where n=idNumber
function imageHTML(article, idNumber) {
	return simplePrintf('&lt;a id=&quot;popupImageLink$1&quot;&gt;' +
			    '&lt;img align=&quot;right&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;popupImg$1&quot; style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/img&gt;' +
			    '&lt;/a&gt;', [ idNumber ]);
}

function popTipsSoonFn(id, when, popData) {
	when || ( when=250 );
	var popTips=function(){ setupTooltips(document.getElementById(id), false, true, popData); };
	return function() { setTimeout( popTips, when, popData ); };
}

function setPopupTipsAndHTML(html, divname, idnumber, popData) {
	setPopupHTML(html, divname, idnumber,
		     getValueOf('popupSubpopups') ? 
		     popTipsSoonFn(divname + idnumber, null, popData) : 
		     null);
}
// ENDFILE: htmloutput.js
// STARTFILE: mouseout.js
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// fuzzy checks

function fuzzyCursorOffMenus(x,y, fuzz, parent) {
	if (!parent) { return null; }
	var uls=parent.getElementsByTagName('ul');
	for (var i=0; i&lt;uls.length; ++i) {
		if (uls[i].className=='popup_menu') {
			if (uls[i].offsetWidth &gt; 0) return false;
		} // else {document.title+='.';}
	}
	return true;
}

function checkPopupPosition () { // stop the popup running off the right of the screen
	// FIXME avoid pg.current.link
	pg.current.link &amp;&amp; pg.current.link.navpopup &amp;&amp;
	    pg.current.link.navpopup.limitHorizontalPosition();
}

function mouseOutWikiLink () {
	if (!window.popupsReady || !window.popupsReady()) { return; }
	//console ('mouseOutWikiLink');
	var a=this;
	if (a.navpopup==null) return;
	if ( ! a.navpopup.isVisible() ) {
		a.navpopup.banish();
		return;
	}
        restoreTitle(a);
	Navpopup.tracker.addHook(posCheckerHook(a.navpopup));
}

function posCheckerHook(navpop) {
	return function() {
		if (!navpop.isVisible()) { return true; /* remove this hook */ }
		if (Navpopup.tracker.dirty) {
		    return false;
		}
		var x=Navpopup.tracker.x, y=Navpopup.tracker.y;
		var mouseOverNavpop = navpop.isWithin(x,y,navpop.fuzz, navpop.mainDiv) ||
		    !fuzzyCursorOffMenus(x,y,navpop.fuzz, navpop.mainDiv);

		// FIXME it'd be prettier to do this internal to the Navpopup objects
		var t=getValueOf('popupHideDelay');
		if (t) { t = t * 1000; }
		if (!t) {
			if(!mouseOverNavpop) {
			    navpop.banish();
			    return true; /* remove this hook */
			}
			return false;
		}
		// we have a hide delay set
		var d=+(new Date());
		if ( !navpop.mouseLeavingTime ) {
			navpop.mouseLeavingTime = d;
			return false;
		}
		if ( mouseOverNavpop ) {
			navpop.mouseLeavingTime=null;
			return false;
		}
		if (d - navpop.mouseLeavingTime &gt; t) {
			navpop.mouseLeavingTime=null;
			navpop.banish(); return true; /* remove this hook */
		}
		return false;
	};
}

function runStopPopupTimer(navpop) {
	// at this point, we should have left the link but remain within the popup
	// so we call this function again until we leave the popup.
	if (!navpop.stopPopupTimer) {
		navpop.stopPopupTimer=setInterval(posCheckerHook(navpop), 500);
		navpop.addHook(function(){clearInterval(navpop.stopPopupTimer);},
			       'hide', 'before');
	}
}
// ENDFILE: mouseout.js
// STARTFILE: previewmaker.js
/**
   @fileoverview
   Defines the {@link Previewmaker} object, which generates short previews from wiki markup.
*/

/**
   Creates a new Previewmaker
   @constructor
   @class The Previewmaker class. Use an instance of this to generate short previews from Wikitext.
   @param {String} wikiText The Wikitext source of the page we wish to preview.
   @param {String} baseUrl The url we should prepend when creating relative urls.
   @param {Navpopup} owner The navpop associated to this preview generator
*/
function Previewmaker(wikiText, baseUrl, owner) {
	/** The wikitext which is manipulated to generate the preview. */
	this.originalData=wikiText;
	this.setData();
	this.baseUrl=baseUrl;
	this.owner=owner;
	this.maxCharacters=getValueOf('popupMaxPreviewCharacters');
	this.maxSentences=getValueOf('popupMaxPreviewSentences');
}
Previewmaker.prototype.setData=function() {
	var maxSize=max(10000, 2*this.maxCharacters);
	this.data=this.originalData.substring(0,maxSize);
};
/** Remove HTML comments
    @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killComments = function () {
	// &lt;nowiki&gt; this also kills one trailing newline, eg [[diamyo]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;
	this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('&lt;!--[\\s\\S]*?--&gt;\\n?', 'g'), ''); 
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killDivs = function () {
	// say goodbye, divs (can be nested, so use * not *?)
	this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('&lt; *div[^&gt;]* *&gt;[\\s\\S]*?&lt; */ *div *&gt;',
					   'gi'), '');
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killGalleries = function () {
	this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('&lt; *gallery[^&gt;]* *&gt;[\\s\\S]*?&lt; */ *gallery *&gt;',
					   'gi'), '');
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.kill = function(opening, closing, subopening, subclosing, repl) {
	var oldk=this.data;
	var k=this.killStuff(this.data, opening, closing, subopening, subclosing, repl);
	while (k.length &lt; oldk.length) {
		oldk=k;
		k=this.killStuff(k, opening, closing, subopening, subclosing, repl);
	}
	this.data=k;
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killStuff = function (txt, opening, closing, subopening, subclosing, repl) {
	var op=this.makeRegexp(opening);
	var cl=this.makeRegexp(closing, '^');
	var sb=subopening ? this.makeRegexp(subopening, '^') : null;
	var sc=subclosing ? this.makeRegexp(subclosing, '^') : cl;
	if (!op || !cl) {
	    alert('Navigation Popups error: op or cl is null! something is wrong.');
	    return;
	}
	if (!op.test(txt)) { return txt; }
	var ret='';
	var opResult = op.exec(txt);
	ret = txt.substring(0,opResult.index);
	txt=txt.substring(opResult.index+opResult[0].length);
	var depth = 1;
	while (txt.length &gt; 0) {
		var removal=0;
		if (depth==1 &amp;&amp; cl.test(txt)) {
			depth--;
			removal=cl.exec(txt)[0].length;
		} else if (depth &gt; 1 &amp;&amp; sc.test(txt)) {
			depth--;
			removal=sc.exec(txt)[0].length;
		}else if (sb &amp;&amp; sb.test(txt)) {
			depth++;
			removal=sb.exec(txt)[0].length;
		}
		if ( !removal ) { removal = 1; }
		txt=txt.substring(removal);
		if (depth==0) { break; }
	}
	return ret + (repl || '') + txt;
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.makeRegexp = function (x, prefix, suffix) {
	prefix = prefix || '';
	suffix = suffix || '';
	var reStr='';
	var flags='';
	if (isString(x)) {
		reStr=prefix + literalizeRegex(x) + suffix;
	} else if (isRegExp(x)) {
		var s=x.toString().substring(1);
		var sp=s.split('/');
		flags=sp[sp.length-1];
		sp[sp.length-1]='';
		s=sp.join('/');
		s=s.substring(0,s.length-1);
		reStr= prefix + s + suffix;
	} else {
		log ('makeRegexp failed');
	}

	log ('makeRegexp: got reStr=' + reStr + ', flags=' + flags);
	return RegExp(reStr, flags);
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killBoxTemplates = function () {

	// taxobox removal... in fact, there's a saudiprincebox_begin, so let's be more general
	// also, have float_begin, ... float_end
	this.kill(RegExp('[{][{][^{}\\s|]*?(float|box)[_ ](begin|start)', 'i'),	/[}][}]\s*/, '{{');

	// infoboxes etc
	// from [[User:Zyxw/popups.js]]: kill frames too
	this.kill(RegExp('[{][{][^{}\\s|]*?(infobox|elementbox|frame)[_ ]', 'i'), /[}][}]\s*/, '{{');

};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killTemplates = function () {
	this.kill('{{', '}}', '{', '}', ' ');
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killTables = function () {
	// tables are bad, too
	// this can be slow, but it's an inprovement over a browser hang
	// torture test: [[Comparison_of_Intel_Central_Processing_Units]]
	this.kill('{|', /[|]}\s*/, '{|');
	this.kill(/&lt;table.*?&gt;/i, /&lt;\/table.*?&gt;/i, /&lt;table.*?&gt;/i);
	// remove lines starting with a pipe for the hell of it (?)
	this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('^[|].*$', 'mg'), '');
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killImages = function () {
	var forbiddenNamespaceAliases = [];
	jQuery.each(mw.config.get('wgNamespaceIds'), function(_localizedNamespaceLc, _namespaceId) {
		if (_namespaceId!=pg.nsImageId &amp;&amp; _namespaceId!=pg.nsCategoryId) return;
		forbiddenNamespaceAliases.push(_localizedNamespaceLc.split(' ').join('[ _]')); //todo: escape regexp fragments!
	});
	
	// images and categories are a nono
	this.kill(RegExp('[[][[]\\s*(' + forbiddenNamespaceAliases.join('|') + ')\\s*:', 'i'),
		  /\]\]\s*/, '[', ']');
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killHTML = function () {
	// kill &lt;ref ...&gt;...&lt;/ref&gt;
	this.kill(/&lt;ref\b[^/&gt;]*?&gt;/i, /&lt;\/ref&gt;/i);

	// let's also delete entire lines starting with &lt;. it's worth a try.
	this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('(^|\\n) *&lt;.*', 'g'), '\n');

	// and those pesky html tags, but not &lt;nowiki&gt; or &lt;blockquote&gt;
	var splitted=this.data.parenSplit(/(&lt;.*?&gt;)/);
	var len=splitted.length;
	for (var i=1; i&lt;len; i=i+2) {
		switch (splitted[i]) {
		case '&lt;nowiki&gt;':
		case '&lt;/nowiki&gt;':
				// &lt;nowiki&gt;
			break;
		default:
			if (! /^&lt; *\/? *blockquote\b/i.test(splitted[i])) {
				splitted[i]='';
			}
		}
	}
	this.data=splitted.join('');
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killChunks = function() { // heuristics alert
	// chunks of italic text? you crazy, man?
	var italicChunkRegex=new RegExp
	(&quot;((^|\\n)\\s*:*\\s*''[^']([^']|'''|'[^']){20}(.|\\n[^\\n])*''[.!?\\s]*\\n)+&quot;, 'g');
	// keep stuff separated, though, so stick in \n (fixes [[Union Jack]]?
	this.data=this.data.replace(italicChunkRegex, '\n');
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.mopup = function () {
	// we simply *can't* be doing with horizontal rules right now
	this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('^-{4,}','mg'),'');

	// no indented lines
	this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('(^|\\n) *:[^\\n]*','g'), '');

	// replace __TOC__, __NOTOC__ and whatever else there is
	// this'll probably do
	this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('^__[A-Z_]*__ *$', 'gmi'),'');
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.firstBit = function () {
	// dont't be givin' me no subsequent paragraphs, you hear me?
	/// first we &quot;normalize&quot; section headings, removing whitespace after, adding before
	var d=this.data;

	if (getValueOf('popupPreviewCutHeadings')) {
		this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('\\s*(==+[^=]*==+)\\s*', 'g'), '\n\n$1 ');
		/// then we want to get rid of paragraph breaks whose text ends badly
		this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('([:;]) *\\n{2,}', 'g'), '$1\n');

		this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('^[\\s\\n]*'), '');
		stuff=(RegExp('^([^\\n]|\\n[^\\n\\s])*')).exec(this.data);
		if (stuff) { d = stuff[0]; }
		if (!getValueOf('popupPreviewFirstParOnly')) { d = this.data; }

		/// now put \n\n after sections so that bullets and numbered lists work
		d=d.replace(RegExp('(==+[^=]*==+)\\s*', 'g'), '$1\n\n');
	}


	// superfluous sentences are RIGHT OUT.
	// note: exactly 1 set of parens here needed to make the slice work
	d = d.parenSplit(RegExp('([!?.]+[&quot;'+&quot;'&quot;+']*\\s)','g'));
	// leading space is bad, mmkay?
	d[0]=d[0].replace(RegExp('^\\s*'), '');

	var notSentenceEnds=RegExp('([^.][a-z][.] *[a-z]|etc|sic|Dr|Mr|Mrs|Ms|St|no|op|cit|\\[[^\\]]*|\\s[A-Zvclm])$', 'i');
	d = this.fixSentenceEnds(d, notSentenceEnds);

	this.fullLength=d.join('').length;
	var maxChars=getValueOf('popupMaxPreviewCharacters') + this.extraCharacters;
	var n=this.maxSentences;
	var dd=this.firstSentences(d,n); 

	do {
		dd=this.firstSentences(d,n); --n;
	} while ( dd.length &gt; this.maxCharacters &amp;&amp; n != 0 );

	this.data = dd;
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.fixSentenceEnds = function(strs, reg) {
	// take an array of strings, strs
	// join strs[i] to strs[i+1] &amp; strs[i+2] if strs[i] matches regex reg

	var abbrevRe=/\b[a-z][^a-z]*$/i;

	for (var i=0; i&lt;strs.length-2; ++i) {
		if (reg.test(strs[i])) {
			a=[];
			for (var j=0; j&lt;strs.length; ++j) {
				if (j&lt;i)   a[j]=strs[j];
				if (j==i)  a[i]=strs[i]+strs[i+1]+strs[i+2];
				if (j&gt;i+2) a[j-2]=strs[j];
			}
			return this.fixSentenceEnds(a,reg);
		}
		// BUGGY STUFF - trying to fix up [[S. C. Johnson &amp; Son]] preview
		if (false &amp;&amp; abbrevRe.test(strs[i])) {
			var j=i, buf='';
			do {
				buf=buf+strs[i]+strs[i+1];
				i=i+2;
			} while (i&lt;strs.length-2 &amp;&amp; abbrevRe.test(strs[i]));
			strs[i]=buf+strs[i];
			var a=(j?strs.slice(0,j-1):[]).concat(strs.slice(i));
			return this.fixSentenceEnds(a,reg);
		}
	}
	return strs;
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.firstSentences = function(strs, howmany) {
	var t=strs.slice(0, 2*howmany);
	return t.join('');
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killBadWhitespace = function() {
	// also cleans up isolated '''', eg [[Suntory Sungoliath]]
	this.data=this.data.replace(RegExp('^ *\'+ *$', 'gm'), '');
};
/**
   Runs the various methods to generate the preview.
   The preview is stored in the &lt;code&gt;html&lt;/html&gt; field.
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.makePreview = function() {
	if (this.owner.article.namespaceId()!=pg.nsTemplateId &amp;&amp;
				this.owner.article.namespaceId()!=pg.nsImageId ) {
		this.killComments();
		this.killDivs();
		this.killGalleries();
		this.killBoxTemplates();

		if (getValueOf('popupPreviewKillTemplates')) {
			this.killTemplates();
		} else {
			this.killMultilineTemplates();
		}
		this.killTables();
		this.killImages();
		this.killHTML();
		this.killChunks();
		this.mopup();

		this.firstBit();
		this.killBadWhitespace();
	}
	else
	{
		this.killHTML();
	}
	this.html=wiki2html(this.data, this.baseUrl); // needs livepreview
	this.fixHTML();
	this.stripLongTemplates();
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.esWiki2HtmlPart = function(data) {
  var reLinks = /(?:\[\[([^|\]]*)(?:\|([^|\]]*))*]]([a-z]*))/gi; //match a wikilink
  reLinks.lastIndex = 0; //reset regex

  var match;
  var result = &quot;&quot;;
  var postfixIndex = 0;
  while ((match = reLinks.exec(data)) != null) //match all wikilinks
  {
    //FIXME: the way that link is built here isn't perfect. It is clickable, but popups preview won't recognize it in some cases.
    result += mw.html.escape(data.substring(postfixIndex, match.index)) + 
              '&lt;a href=&quot;'+Insta.conf.paths.articles+mw.html.escape(match[1])+'&quot;&gt;'+mw.html.escape((match[2]?match[2]:match[1])+match[3])+&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&quot;;
    postfixIndex = reLinks.lastIndex;
  }
  //append the rest
  result += mw.html.escape(data.substring(postfixIndex));
  
  return result;
};
Previewmaker.prototype.editSummaryPreview=function() {
	var reAes   = /\/\* *(.*?) *\*\//g; //match the first section marker
	reAes.lastIndex = 0; //reset regex
	
	var match;
	
	match = reAes.exec(this.data);
	if (match)
	{
		//we have a section link. Split it, process it, combine it.
		var prefix = this.data.substring(0,match.index-1);
		var section = match[1];
		var postfix = this.data.substring(reAes.lastIndex);
		
		var start = &quot;&lt;span class='autocomment'&gt;&quot;;
		var end = &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;;
		if (prefix.length&gt;0) start = this.esWiki2HtmlPart(prefix) + &quot; &quot; + start + &quot;- &quot;;
		if (postfix.length&gt;0) end = &quot;: &quot; + end + this.esWiki2HtmlPart(postfix);
		

		var t=new Title().fromURL(this.baseUrl);
		t.anchorFromUtf(section);
		var sectionLink = Insta.conf.paths.articles + mw.html.escape(t.toString(true)) + '#' + mw.html.escape(t.anchor);
		return start + '&lt;a href=&quot;'+sectionLink+'&quot;&gt;&amp;rarr;&lt;/a&gt; '+mw.html.escape(section) + end;
	}
	
	//else there's no section link, htmlify the whole thing.
	return this.esWiki2HtmlPart(this.data);
};

//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
/** Test function for debugging preview problems one step at a time.
 */
function previewSteps(txt) {
	try {
		txt=txt || document.editform.wpTextbox1.value;
	} catch (err) {
		if (pg.cache.pages.length &gt; 0) {
			txt=pg.cache.pages[pg.cache.pages.length-1].data;
		} else {
			alert('provide text or use an edit page');
		}
	}
	txt=txt.substring(0,10000);
	var base=pg.wiki.articlebase + Title.fromURL(document.location.href).urlString();
	var p=new Previewmaker(txt, base, pg.current.link.navpopup);
	if (this.owner.article.namespaceId() != pg.nsTemplateId) {
		p.killComments(); if (!confirm('done killComments(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }
		p.killDivs(); if (!confirm('done killDivs(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }
		p.killGalleries(); if (!confirm('done killGalleries(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }
		p.killBoxTemplates(); if (!confirm('done killBoxTemplates(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }

		if (getValueOf('popupPreviewKillTemplates')) {
			p.killTemplates(); if (!confirm('done killTemplates(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }
		} else {
			p.killMultilineTemplates(); if (!confirm('done killMultilineTemplates(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }
		}

		p.killTables(); if (!confirm('done killTables(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }
		p.killImages(); if (!confirm('done killImages(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }
		p.killHTML(); if (!confirm('done killHTML(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }
		p.killChunks(); if (!confirm('done killChunks(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }
		p.mopup(); if (!confirm('done mopup(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }

		p.firstBit(); if (!confirm('done firstBit(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }
		p.killBadWhitespace(); if (!confirm('done killBadWhitespace(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.data)) { return; }
	}

	p.html=wiki2html(p.data, base); // needs livepreview
	p.fixHTML(); if (!confirm('done fixHTML(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.html)) { return; }
	p.stripLongTemplates(); if (!confirm('done stripLongTemplates(). Continue?\n---\n' + p.html)) { return; }
	alert('finished preview - end result follows.\n---\n' + p.html);
}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;

/**
   Works around a quoting bug in livepreview.
   &lt;code&gt;wiki2html('[[Foo\'s &quot;bar&quot;]]')&lt;/code&gt; gives @literal{&lt;a href='Foo's &quot;bar&quot;'&gt;}
   which doesn't do very well. We change this into @literal{&lt;a href=&quot;Foo's %22bar%22&quot;&gt;}
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.fixHTML = function() {
	if(!this.html) return;
	// all links seem to have potential issues with quotation marks
	var splitted=this.html.parenSplit(/href='([^&gt;]*)'/g);
	var ret='';
	for (var i=0; i&lt;splitted.length; ++i) {
		if(i%2==0) { ret += splitted[i]; continue; }
		if(i%2==1) { ret += 'href=&quot;' + splitted[i].split('&quot;').join('%22') + '&quot;'; }
	}
	// fix question marks in wiki links
	// maybe this'll break some stuff :-(
	ret=ret.replace(RegExp('\(&lt;a href=&quot;' + pg.wiki.articlePath + '/[^&quot;]*\)[?]\(.*?&quot;\)', 'g'), '$1%3F$2');
	// FIXME fix up % too
	this.html=ret;
};
/**
   Generates the preview and displays it in the current popup.

   Does nothing if the generated preview is invalid or consists of whitespace only.
   Also activates wikilinks in the preview for subpopups if the popupSubpopups option is true.
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.showPreview = function () {
	this.makePreview();
	if (typeof this.html != typeof '') return;
	if (RegExp('^\\s*$').test(this.html)) return;
	setPopupHTML('&lt;hr&gt;', 'popupPrePreviewSep', this.owner.idNumber);
	setPopupTipsAndHTML(this.html, 'popupPreview', this.owner.idNumber, { owner: this.owner });
	var more = (this.fullLength &gt; this.data.length) ? this.moreLink() : '';
	setPopupHTML(more, 'popupPreviewMore', this.owner.idNumber);
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.moreLink=function() {
	var a=document.createElement('a');
	a.className='popupMoreLink';
	a.innerHTML=popupString('more...');
	var savedThis=this;
	a.onclick=function() {
		savedThis.maxCharacters+=2000;
		savedThis.maxSentences+=20;
		savedThis.setData();
		savedThis.showPreview();
	}
	return a;
}

/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.stripLongTemplates = function() {
	// operates on the HTML!
	this.html=this.html.replace(RegExp('^.{0,1000}[{][{][^}]*?(&lt;(p|br)( /)?&gt;\\s*){2,}([^{}]*?[}][}])?', 'gi'), '');
	this.html=this.html.split('\n').join(' '); // workaround for &lt;pre&gt; templates
	this.html=this.html.replace(RegExp('[{][{][^}]*&lt;pre&gt;[^}]*[}][}]','gi'), '');
};
/**
   @private
*/
Previewmaker.prototype.killMultilineTemplates = function() {
	this.kill('{{{', '}}}');
	this.kill(RegExp('\\s*[{][{][^{}]*\\n'), '}}', '{{');
};
// ENDFILE: previewmaker.js
// STARTFILE: querypreview.js
function loadAPIPreview(queryType, article, navpop) {
	var art=new Title(article).urlString();
	var url=pg.wiki.apiwikibase + '?format=json&amp;action=query&amp;';
	var htmlGenerator=function(a,d){alert('invalid html generator');};
	switch (queryType) {
	case 'history':
		url += 'meta=userinfo&amp;uiprop=options&amp;titles=' + art + '&amp;prop=revisions&amp;rvlimit=' +
			getValueOf('popupHistoryPreviewLimit');
		htmlGenerator=APIhistoryPreviewHTML;
		break;
	case 'category':
		url += 'list=categorymembers&amp;rawcontinue=&amp;cmtitle=' + art;
		htmlGenerator=APIcategoryPreviewHTML;
		break;
	case 'userinfo':
	  var username = new Title( article ).userName();
		var usernameart = encodeURIComponent( username );
		if (pg.re.ipUser.test(username)) {
			url += 'list=blocks&amp;bkprop=range&amp;bkip=' + usernameart;
		} else {
			url += 'list=users&amp;usprop=blockinfo|groups|editcount|registration&amp;ususers=' + usernameart + &quot;&amp;meta=globaluserinfo&amp;guiprop=groups|unattached&amp;guiuser=&quot;+ usernameart;
		}
		htmlGenerator=APIuserInfoPreviewHTML;
		break;
	case 'contribs':
		var usernameart = encodeURIComponent( new Title( article ).userName() );
		url += 'list=usercontribs&amp;meta=userinfo&amp;uiprop=options&amp;ucuser=' + usernameart +
			'&amp;uclimit=' + getValueOf('popupContribsPreviewLimit');
		htmlGenerator=APIcontribsPreviewHTML;
		break;
	case 'imagepagepreview':
		var trail='';
		if (getValueOf('popupImageLinks')) { trail = '&amp;list=imageusage&amp;iutitle=' + art; }
		url += 'titles=' + art + '&amp;prop=revisions|imageinfo&amp;rvprop=content' + trail;
		htmlGenerator=APIimagepagePreviewHTML;
		break;
	case 'backlinks':
		url += 'list=backlinks&amp;rawcontinue=&amp;bltitle=' + art;
		htmlGenerator=APIbacklinksPreviewHTML;
		break;
	}
	pendingNavpopTask(navpop);
	var callback=function(d){
	    log( &quot;callback of API functions was hit&quot; );
		showAPIPreview(queryType, htmlGenerator(article,d,navpop), navpop.idNumber, navpop, d);
	};
	if (pg.flag.isIE) {
		url = url + '&amp;*'; //to circumvent https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=28840
	}
	var go = function(){
	    getPageWithCaching(url, callback, navpop);
		return true;
	}
	if (navpop.visible || !getValueOf('popupLazyDownloads')) { go(); }
	else { navpop.addHook(go, 'unhide', 'before', 'DOWNLOAD_'+queryType+'_QUERY_DATA'); }
}

function linkList(list) {
	list.sort(function(x,y) { return (x==y ? 0 : (x&lt;y ? -1 : 1)); });
	var buf=[];
	for (var i=0; i&lt;list.length; ++i) {
		buf.push(wikiLink({article: new Title(list[i]),
				   text:    list[i].split(' ').join('&amp;nbsp;'),
				   action:  'view'}));
	}
	return buf.join(', ');
}

function getTimeOffset(tz) {
	if( tz ) {
		if( tz.indexOf('|') &gt; -1 ) {
			// New format
			return parseInt(tz.split('|')[1],10);
		} else if ( tz.indexOf(':') &gt; -1 ) {
			// Old format
			return( parseInt(tz,10)*60 + parseInt(tz.split(':')[1],10) );
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

function editPreviewTable(article, h, reallyContribs, timeOffset) {
	var html=['&lt;table&gt;'];
	var day=null;
	var curart=article;
	for (var i=0; i&lt;h.length; ++i) {
		if (reallyContribs) { 
		    var page=h[i]['title']; curart = new Title(page);
		}
		var minor=typeof h[i]['minor']=='undefined' ? '' : '&lt;b&gt;m &lt;/b&gt;';
		var editDate=adjustDate(getDateFromTimestamp(h[i].timestamp), timeOffset);
		var thisDay = dayFormat(editDate);
		var thisTime = timeFormat(editDate);
		if (thisDay==day) { thisDay=''; }
		else { day=thisDay; }
		if (thisDay) {
			html.push( '&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=3&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;popup_history_date&quot;&gt;' +
				  thisDay+'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;' );
		}
		html.push('&lt;tr class=&quot;popup_history_row_' + ( (i%2) ? 'odd' : 'even') + '&quot;&gt;');
		html.push('&lt;td&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;' + pg.wiki.titlebase + new Title(curart).urlString() +
			'&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=' + h[i]['revid'] + '&quot;&gt;' + popupString('last') + '&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;');
		html.push('&lt;td&gt;' +
			'&lt;a href=&quot;' + pg.wiki.titlebase + new Title(curart).urlString() +
			'&amp;oldid=' + h[i]['revid'] + '&quot;&gt;' + thisTime + '&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;');
		var col3url='', col3txt='';
		if (!reallyContribs) {
			var user=h[i]['user'];
			if( typeof h[i]['userhidden'] == &quot;undefined&quot; ) {
				if( pg.re.ipUser.test(user) ) {
					col3url=pg.wiki.titlebase + mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsSpecialId] + ':Contributions&amp;target=' + new Title(user).urlString();
				} else {
					col3url=pg.wiki.titlebase + mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsUserId] + ':' + new Title(user).urlString();
				}
				col3txt=mw.html.escape(user);
			} else {
				col3url=getValueOf('popupRevDelUrl');
				col3txt=mw.html.escape( popupString('revdel'));
			}
		} else {
			col3url=pg.wiki.titlebase + curart.urlString();
			col3txt=mw.html.escape(page);
		}
		html.push('&lt;td&gt;' + (reallyContribs ? minor : '') +
			'&lt;a href=&quot;' + col3url + '&quot;&gt;' + col3txt + '&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;');
		var comment='';
		var c=h[i].comment || h[i]['*'];
		if (c) {
			comment=new Previewmaker(c, new Title(curart).toUrl()).editSummaryPreview();
		} else if (typeof h[i]['commenthidden'] != &quot;undefined&quot; ) {
			comment=popupString('revdel');
		}
		html.push('&lt;td&gt;' + (!reallyContribs ? minor : '') + comment + '&lt;/td&gt;');
		html.push('&lt;/tr&gt;');
		html=[html.join('')];
	}
	html.push('&lt;/table&gt;');
	return html.join('');
}

function getDateFromTimestamp(t) {
	var s=t.split(/[^0-9]/);
	switch(s.length) {
	case 0: return null;
	case 1: return new Date(s[0]);
	case 2: return new Date(s[0], s[1]-1);
	case 3: return new Date(s[0], s[1]-1, s[2]);
	case 4: return new Date(s[0], s[1]-1, s[2], s[3]);
	case 5: return new Date(s[0], s[1]-1, s[2], s[3], s[4]);
	case 6: return new Date(s[0], s[1]-1, s[2], s[3], s[4], s[5]);
	default: return new Date(s[0], s[1]-1, s[2], s[3], s[4], s[5], s[6]);
	}
}

function adjustDate(d, offset) {
	// offset is in minutes
	var o=offset * 60 * 1000;
	return new Date( +d + o);
}

function dayFormat(editDate, utc) {
	if (utc) { return map(zeroFill, [editDate.getUTCFullYear(), editDate.getUTCMonth()+1, editDate.getUTCDate()]).join('-'); }
	return map(zeroFill, [editDate.getFullYear(), editDate.getMonth()+1, editDate.getDate()]).join('-');
}

function timeFormat(editDate, utc) {
	if (utc) { return map(zeroFill, [editDate.getUTCHours(), editDate.getUTCMinutes(), editDate.getUTCSeconds()]).join(':'); }
	return map(zeroFill, [editDate.getHours(), editDate.getMinutes(), editDate.getSeconds()]).join(':');
}

function showAPIPreview(queryType, html, id, navpop, download) {
    // DJ: done
	var target='popupPreview';
	switch (queryType) {
	case 'imagelinks':
	case 'category':
	case 'userinfo':
		target='popupPostPreview'; break;
	}
	setPopupTipsAndHTML(html, target, id);
	completedNavpopTask(navpop);
}

function APIbacklinksPreviewHTML(article, download, navpop) {
    try {
	    var jsObj=getJsObj(download.data);
   	    var list=jsObj.query.backlinks;
	} catch (someError) { return 'backlinksPreviewHTML went wonky'; }
	var html=[];
	if (!list) { return popupString('No backlinks found'); }
	for ( var i=0; i &lt; list.length; i++ ) {
		var t=new Title(list[i]['title']);
		html.push('&lt;a href=&quot;' + pg.wiki.titlebase + t.urlString() + '&quot;&gt;' + t + '&lt;/a&gt;');
	}
	html=html.join(', ');
	if (jsObj['query-continue'] &amp;&amp; jsObj['query-continue'].backlinks &amp;&amp; jsObj['query-continue'].backlinks.blcontinue) {
		html += popupString(' and more');
	}
	return html;
}

function APIsharedImagePagePreviewHTML(obj) {
	log( &quot;APIsharedImagePagePreviewHTML&quot; );
	var popupid = obj['requestid'];
	if( obj['query'] &amp;&amp; obj['query']['pages'] )
	{
		var page=anyChild(obj['query']['pages']);
		var content=(page &amp;&amp; page.revisions ) ? page.revisions[0]['*'] : null;
		if( content ) 
		{
			/* Not entirely safe, but the best we can do */
			var p=new Previewmaker(content, pg.current.link.navpopup.article, pg.current.link.navpopup);
			p.makePreview();
			setPopupHTML( p.html, &quot;popupSecondPreview&quot;, popupid );
		}
	}
}

function APIimagepagePreviewHTML(article, download, navpop) {
	try {
	    var jsObj=getJsObj(download.data);
		var page=anyChild(jsObj.query.pages);
		var content=(page &amp;&amp; page.revisions ) ? page.revisions[0]['*'] : null;
	} catch (someError) {
		return 'API imagepage preview failed :(';
	}
	var ret='';
	var alt='';
	try{alt=navpop.parentAnchor.childNodes[0].alt;} catch(e){}
	if (alt) {
		ret = ret + '&lt;hr&gt;&lt;b&gt;' + popupString('Alt text:') + '&lt;/b&gt; ' + mw.html.escape(alt);
	}
	if (content) {
		var p=prepPreviewmaker(content, article, navpop);
		p.makePreview();
		if (p.html) { ret += '&lt;hr&gt;' + p.html; }
	}
	if (content!==null &amp;&amp; getValueOf('popupSummaryData')) {
		var info=getPageInfo(content, download);
		log(info);
		setPopupTrailer(info, navpop.idNumber);
	}
	if (page &amp;&amp; page.imagerepository == &quot;shared&quot; ) {
		var art=new Title(article);
		var encart = encodeURIComponent( &quot;File:&quot; + art.stripNamespace() );
		var shared_url =  pg.wiki.apicommonsbase + '?format=json&amp;callback=APIsharedImagePagePreviewHTML' +
							'&amp;requestid=' + navpop.idNumber +
							'&amp;action=query&amp;prop=revisions&amp;rvprop=content&amp;titles=' + encart;
		if (pg.flag.isIE) {
			shared_url = shared_url + '&amp;*'; //to circumvent https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=28840
		}

		ret = ret +'&lt;hr&gt;' + popupString( 'Image from Commons') +
				': &lt;a href=&quot;' + pg.wiki.commonsbase + '?title=' + encart + '&quot;&gt;' +
				popupString( 'Description page') + '&lt;/a&gt;';
		mw.loader.load( shared_url );
	}
	showAPIPreview('imagelinks', APIimagelinksPreviewHTML(article,download), navpop.idNumber, download);
	return ret;
}

function APIimagelinksPreviewHTML(article, download) {
	try {
		var jsobj=getJsObj(download.data);
		var list=jsobj.query.imageusage;
		if (!list) { return popupString('No image links found'); }
	} catch(someError) { return 'Image links preview generation failed :('; }
	var ret=[];
	for (var i=0; i &lt; list.length; i++) {
		ret.push(list[i]['title']);
	}
	if (ret.length === 0) { return popupString('No image links found'); }
	return '&lt;h2&gt;' + popupString('File links') + '&lt;/h2&gt;' + linkList(ret);
}

function APIcategoryPreviewHTML(article, download) {
    try{
        var jsobj=getJsObj(download.data);
        var list=jsobj.query.categorymembers;
    } catch(someError) { return 'Category preview failed :('; }
	var ret=[];
	for (var p=0; p &lt; list.length; p++) { 
	   ret.push(list[p]['title']); 
	}
	if (ret.length === 0) { return popupString('Empty category'); }
	ret = '&lt;h2&gt;' + tprintf('Category members (%s shown)', [ret.length]) + '&lt;/h2&gt;' +linkList(ret);
	if (jsobj['query-continue'] &amp;&amp; jsobj['query-continue'].categorymembers &amp;&amp; jsobj['query-continue'].categorymembers.cmcontinue) {
		ret += popupString(' and more');
	}
	return ret;
}

function APIuserInfoPreviewHTML(article, download) {
	var ret=[];
	try{
		var queryobj=getJsObj(download.data).query;
	} catch(someError) { return 'Userinfo preview failed :('; }
	
	var user=anyChild(queryobj.users);
	if (user) {
		var globaluserinfo=queryobj.globaluserinfo;
		if (user.invalid == '') {
			ret.push( popupString( 'Invalid user') );
		} else if (user.missing == '') {
			ret.push( popupString( 'Not a registered username') );
		}
		if( user.blockedby )
			ret.push('&lt;b&gt;' + popupString('BLOCKED') + '&lt;/b&gt;');
		if( globaluserinfo &amp;&amp; (globaluserinfo.locked != null || globaluserinfo.hidden != null) ) {
			var lockedSulAccountIsAttachedToThis = true;
			for( var i=0; globaluserinfo.unattached &amp;&amp; i &lt; globaluserinfo.unattached.length; i++) {
				if (globaluserinfo.unattached[i].wiki===mw.config.get('wgDBname')) { lockedSulAccountIsAttachedToThis=false; break; }
			}
			if (lockedSulAccountIsAttachedToThis) {
				if (globaluserinfo.locked != null) ret.push('&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;' + popupString('LOCKED') + '&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;');
				if (globaluserinfo.hidden != null) ret.push('&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;' + popupString('HIDDEN') + '&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;');
			}
		}
		for( var i=0; (user.groups &amp;&amp; i &lt; user.groups.length); i++) {
			switch (user.groups[i]) {
				case '*':
				case 'user':
				case 'autoconfirmed':
					break;
				default:
					ret.push( mw.html.escape(user.groups[i]) );
			}
		}
		for( var i=0; (globaluserinfo &amp;&amp; globaluserinfo.groups &amp;&amp; i &lt; globaluserinfo.groups.length); i++) {
			ret.push( '&lt;i&gt;'+mw.html.escape(globaluserinfo.groups[i])+'&lt;/i&gt;' );
		}
		if( user.editcount || user.registration )
			ret.push( mw.html.escape((user.editcount?user.editcount:'') + popupString(' edits since: ') + (user.registration?dayFormat(getDateFromTimestamp(user.registration)):'')) );
	}
	
	if (queryobj.blocks) {
		ret.push( popupString( 'IP user') ); //we only request list=blocks for IPs
		for (var i=0; i&lt;queryobj.blocks.length; i++) {
			ret.push('&lt;b&gt;' + popupString(queryobj.blocks[i].rangestart===queryobj.blocks[i].rangeend ? 'BLOCKED' : 'RANGEBLOCKED') + '&lt;/b&gt;' );
		}
	}
	
	ret = '&lt;hr&gt;' + ret.join( ', ' );
	return ret;
}

function APIcontribsPreviewHTML(article, download, navpop) {
    return APIhistoryPreviewHTML(article, download, navpop, true);
}

function APIhistoryPreviewHTML(article, download, navpop, reallyContribs) {
    try {
		var jsobj=getJsObj(download.data);
		var tz=jsobj.query.userinfo.options.timecorrection;
		if( reallyContribs )
		    var edits=jsobj.query.usercontribs;
		else 
		    var edits=anyChild(jsobj.query.pages)['revisions'];
	} catch (someError) {
		return 'History preview failed :-(';
	}
	var timeOffset = getTimeOffset(tz);
	Cookie.create('popTz', timeOffset, 1);

	var ret=editPreviewTable(article, edits, reallyContribs, timeOffset);
	return ret;
}


//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: querypreview.js
// STARTFILE: debug.js
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Debugging functions
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

function log(){}; // dummy to stop errors
function setupDebugging() {
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	if (window.popupDebug) { // popupDebug is set from .version
		window.log=function(x) { //if(gMsg!='')gMsg += '\n'; gMsg+=time() + ' ' + x; };
			window.console.log(x);
		}
		window.errlog=function(x) {
			window.console.error(x);
		}
		log('Initializing logger');
	} else {
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
		window.log = function(x) {};
		window.errlog = function(x) {};
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
}
// ENDFILE: debug.js
// STARTFILE: images.js

// load image of type Title.
function loadImage(image, navpop) {
	if (typeof image.stripNamespace != 'function') { alert('loadImages bad'); }
    // API call to retrieve image info.

	if (!getValueOf('popupImages')) return;
	if (!isValidImageName(image)) return false;
	
	var art=image.urlString();

	var url=pg.wiki.apiwikibase + '?format=json&amp;action=query';
	url += '&amp;prop=imageinfo&amp;iiprop=url|mime&amp;iiurlwidth=' + getValueOf('popupImageSizeLarge');;
	url += '&amp;titles=' + art;
	if (pg.flag.isIE) {
		url = url + '&amp;*'; //to circumvent https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=28840
	}

	pendingNavpopTask(navpop);
	var callback=function(d){
		popupsInsertImage(navpop.idNumber, navpop, d);
	};
	var go = function(){
	    getPageWithCaching(url, callback, navpop);
		return true;
	}
	if (navpop.visible || !getValueOf('popupLazyDownloads')) { go(); }
	else { navpop.addHook(go, 'unhide', 'after', 'DOWNLOAD_IMAGE_QUERY_DATA'); }

}

function popupsInsertImage(id, navpop, download) {
	log( &quot;popupsInsertImage&quot;);
	try {
		var jsObj=getJsObj(download.data);
		var imagepage=anyChild(jsObj.query.pages);
		if (typeof imagepage.imageinfo === 'undefined') return;
		var imageinfo = imagepage.imageinfo[0];
	} catch (someError) {
		log( &quot;popupsInsertImage failed :(&quot; );
		return;
	}

	var popupImage = document.getElementById(&quot;popupImg&quot;+id);
	if (!popupImage) {
		log( &quot;could not find insertion point for image&quot;);
		return;
	}

	popupImage.width=getValueOf('popupImageSize');
	popupImage.style.display='inline';

	// Set the source for the image.
	if( imageinfo.thumburl )
		popupImage.src=imageinfo.thumburl;
	else if( imageinfo.mime.indexOf(&quot;image&quot;) == 0 ){
		popupImage.src=imageinfo.url;
		log( &quot;a thumb could not be found, using original image&quot; );
	} else log( &quot;fullsize imagethumb, but not sure if it's an image&quot;);


	var a=document.getElementById(&quot;popupImageLink&quot;+id);
	if (a === null) { return null; }

    // Determine the action of the surrouding imagelink.
	switch (getValueOf('popupThumbAction')) {
	case 'imagepage':
		if (pg.current.article.namespaceId()!=pg.nsImageId) {
			a.href=imageinfo.descriptionurl;
			// FIXME: unreliable pg.idNumber
			popTipsSoonFn('popupImage' + id)();
			break;
		} // else fall through
	case 'sizetoggle':
		a.onclick=toggleSize;
		a.title=popupString('Toggle image size');
		return;
	case 'linkfull':
		a.href = imageinfo.url;
		a.title=popupString('Open full-size image');
		return;
	}

}

// Toggles the image between inline small and navpop fullwidth.
// It's the same image, no actual sizechange occurs, only display width.
function toggleSize() {
	var imgContainer=this;
	if (!imgContainer) { alert('imgContainer is null :/'); return;}
	img=imgContainer.firstChild;
	if (!img) { alert('img is null :/'); return;}
	if (!img.style.width || img.style.width=='') { img.style.width='100%'; }
	else { img.style.width=''; }
}

// Returns one title of an image from wikiText.
function getValidImageFromWikiText(wikiText) {
	// nb in pg.re.image we're interested in the second bracketed expression
	// this may change if the regex changes :-(
	//var match=pg.re.image.exec(wikiText);
	var matched=null;
	var match;
	// strip html comments, used by evil bots :-(
	var t = removeMatchesUnless(wikiText, RegExp('(&lt;!--[\\s\\S]*?--&gt;)'), 1,
				    RegExp('^&lt;!--[^[]*popup', 'i'));

	while ( match = pg.re.image.exec(t) ) {
		// now find a sane image name - exclude templates by seeking {
		var m = match[2] || match[6];
		if ( isValidImageName(m) ) {
			matched=m;
			break;
		}
	}
	pg.re.image.lastIndex=0;
	if (!matched) { return null; }
	return mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsImageId]+':'+upcaseFirst(matched);
}

function removeMatchesUnless(str, re1, parencount, re2) {
    var split=str.parenSplit(re1);
    var c=parencount + 1;
    for (var i=0; i&lt;split.length; ++i) {
	if ( i%c === 0 || re2.test(split[i]) ) { continue; }
	split[i]='';
    }
    return split.join('');
}

//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: images.js
// STARTFILE: namespaces.js
// Set up namespaces and other non-strings.js localization
// (currently that means redirs too)


function namespaceListToRegex(list) {return RegExp('^('+list.join('|').split(' ').join('[ _]')+'):');};

function setNamespaces() {
	pg.nsSpecialId   = -1;
	pg.nsImageId     = 6;
	pg.nsUserId      = 2;
	pg.nsUsertalkId  = 3;
	pg.nsCategoryId  = 14;
	pg.nsTemplateId  = 10;
}


function setRedirs() {
	var r='redirect';
	var R='REDIRECT';
	var redirLists={
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
		'ar':  [ R, 'تحويل' ],
		'be':  [ r, 'перанакіраваньне' ],
		'bg':  [ r, 'пренасочване', 'виж' ],
		'bs':  [ r, 'Preusmjeri', 'preusmjeri', 'PREUSMJERI' ],
		'cs':  [ R, 'PŘESMĚRUJ' ],
		'cy':  [ r, 'ail-cyfeirio' ],
		'de':  [ R, 'WEITERLEITUNG' ],
		'eo':  [ R, 'ALIDIREKTU', 'ALIDIREKTI' ],
		'es':  [ R, 'REDIRECCIÓN' ],
		'et':  [ r, 'suuna' ],
		'ga':  [ r, 'athsheoladh' ],
		'gl':  [ r, 'REDIRECCIÓN', 'REDIRECIONAMENTO'],
		'he':  [ R, 'הפניה' ],
		'hu':  [ R, 'ÁTIRÁNYÍTÁS' ],
		'is':  [ r, 'tilvísun', 'TILVÍSUN' ],
		'it':  [ R, 'RINVIA', 'Rinvia'],
		'mk':  [ r, 'пренасочување', 'види' ],
		'nds': [ r, 'wiederleiden' ],
		'nl':  [ R, 'DOORVERWIJZING' ],
		'nn':  [ r, 'omdiriger' ],
		'pl':  [ R, 'PATRZ', 'PRZEKIERUJ', 'TAM' ],
		'pt':  [ R, 'redir' ],
		'ru':  [ R, 'ПЕРЕНАПРАВЛЕНИЕ', 'ПЕРЕНАПР' ],
		'sk':  [ r, 'presmeruj' ],
		'sr':  [ r, 'Преусмери', 'преусмери', 'ПРЕУСМЕРИ', 'Preusmeri', 'preusmeri', 'PREUSMERI' ],
		'tt':  [ R, 'yünältü', 'перенаправление', 'перенапр' ],
		'uk': [ R, 'ПЕРЕНАПРАВЛЕННЯ', 'ПЕРЕНАПР' ],
		'vi':  [ r, 'đổi' ] // no comma
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
	};
	var redirList=redirLists[ pg.wiki.lang ] || [r, R];
	// Mediawiki is very tolerant about what comes after the #redirect at the start
	pg.re.redirect=RegExp('^\\s*[#](' + redirList.join('|') + ').*?\\[{2}([^\\|\\]]*)(|[^\\]]*)?\\]{2}\\s*(.*)', 'i');
}

function setInterwiki() {
	if (pg.wiki.wikimedia) {
		// From //meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias
		pg.wiki.interwiki='aa|ab|ace|af|ak|als|am|an|ang|ar|arc|arz|as|ast|av|ay|az|ba|bar|bat-smg|bcl|be|be-x-old|bg|bh|bi|bjn|bm|bn|bo|bpy|br|bs|bug|bxr|ca|cbk-zam|cdo|ce|ceb|ch|cho|chr|chy|ckb|co|cr|crh|cs|csb|cu|cv|cy|da|de|diq|dsb|dv|dz|ee|el|eml|en|eo|es|et|eu|ext|fa|ff|fi|fiu-vro|fj|fo|fr|frp|frr|fur|fy|ga|gag|gan|gd|gl|glk|gn|got|gu|gv|ha|hak|haw|he|hi|hif|ho|hr|hsb|ht|hu|hy|hz|ia|id|ie|ig|ii|ik|ilo|io|is|it|iu|ja|jbo|jv|ka|kaa|kab|kbd|kg|ki|kj|kk|kl|km|kn|ko|koi|kr|krc|ks|ksh|ku|kv|kw|ky|la|lad|lb|lbe|lg|li|lij|lmo|ln|lo|lt|ltg|lv|map-bms|mdf|mg|mh|mhr|mi|mk|ml|mn|mo|mr|mrj|ms|mt|mus|mwl|my|myv|mzn|na|nah|nap|nds|nds-nl|ne|new|ng|nl|nn|no|nov|nrm|nv|ny|oc|om|or|os|pa|pag|pam|pap|pcd|pdc|pfl|pi|pih|pl|pms|pnb|pnt|ps|pt|qu|rm|rmy|rn|ro|roa-rup|roa-tara|ru|rue|rw|sa|sah|sc|scn|sco|sd|se|sg|sh|si|simple|sk|sl|sm|sn|so|sq|sr|srn|ss|st|stq|su|sv|sw|szl|ta|te|tet|tg|th|ti|tk|tl|tn|to|tpi|tr|ts|tt|tum|tw|ty|udm|ug|uk|ur|uz|ve|vec|vi|vls|vo|wa|war|wo|wuu|xal|xh|yi|yo|za|zea|zh|zh-classical|zh-min-nan|zh-yue|zu';
		pg.re.interwiki=RegExp('^'+pg.wiki.interwiki+':');
	} else {
		pg.wiki.interwiki=null;
		pg.re.interwiki=RegExp('^$');
	}
}

// return a regexp pattern matching all variants to write the given namespace
function nsRe(namespaceId) {
	var imageNamespaceVariants = [];
	jQuery.each(mw.config.get('wgNamespaceIds'), function(_localizedNamespaceLc, _namespaceId) {
		if (_namespaceId!=namespaceId) return;
		//todo: escape regexp fragments!
		_localizedNamespaceLc = upcaseFirst(_localizedNamespaceLc);
		imageNamespaceVariants.push(_localizedNamespaceLc.split(' ').join('[ _]'));
		imageNamespaceVariants.push(encodeURI(_localizedNamespaceLc));
	});

	return '(?:' + imageNamespaceVariants.join('|') + ')';
}

function nsReImage() {
	return nsRe(pg.nsImageId);
}

// ENDFILE: namespaces.js
// STARTFILE: selpop.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
function getEditboxSelection() {
	// see http://www.webgurusforum.com/8/12/0
	try {
		var editbox=document.editform.wpTextbox1;
	} catch (dang) { return; }
	// IE, Opera
	if (document.selection) { return document.selection.createRange().text; }
	// Mozilla
	var selStart = editbox.selectionStart;
	var selEnd = editbox.selectionEnd;
	return (editbox.value).substring(selStart, selEnd);
}

function doSelectionPopup() {
	// popup if the selection looks like [[foo|anything afterwards at all
	// or [[foo|bar]]text without ']]'
	// or [[foo|bar]]
	var sel=getEditboxSelection();
	var open=sel.indexOf('[[');
	var pipe=sel.indexOf('|');
	var close=sel.indexOf(']]');
	if (open == -1 || ( pipe == -1 &amp;&amp; close == -1) ) { return; }
	if (pipe != -1 &amp;&amp; open &gt; pipe || close != -1 &amp;&amp; open &gt; close) { return; }
	if (getValueOf('popupOnEditSelection')=='boxpreview') {
		return doSeparateSelectionPopup(sel);
	}
	var article=new Title(sel.substring(open+2, (pipe &lt; 0) ? close : pipe)).urlString();
	if (close &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; sel.substring(close+2).indexOf('[[') &gt;= 0) { 
		return; 
	}
	var a=document.createElement('a');
	a.href=pg.wiki.titlebase + article;
	mouseOverWikiLink2(a);
	if (a.navpopup) {
		a.navpopup.addHook(function(){runStopPopupTimer(a.navpopup);}, 'unhide', 'after');
	}
}

function doSeparateSelectionPopup(str) {
	var div=document.getElementById('selectionPreview');
	if (!div) {
		div = document.createElement('div');
		div.id='selectionPreview';
		try { var box=document.editform.wpTextbox1; }
		catch (oopsie) { return; }
		box.parentNode.insertBefore(div, box);
	}
	div.innerHTML=wiki2html(str);
	div.ranSetupTooltipsAlready = false;
	popTipsSoonFn('selectionPreview')();
}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: selpop.js
// STARTFILE: navpopup.js
/**
   @fileoverview  Defines two classes: {@link Navpopup} and {@link Mousetracker}.

   &lt;code&gt;Navpopup&lt;/code&gt; describes popups: when they appear, where, what
   they look like and so on.

   &lt;code&gt;Mousetracker&lt;/code&gt; &quot;captures&quot; the mouse using
   &lt;code&gt;document.onmousemove&lt;/code&gt;.
*/


/**
   Creates a new Mousetracker.
   @constructor
   @class The Mousetracker class. This monitors mouse movements and manages associated hooks.
*/
function Mousetracker() {
	/**
	   Interval to regularly run the hooks anyway, in milliseconds.
	   @type Integer
	*/
	this.loopDelay=400;

	/**
	   Timer for the loop.
	   @type Timer
	*/
	this.timer=null;

	/**
	   Flag - are we switched on?
	   @type Boolean
	*/
	this.active=false;
	/**
	   Flag - are we probably inaccurate, i.e. not reflecting the actual mouse position?
	*/
	this.dirty=true;
	/**
	   Array of hook functions.
	   @private
	   @type Array
	*/
	this.hooks=[];
}

/**
   Adds a hook, to be called when we get events.
   @param {Function} f A function which is called as
   &lt;code&gt;f(x,y)&lt;/code&gt;. It should return &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; when it
   wants to be removed, and &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; otherwise.
*/
Mousetracker.prototype.addHook = function (f) {
	this.hooks.push(f);
};

/**
   Runs hooks, passing them the x
   and y coords of the mouse.  Hook functions that return true are
   passed to {@link Mousetracker#removeHooks} for removal.
   @private
*/
Mousetracker.prototype.runHooks = function () {
	if (!this.hooks || !this.hooks.length) { return; }
	//log('Mousetracker.runHooks; we got some hooks to run');
	var remove=false;
	var removeObj={};
	// this method gets called a LOT -
	// pre-cache some variables
	var x=this.x, y=this.y, len = this.hooks.length;

	for (var i=0; i&lt;len; ++i) {
		//~ run the hook function, and remove it if it returns true
		if (this.hooks[i](x, y)===true) {
			remove=true;
			removeObj[i]=true;
		}
	}
	if (remove) { this.removeHooks(removeObj); }
};

/**
   Removes hooks.
   @private
   @param {Object} removeObj An object whose keys are the index
   numbers of functions for removal, with values that evaluate to true
*/
Mousetracker.prototype.removeHooks = function(removeObj) {
	var newHooks=[];
	var len = this.hooks.length;
	for (var i=0; i&lt;len; ++i) {
		if (! removeObj[i]) { newHooks.push(this.hooks[i]); }
	}
	this.hooks=newHooks;
};


/**
   Event handler for mouse wiggles.
   We simply grab the event, set x and y and run the hooks.
   This makes the cpu all hot and bothered :-(
   @private
   @param {Event} e Mousemove event
*/
Mousetracker.prototype.track=function (e) {
	//~ Apparently this is needed in IE.
	e = e || window.event;
	var x, y;
	if (e) {
		if (e.pageX) { x=e.pageX; y=e.pageY; }
		else if (typeof e.clientX!='undefined') {
			var left, top, docElt = window.document.documentElement;

			if (docElt) { left=docElt.scrollLeft; }
			left = left || window.document.body.scrollLeft || window.document.scrollLeft || 0;

			if (docElt) { top=docElt.scrollTop; }
			top = top || window.document.body.scrollTop || window.document.scrollTop || 0;

			x=e.clientX + left;
			y=e.clientY + top;
		} else { return; }
		this.setPosition(x,y);
	}
};

/**
   Sets the x and y coordinates stored and takes appropriate action,
   running hooks as appropriate.
   @param {Integer} x, y Screen coordinates to set
*/

Mousetracker.prototype.setPosition=function(x,y) {
	this.x = x;
	this.y = y;
	if (this.dirty || this.hooks.length === 0) { this.dirty=false; return; }
	if (typeof this.lastHook_x != 'number') { this.lastHook_x = -100; this.lastHook_y=-100; }
	var diff = (this.lastHook_x - x)*(this.lastHook_y - y);
	diff = (diff &gt;= 0) ? diff : -diff;
	if ( diff &gt; 1 ) {
		this.lastHook_x=x;
		this.lastHook_y=y;
		if (this.dirty) { this.dirty = false; }
		else { this.runHooks(); }
	}
}

/**
   Sets things in motion, unless they are already that is, registering an event handler on &lt;code&gt;document.onmousemove&lt;/code&gt;.
   A half-hearted attempt is made to preserve the old event handler if there is one.
*/
Mousetracker.prototype.enable = function () {
	if (this.active) { return; }
	this.active=true;
	//~ Save the current handler for mousemove events. This isn't too
	//~ robust, of course.
	this.savedHandler=document.onmousemove;
	//~ Gotta save @tt{this} again for the closure, and use apply for
	//~ the member function.
	var savedThis=this;
	document.onmousemove=function (e) {savedThis.track.apply(savedThis, [e]);};
	if (this.loopDelay) { this.timer = setInterval(function() { //log('loop delay in mousetracker is working');
								    savedThis.runHooks();}, this.loopDelay); }
};

/**
   Disables the tracker, removing the event handler.
*/
Mousetracker.prototype.disable = function () {
	if (!this.active) { return; }
	if (typeof this.savedHandler=='function') {
		document.onmousemove=this.savedHandler;
	} else { delete document.onmousemove; }
	if (this.timer) { clearInterval(this.timer); }
	this.active=false;
};

/**
   Creates a new Navpopup.
   Gets a UID for the popup and
   @param init Contructor object. If &lt;code&gt;init.draggable&lt;/code&gt; is true or absent, the popup becomes draggable.
   @constructor
   @class The Navpopup class. This generates popup hints, and does some management of them.
*/
function Navpopup(init) {
	//alert('new Navpopup(init)');
	/** UID for each Navpopup instance.
	    Read-only.
	    @type integer
	*/
	this.uid=Navpopup.uid++;
	/**
	   Read-only flag for current visibility of the popup.
	   @type boolean
	   @private
	*/
	this.visible=false;
	/** Flag to be set when we want to cancel a previous request to
	    show the popup in a little while.
	    @private
	    @type boolean
	*/
	this.noshow=false;
	/** Categorised list of hooks.
	    @see #runHooks
	    @see #addHook
	    @private
	    @type Object
	*/
	this.hooks={
		'create': [],
		'unhide': [],
		'hide': []
	};
	/** list of unique IDs of hook functions, to avoid duplicates
	    @private
	*/
	this.hookIds={};
	/** List of downloads associated with the popup.
	    @private
	    @type Array
	*/
	this.downloads=[];
	/** Number of uncompleted downloads.
	    @type integer
	*/
	this.pending=null;
	/** Tolerance in pixels when detecting whether the mouse has left the popup.
	    @type integer
	*/
	this.fuzz=5;
	/** Flag to toggle running {@link #limitHorizontalPosition} to regulate the popup's position.
	    @type boolean
	*/
	this.constrained=true;
	/** The popup width in pixels.
	    @private
	    @type integer
	*/
	this.width=0;
	/** The popup width in pixels.
	    @private
	    @type integer
	*/
	this.height=0;
	/** The main content DIV element.
	    @type HTMLDivElement
	*/
	this.mainDiv=null;
	this.createMainDiv();

//	if (!init || typeof init.popups_draggable=='undefined' || init.popups_draggable) {
//		this.makeDraggable(true);
//	}
}

/**
   A UID for each Navpopup. This constructor property is just a counter.
   @type integer
   @private
*/
Navpopup.uid=0;

/**
   Retrieves the {@link #visible} attribute, indicating whether the popup is currently visible.
   @type boolean
*/
Navpopup.prototype.isVisible=function() {
	return this.visible;
};

/**
   Repositions popup using CSS style.
   @private
   @param {integer} x x-coordinate (px)
   @param {integer} y y-coordinate (px)
   @param {boolean} noLimitHor Don't call {@link #limitHorizontalPosition}
*/
Navpopup.prototype.reposition= function (x,y, noLimitHor) {
	log ('reposition('+x+','+y+','+noLimitHor+')');
	if (typeof x != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; x!==null) { this.left=x; }
	if (typeof y != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; y!==null) { this.top=y; }
	if (typeof this.left != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; typeof this.top != 'undefined') {
		this.mainDiv.style.left=this.left + 'px';
		this.mainDiv.style.top=this.top + 'px';
	}
	if (!noLimitHor) { this.limitHorizontalPosition(); }
	//console.log('navpop'+this.uid+' - (left,top)=(' + this.left + ',' + this.top + '), css=('
	//+ this.mainDiv.style.left + ',' + this.mainDiv.style.top + ')');
};

/**
   Prevents popups from being in silly locations. Hopefully.
   Should not be run if {@link #constrained} is true.
   @private
*/
Navpopup.prototype.limitHorizontalPosition=function() {
	if (!this.constrained || this.tooWide) { return; }
	this.updateDimensions();
	var x=this.left;
	var w=this.width;
	var cWidth=document.body.clientWidth;


//	log('limitHorizontalPosition: x='+x+
//		    ', this.left=' + this.left +
//		    ', this.width=' + this.width +
//		    ', cWidth=' + cWidth);


	if ( (x+w) &gt;= cWidth ||
	     ( x &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; this.maxWidth &amp;&amp; this.width &lt; this.maxWidth &amp;&amp; this.height &gt; this.width
	       &amp;&amp; x &gt; cWidth - this.maxWidth ) ) {
		// This is a very nasty hack. There has to be a better way!
		// We find the &quot;natural&quot; width of the div by positioning it at the far left
		// then reset it so that it should be flush right (well, nearly)
		this.mainDiv.style.left='-10000px';
		this.mainDiv.style.width = this.maxWidth + 'px';
		var naturalWidth=parseInt(this.mainDiv.offsetWidth, 10);
		var newLeft=cWidth - naturalWidth - 1;
		if (newLeft &lt; 0) { newLeft = 0; this.tooWide=true; } // still unstable for really wide popups?
		log ('limitHorizontalPosition: moving to ('+newLeft + ','+ this.top+');' + ' naturalWidth=' + naturalWidth + ', clientWidth=' + cWidth);
		this.reposition(newLeft, null, true);
	}
};

/**
   Counter indicating the z-order of the &quot;highest&quot; popup.
   We start the z-index at 1000 so that popups are above everything
   else on the screen.
   @private
   @type integer
*/
Navpopup.highest=1000;

/**
   Brings popup to the top of the z-order.
   We increment the {@link #highest} property of the contructor here.
   @private
*/
Navpopup.prototype.raise = function () {
	this.mainDiv.style.zIndex=Navpopup.highest + 1;
	++Navpopup.highest;
};

/**
   Shows the popup provided {@link #noshow} is not true.
   Updates the position, brings the popup to the top of the z-order and unhides it.
*/
Navpopup.prototype.show = function () {
	//document.title+='s';
	if (this.noshow) { return; }
	//document.title+='t';
	this.reposition();
	this.raise();
	this.unhide();
};


/**
   Runs the {@link #show} method in a little while, unless we're
   already visible.
   @param {integer} time Delay in milliseconds
   @see #showSoonIfStable
*/
Navpopup.prototype.showSoon = function (time) {
	if (this.visible) { return; }
	this.noshow=false;
	//~ We have to save the value of @tt{this} so that the closure below
	//~ works.
	var savedThis=this;
	//this.start_x = Navpopup.tracker.x;
	//this.start_y = Navpopup.tracker.y;
	setTimeout(function () {
		if (Navpopup.tracker.active) {
			savedThis.reposition.apply(savedThis, [Navpopup.tracker.x + 2, Navpopup.tracker.y + 2]);
		}
		//~ Have to use apply to invoke his member function here
		savedThis.show.apply(savedThis, []);
	}, time);
};

/**
   Checks to see if the mouse pointer has
   stabilised (checking every &lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt;/2 milliseconds) and runs the
   {@link #show} method if it has. This method makes {@link #showSoon} redundant.
   @param {integer} time The minimum time (ms) before the popup may be shown.
*/
Navpopup.prototype.showSoonIfStable = function (time) {
	log ('showSoonIfStable, time='+time);
	if (this.visible) { return; }
	this.noshow = false;

	//~ initialize these variables so that we never run @tt{show} after
	//~ just half the time
	this.stable_x = -10000; this.stable_y = -10000;

	var stableShow = function() {
		log('stableShow called');
		var new_x = Navpopup.tracker.x, new_y = Navpopup.tracker.y;
		var dx = savedThis.stable_x - new_x, dy = savedThis.stable_y - new_y;
		var fuzz2 = 0; // savedThis.fuzz * savedThis.fuzz;
		//document.title += '[' + [savedThis.stable_x,new_x, savedThis.stable_y,new_y, dx, dy, fuzz2].join(',') + '] ';
		if ( dx * dx &lt;= fuzz2 &amp;&amp; dy * dy &lt;= fuzz2 ) {
			log ('mouse is stable');
			clearInterval(savedThis.showSoonStableTimer);
			savedThis.reposition.apply(savedThis, [new_x + 2, new_y + 2]);
			savedThis.show.apply(savedThis, []);
			return;
		}
		savedThis.stable_x = new_x; savedThis.stable_y = new_y;
	};
	var savedThis = this;
	this.showSoonStableTimer = setInterval(stableShow, time/2);
};

/**
   Makes the popup unhidable until we call {@link #unstick}.
*/
Navpopup.prototype.stick=function() {
	this.noshow=false;
	this.sticky=true;
};

/**
   Allows the popup to be hidden.
*/
Navpopup.prototype.unstick=function() {
	this.sticky=false;
};

/**
   Sets the {@link #noshow} flag and hides the popup. This should be called
   when the mouse leaves the link before
   (or after) it's actually been displayed.
*/
Navpopup.prototype.banish = function () {
	log ('banish called');
	// hide and prevent showing with showSoon in the future
	this.noshow=true;
	if (this.showSoonStableTimer) {
		log('clearing showSoonStableTimer');
		clearInterval(this.showSoonStableTimer);
	}
	this.hide();
};

/**
   Runs hooks added with {@link #addHook}.
   @private
   @param {String} key Key name of the {@link #hooks} array - one of 'create', 'unhide', 'hide'
   @param {String} when Controls exactly when the hook is run: either 'before' or 'after'
*/
Navpopup.prototype.runHooks = function (key, when) {
	if (!this.hooks[key]) { return; }
	var keyHooks=this.hooks[key];
	var len=keyHooks.length;
	for (var i=0; i&lt; len; ++i) {
		if (keyHooks[i] &amp;&amp; keyHooks[i].when == when) {
			if (keyHooks[i].hook.apply(this, [])) {
				// remove the hook
				if (keyHooks[i].hookId) {
					delete this.hookIds[keyHooks[i].hookId];
				}
				keyHooks[i]=null;
			}
		}
	}
};

/**
   Adds a hook to the popup. Hook functions are run with &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; set to refer to the Navpopup instance, and no arguments.
   @param {Function} hook The hook function. Functions that return true are deleted.
   @param {String} key Key name of the {@link #hooks} array - one of 'create', 'unhide', 'hide'
   @param {String} when Controls exactly when the hook is run: either 'before' or 'after'
   @param {String} uid A truthy string identifying the hook function; if it matches another hook in this position, it won't be added again.
*/
Navpopup.prototype.addHook = function ( hook, key, when, uid ) {
	when = when || 'after';
	if (!this.hooks[key]) { return; }
	// if uid is specified, don't add duplicates
	var hookId=null;
	if (uid) {
		hookId=[key,when,uid].join('|');
		if (this.hookIds[hookId]) {
			return;
		}
		this.hookIds[hookId]=true;
	}
	this.hooks[key].push( {hook: hook, when: when, hookId: hookId} );
};

/**
   Creates the main DIV element, which contains all the actual popup content.
   Runs hooks with key 'create'.
   @private
*/
Navpopup.prototype.createMainDiv = function () {
	if (this.mainDiv) { return; }
	this.runHooks('create', 'before');
	var mainDiv=document.createElement('div');

	var savedThis=this;
	mainDiv.onclick=function(e) {savedThis.onclickHandler(e);};
	mainDiv.className=(this.className) ? this.className : 'navpopup_maindiv';
	mainDiv.id=mainDiv.className + this.uid;

	mainDiv.style.position='absolute';
	mainDiv.style.display='none';
	mainDiv.className='navpopup';

	// easy access to javascript object through DOM functions
	mainDiv.navpopup=this;

	this.mainDiv=mainDiv;
	document.body.appendChild(mainDiv);
	this.runHooks('create', 'after');
};
/**
   Calls the {@link #raise} method.
   @private
*/
Navpopup.prototype.onclickHandler=function(e) {
	this.raise();
};
/**
   Makes the popup draggable, using a {@link Drag} object.
   @private
*/
Navpopup.prototype.makeDraggable=function(handleName) {
	if (!this.mainDiv) { this.createMainDiv(); }
	var drag=new Drag();
	if (!handleName) {
	    drag.startCondition=function(e) {
		try { if (!e.shiftKey) { return false; } } catch (err) { return false; }
		return true;
	    };
	}
	var dragHandle;
	if (handleName) dragHandle = document.getElementById(handleName);
	if (!dragHandle) dragHandle = this.mainDiv;
	var np=this;
	drag.endHook=function(x,y) {
		Navpopup.tracker.dirty=true;
		np.reposition(x,y);
	};
	drag.init(dragHandle,this.mainDiv);
};

/** Hides the popup using CSS. Runs hooks with key 'hide'.
    Sets {@link #visible} appropriately.     {@link #banish} should be called externally instead of this method.

    @private
*/
Navpopup.prototype.hide = function () {
	this.runHooks('hide', 'before');
	this.abortDownloads();
	if (this.sticky) { return; }
	if (typeof this.visible != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; this.visible) {
		this.mainDiv.style.display='none';
		this.visible=false;
	}
	this.runHooks('hide', 'after');
};

/** Shows the popup using CSS. Runs hooks with key 'unhide'.
    Sets {@link #visible} appropriately.   {@link #show} should be called externally instead of this method.
    @private
*/
Navpopup.prototype.unhide = function () {
	this.runHooks('unhide', 'before');
	if (typeof this.visible != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; !this.visible) {
		this.mainDiv.style.display='inline';
		this.visible=true;
	}
	this.runHooks('unhide', 'after');
};

/**
   Sets the &lt;code&gt;innerHTML&lt;/code&gt; attribute of the main div containing the popup content.
   @param {String} html The HTML to set.
*/
Navpopup.prototype.setInnerHTML = function (html) {
	this.mainDiv.innerHTML = html;
};

/**
   Updates the {@link #width} and {@link #height} attributes with the CSS properties.
   @private
*/
Navpopup.prototype.updateDimensions = function () {
	this.width=parseInt(this.mainDiv.offsetWidth, 10);
	this.height=parseInt(this.mainDiv.offsetHeight, 10);
};

/**
   Checks if the point (x,y) is within {@link #fuzz} of the
   {@link #mainDiv}.
   @param {integer} x x-coordinate (px)
   @param {integer} y y-coordinate (px)
   @type boolean
*/
Navpopup.prototype.isWithin = function(x,y) {
	//~ If we're not even visible, no point should be considered as
	//~ being within the popup.
	if (!this.visible) { return false; }
	this.updateDimensions();
	var fuzz=this.fuzz || 0;
	//~ Use a simple box metric here.
	return (x+fuzz &gt;= this.left &amp;&amp; x-fuzz &lt;= this.left + this.width &amp;&amp;
		y+fuzz &gt;= this.top  &amp;&amp; y-fuzz &lt;= this.top  + this.height);
};

/**
   Adds a download to {@link #downloads}.
   @param {Downloader} download
*/
Navpopup.prototype.addDownload=function(download) {
	if (!download) { return; }
	this.downloads.push(download);
};
/**
   Aborts the downloads listed in {@link #downloads}.
   @see Downloader#abort
*/
Navpopup.prototype.abortDownloads=function() {
	for(var i=0; i&lt;this.downloads.length; ++i) {
		var d=this.downloads[i];
		if (d &amp;&amp; d.abort) { d.abort(); }
	}
	this.downloads=[];
};


/**
   A {@link Mousetracker} instance which is a property of the constructor (pseudo-global).
*/
Navpopup.tracker=new Mousetracker();
// ENDFILE: navpopup.js
// STARTFILE: diff.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
/*
 * Javascript Diff Algorithm
 *  By John Resig (http://ejohn.org/) and [[:en:User:Lupin]]
 *
 * More Info:
 *  http://ejohn.org/projects/javascript-diff-algorithm/
 */

function delFmt(x) {
	if (!x.length) { return ''; }
	return &quot;&lt;del class='popupDiff'&gt;&quot; + x.join('') +&quot;&lt;/del&gt;&quot;;
}
function insFmt(x) {
	if (!x.length) { return ''; }
	return &quot;&lt;ins class='popupDiff'&gt;&quot; + x.join('') +&quot;&lt;/ins&gt;&quot;;
}

function countCrossings(a, b, i, eject) {
	// count the crossings on the edge starting at b[i]
	if (!b[i].row &amp;&amp; b[i].row !== 0) { return -1; }
	var count=0;
	for (var j=0; j&lt;a.length; ++j) {
		if (!a[j].row &amp;&amp; a[j].row !== 0) { continue; }
		if ( (j-b[i].row)*(i-a[j].row) &gt; 0) {
			if(eject) { return true; }
			count++;
		}
	}
	return count;
}

function shortenDiffString(str, context) {
	var re=RegExp('(&lt;del[\\s\\S]*?&lt;/del&gt;|&lt;ins[\\s\\S]*?&lt;/ins&gt;)');
	var splitted=str.parenSplit(re);
	var ret=[''];
	for (var i=0; i&lt;splitted.length; i+=2) {
		if (splitted[i].length &lt; 2*context) {
			ret[ret.length-1] += splitted[i];
			if (i+1&lt;splitted.length) { ret[ret.length-1] += splitted[i+1]; }
			continue;
		}
		else {
			if (i &gt; 0) { ret[ret.length-1] += splitted[i].substring(0,context); }
			if (i+1 &lt; splitted.length) {
			    ret.push(splitted[i].substring(splitted[i].length-context) +
				     splitted[i+1]);
			}
		}
	}
	while (ret.length &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; !ret[0]) { ret = ret.slice(1); }
	return ret;
}


function diffString( o, n, simpleSplit ) {
	var splitRe=RegExp('([[]{2}|[\\]]{2}|[{]{2,3}|[}]{2,3}|[|]|=|&lt;|&gt;|[*:]+|\\s|\\b)');

	//  We need to split the strings o and n first, and entify() the parts
	//  individually, so that the HTML entities are never cut apart. (AxelBoldt)
	var out, i, oSplitted, nSplitted;
	if (simpleSplit) { 
		oSplitted=o.split(/\b/); 
		nSplitted=n.split(/\b/); 
	} else { 
		oSplitted=o.parenSplit(splitRe); 
		nSplitted=n.parenSplit(splitRe); 
	}
	for (i=0; i&lt;oSplitted.length; ++i) {oSplitted[i]=oSplitted[i].entify();}
	for (i=0; i&lt;nSplitted.length; ++i) {nSplitted[i]=nSplitted[i].entify();}
		
	out = diff (oSplitted, nSplitted);
	var str = &quot;&quot;;
	var acc=[]; // accumulator for prettier output

	// crossing pairings -- eg 'A B' vs 'B A' -- cause problems, so let's iron them out
	// this doesn't always do things optimally but it should be fast enough
	var maxOutputPair=0;
	for (i=0; i&lt;out.n.length; ++i) {
	    if ( out.n[i].paired ) {
		if( maxOutputPair &gt; out.n[i].row ) {
		    // tangle - delete pairing
		    out.o[ out.n[i].row ]=out.o[ out.n[i].row ].text;
		    out.n[i]=out.n[i].text;
		}
		if (maxOutputPair &lt; out.n[i].row) { maxOutputPair = out.n[i].row; }
	    }
	}

	// output the stuff preceding the first paired old line
	for (i=0; i&lt;out.o.length &amp;&amp; !out.o[i].paired; ++i) { acc.push( out.o[i] ); }
	str += delFmt(acc); acc=[];

	// main loop
	for ( i = 0; i &lt; out.n.length; ++i ) {
		// output unpaired new &quot;lines&quot;
		while ( i &lt; out.n.length &amp;&amp; !out.n[i].paired ) { acc.push( out.n[i++] ); }
		str += insFmt(acc); acc=[];
		if ( i &lt; out.n.length ) { // this new &quot;line&quot; is paired with the (out.n[i].row)th old &quot;line&quot;
			str += out.n[i].text;
			// output unpaired old rows starting after this new line's partner
			var m = out.n[i].row + 1;
			while ( m &lt; out.o.length &amp;&amp; !out.o[m].paired ) { acc.push ( out.o[m++] ); }
			str += delFmt(acc); acc=[];
		}
	}
	return str;
}

// see http://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Core_JavaScript_1.5_Reference:Global_Objects:Object
// FIXME: use obj.hasOwnProperty instead of this kludge!
window.jsReservedProperties=RegExp('^(constructor|prototype|__((define|lookup)[GS]etter)__' +
				   '|eval|hasOwnProperty|propertyIsEnumerable' +
				   '|to(Source|String|LocaleString)|(un)?watch|valueOf)$');
function diffBugAlert(word) {
	if (!diffBugAlert.list[word]) {
		diffBugAlert.list[word]=1;
		alert('Bad word: '+word+'\n\nPlease report this bug.');
	}
}
diffBugAlert.list={};

function makeDiffHashtable(src) {
	var ret={};
	for ( var i = 0; i &lt; src.length; i++ ) {
		if ( jsReservedProperties.test(src[i]) ) { src[i] += '&lt;!-- --&gt;'; }
		if ( !ret[ src[i] ] ) {	ret[ src[i] ] = []; }
		try { ret[ src[i] ].push( i ); } catch (err) { diffBugAlert(src[i]); }
	}
	return ret;
}

function diff( o, n ) {

	// pass 1: make hashtable ns with new rows as keys
	var ns = makeDiffHashtable(n);

	// pass 2: make hashtable os with old rows as keys
	var os = makeDiffHashtable(o);

	// pass 3: pair unique new rows and matching unique old rows
	var i;
	for ( i in ns ) {
		if ( ns[i].length == 1 &amp;&amp; os[i] &amp;&amp; os[i].length == 1 ) {
			n[ ns[i][0] ] = { text: n[ ns[i][0] ], row: os[i][0], paired: true };
			o[ os[i][0] ] = { text: o[ os[i][0] ], row: ns[i][0], paired: true };
		}
	}

	// pass 4: pair matching rows immediately following paired rows (not necessarily unique)
	for ( i = 0; i &lt; n.length - 1; i++ ) {
		if ( n[i].paired &amp;&amp; ! n[i+1].paired &amp;&amp; n[i].row + 1 &lt; o.length &amp;&amp; ! o[ n[i].row + 1 ].paired &amp;&amp;
		     n[i+1] == o[ n[i].row + 1 ] ) {
			n[i+1] = { text: n[i+1], row: n[i].row + 1, paired: true };
			o[n[i].row+1] = { text: o[n[i].row+1], row: i + 1, paired: true };
		}
	}

	// pass 5: pair matching rows immediately preceding paired rows (not necessarily unique)
	for ( i = n.length - 1; i &gt; 0; i-- ) {
		if ( n[i].paired &amp;&amp; ! n[i-1].paired &amp;&amp; n[i].row &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; ! o[ n[i].row - 1 ].paired &amp;&amp;
		     n[i-1] == o[ n[i].row - 1 ] ) {
			n[i-1] = { text: n[i-1], row: n[i].row - 1, paired: true };
			o[n[i].row-1] = { text: o[n[i].row-1], row: i - 1, paired: true };
		}
	}

	return { o: o, n: n };
}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: diff.js
// STARTFILE: init.js
function setSiteInfo() {
	if (window.popupLocalDebug) {
		pg.wiki.hostname = 'en.wikiversity.org';
	} else {
		pg.wiki.hostname = location.hostname; // use in preference to location.hostname for flexibility (?)
	}
	pg.wiki.wikimedia=RegExp('(wiki([pm]edia|source|books|news|quote|versity)|wiktionary|mediawiki)[.]org').test(pg.wiki.hostname);
	pg.wiki.wikia=RegExp('[.]wikia[.]com$', 'i').test(pg.wiki.hostname);
	pg.wiki.isLocal=RegExp('^localhost').test(pg.wiki.hostname);
	pg.wiki.commons=( pg.wiki.wikimedia &amp;&amp; pg.wiki.hostname != 'commons.wikimedia.org') ? 'commons.wikimedia.org' : null;
	pg.wiki.lang = mw.config.get('wgContentLanguage');
	var port = location.port ? ':' + location.port : '';
	pg.wiki.sitebase = pg.wiki.hostname + port;
}

function setTitleBase() {
	var protocol = ( window.popupLocalDebug ? 'http:' : location.protocol );
	pg.wiki.articlePath = mw.config.get('wgArticlePath').replace(/\/\$1/, &quot;&quot;);   // as in http://some.thing.com/wiki/Article
	pg.wiki.botInterfacePath = mw.config.get('wgScript');
	pg.wiki.APIPath = wgScriptPath +&quot;/api.php&quot;;
	// default mediawiki setting is paths like http://some.thing.com/articlePath/index.php?title=foo

	var titletail = pg.wiki.botInterfacePath + '?title=';
	//var titletail2 = joinPath([pg.wiki.botInterfacePath, 'wiki.phtml?title=']);

	// other sites may need to add code here to set titletail depending on how their urls work

	pg.wiki.titlebase   = protocol + '//' + pg.wiki.sitebase + titletail;
	//pg.wiki.titlebase2  = protocol + '//' + joinPath([pg.wiki.sitebase, titletail2]);
	pg.wiki.wikibase    = protocol + '//' + pg.wiki.sitebase + pg.wiki.botInterfacePath;
	pg.wiki.apiwikibase = protocol + '//' + pg.wiki.sitebase + pg.wiki.APIPath;
	pg.wiki.articlebase = protocol + '//' + pg.wiki.sitebase + pg.wiki.articlePath;
	pg.wiki.commonsbase = protocol + '//' + pg.wiki.commons  + pg.wiki.botInterfacePath;
	pg.wiki.apicommonsbase = protocol + '//' + pg.wiki.commons  + pg.wiki.APIPath;
	pg.re.basenames = RegExp( '^(' +
				  map( literalizeRegex, [ pg.wiki.titlebase, //pg.wiki.titlebase2,
							  pg.wiki.articlebase ]).join('|') + ')' );
}


//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Global regexps

function setMainRegex() {
	var reStart='[^:]*://';
	var preTitles = literalizeRegex(wgScriptPath) + '/(?:index[.]php|wiki[.]phtml)[?]title=';
	// slightly ugly hack when pg.wiki.articlePath is empty
	preTitles += '|' + literalizeRegex( ( pg.wiki.articlePath ? pg.wiki.articlePath + '/': ''));

	var reEnd='(' + preTitles + ')([^&amp;?#]*)[^#]*(?:#(.+))?';
	pg.re.main = RegExp(reStart + literalizeRegex(pg.wiki.sitebase) + reEnd);
}

function setRegexps() {
	setMainRegex();
	var sp=nsRe(pg.nsSpecialId);
	pg.re.urlNoPopup=RegExp('((title=|/)' + sp + '(?:%3A|:)|section=[0-9])') ;
	pg.re.contribs  =RegExp('(title=|/)'  + sp + '(?:%3A|:)Contributions' + '(&amp;target=|/|/' + mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsUserId]+':)(.*)') ;
	pg.re.email     =RegExp('(title=|/)'  + sp + '(?:%3A|:)EmailUser'     + '(&amp;target=|/|/(?:' + mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsUserId]+':)?)(.*)') ;
	pg.re.backlinks =RegExp('(title=|/)'  + sp + '(?:%3A|:)WhatLinksHere' + '(&amp;target=|/)([^&amp;]*)');

//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	var im=nsReImage();
	// note: tries to get images in infobox templates too, e.g. movie pages, album pages etc
	//                      (^|\[\[)image: *([^|\]]*[^|\] ]) *
	//                      (^|\[\[)image: *([^|\]]*[^|\] ])([^0-9\]]*([0-9]+) *px)?
	//                                                        $4 = 120 as in 120px
	pg.re.image = RegExp('(^|\\[\\[)' + im + ': *([^|\\]]*[^|\\] ])' +
			     '([^0-9\\]]*([0-9]+) *px)?|(?:\\n *[|]?|[|]) *' +
			     '(' + getValueOf('popupImageVarsRegexp') + ')' +
			     ' *= *(?:\\[\\[ *)?(?:' + im + ':)?' +
			     '([^|]*?)(?:\\]\\])? *[|]? *\\n', 'img') ;
	pg.re.imageBracketCount = 6;

	pg.re.category = RegExp('\\[\\[' +nsRe(pg.nsCategoryId) +
				': *([^|\\]]*[^|\\] ]) *', 'i');
	pg.re.categoryBracketCount = 1;

	pg.re.ipUser=RegExp('('+nsRe(pg.nsUserId)+':)?' +
			    '((25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[0-9])\\.){3}' +
			    '(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[0-9])');

	pg.re.stub= RegExp(getValueOf('popupStubRegexp'), 'im');
	pg.re.disambig=RegExp(getValueOf('popupDabRegexp'), 'im');

//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
	// FIXME replace with general parameter parsing function, this is daft
	pg.re.oldid=RegExp('[?&amp;]oldid=([^&amp;]*)');
	pg.re.diff=RegExp('[?&amp;]diff=([^&amp;]*)');
}


//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// miscellany

function setupCache() {
	// page caching
	pg.cache.pages = [];
}

function setMisc() {
	pg.current.link=null;
	pg.current.links=[];
	pg.current.linksHash={};

	setupCache();

	pg.timer.checkPopupPosition=null;
	pg.counter.loop=0;

	// ids change with each popup: popupImage0, popupImage1 etc
	pg.idNumber=0;

	// for myDecodeURI
	pg.misc.decodeExtras = [
		{from: '%2C', to: ',' },
		{from: '_',   to: ' ' },
		{from: '%24', to: '$'},
		{from: '%26',   to: '&amp;' } // no ,
		];

}

function leadingInteger(s){
	var n=s.match(/^(\d*)/)[1];
	if (n) { return +n; }
	return null;
}

function setBrowserHacks() {
	var useOriginal=false;
	// browser-specific hacks
	if (typeof window.opera != 'undefined') {
		//if (leadingInteger(opera.version()) &lt; 9)
		{ useOriginal=true; } // v9 beta still seems to have buggy css
		setDefault('popupNavLinkSeparator', ' &amp;#183; ');
	} else if (navigator.appName=='Konqueror') {
		setDefault('popupNavLinkSeparator', ' &amp;bull; ');
		pg.flag.isKonq=true;
	} else if ( navigator.vendor &amp;&amp; navigator.vendor.toLowerCase().indexOf('apple computer')===0) {
		pg.flag.isSafari=true;
		var webkit=+navigator.userAgent.replace(RegExp('^.*AppleWebKit[/](\\d+).*', 'i'), '$1');
		if (webkit &lt; 420) { useOriginal=true; }
	} else if (navigator.appName.indexOf(&quot;Microsoft&quot;)!=-1) {
		setDefault('popupNavLinkSeparator', ' &amp;#183; ');
		var ver=+navigator.userAgent.replace(RegExp('^.*MSIE (\\d+).*'), '$1');
		pg.flag.isIE=true;
		pg.flag.IEVersion=ver;
	}
	if (pg.flag.isIE &amp;&amp; pg.flag.IEVersion &lt; 8) {
		useOriginal=true;
	}
	if ((pg.flag.isIE &amp;&amp; pg.flag.IEVersion &lt; 7) || pg.flag.isKonq || (pg.flag.isSafari &amp;&amp; webkit &lt; 420)) {
		pg.flag.linksLikeIE6=true;
	}
	if (useOriginal &amp;&amp; pg.structures.original) {
		setDefault('popupStructure','original');
	}
}

function setupPopups() {
	// NB translatable strings should be set up first (strings.js)
	// basics
	setupDebugging();
	setSiteInfo();
	setTitleBase();
	setOptions(); // see options.js

	// namespaces etc
	setNamespaces();
	setInterwiki();

	// regexps
	setRegexps();
	setRedirs();

	// other stuff
	setBrowserHacks();
	setMisc();
	setupLivePreview();

	// main deal here
	setupTooltips();
	Navpopup.tracker.enable();

	setupPopups.completed = true;
}
// ENDFILE: init.js
// STARTFILE: navlinks.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// navlinks... let the fun begin
//

function defaultNavlinkSpec() {
	var str='';
	str += '&lt;b&gt;&lt;&lt;mainlink|shortcut= &gt;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;';
	if (getValueOf('popupLastEditLink')) {
		str += '*&lt;&lt;lastEdit|shortcut=/&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;lastContrib&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;sinceMe&gt;&gt;if(oldid){|&lt;&lt;oldEdit&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;diffCur&gt;&gt;}';
	}

	// user links
	// contribs - log - count - email - block
	// count only if applicable; block only if popupAdminLinks
	str += 'if(user){&lt;br&gt;&lt;&lt;contribs|shortcut=c&gt;&gt;*&lt;&lt;userlog|shortcut=L|log&gt;&gt;';
	str+='if(ipuser){*&lt;&lt;arin&gt;&gt;}if(wikimedia){*&lt;&lt;count|shortcut=#&gt;&gt;}';
	str+='if(ipuser){}else{*&lt;&lt;email|shortcut=E&gt;&gt;}if(admin){*&lt;&lt;block|shortcut=b&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;blocklog|log&gt;&gt;}}';

	// editing links
	// talkpage   -&gt; edit|new - history - un|watch - article|edit
	// other page -&gt; edit - history - un|watch - talk|edit|new
	var editstr='&lt;&lt;edit|shortcut=e&gt;&gt;';
	var editOldidStr='if(oldid){&lt;&lt;editOld|shortcut=e&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;revert|shortcut=v|rv&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;edit|cur&gt;&gt;}else{' + editstr + '}'
		var historystr='&lt;&lt;history|shortcut=h&gt;&gt;if(mainspace_en){|&lt;&lt;editors|shortcut=E|&gt;&gt;}';
	var watchstr='&lt;&lt;unwatch|unwatchShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;watch|shortcut=w|watchThingy&gt;&gt;';

	str+='&lt;br&gt;if(talk){' +
		editOldidStr+'|&lt;&lt;new|shortcut=+&gt;&gt;' + '*' + historystr+'*'+watchstr + '*' +
		'&lt;b&gt;&lt;&lt;article|shortcut=a&gt;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;|&lt;&lt;editArticle|edit&gt;&gt;' +
		'}else{' + // not a talk page
		editOldidStr + '*' + historystr + '*' + watchstr + '*' +
		'&lt;b&gt;&lt;&lt;talk|shortcut=t&gt;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;|&lt;&lt;editTalk|edit&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;newTalk|shortcut=+|new&gt;&gt;'
		+ '}';

	// misc links
	str += '&lt;br&gt;&lt;&lt;whatLinksHere|shortcut=l&gt;&gt;*&lt;&lt;relatedChanges|shortcut=r&gt;&gt;*&lt;&lt;move|shortcut=m&gt;&gt;';

	// admin links
	str += 'if(admin){&lt;br&gt;&lt;&lt;unprotect|unprotectShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;protect|shortcut=p&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;protectlog|log&gt;&gt;*' +
		'&lt;&lt;undelete|undeleteShort&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;delete|shortcut=d&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;deletelog|log&gt;&gt;}';
	return str;
}

function navLinksHTML (article, hint, params) { //oldid, rcid) {
	var str = '&lt;span class=&quot;popupNavLinks&quot;&gt;' + defaultNavlinkSpec() + '&lt;/span&gt;';
	// BAM
	return navlinkStringToHTML(str, article, params);
}

function expandConditionalNavlinkString(s,article,z,recursionCount) {
	var oldid=z.oldid, rcid=z.rcid, diff=z.diff;
	// nested conditionals (up to 10 deep) are ok, hopefully! (work from the inside out)
	if (typeof recursionCount!=typeof 0) { recursionCount=0; }
	var conditionalSplitRegex=RegExp(
		//(1     if    \\(    (2    2)    \\)      {(3    3)}  (4   else      {(5     5)}  4)1)
		'(;?\\s*if\\s*\\(\\s*([\\w]*)\\s*\\)\\s*\\{([^{}]*)\\}(\\s*else\\s*\\{([^{}]*?)\\}|))', 'i');
	var splitted=s.parenSplit(conditionalSplitRegex);
	// $1: whole conditional
	// $2: test condition
	// $3: true expansion
	// $4: else clause (possibly empty)
	// $5: false expansion (possibly null)
	var numParens=5;
	var ret = splitted[0];
	for (var i=1; i&lt;splitted.length; i=i+numParens+1) {

		var testString=splitted[i+2-1];
		var trueString=splitted[i+3-1];
		var falseString=splitted[i+5-1];
		if (typeof falseString=='undefined' || !falseString) { falseString=''; }
		var testResult=null;

		switch (testString) {
		case 'user':
			testResult=(article.userName())?true:false;
			break;
		case 'talk':
			testResult=(article.talkPage())?false:true; // talkPage converts _articles_ to talkPages
			break;
		case 'admin':
			testResult=getValueOf('popupAdminLinks')?true:false;
			break;
		case 'oldid':
			testResult=(typeof oldid != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; oldid)?true:false;
			break;
		case 'rcid':
			testResult=(typeof rcid != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; rcid)?true:false;
			break;
		case 'ipuser':
			testResult=(article.isIpUser())?true:false;
			break;
		case 'mainspace_en':
			testResult=isInMainNamespace(article) &amp;&amp;
				pg.wiki.hostname=='en.wikiversity.org';
			break;
		case 'wikimedia':
			testResult=(pg.wiki.wikimedia) ? true : false;
			break;
		case 'diff':
			testResult=(typeof diff != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; diff)?true:false;
			break;
		}

		switch(testResult) {
		case null: ret+=splitted[i];  break;
		case true: ret+=trueString;   break;
		case false: ret+=falseString; break;
		}

		// append non-conditional string
		ret += splitted[i+numParens];
	}
	if (conditionalSplitRegex.test(ret) &amp;&amp; recursionCount &lt; 10) {
		return expandConditionalNavlinkString(ret,article,z,recursionCount+1);
	}
	return ret;
}

function navlinkStringToArray(s, article, params) {
	s=expandConditionalNavlinkString(s,article,params);
	var splitted=s.parenSplit(RegExp('&lt;&lt;(.*?)&gt;&gt;'));
	var ret=[];
	for (var i=0; i&lt;splitted.length; ++i) {
		if (i%2) { // i odd, so s is a tag
			var t=new navlinkTag();
			var ss=splitted[i].split('|');
			t.id=ss[0];
			for (var j=1; j&lt;ss.length; ++j) {
				var sss=ss[j].split('=');
				if (sss.length&gt;1) {
					t[sss[0]]=sss[1];
				}
				else { // no assignment (no &quot;=&quot;), so treat this as a title (overwriting the last one)
					t.text=popupString(sss[0]);
				}
			}
			t.article=article;
			var oldid=params.oldid, rcid=params.rcid, diff=params.diff;
			if (typeof oldid != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; oldid != null) { t.oldid=oldid; }
			if (typeof rcid != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; rcid != null) { t.rcid=rcid; }
			if (typeof diff != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; diff != null) { t.diff=diff; }
			if (!t.text &amp;&amp; t.id != 'mainlink') { t.text=popupString(t.id); }
			ret.push(t);
		}
		else { // plain HTML
			ret.push(splitted[i]);
		}
	}
	return ret;
}


function navlinkSubstituteHTML(s) {
	return s.split('*').join(getValueOf('popupNavLinkSeparator'))
		.split('&lt;menurow&gt;').join('&lt;li class=&quot;popup_menu_row&quot;&gt;')
		.split('&lt;/menurow&gt;').join('&lt;/li&gt;')
		.split('&lt;menu&gt;').join('&lt;ul class=&quot;popup_menu&quot;&gt;')
		.split('&lt;/menu&gt;').join('&lt;/ul&gt;');

}

function navlinkDepth(magic,s) {
	return s.split('&lt;' + magic + '&gt;').length - s.split('&lt;/' + magic + '&gt;').length;
}


// navlinkString: * becomes the separator
//                &lt;&lt;foo|bar=baz|fubar&gt;&gt; becomes a foo-link with attribute bar='baz'
//                                      and visible text 'fubar'
//                if(test){...} and if(test){...}else{...} work too (nested ok)

function navlinkStringToHTML(s,article,params) {
	//limitAlert(navlinkStringToHTML, 5, 'navlinkStringToHTML\n' + article + '\n' + (typeof article));
	var p=navlinkStringToArray(s,article,params);
	var html='';
	var menudepth = 0; // nested menus not currently allowed, but doesn't do any harm to code for it
	var menurowdepth = 0;
	var wrapping = null;
	for (var i=0; i&lt;p.length; ++i) {
		if (typeof p[i] == typeof '') {
			html+=navlinkSubstituteHTML(p[i]);
			menudepth += navlinkDepth('menu', p[i]);
			menurowdepth += navlinkDepth('menurow', p[i]);
//			if (menudepth === 0) {
//				tagType='span';
//			} else if (menurowdepth === 0) {
//				tagType='li';
//			} else {
//				tagType = null;
//			}
		} else if (typeof p[i].type != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; p[i].type=='navlinkTag') {
			if (menudepth &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; menurowdepth === 0) {
				html += '&lt;li class=&quot;popup_menu_item&quot;&gt;' + p[i].html() + '&lt;/li&gt;';
			} else {
				html+=p[i].html();
			}
		}
	}
	return html;
}

function navlinkTag() {
	this.type='navlinkTag';
}

navlinkTag.prototype.html=function () {
	this.getNewWin();
	this.getPrintFunction();
	var html='';
	var opening, closing;
	var tagType='span';
	if (!tagType) {
		opening = ''; closing = '';
	} else {
		opening = '&lt;' + tagType + ' class=&quot;popup_' + this.id + '&quot;&gt;';
		closing = '&lt;/' + tagType + '&gt;';
	}
	if (typeof this.print!='function') {
		errlog ('Oh dear - invalid print function for a navlinkTag, id='+this.id);
	} else {
		html=this.print(this);
		if (typeof html != typeof '') {html='';}
		else if (typeof this.shortcut!='undefined') html=addPopupShortcut(html, this.shortcut);
	}
	return opening + html + closing;
};

navlinkTag.prototype.getNewWin=function() {
	getValueOf('popupLinksNewWindow');
	if (typeof pg.option.popupLinksNewWindow[this.id] === 'undefined') { this.newWin=null; }
	this.newWin=pg.option.popupLinksNewWindow[this.id];
}

navlinkTag.prototype.getPrintFunction=function() { //think about this some more
	// this.id and this.article should already be defined
	if (typeof this.id!=typeof '' || typeof this.article!=typeof {} ) { return; }
	var html='';
	var a,t;

	this.noPopup=1;
	switch (this.id) {
	case 'contribs': case 'history': case 'whatLinksHere':
	case 'userPage': case 'monobook': case 'userTalk':
	case 'talk': case 'article': case 'lastEdit':
		this.noPopup=null;
	}
	switch (this.id) {
	case 'email':     case 'contribs':  case 'block':     case 'unblock':
	case 'userlog':   case 'userSpace': case 'deletedContribs':
		this.article=this.article.userName();
	}

	switch (this.id) {
	case 'userTalk': case 'newUserTalk': case 'editUserTalk':
	case 'userPage': case 'monobook': case 'editMonobook': case 'blocklog':
		this.article=this.article.userName(true);
	// fall through; no break
	case 'pagelog': case 'deletelog': case 'protectlog':
	delete this.oldid;
	}

	if (this.id=='editMonobook' || this.id=='monobook') { this.article.append('/monobook.js'); }

	if (this.id != 'mainlink') {
		// FIXME anchor handling should be done differently with Title object
		this.article=this.article.removeAnchor();
		// if (typeof this.text=='undefined') this.text=popupString(this.id);
	}

	switch (this.id) {
	case 'undelete':       this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Undelete'; this.sep='/'; break;
	case 'whatLinksHere':  this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Whatlinkshere'; break;
	case 'relatedChanges': this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Recentchangeslinked'; break;
	case 'move':           this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Movepage'; break;
	case 'contribs':       this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Contributions'; break;
	case 'deletedContribs':this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Deletedcontributions'; break;
	case 'email':          this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='EmailUser'; this.sep='/'; break;
	case 'block':          this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Blockip'; this.sep='&amp;ip='; break;
	case 'unblock':        this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Ipblocklist'; this.sep='&amp;action=unblock&amp;ip='; break;
	case 'userlog':        this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Log'; this.sep='&amp;user='; break;
	case 'blocklog':       this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Log'; this.sep='&amp;type=block&amp;page='; break;
	case 'pagelog':        this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Log'; this.sep='&amp;page='; break;
	case 'protectlog':     this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Log'; this.sep='&amp;type=protect&amp;page='; break;
	case 'deletelog':      this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Log'; this.sep='&amp;type=delete&amp;page='; break;
	case 'userSpace':      this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='PrefixIndex'; this.sep='&amp;namespace=2&amp;prefix='; break;
	case 'search':         this.print=specialLink; this.specialpage='Search'; this.sep='&amp;fulltext=Search&amp;search='; break;
	case 'history': case 'historyfeed': case 'unwatch': case 'watch':
	case 'unprotect': case 'protect':
	this.print=wikiLink; this.action=this.id; break;

	case 'delete':
	this.print=wikiLink; this.action='delete';
	if (this.article.namespaceId()==pg.nsImageId) {
	    var img=this.article.stripNamespace();
	    this.action+='&amp;image='+img;
	}
	break;

	case 'markpatrolled':
	case 'edit': // editOld should keep the oldid, but edit should not.
	delete this.oldid; // fall through
	case 'view': case 'purge': case 'render':
	this.print=wikiLink;
	this.action=this.id; break;
	case 'raw':
	this.print=wikiLink; this.action='raw&amp;ctype=text/css'; break;
	case 'new':
	this.print=wikiLink; this.action='edit&amp;section=new'; break;
	case 'mainlink':
	if (typeof this.text=='undefined') { this.text=this.article.toString().entify(); }
	if (getValueOf('popupSimplifyMainLink') &amp;&amp; isInStrippableNamespace(this.article)) {
	    var s=this.text.split('/'); this.text=s[s.length-1];
	    if (this.text=='' &amp;&amp; s.length &gt; 1) { this.text=s[s.length-2]; }
	}
	this.print=titledWikiLink;
	if (typeof this.title=='undefined' &amp;&amp; pg.current.link &amp;&amp; typeof pg.current.link.href != 'undefined') {
	    this.title=safeDecodeURI((pg.current.link.originalTitle)?pg.current.link.originalTitle:this.article);
	    if (typeof this.oldid != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; this.oldid) {
		this.title=tprintf('Revision %s of %s', [this.oldid, this.title]);
	    }
	}
	this.action='view'; break;
	case 'userPage':
	case 'article':
	case 'monobook':
	case 'editMonobook':
	case 'editArticle':
	delete this.oldid;
	//alert(this.id+'\n'+this.article + '\n'+ typeof this.article);
	this.article=this.article.articleFromTalkOrArticle();
	//alert(this.id+'\n'+this.article + '\n'+ typeof this.article);
	this.print=wikiLink;
	if (this.id.indexOf('edit')==0) {
	    this.action='edit';
	} else { this.action='view';}
	break;
	case 'userTalk':
	case 'talk':
	this.article=this.article.talkPage();
	delete this.oldid;
	this.print=wikiLink;
	this.action='view'; break;
	case 'arin':
	this.print=arinLink; break;
	case 'count':
	this.print=editCounterLink; break;
	case 'google':
	this.print=googleLink; break;
	case 'editors':
	this.print=editorListLink; break;
	case 'globalsearch':
	this.print=globalSearchLink; break;
	case 'lastEdit':
	this.print=titledDiffLink;
	this.title=popupString('Show the last edit');
	this.from='prev'; this.to='cur'; break;
	case 'oldEdit':
	this.print=titledDiffLink;
	this.title=popupString('Show the edit made to get revision') + ' ' + this.oldid;
	this.from='prev'; this.to=this.oldid; break;
	case 'editOld':
	this.print=wikiLink; this.action='edit'; break;
	case 'undo':
	this.print=wikiLink; this.action='edit&amp;undo='; break;
	case 'markpatrolled':
	this.print=wikiLink; this.action='markpatrolled';
	case 'revert':
	this.print=wikiLink; this.action='revert'; break;
	case 'nullEdit':
	this.print=wikiLink; this.action='nullEdit'; break;
	case 'diffCur':
	this.print=titledDiffLink;
	this.title=tprintf('Show changes since revision %s', [this.oldid]);
	this.from=this.oldid; this.to='cur'; break;
	case 'editUserTalk':
	case 'editTalk':
	delete this.oldid;
	this.article=this.article.talkPage();
	this.action='edit'; this.print=wikiLink; break;
	case 'newUserTalk':
	case 'newTalk':
	this.article=this.article.talkPage();
	this.action='edit&amp;section=new'; this.print=wikiLink; break;
	case 'lastContrib':
	case 'sinceMe':
	this.print=magicHistoryLink;
	break;
	case 'togglePreviews':
	this.text=popupString(pg.option.simplePopups ? 'enable previews' : 'disable previews');
	case 'disablePopups': case 'purgePopups':
	this.print=popupMenuLink;
	break;
	default:
	this.print=function () {return 'Unknown navlink type: '+this.id+''};
	}
};
//
//  end navlinks
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: navlinks.js
// STARTFILE: shortcutkeys.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
function popupHandleKeypress(evt) {
	var keyCode = window.event ? window.event.keyCode : ( evt.keyCode ? evt.keyCode : evt.which);
	if (!keyCode || !pg.current.link || !pg.current.link.navpopup) { return; }
	if (keyCode==27) { // escape
		killPopup();
		return false; // swallow keypress
	}

	var letter=String.fromCharCode(keyCode);
	var links=pg.current.link.navpopup.mainDiv.getElementsByTagName('A');
	var startLink=0;
	var i,j;

	if (popupHandleKeypress.lastPopupLinkSelected) {
		for (i=0; i&lt;links.length; ++i) {
			if (links[i]==popupHandleKeypress.lastPopupLinkSelected) { startLink=i; }
		}
	}
	for (j=0; j&lt;links.length; ++j) {
		i=(startLink + j + 1) % links.length;
		if (links[i].getAttribute('popupkey')==letter) {
			if (evt &amp;&amp; evt.preventDefault) evt.preventDefault();
			links[i].focus();
			popupHandleKeypress.lastPopupLinkSelected=links[i];
			return false; // swallow keypress
		}
	}

	// pass keypress on
	if (document.oldPopupOnkeypress) { return document.oldPopupOnkeypress(evt); }
	return true;
}

function addPopupShortcuts() {
	if (document.onkeypress!=popupHandleKeypress) {
		document.oldPopupOnkeypress=document.onkeypress;
	}
	document.onkeypress=popupHandleKeypress;
}

function rmPopupShortcuts() {
	popupHandleKeypress.lastPopupLinkSelected=null;
	try {
		if (document.oldPopupOnkeypress &amp;&amp; document.oldPopupOnkeypress==popupHandleKeypress) {
			// panic
			document.onkeypress=null; //function () {};
			return;
		}
		document.onkeypress=document.oldPopupOnkeypress;
	} catch (nasties) { /* IE goes here */ }
}


function addLinkProperty(html, property) {
	// take &quot;&lt;a href=...&gt;...&lt;/a&gt; and add a property
	// not sophisticated at all, easily broken
	var i=html.indexOf('&gt;');
	if (i&lt;0) { return html; }
	return html.substring(0,i) + ' ' + property + html.substring(i);
}

function addPopupShortcut(html, key) {
	if (!getValueOf('popupShortcutKeys')) { return html; }
	var ret= addLinkProperty(html, 'popupkey=&quot;'+key+'&quot;');
	if (key==' ') { key=popupString('spacebar'); }
	return ret.replace(RegExp('^(.*?)(title=&quot;)(.*?)(&quot;.*)$', 'i'),'$1$2$3 ['+key+']$4');
}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: shortcutkeys.js
// STARTFILE: diffpreview.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
function loadDiff(article, oldid, diff, navpop) {
	navpop.diffData={};
	var oldRev, newRev;
	switch (diff) {
	case 'cur':
		switch ( oldid ) {
		case null:
		case '':
		case 'prev':
			// eg newmessages diff link
			oldRev='0&amp;direction=prev';
			newRev=0;
			break;
		default:
			oldRev = oldid;
			newRev = 0;
		}
		break;
	case 'prev':
		oldRev = ( oldid || 0 ) + '&amp;direction=prev'; newRev = oldid; break;
	case 'next':
		oldRev = oldid; newRev = oldid + '&amp;direction=next';
		break;
	default:
		oldRev = oldid || 0; newRev = diff || 0; break;
	}
	oldRev = oldRev || 0;
	newRev = newRev || 0;

	var go = function() {
		pendingNavpopTask(navpop);
		getWiki(article, doneDiffNew, newRev, navpop);

		pendingNavpopTask(navpop);
		getWiki(article, doneDiffOld, oldRev, navpop);

		var tz = Cookie.read('popTz');
		if (getValueOf('popupAdjustDiffDates') &amp;&amp; tz===null) {
		    pendingNavpopTask(navpop);
		    getPageWithCaching(pg.wiki.apiwikibase + '?format=json&amp;action=query&amp;meta=userinfo&amp;uiprop=options',
				       function(d) {
					       completedNavpopTask(navpop);
					       setTimecorrectionCookie(d);
					       if (diffDownloadsComplete(navpop)) { insertDiff(navpop); }
				       },  navpop);
		}
		return true; // remove hook once run
	}
	if (navpop.visible || !getValueOf('popupLazyDownloads')) { go(); }
	else { navpop.addHook(go, 'unhide', 'before', 'DOWNLOAD_DIFFS'); }
}

function setTimecorrectionCookie(d) {
	try {
		var jsobj=getJsObj(d.data);
		var tz=jsobj.query.userinfo.options.timecorrection;
	} catch (someError) {
		logerr( 'setTimecorretion failed' );
		return;
	}
    Cookie.create( 'popTz', getTimeOffset(tz), 1);
}

function doneDiff(download, isOld) {
	if (!download.owner || !download.owner.diffData) { return; }
	var navpop=download.owner;
	var label= (isOld) ? 'Old' : 'New';
	var otherLabel=(isOld) ? 'New' : 'Old';
	navpop.diffData[label]=download;
	completedNavpopTask(download.owner);
	if (diffDownloadsComplete(navpop)) { insertDiff(navpop); }
}

function diffDownloadsComplete(navpop) {
	if ( Cookie.read('popTz')===null) { return false; }
	return navpop.diffData.Old &amp;&amp; navpop.diffData.New;
}

function doneDiffNew(download) { doneDiff(download, false); }
function doneDiffOld(download) { doneDiff(download, true);  }

function rmBoringLines(a,b,context) {

	if (typeof context == 'undefined') { context=2; }
	// this is fairly slow... i think it's quicker than doing a word-based diff from the off, though
	var aa=[], aaa=[];
	var bb=[], bbb=[];
	var i, j;

	// first, gather all disconnected nodes in a and all crossing nodes in a and b
	for (i=0; i&lt;a.length; ++i ) {
		if(!a[i].paired) { aa[i]=1; }
		else if (countCrossings(b,a,i, true)) {
			aa[i]=1;
			bb[ a[i].row ] = 1;
		}
	}

	// pick up remaining disconnected nodes in b
	for (i=0; i&lt;b.length; ++i ) {
		if (bb[i]==1) { continue; }
		if(!b[i].paired) { bb[i]=1; }
	}

	// another pass to gather context: we want the neighbours of included nodes which are not yet included
	// we have to add in partners of these nodes, but we don't want to add context for *those* nodes in the next pass
	for (i=0; i&lt;b.length; ++i) {
		if ( bb[i] == 1 ) {
			for (j=max(0,i-context); j &lt; min(b.length, i+context); ++j) {
				if ( !bb[j] ) { bb[j] = 1; aa[ b[j].row ] = 0.5; }
			}
		}
	}

	for (i=0; i&lt;a.length; ++i) {
		if ( aa[i] == 1 ) {
			for (j=max(0,i-context); j &lt; min(a.length, i+context); ++j) {
				if ( !aa[j] ) { aa[j] = 1; bb[ a[j].row ] = 0.5; }
			}
		}
	}

	for (i=0; i&lt;bb.length; ++i) {
		if (bb[i] &gt; 0) { // it's a row we need
			if (b[i].paired) { bbb.push(b[i].text); } // joined; partner should be in aa
			else {
				bbb.push(b[i]);
			}
		}
	}
	for (i=0; i&lt;aa.length; ++i) {
		if (aa[i] &gt; 0) { // it's a row we need
			if (a[i].paired) { aaa.push(a[i].text); } // joined; partner should be in aa
			else {
				aaa.push(a[i]);
			}
		}
	}

	return { a: aaa, b: bbb};
}

function stripOuterCommonLines(a,b,context) {
	var i=0;
	while (i&lt;a.length &amp;&amp; i &lt; b.length &amp;&amp; a[i]==b[i]) { ++i; }
	var j=a.length-1; var k=b.length-1;
	while ( j&gt;=0 &amp;&amp; k&gt;=0 &amp;&amp; a[j]==b[k] ) { --j; --k; }

	return { a: a.slice(max(0,i - 1 - context), min(a.length+1, j + context+1)),
			    b: b.slice(max(0,i - 1 - context), min(b.length+1, k + context+1)) };
}

function insertDiff(navpop) {
	// for speed reasons, we first do a line-based diff, discard stuff that seems boring, then do a word-based diff
	// FIXME: sometimes this gives misleading diffs as distant chunks are squashed together
	var oldlines=navpop.diffData.Old.data.split('\n');
	var newlines=navpop.diffData.New.data.split('\n');
	var inner=stripOuterCommonLines(oldlines,newlines,getValueOf('popupDiffContextLines'));
	oldlines=inner.a; newlines=inner.b;
	var truncated=false;
	getValueOf('popupDiffMaxLines');
	if (oldlines.length &gt; pg.option.popupDiffMaxLines || newlines.length &gt; pg.option.popupDiffMaxLines) {
		// truncate
		truncated=true;
		inner=stripOuterCommonLines(oldlines.slice(0,pg.option.popupDiffMaxLines),
					    newlines.slice(0,pg.option.popupDiffMaxLines),
					    pg.option.popupDiffContextLines);
		oldlines=inner.a; newlines=inner.b;
	}

	var lineDiff=diff(oldlines, newlines);
	var lines2=rmBoringLines(lineDiff.o, lineDiff.n);
	var oldlines2=lines2.a; var newlines2=lines2.b;

	var simpleSplit = !String.prototype.parenSplit.isNative;
	var html='&lt;hr&gt;';
	if (getValueOf('popupDiffDates')) {
		html += diffDatesTable(navpop.diffData.Old, navpop.diffData.New);
		html += '&lt;hr&gt;';
	}
	html += shortenDiffString(
		diffString(oldlines2.join('\n'), newlines2.join('\n'), simpleSplit),
		getValueOf('popupDiffContextCharacters') ).join('&lt;hr&gt;');
	setPopupTipsAndHTML(html.split('\n').join('&lt;br&gt;') +
		     (truncated ? '&lt;hr&gt;&lt;b&gt;'+popupString('Diff truncated for performance reasons')+'&lt;/b&gt;' : '') ,
			    'popupPreview', navpop.idNumber);
}

function diffDatesTable( oldDl, newDl ) {
	var html='&lt;table class=&quot;popup_diff_dates&quot;&gt;';
	html += diffDatesTableRow( newDl, tprintf('New revision'));
	html += diffDatesTableRow( oldDl, tprintf('Old revision'));
	html += '&lt;/table&gt;';
	return html;
}
function diffDatesTableRow( dl, label ) {
	var txt='';
	if (!dl) {
		txt=popupString('Something went wrong :-(');
	} else if (!dl.lastModified) {
		txt= (/^\s*$/.test(dl.data)) ?
			popupString('Empty revision, maybe non-existent') : popupString('Unknown date');
	} else {
		var datePrint=getValueOf('popupDiffDatePrinter');
		if (typeof dl.lastModified[datePrint] == 'function') {
			if (getValueOf('popupAdjustDiffDates')) {
				var off;
				if (off=Cookie.read('popTz')) {
					var d2=adjustDate(dl.lastModified, off);
					txt = dayFormat(d2, true) + ' ' + timeFormat(d2, true);
				}
			} else {
				txt = dl.lastModified[datePrint]();
			}
		} else {
			txt = tprintf('Invalid %s %s', ['popupDiffDatePrinter', datePrint]);
		}
	}
	var revlink = generalLink({url: dl.url.replace(/&amp;.*?(oldid=[0-9]+(?:&amp;direction=[^&amp;]*)?).*/, '&amp;$1'),
				   text: label, title: label});
	return simplePrintf('&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;%s&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;%s&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;', [ revlink, txt ]);
}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: diffpreview.js
// STARTFILE: links.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
/////////////////////
// LINK GENERATION //
/////////////////////

// titledDiffLink --&gt; titledWikiLink --&gt; generalLink
// wikiLink       --&gt; titledWikiLink --&gt; generalLink
// editCounterLink --&gt; generalLink

function titledDiffLink(l) { // article, text, title, from, to) {
	return titledWikiLink({article: l.article, action: l.to + '&amp;oldid=' + l.from,
				newWin: l.newWin,
				noPopup: l.noPopup,
				text: l.text, title: l.title,
				/* hack: no oldid here */
				actionName: 'diff'});
}


function wikiLink(l) {
	//{article:article, action:action, text:text, oldid, newid}) {
	if (! (typeof l.article == typeof {}
	       &amp;&amp; typeof l.action == typeof '' &amp;&amp; typeof l.text==typeof '')) return null;
	if (typeof l.oldid == 'undefined') { l.oldid=null; }
	var savedOldid = l.oldid;
	if (!/^(edit|view|revert|render)$|^raw/.test(l.action)) { l.oldid=null; }
	var hint=popupString(l.action + 'Hint'); // revertHint etc etc etc
	var oldidData=[l.oldid, safeDecodeURI(l.article)];
	var revisionString = tprintf('revision %s of %s', oldidData);
	log('revisionString='+revisionString);
	switch (l.action) {
	case 'edit&amp;section=new': hint = popupString('newSectionHint');  break;
	case 'edit&amp;undo=':
		if (l.diff &amp;&amp; l.diff != 'prev' &amp;&amp; savedOldid ) {
		  l.action += l.diff + '&amp;undoafter=' + savedOldid;
		} else if (savedOldid) {
		  l.action += savedOldid;
		}
		hint = popupString('undoHint');
		break;
	case 'raw&amp;ctype=text/css': hint=popupString('rawHint'); break;
	case 'revert':
		var p=parseParams(pg.current.link.href);
		l.action='edit&amp;autoclick=wpSave&amp;actoken=' + autoClickToken() + '&amp;autosummary=' + revertSummary(l.oldid, p.diff);
		if (p.diff=='prev') {
			l.action += '&amp;direction=prev';
			revisionString = tprintf('the revision prior to revision %s of %s', oldidData);
		}
		if (getValueOf('popupRevertSummaryPrompt')) { l.action += '&amp;autosummaryprompt=true'; }
		if (getValueOf('popupMinorReverts')) { l.action += '&amp;autominor=true'; }
		log('revisionString is now '+revisionString);
		break;
	case 'nullEdit':
		l.action='edit&amp;autoclick=wpSave&amp;actoken=' + autoClickToken() + '&amp;autosummary=null';
		break;
	case 'historyfeed':
		l.action='history&amp;feed=rss';
		break;
	case 'markpatrolled':
		l.action='markpatrolled&amp;rcid='+l.rcid;
	}

	if (hint) {
		if (l.oldid) {
			hint = simplePrintf(hint, [revisionString]);
		}
		else {
			hint = simplePrintf(hint, [safeDecodeURI(l.article)]);
		}
	}
	else {
		hint = safeDecodeURI(l.article + '&amp;action=' + l.action) + (l.oldid) ? '&amp;oldid='+l.oldid : '';
	}

	return titledWikiLink({article: l.article, action: l.action, text: l.text, newWin:l.newWin,
				title: hint, oldid: l.oldid, noPopup: l.noPopup});
}

function revertSummary(oldid, diff) {
	var ret='';
	if (diff == 'prev') {
		ret=getValueOf('popupQueriedRevertToPreviousSummary');
	} else { ret = getValueOf('popupQueriedRevertSummary'); }
	return ret + '&amp;autorv=' + oldid;
}

function titledWikiLink(l) {
	// possible properties of argument:
	// article, action, text, title, oldid, actionName, className, noPopup
	// oldid = null is fine here

	// article and action are mandatory args

	if (typeof l.article == 'undefined' || typeof l.action=='undefined') {
		errlog('got undefined article or action in titledWikiLink');
		return null;
	}

	var base = pg.wiki.titlebase +  l.article.urlString();
	var url=base;

	if (typeof l.actionName=='undefined' || !l.actionName) { l.actionName='action'; }

	// no need to add &amp;action=view, and this confuses anchors
	if (l.action != 'view') { url = base + '&amp;' + l.actionName + '=' + l.action; }

	if (typeof l.oldid!='undefined' &amp;&amp; l.oldid) { url+='&amp;oldid='+l.oldid; }

	var cssClass=pg.misc.defaultNavlinkClassname;
	if (typeof l.className!='undefined' &amp;&amp; l.className) { cssClass=l.className; }

	return generalNavLink({url: url, newWin: l.newWin,
				title: (typeof l.title != 'undefined') ? l.title : null,
				text: (typeof l.text!='undefined')?l.text:null,
				className: cssClass, noPopup:l.noPopup});
}

function getLastContrib(wikipage, newWin) {
	getHistoryInfo(wikipage, function(x){processLastContribInfo(x,{page: wikipage, newWin: newWin})});
}
function processLastContribInfo(info, stuff) {
	if(!info.edits || !info.edits.length) { alert('Popups: an odd thing happened. Please retry.'); return; }
	if(!info.firstNewEditor) {
		alert(tprintf('Only found one editor: %s made %s edits', [info.edits[0].editor,info.edits.length]));
		return;
	}
	var newUrl=pg.wiki.titlebase + new Title(stuff.page).urlString() + '&amp;diff=cur&amp;oldid='+info.firstNewEditor.oldid;
	displayUrl(newUrl, stuff.newWin);
}
function getDiffSinceMyEdit(wikipage, newWin) {
	getHistoryInfo(wikipage, function(x){processDiffSinceMyEdit(x,{page: wikipage, newWin: newWin})});
}
function processDiffSinceMyEdit(info, stuff) {
	if(!info.edits || !info.edits.length) { alert('Popups: something fishy happened. Please try again.'); return; }
	var friendlyName=stuff.page.split('_').join(' ');
	if(!info.myLastEdit) {
		alert(tprintf('Couldn\'t find an edit by %s\nin the last %s edits to\n%s',
			      [info.userName, getValueOf('popupHistoryLimit'), friendlyName]));
		return;
	}
	if(info.myLastEdit.index==0) {
		alert(tprintf(&quot;%s seems to be the last editor to the page %s&quot;, [info.userName, friendlyName]));
		return;
	}
	var newUrl=pg.wiki.titlebase + new Title(stuff.page).urlString() + '&amp;diff=cur&amp;oldid='+ info.myLastEdit.oldid;
	displayUrl(newUrl, stuff.newWin);
}
function displayUrl(url, newWin){
	if(newWin) { window.open(url); }
	else { document.location=url; }
}

function purgePopups() {
	processAllPopups(true);
	setupCache(); // deletes all cached items (not browser cached, though...)
	pg.option={};
	abortAllDownloads();
}

function processAllPopups(nullify, banish) {
	for (var i=0; i&lt;pg.current.links.length; ++i) {
		if (!pg.current.links[i].navpopup) { continue; }
		(nullify || banish) &amp;&amp; pg.current.links[i].navpopup.banish();
		pg.current.links[i].simpleNoMore=false;
		nullify &amp;&amp; (pg.current.links[i].navpopup=null);
	}
}

function disablePopups(){
	processAllPopups(false, true);
	setupTooltips(null, true);
}

function togglePreviews() {
	processAllPopups(true, true);
	pg.option.simplePopups=!pg.option.simplePopups;
	abortAllDownloads();
}

function magicHistoryLink(l) {
	// FIXME use onclick change href trick to sort this out instead of window.open

	var jsUrl='', title='';
	switch(l.id) {
	case 'lastContrib':
		jsUrl=simplePrintf('javascript:getLastContrib(\'%s\',%s)',
			[l.article.toString(true).split(&quot;'&quot;).join(&quot;\\'&quot;), l.newWin]);
		title=popupString('lastContribHint');
		break;
	case 'sinceMe':
		jsUrl=simplePrintf('javascript:getDiffSinceMyEdit(\'%s\',%s)',
			[l.article.toString(true).split(&quot;'&quot;).join(&quot;\\'&quot;), l.newWin]);
		title=popupString('sinceMeHint');
		break;
	}

	return generalNavLink({url: jsUrl, newWin: false, // can't have new windows with JS links, I think
				title: title, text: l.text, noPopup: l.noPopup});
}

function popupMenuLink(l) {
	var jsUrl=simplePrintf('javascript:%s()', [l.id]);
	var title=popupString(simplePrintf('%sHint', [l.id]));
	return generalNavLink({url: jsUrl, newWin:false, title:title, text:l.text, noPopup:l.noPopup});
}

function specialLink(l) {
	// properties: article, specialpage, text, sep
	if (typeof l.specialpage=='undefined'||!l.specialpage) return null;
	var base = pg.wiki.titlebase +  mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[pg.nsSpecialId]+':'+l.specialpage;
	if (typeof l.sep == 'undefined' || l.sep===null) l.sep='&amp;target=';
	var article=l.article.urlString({keepSpaces: l.specialpage=='Search'});
	var hint=popupString(l.specialpage+'Hint');
	switch (l.specialpage) {
	case 'Log':
	    switch (l.sep) {
	    case '&amp;user=': hint=popupString('userLogHint'); break;
	    case '&amp;type=block&amp;page=': hint=popupString('blockLogHint'); break;
	    case '&amp;page=': hint=popupString('pageLogHint'); break;
	    case '&amp;type=protect&amp;page=': hint=popupString('protectLogHint'); break;
	    case '&amp;type=delete&amp;page=': hint=popupString('deleteLogHint'); break;
	    default: log('Unknown log type, sep=' + l.sep); hint='Missing hint (FIXME)';
	    }
	    break;
	case 'PrefixIndex': article += '/'; break;
	}
	if (hint) hint = simplePrintf(hint, [safeDecodeURI(l.article)]);
	else hint = safeDecodeURI(l.specialpage+':'+l.article) ;

	var url = base + l.sep + article;
	return generalNavLink({url: url, title: hint, text: l.text, newWin:l.newWin, noPopup:l.noPopup});
}

function generalLink(l) {
	// l.url, l.text, l.title, l.newWin, l.className, l.noPopup
	if (typeof l.url=='undefined') return null;

	// only quotation marks in the url can screw us up now... I think
	var url=l.url.split('&quot;').join('%22');

	var ret='&lt;a href=&quot;' + url + '&quot;';
	if (typeof l.title!='undefined' &amp;&amp; l.title) { ret += ' title=&quot;' + mw.html.escape(l.title) + '&quot;'; }
	if (l.noPopup) { ret += ' noPopup=1'; }
	var newWin;
	if (typeof l.newWin=='undefined' || l.newWin===null) { newWin=getValueOf('popupNewWindows'); }
	else { newWin=l.newWin; }
	if (newWin) { ret += ' target=&quot;_blank&quot;'; }
	if (typeof l.className!='undefined'&amp;&amp;l.className) { ret+=' class=&quot;'+l.className+'&quot;'; }
	ret += '&gt;';
	if (typeof l.text==typeof '') { ret+= l.text; }
	ret +='&lt;/a&gt;';
	return ret;
}

function appendParamsToLink(linkstr, params) {
	var sp=linkstr.parenSplit(RegExp('(href=&quot;[^&quot;]+?)&quot;', 'i'));
	if (sp.length&lt;2) return null;
	var ret=sp.shift() + sp.shift();
	ret += '&amp;' + params + '&quot;';
	ret += sp.join('');
	return ret;
}

function changeLinkTargetLink(x) { // newTarget, text, hint, summary, clickButton, minor, title (optional) {
	if (x.newTarget) {
		log ('changeLinkTargetLink: newTarget=' + x.newTarget);
	}
	// optional: oldTarget (in wikitext)
	// if x.newTarget omitted or null, remove the link

	x.clickButton=encodeURI(x.clickButton);

	// FIXME: first character of page title as well as namespace should be case insensitive
	// eg [[category:foo]] and [[Category:Foo]] are equivalent
	// this'll break if charAt(0) is nasty
	var cA=literalizeRegex(x.oldTarget);
	var chs=cA[0].toUpperCase();
	chs='['+chs + chs.toLowerCase()+']';
	var currentArticleRegexBit=encodeURIComponent(chs+cA.substring(1));
	currentArticleRegexBit=currentArticleRegexBit
		.split(RegExp('[_ ]+', 'g')).join('[_ ]+')
		.split( &quot;%20&quot; ).join('[_ ]+')
		.split('\\(').join('(?:%2528|\\()')
		.split('\\)').join('(?:%2529|\\))');
	// leading and trailing space should be ignored, and anchor bits optional:
	currentArticleRegexBit = '\\s*(' + currentArticleRegexBit + '(?:#[^\\[\\|]*)?)\\s*';
	// e.g. Computer (archaic) -&gt; \s*([Cc]omputer[_ ](?:%2528|\()archaic(?:%2528|\)))\s*

// &lt;nowiki&gt;
	// autoedit=s~\[\[([Cc]ad)\]\]~[[Computer-aided%20design|$1]]~g;s~\[\[([Cc]AD)[|]~[[Computer-aided%20design|~g


	var title=x.title || mw.config.get('wgPageName').split('_').join(' ');
	var lk=titledWikiLink({article: new Title(title), newWin:x.newWin,
						action:  'edit',
						text:    x.text,
						title:   x.hint,
						className: 'popup_change_title_link'
						});
	var cmd='';
	if (x.newTarget) {
		// escape '&amp;' and other nasties
		var t=encodeURIComponent(x.newTarget);
		var s=encodeURIComponent(literalizeRegex(x.newTarget));
		cmd += 's~\\[\\['+currentArticleRegexBit+'\\]\\]~[['+t+'|$1]]~g;';
		cmd += 's~\\[\\['+currentArticleRegexBit+'[|]~[['+t+'|~g;';
		cmd += 's~\\[\\['+s + '\\|' + s + '\\]\\]~[[' + t + ']]~g';
	} else {
		cmd += 's~\\[\\['+currentArticleRegexBit+'\\]\\]~$1~g;';
		cmd += 's~\\[\\['+currentArticleRegexBit+'[|](.*?)\\]\\]~$2~g';
	}
	cmd += '&amp;autoclick='+x.clickButton + '&amp;actoken=' + autoClickToken();
	cmd += ( x.minor == null ) ? '' : '&amp;autominor='+x.minor;
	cmd += ( x.watch == null ) ? '' : '&amp;autowatch='+x.watch;
	cmd += '&amp;autosummary='+encodeURIComponent(x.summary);
	return appendParamsToLink(lk, 'autoedit='+cmd);
}
// &lt;/nowiki&gt;

function redirLink(redirMatch, article) {
	// NB redirMatch is in wikiText
	var ret='';

	if (getValueOf('popupAppendRedirNavLinks') &amp;&amp; getValueOf('popupNavLinks')) {
		ret += '&lt;hr&gt;';
		if (getValueOf('popupFixRedirs') &amp;&amp; typeof autoEdit != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; autoEdit) {
			log('redirLink: newTarget=' + redirMatch);
			ret += addPopupShortcut(
				changeLinkTargetLink(
				{newTarget: redirMatch, text: popupString('Redirects'),
					hint: popupString('Fix this redirect'),
						summary: simplePrintf(getValueOf('popupFixRedirsSummary'),
								      [article.toString(), redirMatch ]),
						oldTarget: article.toString(),
						clickButton: getValueOf('popupRedirAutoClick'), minor: true,
						watch: getValueOf('popupWatchRedirredPages')})
				, 'R');
			ret += popupString(' to ');
		}
		else ret += popupString('Redirects') + popupString(' to ');
		return ret;
	}

	else return '&lt;br&gt; ' + popupString('Redirects') + popupString(' to ') +
		     titledWikiLink({article: new Title().fromWikiText(redirMatch), action: 'view',  /* FIXME: newWin */
						      text: safeDecodeURI(redirMatch), title: popupString('Bypass redirect')});
}

function arinLink(l) {
	if (!saneLinkCheck(l)) { return null; }
	if ( ! l.article.isIpUser() || ! pg.wiki.wikimedia) return null;

	var uN=l.article.userName();

	return generalNavLink({url:'http://ws.arin.net/cgi-bin/whois.pl?queryinput=' + encodeURIComponent(uN), newWin:l.newWin,
				title: tprintf('Look up %s in ARIN whois database', [uN]),
				text: l.text, noPopup:1});
}

function toolDbName(cookieStyle) {
	var ret = mw.config.get('wgDBname');
	if (!cookieStyle) { ret+= '_p'; }
	return ret;
}

function saneLinkCheck(l) {
	if (typeof l.article != typeof {} || typeof l.text != typeof '') { return false; }
	return true;
}
function editCounterLink(l) {
	if(!saneLinkCheck(l)) return null;
	if (! pg.wiki.wikimedia) return null;
	var uN=l.article.userName();
	var tool=getValueOf('popupEditCounterTool');
	var url;
	var soxredToolUrl='http://toolserver.org/~soxred93/count/index.php?name=$1&amp;lang=$2&amp;wiki=$3';
	var kateToolUrl='http://toolserver.org/~$3/cgi-bin/Tool1/wannabe_kate?username=$1&amp;site=en.wikiversity.org&amp;$2';

	switch(tool) {
	case 'custom':
		url=simplePrintf(getValueOf('popupEditCounterUrl'), [ encodeURIComponent(uN), toolDbName() ]);
		break;
	case 'kate':
	case 'interiot':
		url=simplePrintf(kateToolUrl, [ encodeURIComponent(uN), toolDbName(), tool ]);
		break;
	default:
	    var theWiki=pg.wiki.hostname.split('.');
		url=simplePrintf(soxredToolUrl, [ encodeURIComponent(uN), theWiki[0], theWiki[1] ]);
	}
	return generalNavLink({url:url, title: tprintf('editCounterLinkHint', [uN]),
				newWin:l.newWin, text: l.text, noPopup:1});
}


function globalSearchLink(l) {
	if(!saneLinkCheck(l)) return null;

	var base='http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/globalwpsearch.pl?timeout=120&amp;search=';
	var article=l.article.urlString({keepSpaces:true});

	return generalNavLink({url:base + article, newWin:l.newWin,
				title: tprintf('globalSearchHint', [safeDecodeURI(l.article)]),
				text: l.text, noPopup:1});
}

function googleLink(l) {
	if(!saneLinkCheck(l)) return null;

	var base='http://www.google.com/search?q=';
	var article=l.article.urlString({keepSpaces:true});

	return generalNavLink({url:base + '%22' + article + '%22', newWin:l.newWin,
				title: tprintf('googleSearchHint', [safeDecodeURI(l.article)]),
				text: l.text, noPopup:1});
}

function editorListLink(l) {
	if(!saneLinkCheck(l)) return null;
	var article= l.article.articleFromTalkPage() || l.article;
        var theWiki=pg.wiki.hostname.split('.');
        var base='http://toolserver.org/~soxred93/articleinfo/index.php?&amp;uselang=' + wgUserLanguage +
            'lang=' + theWiki[0] + '&amp;wiki=' + theWiki[1] + '&amp;begin=&amp;end=&amp;article='
	return generalNavLink({url:base+article.urlString(),
				title: tprintf('editorListHint', [article]),
				newWin:l.newWin, text: l.text, noPopup:1});
}

function generalNavLink(l) {
	l.className = (l.className==null) ? 'popupNavLink' : l.className;
	return generalLink(l);
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// magic history links
//

function getHistoryInfo(wikipage, whatNext) {
	log('getHistoryInfo');
	getHistory(wikipage, whatNext ? function(d){whatNext(processHistory(d));} : processHistory);
}

// FIXME eliminate pg.idNumber ... how? :-(

function getHistory(wikipage, onComplete) {
	log('getHistory');
	var url = pg.wiki.apiwikibase + '?format=json&amp;action=query&amp;prop=revisions&amp;titles=' +
			new Title(wikipage).urlString() + '&amp;rvlimit=' + getValueOf('popupHistoryLimit');
	log('getHistory: url='+url);
	if (pg.flag.isIE) {
		url = url + '&amp;*'; //to circumvent https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=28840
	}
	return startDownload(url, pg.idNumber+'history', onComplete);
}

function processHistory(download) {
	var jsobj = getJsObj(download.data);
	try {
		window.x=jsobj;
		var p=jsobj['query']['pages']
		for (var pageid in p) {
			var revisions=p[pageid]['revisions'];
			// we only get the first one
			break;
		}
	} catch (someError) {
		log('Something went wrong with JSON business');
		return finishProcessHistory([]);
	}
	var edits=[];
	for (var i=0; i&lt;revisions.length; ++i) {
		edits.push({ oldid: revisions[i]['revid'], editor: revisions[i]['user'] });
	}
	log('processed ' + edits.length + ' edits');
	return finishProcessHistory(edits, mw.config.get('wgUserName'));
}


function finishProcessHistory(edits, userName) {
	var histInfo={};

	histInfo.edits=edits;
	histInfo.userName=userName;

	for (var i=0; i&lt;edits.length; ++i) {
		if (typeof histInfo.myLastEdit == 'undefined' &amp;&amp; userName &amp;&amp; edits[i].editor==userName) {
			histInfo.myLastEdit={index: i, oldid: edits[i].oldid, previd: (i==0 ? null : edits[i-1].oldid)};
		}
		if (typeof histInfo.firstNewEditor == 'undefined' &amp;&amp; edits[i].editor != edits[0].editor) {
			histInfo.firstNewEditor={index:i, oldid:edits[i].oldid, previd: (i==0 ? null : edits[i-1].oldid)};
		}
	}
	//pg.misc.historyInfo=histInfo;
	return histInfo;
}
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: links.js
// STARTFILE: options.js
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// options

// check for cookies and existing value, else use default
function defaultize(x) {
	var val=null;
	if (x!='popupCookies') {
		defaultize('popupCookies');
		if (pg.option.popupCookies &amp;&amp; (val=Cookie.read(x))) {
			pg.option[x]=val;
			return;
		}
	}
	if (pg.option[x]===null || typeof pg.option[x]=='undefined') {
		if (typeof window[x] != 'undefined' ) pg.option[x]=window[x];
		else pg.option[x]=pg.optionDefault[x];
	}
}

function newOption(x, def) {
	pg.optionDefault[x]=def;
}

function setDefault(x, def) {
	return newOption(x, def);
}

function getValueOf(varName) {
	defaultize(varName);
	return pg.option[varName];
}

function useDefaultOptions() { // for testing
	for (var p in pg.optionDefault) {
		pg.option[p]=pg.optionDefault[p];
		if (typeof window[p]!='undefined') { delete window[p]; }
	}
}

function setOptions() {
	// user-settable parameters and defaults
	var userIsSysop = false;
	if ( mw.config.get('wgUserGroups') ) {
		for ( var g = 0; g &lt; mw.config.get('wgUserGroups').length; ++g ) {
			if ( mw.config.get('wgUserGroups')[g] == &quot;sysop&quot; )
				userIsSysop = true
		}
	}

	// Basic options
	newOption('popupDelay',               0.5);
	newOption('popupHideDelay',           0.5);
	newOption('simplePopups',             false);
	newOption('popupStructure',           'shortmenus');   // see later - default for popupStructure is 'original' if simplePopups is true
	newOption('popupActionsMenu',         true);
	newOption('popupSetupMenu',           true);
	newOption('popupAdminLinks',          userIsSysop);
	newOption('popupShortcutKeys',        false);
	newOption('popupHistoricalLinks',     true);
	newOption('popupOnlyArticleLinks',    true);
	newOption('removeTitles',             true);
	newOption('popupMaxWidth',            350);
	newOption('popupInitialWidth',        false); // integer or false
	newOption('popupSimplifyMainLink',    true);
	newOption('popupAppendRedirNavLinks', true);
	newOption('popupTocLinks',            false);
	newOption('popupSubpopups',           true);
	newOption('popupDragHandle',          false /* 'popupTopLinks'*/);
	newOption('popupLazyPreviews',        true);
	newOption('popupLazyDownloads',       true);
	newOption('popupAllDabsStubs',        false);
	newOption('popupDebugging',           false);
	newOption('popupAdjustDiffDates',     true);
	newOption('popupActiveNavlinks',      true);
	newOption('popupModifier',            false); // ctrl, shift, alt or meta
	newOption('popupModifierAction',      'enable'); // or 'disable'
	newOption('popupDraggable',           true);

//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	// images
	newOption('popupImages',                 true);
	newOption('imagePopupsForImages',        true);
	newOption('popupNeverGetThumbs',         false);
	//newOption('popupImagesToggleSize',       true);
	newOption('popupThumbAction',            'imagepage'); //'sizetoggle');
	newOption('popupImageSize',              60);
	newOption('popupImageSizeLarge',         200);

	// redirs, dabs, reversion
	newOption('popupFixRedirs',             false);
	newOption('popupRedirAutoClick',        'wpDiff');
	newOption('popupFixDabs',               false);
	newOption('popupRevertSummaryPrompt',   false);
	newOption('popupMinorReverts',          false);
	newOption('popupRedlinkRemoval',        false);
	newOption('popupWatchDisambiggedPages', null);
	newOption('popupWatchRedirredPages',    null);
	newOption('popupDabWiktionary',         'last');

	// navlinks
	newOption('popupNavLinks',          true);
	newOption('popupNavLinkSeparator',  ' &amp;sdot; ');
	newOption('popupLastEditLink',      true);
	newOption('popupEditCounterTool',   'soxred');
	newOption('popupEditCounterUrl',    '');
	newOption('popupExtraUserMenu',     '');
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;

	// previews etc
	newOption('popupPreviews',             true);
	newOption('popupSummaryData',          true);
	newOption('popupMaxPreviewSentences',  5);
	newOption('popupMaxPreviewCharacters', 600);
	newOption('popupLastModified',         true);
	newOption('popupPreviewKillTemplates', true);
	newOption('popupPreviewRawTemplates',  true);
	newOption('popupPreviewFirstParOnly',  true);
	newOption('popupPreviewCutHeadings',   true);
	newOption('popupPreviewButton',        false);
	newOption('popupPreviewButtonEvent',   'click');

//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	// diffs
	newOption('popupPreviewDiffs',          true);
	newOption('popupDiffMaxLines',          100);
	newOption('popupDiffContextLines',      2);
	newOption('popupDiffContextCharacters', 40);
	newOption('popupDiffDates',             true);
	newOption('popupDiffDatePrinter',       'toLocaleString');

	// edit summaries. God, these are ugly.
	newOption('popupFixDabsSummary',           popupString('defaultpopupFixDabsSummary') );
	newOption('popupExtendedRevertSummary',    popupString('defaultpopupExtendedRevertSummary') );
	newOption('popupTimeOffset',               null);
	newOption('popupRevertSummary',            popupString('defaultpopupRevertSummary') );
	newOption('popupRevertToPreviousSummary',  popupString('defaultpopupRevertToPreviousSummary') );
	newOption('popupQueriedRevertSummary',            popupString('defaultpopupQueriedRevertSummary') );
	newOption('popupQueriedRevertToPreviousSummary',  popupString('defaultpopupQueriedRevertToPreviousSummary') );
	newOption('popupFixRedirsSummary',         popupString('defaultpopupFixRedirsSummary') );
	newOption('popupRedlinkSummary',           popupString('defaultpopupRedlinkSummary') );
	newOption('popupRmDabLinkSummary',         popupString('defaultpopupRmDabLinkSummary') );
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
	// misc
	newOption('popupCookies',             false);
	newOption('popupHistoryLimit',        50);
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
	newOption('popupFilters',             [popupFilterStubDetect,     popupFilterDisambigDetect,
					       popupFilterPageSize,       popupFilterCountLinks,
					       popupFilterCountImages,    popupFilterCountCategories,
					       popupFilterLastModified]);
	newOption('extraPopupFilters',        []);
	newOption('popupOnEditSelection', 'cursor');
	newOption('popupPreviewHistory',      true);
	newOption('popupImageLinks',          true);
	newOption('popupCategoryMembers',     true);
	newOption('popupUserInfo',            true);
	newOption('popupHistoryPreviewLimit', 25);
	newOption('popupContribsPreviewLimit',25);
	newOption('popupRevDelUrl',          '//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Revision_deletion');
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;

	// new windows
	newOption('popupNewWindows',     false);
	newOption('popupLinksNewWindow', {'lastContrib': true, 'sinceMe': true});

	// regexps
	newOption('popupDabRegexp', '([{][{]\\s*disambig|disambig\\s*[}][}]|disamb\\s*[}][}]|dab\\s*[}][}])|[{][{]\\s*(((geo|hn|road?|school|number)dis)|[234][lc][acw]|shipindex)(\\s*[|][^}]*)?\\s*[}][}]|is a .*disambiguation.*page');
	newOption('popupAnchorRegexp', 'anchors?'); //how to identify an anchors template
	newOption('popupStubRegexp', '(sect)?stub[}][}]|This .*-related article is a .*stub');
	newOption('popupImageVarsRegexp', 'image|image_(?:file|skyline|name|flag|seal)|cover|badge|logo');
}
// ENDFILE: options.js
// STARTFILE: strings.js
//&lt;NOLITE&gt;
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Translatable strings
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// See instructions at
// //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups/Translation

// &lt;nowiki&gt;
pg.string = {
	/////////////////////////////////////
	// summary data, searching etc.
	/////////////////////////////////////
	'article': 'article',
	'category': 'category',
	'categories': 'categories',
	'image': 'image',
	'images': 'images',
	'stub': 'stub',
	'section stub': 'section stub',
	'Empty page': 'Empty page',
	'kB': 'kB',
	'bytes': 'bytes',
	'day': 'day',
	'days': 'days',
	'hour': 'hour',
	'hours': 'hours',
	'minute': 'minute',
	'minutes': 'minutes',
	'second': 'second',
	'seconds': 'seconds',
	'week': 'week',
	'weeks': 'weeks',
	'search': 'search',
	'SearchHint': 'Find English Wikiversity resources containing %s',
	'web': 'web',
	'global': 'global',
	'globalSearchHint': 'Search across Wikiversity in different languages for %s',
	'googleSearchHint': 'Google for %s',
	/////////////////////////////////////
	// article-related actions and info
	// (some actions also apply to user pages)
	/////////////////////////////////////
	'actions': 'actions',         ///// view articles and view talk
	'popupsMenu': 'popups',
	'togglePreviewsHint': 'Toggle preview generation in popups on this page',
	'enable previews': 'enable previews',
	'disable previews': 'disable previews',
	'toggle previews': 'toggle previews',
	'show preview': 'show preview',
	'reset': 'reset',
	'more...': 'more...',
	'disable': 'disable popups',
	'disablePopupsHint': 'Disable popups on this page. Reload page to re-enable.',
	'historyfeedHint': 'RSS feed of recent changes to this page',
	'purgePopupsHint': 'Reset popups, clearing all cached popup data.',
	'PopupsHint': 'Reset popups, clearing all cached popup data.',
	'spacebar': 'space',
	'view': 'view',
	'view article': 'view article',
	'viewHint': 'Go to %s',
	'talk': 'talk',
	'talk page': 'talk page',
	'this&amp;nbsp;revision': 'this&amp;nbsp;revision',
	'revision %s of %s': 'revision %s of %s',
	'Revision %s of %s': 'Revision %s of %s',
	'the revision prior to revision %s of %s': 'the revision prior to revision %s of %s',
	'Toggle image size': 'Click to toggle image size',
	'del': 'del',                 ///// delete, protect, move
	'delete': 'delete',
	'deleteHint': 'Delete %s',
	'undeleteShort': 'un',
	'UndeleteHint': 'Show the deletion history for %s',
	'protect': 'protect',
	'protectHint': 'Restrict editing rights to %s',
	'unprotectShort': 'un',
	'unprotectHint': 'Allow %s to be edited by anyone again',
	'move': 'move',
	'move page': 'move page',
	'MovepageHint': 'Change the title of %s',
	'edit': 'edit',               ///// edit articles and talk
	'edit article': 'edit article',
	'editHint': 'Change the content of %s',
	'edit talk': 'edit talk',
	'new': 'new',
	'new topic': 'new topic',
	'newSectionHint': 'Start a new section on %s',
	'null edit': 'null edit',
	'nullEditHint': 'Submit an edit to %s, making no changes ',
	'hist': 'hist',               ///// history, diffs, editors, related
	'history': 'history',
	'historyHint': 'List the changes made to %s',
	'last': 'last',
	'lastEdit': 'lastEdit',
	'mark patrolled': 'mark patrolled',
	'markpatrolledHint': 'Mark this edit as patrolled',
	'show last edit': 'most recent edit',
	'Show the last edit': 'Show the effects of the most recent change',
	'lastContrib': 'lastContrib',
	'last set of edits': 'latest edits',
	'lastContribHint': 'Show the net effect of changes made by the last editor',
	'cur': 'cur',
	'diffCur': 'diffCur',
	'Show changes since revision %s': 'Show changes since revision %s',
	'%s old': '%s old', // as in 4 weeks old
	'oldEdit': 'oldEdit',
	'purge': 'purge',
	'purgeHint': 'Demand a fresh copy of %s',
	'raw': 'source',
	'rawHint': 'Download the source of %s',
	'render': 'simple',
	'renderHint': 'Show a plain HTML version of %s',
	'Show the edit made to get revision': 'Show the edit made to get revision',
	'sinceMe': 'sinceMe',
	'changes since mine': 'diff my edit',
	'sinceMeHint': 'Show changes since my last edit',
	'Couldn\'t find an edit by %s\nin the last %s edits to\n%s': 'Couldn\'t find an edit by %s\nin the last %s edits to\n%s',
	'eds': 'eds',
	'editors': 'editors',
	'editorListHint': 'List the users who have edited %s',
	'related': 'related',
	'relatedChanges': 'relatedChanges',
	'related changes': 'related changes',
	'RecentchangeslinkedHint': 'Show changes in articles related to %s',
	'editOld': 'editOld',          ///// edit old version, or revert
	'rv': 'rv',
	'revert': 'revert',
	'revertHint': 'Revert to %s',
	'defaultpopupRedlinkSummary': 'Removing link to empty page [[%s]] using [[:w:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]',
	'defaultpopupFixDabsSummary': 'Disambiguate [[%s]] to [[%s]] using [[:w:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]',
	'defaultpopupFixRedirsSummary': 'Redirect bypass from [[%s]] to [[%s]] using [[:w:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]',
	'defaultpopupExtendedRevertSummary': 'Revert to revision dated %s by %s, oldid %s using [[:w:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]',
	'defaultpopupRevertToPreviousSummary': 'Revert to the revision prior to revision %s using [[:w:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]',
	'defaultpopupRevertSummary': 'Revert to revision %s using [[:w:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]',
	'defaultpopupQueriedRevertToPreviousSummary': 'Revert to the revision prior to revision $1 dated $2 by $3 using [[:en:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]',
	'defaultpopupQueriedRevertSummary': 'Revert to revision $1 dated $2 by $3 using [[:w:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]',
	'defaultpopupRmDabLinkSummary': 'Remove link to dab page [[%s]] using [[:w:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]',
	'Redirects': 'Redirects', // as in Redirects to ...
	' to ': ' to ',           // as in Redirects to ...
	'Bypass redirect': 'Bypass redirect',
	'Fix this redirect': 'Fix this redirect',
	'disambig': 'disambig',          ///// add or remove dab etc.
	'disambigHint': 'Disambiguate this link to [[%s]]',
	'Click to disambiguate this link to:': 'Click to disambiguate this link to:',
	'remove this link': 'remove this link',
	'remove all links to this page from this article': 'remove all links to this page from this article',
	'remove all links to this disambig page from this article': 'remove all links to this disambig page from this article',
	'mainlink': 'mainlink',          ///// links, watch, unwatch
	'wikiLink': 'wikiLink',
	'wikiLinks': 'wikiLinks',
	'links here': 'links here',
	'whatLinksHere': 'whatLinksHere',
	'what links here': 'what links here',
	'WhatlinkshereHint': 'List the pages that are hyperlinked to %s',
	'unwatchShort': 'un',
	'watchThingy': 'watch',  // called watchThingy because {}.watch is a function
	'watchHint': 'Add %s to my watchlist',
	'unwatchHint': 'Remove %s from my watchlist',
	'Only found one editor: %s made %s edits': 'Only found one editor: %s made %s edits',
	'%s seems to be the last editor to the page %s': '%s seems to be the last editor to the page %s',
	'rss': 'rss',
	/////////////////////////////////////
	// diff previews
	/////////////////////////////////////
	'Diff truncated for performance reasons': 'Diff truncated for performance reasons',
	'Old revision': 'Old revision',
	'New revision': 'New revision',
	'Something went wrong :-(': 'Something went wrong :-(',
	'Empty revision, maybe non-existent': 'Empty revision, maybe non-existent',
	'Unknown date': 'Unknown date',
	/////////////////////////////////////
	// other special previews
	/////////////////////////////////////
	'Empty category': 'Empty category',
	'Category members (%s shown)': 'Category members (%s shown)',
	'No image links found': 'No image links found',
	'File links': 'File links',
	'No image found': 'No image found',
	'Image from Commons': 'Image from Commons',
	'Description page': 'Description page',
	'Alt text:': 'Alt text:',
	'revdel':'Hidden revision',
	/////////////////////////////////////
	// user-related actions and info
	/////////////////////////////////////
	'user': 'user',               ///// user page, talk, email, space
	'user&amp;nbsp;page': 'user&amp;nbsp;page',
	'user talk': 'user talk',
	'edit user talk': 'edit user talk',
	'leave comment': 'leave comment',
	'email': 'email',
	'email user': 'email user',
	'EmailuserHint': 'Send an email to %s',
	'space': 'space', // short form for userSpace link
	'PrefixIndexHint': 'Show pages in the userspace of %s',
	'count': 'count',             ///// contributions, log
	'edit counter': 'edit counter',
	'editCounterLinkHint': 'Count the contributions made by %s',
	'contribs': 'contribs',
	'contributions': 'contributions',
	'deletedContribs': 'deleted contributions',
	'DeletedcontributionsHint': 'List deleted edits made by %s',
	'ContributionsHint': 'List the contributions made by %s',
	'log': 'log',
	'user log': 'user log',
	'userLogHint': 'Show %s\'s user log',
	'arin': 'ARIN lookup',             ///// ARIN lookup, block user or IP
	'Look up %s in ARIN whois database': 'Look up %s in the ARIN whois database',
	'unblockShort': 'un',
	'block': 'block',
	'block user': 'block user',
	'IpblocklistHint': 'Unblock %s',
	'BlockipHint': 'Prevent %s from editing',
	'block log': 'block log',
	'blockLogHint': 'Show the block log for %s',
	'protectLogHint': 'Show the protection log for %s',
	'pageLogHint': 'Show the page log for %s',
	'deleteLogHint': 'Show the deletion log for %s',
	'Invalid %s %s': 'The option %s is invalid: %s',
	'No backlinks found': 'No backlinks found',
	' and more': ' and more',
	'undo': 'undo',
	'undoHint': 'undo this edit',
	'Download preview data': 'Download preview data',
	'Invalid or IP user': 'Invalid or IP user',
	'Not a registered username': 'Not a registered username',
	'BLOCKED': 'BLOCKED',
	' edits since: ': ' edits since: ',
	/////////////////////////////////////
	// Autoediting
	/////////////////////////////////////
	'Enter a non-empty edit summary or press cancel to abort': 'Enter a non-empty edit summary or press cancel to abort',
	'Failed to get revision information, please edit manually.\n\n': 'Failed to get revision information, please edit manually.\n\n',
	'The %s button has been automatically clicked. Please wait for the next page to load.': 'The %s button has been automatically clicked. Please wait for the next page to load.',
	'Could not find button %s. Please check the settings in your javascript file.': 'Could not find button %s. Please check the settings in your javascript file.',
	/////////////////////////////////////
	// Popups setup
	/////////////////////////////////////
	'Open full-size image': 'Open full-size image',
	'zxy': 'zxy'
};


function popupString(str) {
	if (typeof popupStrings != 'undefined' &amp;&amp; popupStrings &amp;&amp; popupStrings[str]) { return popupStrings[str]; }
	if (pg.string[str]) { return pg.string[str]; }
	return str;
}


function tprintf(str,subs) {
	if (typeof subs != typeof []) { subs = [subs]; }
	return simplePrintf(popupString(str), subs);
}
// &lt;/nowiki&gt;
//&lt;/NOLITE&gt;
// ENDFILE: strings.js


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Run things
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

hookEvent('load', setupPopups);
$(autoEdit);

//support for MediaWiki's live preview
$( function() {
   	if(typeof doLivePreview != &quot;function&quot; || typeof $ != &quot;function&quot;) return;
	$(&quot;#wpPreview&quot;).click(function(){
		var i = setInterval(function(){
			var p = document.getElementById(&quot;wikiPreview&quot;);
			if(p.previousSibling.className == &quot;mw-ajax-loader&quot;) return;

			p.ranSetupTooltipsAlready = false;
			setupTooltips(p);
			clearInterval(i);
		}, 500);
	});
});</text>
      <sha1>3osfr6eypzfavdehiusuod1qen8t41n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>56223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811257</id>
      <parentid>2791357</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T13:03:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reverse order</comment>
      <origin>2811257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1282" sha1="jyz8y4ydweg06bsqy2tgq88ioat6ccc" xml:space="preserve">Archived discussions should be found in the Archive covering the date of last standing edit to the discussion. This practice may not always have been followed. Some archived discussions are not in chronological order.
* [[/24|Archive 24]] (May 2026 - )
* [[/23|Archive 23]] (Jan. 2026 - Apr. 2026)
* [[/22|Archive 22]] (Oct. 2025 - Dec. 2025)
* [[/21|Archive 21]] (Feb. 2024 - Sep. 2025)
* [[/20|Archive 20]] (Jan. 2024 - Mar. 2024)
* [[/19|Archive 19]] (Jan. 2023 - Jan. 2024)
* [[/18|Archive 18]] (Oct. 2022 - Dec. 2022)
* [[/17|Archive 17]] (Jan. 2020 - Dec. 2022)
* [[/16|Archive 16]] (Oct. 2017 - Dec. 2019)
* [[/15|Archive 15]] (May 2017 - Jun. 2017)
* [[/14|Archive 14]] (May 2015 - Sep. 2017)
* [[/13|Archive 13]] (Jan. 2014 - Apr. 2015)
* [[/12|Archive 12]] (Nov. 2011 - Sep. 2013)
* [[/11|Archive 11]] (May 2011 - Oct. 2011)
* [[/10|Archive 10]] (Mar. 2011 - Apr. 2011)
* [[/9|Archive 9]] (Jan. 2011 - Feb. 2011)
* [[/8|Archive 8]] (Oct. 2010 - Dec. 2010)
* [[/7|Archive 7]] (May 2010 - Sep. 2010)
* [[/6|Archive 6]] (Aug. 2009 - Apr. 2010)
* [[/5|Archive 5]] (archived Mar. 2009)
* [[/4|Archive 4]] (Dec. 2008 - Jul. 2009)
* [[/3|Archive 3]] (Sep. 2008 - Nov. 2008)
* [[/2|Archive 2]] (May 2008 - Aug. 2008)
* [[/1|Archive 1]] (Sep. 2006 - Apr. 2008)
-----
{{subpagesif}}</text>
      <sha1>jyz8y4ydweg06bsqy2tgq88ioat6ccc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Lfavaloro~enwikiversity</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>70753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811397</id>
      <parentid>1341374</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T10:52:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adjust category</comment>
      <origin>2811397</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="86" sha1="so6im12y58ijopvrij086xveeb7pqyk" xml:space="preserve">L Favaloro
Sydney, Australia
[[Category:Wikiversitarians in Australia|User:Lfavaloro]]</text>
      <sha1>so6im12y58ijopvrij086xveeb7pqyk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811399</id>
      <parentid>2811397</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T10:56:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>2811399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="83" sha1="4w7u15g8bfvtsncggtvbq2nvy4wyie0" xml:space="preserve">L Favaloro
Sydney, Australia
[[Category:Wikiversitans in Australia|User:Lfavaloro]]</text>
      <sha1>4w7u15g8bfvtsncggtvbq2nvy4wyie0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arthritis coping strategies</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811333</id>
      <parentid>2279705</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T16:56:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>project box(es)</comment>
      <origin>2811333</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8041" sha1="8jlqd4x790bigvpfp1pv1hnx2955ale" xml:space="preserve">{{unknown subject}}
'''&lt;big&gt;Exercise as a pain reliever&lt;/big&gt;'''

[[Arthritis]] is a broad term that serves as an encompassing diagnosis for over 100 different joint affected disorders.  These disorders are categorized into two major groups: inflammatory and non-inflammatory.   The two most common arthritis diagnoses are osteoarthritis (OA), which is non-inflammatory, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is inflammatory. In general, arthritis patients complain of stiffness, pain and loss of joint function, as well as an overall decrease in morale and self-efficacy. Fortunately, research shows that physical activity can lessen the depression and anxiety associated with arthritis and can potentially have the pain-relieving effects similar to pharmaceutical treatments.  

On the other hand, the disorder’s complications often render the patient unable to adhere to an aerobic exercise regiment.  A physician can properly assess cases on an individual basis according to their arthritis inflammatory/noninflammatory category and prescribe an appropriate physical activity intervention plan.  Studies have proven that the most successful exercise types have been “low-intensity isokinetic training and physical training, intermediate intensity circuit training, and high intensity strength training.” 

There are four major evidence based exercise programs proven to assist arthritis patients.  The first two, the Arthritis Foundation Exercise Program and the Arthritis Foundation Aquatic Program, are both offered in the Northeast Missouri region. The exercise program boasts benefits of an increase in joint function and overall self-efficacy, as well as a decrease in depression.  The aquatic program boasts an impressive “18% decrease in pain, 25% increase in functional ability, fewer physician visits, and a better perceived quality of life” among participants with OA and RA.  Participants in the last two programs, EnhanceFitness and Active Living Everyday, enjoy benefits similar to those of the Arthritis Foundation’s programs.

Exercise is an effective method of arthritis pain management for seven important reasons. The first reason is that stretching exercises encourage greater flexibility for tight and achy arthritic joints.  The second reason is that strength training will tone muscles that can serve as joint stabilizers and protectors.  The third reason is that proper interventions like doing aquatic exercises, walking, cycling, and dancing serve as natural painkillers.  The fourth reason is that exercise indirectly decreases back pain due to the weight loss that is a result of vigorous exercises.  The fifth reason is that exercise boosts energy levels in those suffering from RA, therefore combating the fatigue normally associated with the disorder. The sixth reason is that exercise is beneficial for your mind as well as your body.  Many who successfully participate in exercise programs experience an increase in confidence which carries over into other facets of their lives and gives them the motivation to stay active.  Finally, exercise strengthens your bones and prevents osteoporosis, which is a disorder that further compounds arthritis aches and pains.  The basic purpose of an exercise program for an arthritis patient is to preserve and protect the joints in order to decrease pain and increase overall range of motion, muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility.  Physicians can prescribe suitable exercise programs according to the individual’s capabilities in order to fully achieve the benefits of physical activity.


'''&lt;big&gt;Other Options&lt;/big&gt;'''

In America today, there are 19 million people with doctor-diagnosed arthritis who report everyday activity restraints or limits due to their condition.  The daily living activities that seem to be a basic part of one’s routine take more time and cause frustration in our aging population diagnosed with arthritis.  Although exercise programs can serve as useful tools for pain alleviation, they may not be useful in assisting in everyday task completion. Even though the daily living activities of those with arthritis have become a bigger challenge, there are numerous adjustments that can be made to address some of the difficulties and valuable resources that can be utilized.


'''&lt;big&gt;Everyday Arthritis Problems and Solutions&lt;/big&gt;'''

The first problem that one with arthritis may run into is the new difficulty found in navigating one’s own home.  Activities like climbing stairs now look as impossible as climbing a mountain.  This can be especially tough to handle when you must use stairs routinely for bathroom visits, laundry, or for going to bed.  Stairs become more approachable with the use of stair lifts, wheelchair ramps, and stair-climbing wheelchairs.  
For people living with arthritis, the pain caused by trying to maintain healthy grooming and hygiene habits could be great enough to keep them out of the bathroom. Fortunately, there are a few easy fixes for this problem.  Transfer benches or shower chairs are an inexpensive way to ease getting in and out of the bathtub/shower and with much less hassle than having your bathtub/shower modified.  Something as simple as an electric toothbrush makes dental hygiene much easier, while also alleviating pain in the wrists, hands, and elbows that is often associated with regular tooth brushing.  Raised toilet seats allow additional height which helps people suffering from arthritis to stand easier when finished using the toilet. Hair brushing, shaving, and even dressing oneself become more complicated tasks, but can be helped with the use of elbow and wrist supports.  Many suffering from arthritis will turn to Velcro and elastic to replace the more difficult shoelaces and buttons.  

Gripping and grabbing motions present especially challenging situations for some with arthritis.  Door handles, faucets, eating utensils, telephones, and pencils are just a few items used daily that will become increasingly difficult to use.  For people with arthritis, items with traction are easier items to use and grips can be added to just about everything in the house for added support.  Bigger pens and pencils will help in the process of writing.  Items that require tightening also become a challenge, but can be made easy again with gas cap wrenches and jar openers.   


'''&lt;big&gt;Self-Management Tool Kit&lt;/big&gt;'''		
Perhaps one of the most valuable resources available to an arthritis patient is the Arthritis Self-Management Tool Kit.  They are often available at your local Regional Arthritis Center free of charge.  These kits include a Let’s Exercise! Guide Book with a two CD accompanying set, a Time for Healing relaxation music CD, and ''The Arthritis Helpbook'' by Dr. Kate Lorig and Dr. James Fries. The Let’s Exercise set offers varying intensities of strengthening and endurance exercises, while ''The Arthritis Helpbook'' offers an abundance of general arthritis information, as well as insightful self-help strategies.  Also included is a user-friendly action plan manual.  This tool kit is ideal for individuals with limited mobility who cannot make it out of their house or to exercise classes offered in the community.  

==Sources==

*Arthritis management strategies. (n.d.). Retrieved September 3, 2009, from The Arthritis Challenge Web-Based Training Site: http://www.dhpe.org/arthritis/websites/challenge.htm.
*Maes, J., &amp; Kravitz, L. (n.d.) Training clients with arthritis. Retrieved September 3, 2009 from University of New Mexico Site: http://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/arthritis.html.
*Silver, J.K., &amp; Morin, C. (2008). Understanding fitness: How exercise fuels health and fights disease. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
*Wallace, J. (1989). Arthritis relief. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press.
*What is arthritis? (n.d.). Retrieved September 3, 2009, from The Arthritis Challenge Web-Based Training Site: http://www.dhpe.org/arthritis/websites/basics.htm.

[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Exercise and health]]</text>
      <sha1>8jlqd4x790bigvpfp1pv1hnx2955ale</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>University of Canberra/Things that don't work/Barriers to online learning</title>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <comment>Adjust categories</comment>
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Converted from: [http://ucspace.canberra.edu.au/display/OBLR/Barriers+to+online+learning Barriers to online learning at the University of Canberra] - these recommendations were not included in the [http://ucspace.canberra.edu.au/display/OBLR Review of Online and Blended Learning]. This link is PW protected.

----

==[http://ucspace.canberra.edu.au/display/OBLR/Initial+recommendations+by+James+Neill Initial recommendations by James Neill]==

Feel free to add suggested recommendations for the Online and Blended Learning Review. NOTE: This is a working space to inform the review, not a final record.

# '''Documentation Review''': A vast amount of UC documentation, proformas etc. is paper-based. A systematic audit could reveal many areas of potential efficiency gain by converting to electronic systems (e.g., print-room orders are currently hard-copy based). This would better enable the institution to undertake efficient and effective online and blended teaching. With the trend towards outsourcing of many functions to off-site locations, developing an efficient electronic organisation is paramount.
# '''IP Policy Review''': Online and blended learning could be significantly facilitated by adopting a more innovative Intellectual Property (IP) policy. The current IP policy is well overdue for review. UC could benefit from a systematic review of other institutions' more innovative licensing policies. In practical terms, teachers and researchers should be able select at least from the suite of license options (e.g., creative commons licenses) for created content. The current practice is that either the IP policy is ignored and other licenses are applied anyway - or innovation is restrained by those who follow the current policy.

==Barriers to online learning==

A list of roadblocks/barriers in trying to offer online learning @ UC (in other words, a list of things which arguably warrant consideration for change). See also [[University of Canberra/Things that don't work]].

==Hardware==

# Only four lecture theatres (2B7, 2B9, 2B11 and 14B1) are equipped for video and audio recording.
# Few staff have webcams - and even fewer use them e.g., for video introductions to students, etc.

==Software==

===File formats===

# Open file formats are not systematically used/embraced.

===Unavailable===

# VOIP
# Desktop SMS
#* A corporate solution may be to implement SMS via Moodle e.g.,
#** http://moodle.org/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=35798
#** http://moodle.org/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=109344
# Desktop video-conferencing

===Underutilised===

# '''Wiki''': UC has a functional, supported corporate wiki (confluence / ucspace) which is underutilised in part due to the lack of corporate roll-out e.g., no staff or student training has been offered for its use, even though it's been available for several years.

==Forms etc. to be transitioned to electronic format / electronic submission==

Much of the proforma documentation at UC remains in 20th century hard-copy format, requiring to staff to be on campus, walk back and forth between printers, hand-deliver documents (or use internal mail), etc. Documentation which is in electronic submission format is done in an ad hoc manner by various areas e.g., some use PDF (e.g., exam booking). A university-wide review of proforma documentation and implementation of a more systematic solution could considerably increase efficiency, flexibility, and readiness for online and blended learning. Examples:

# AV lecture recording booking form is hard-copy submitted, not electronic.
# Current policy (which one?) indicates that a hard copy of the unit outline is to be distributed to students (?check this)
# Assignment coversheet is currently designed for hard-copy assignments
# Final marks require printing out and manual signing (rather than electronic signing) - which also raises the broader issue that UC doesn't have a corporate system for electronic signatures
# Amendment to Examiner's Return is hard-copy - could be electronic
# ADEs currently send hard-copy letters to students to advise of alleged plagiarism
# Referee forms for student applications are hard-copy and inefficient for staff to complete.
# For more examples, see [http://www.canberra.edu.au/student-services/forms student forms]
# Assignment extension requests are generally done via hard-copy, discipline-specific proformas
# Print room order forms are hard-copy and max. 10MB attachments can be emailed to the printroom


[[Category:Online learning]]
[[Category:Universities]]
[[Category:University of Canberra]]</text>
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      <comment>+ [[Category:Wikiversitans in Australia]]</comment>
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&lt;div style=&quot;background:white; border:2px SteelBlue solid; padding:12px;&quot;&gt;
My name is James Neill (''he/him''). I'm an Assistant Professor in the [https://www.canberra.edu.au/about-uc/faculties/health/study/psychology Discipline of Psychology] at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.

I'm passionate about [[open academia]]—I like to share knowledge openly.

On English Wikiversity, I'm a [[WV:Custodianship|custodian]] and [[WV:Bureaucratship|bureaucrat]]&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Jtneill (verify)]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;. Since 2005, I've made:
* ~[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikiversity.org/Jtneill 80,000 edits] on [[Main page|Wikiversity]]
* ~[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia/Jtneill 4,900 edits] on [[w:|Wikipedia]]
* ~[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/commons.wikimedia.org/Jtneill 2,200 edits] on [[c:|Wikimedia Commons]].

My [[User:Jtneill/Teaching/Philosophy|teaching philosophy]] is based on experiential learning. [[/Teaching|I teach]] a 3rd-year undergraduate [[psychology]] unit, [[motivation and emotion]], and a 4th-year Honours unit about [[research methods in psychology]].

{{/Research}}

[[/Presentations|I also present]] about open education, wikis in higher education, and collaborative development of [[open educational resources]]. 

Currently, I'm working on:
[[User:Jtneill/Presentations/Open wiki assignments for authentic learning|Open wiki assignments for authentic learning]].
&lt;!--
Most recently, I presented on:
[[User:Jtneill/Presentations/Interactive classroom exercises using Google Forms and Sheets|Interactive classroom exercises using Google Forms and Sheets]].
--&gt;

I like exploring outdoors, including [[w:guerilla gardening|guerilla gardening]] — which is much like wiki editing.

[[/Contact|Feel free to connect.]]
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&lt;div style=&quot;background:white; border:2px SteelBlue solid; padding:12px;&quot;&gt;
My name is James Neill (''he/him''). I'm an Assistant Professor in the [https://www.canberra.edu.au/about-uc/faculties/health/study/psychology Discipline of Psychology] at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.

I'm passionate about [[open academia]]—I like to share knowledge openly.

On English Wikiversity, I'm a [[WV:Custodianship|custodian]] and [[WV:Bureaucratship|bureaucrat]]&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Jtneill (verify)]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;. Since 2005, I've made:
* ~[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikiversity.org/Jtneill 80,000 edits] on [[Main page|Wikiversity]]
* ~[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia/Jtneill 4,900 edits] on [[w:|Wikipedia]]
* ~[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/commons.wikimedia.org/Jtneill 2,200 edits] on [[c:|Wikimedia Commons]].

My [[User:Jtneill/Teaching/Philosophy|teaching philosophy]] is based on experiential learning. [[/Teaching|I teach]] a 3rd-year undergraduate [[psychology]] unit, [[motivation and emotion]], and a 4th-year Honours unit about [[research methods in psychology]].

{{/Research}}

[[/Presentations|I also present]] about open education, wikis in higher education, and collaborative development of [[open educational resources]]. 

Currently, I'm working on:
[[User:Jtneill/Presentations/Open wiki assignments for authentic learning|Open wiki assignments for authentic learning]].
&lt;!--
Most recently, I presented on:
[[User:Jtneill/Presentations/Interactive classroom exercises using Google Forms and Sheets|Interactive classroom exercises using Google Forms and Sheets]].
--&gt;

I like exploring outdoors, including [[w:guerilla gardening|guerilla gardening]] — which is much like wiki editing.

[[/Contact|Feel free to connect.]]
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  <page>
    <title>Marketing Information System</title>
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        <username>~2026-30893-81</username>
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      <comment>Grammar</comment>
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      <text bytes="791" sha1="plxdl0guunx8dn8ecos0m0vz9m3i2mh" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

marketing is about satisfying consumer needs, in a manner that the organization makes profits. But to satisfy a customer, an organization needs to identify the exact nature of the need and want of customers and the competitor offering, so as to provide a better market.

== Marketing Information System ==


=== Marketing Intelligence ===

=== Marketing Research system ===

=== Internal Record System ===

=== Marketing decision Support System ===

a marketing decision support system (MDSS) is a coordinated collection of data, systems, tools, and techniques with supporting software and hardware by which an organization gathers and interprets relevant information from business and environment and turns it in to a basis for marketing action.

[[Category:Marketing]]</text>
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    <title>Fiji Hindi/Travel</title>
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|-
! English !! Fiji Hindi
|-
| hello || bula (non religious)/ ram-ram (hindu)/asamamalakum (islam)/sasrikaal (sikh)
|-
| fine || thik hai/right hai
|-
| OK, good || acha
|-
|yes||haa
|-
|no||nahi/nay 
|-
|maybe||saait
|-
|sorry||maaf karna
|-
|My name is John||Hamaar naam John hae. (Note that verb  appears last in the sentence
|-
|What is your name?||Tumar (or &quot;Aap&quot; to be polite) ke naam konchi hae?
|-
|Where have you come from?||Tum/Aap kas se aaya hai!
|-
|I have come from Australia||Ham Australia se aaya hae
|-
|Are you marries?||Tummar/Aapke shaadi hoe gayies?
|-
|How many children do you have?||Tum/Aap ke ketna larrkan hae?
|-
|Do you speak English||Tum/Aap English baat karta hae?
|-
|Does anyone here speak English||Koi English baat kare hae?
|-
|I don't understand||Ham nai samajhtaa hae
|-
|Where is the shop?||Dukaan kaa hae?
|-
|I want to go to the airport||Ham manta airport jaye
|-
|Is it far or near?||Duur hae ki nagiich?
|-
|Can I go by foot?||Ham paidar jaae saktaa hae?
|-
|Go straight ahead||Sidhaa aage chalo
|}
Can I sit here?                                   Ham sakko ya baeto
[[Category:Fiji Hindi]]
[[Category:Travel]]</text>
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|-
! English !! Fiji Hindi
|-
| hello || bula (non religious)/ ram-ram (hindu)/asamamalakum (islam)/sasrikaal (sikh)
|-
| fine || thik hai/right hai
|-
| OK, good || acha
|-
|yes||haa
|-
|no||nahi/nay 
|-
|maybe||saait
|-
|sorry||maaf karna
|-
|My name is John||Hamaar naam John hae. (Note that verb  appears last in the sentence
|-
|What is your name?||Tumar (or &quot;Aap&quot; to be polite) ke naam konchi hae?
|-
|Where have you come from?||Tum/Aap kas se aaya hai!
|-
|I have come from Australia||Ham Australia se aaya hae
|-
|Are you marries?||Tummar/Aapke shaadi hoe gayies?
|-
|How many children do you have?||Tum/Aap ke ketna larrkan hae?
|-
|Do you speak English||Tum/Aap English baat karta hae?
|-
|Does anyone here speak English||Koi English baat kare hae?
|-
|I don't understand||Ham nai samajhtaa hae
|-
|Where is the shop?||Dukaan kaa hae?
|-
|I want to go to the airport||Ham manta airport jaye
|-
|Is it far or near?||Duur hae ki nagiich?
|-
|Can I go by foot?||Ham paidar jaae saktaa hae?
|-
|Go straight ahead||Sidhaa aage chalo
|- 
|Can I sit here?
|Hum sakke ya bait-dey?
|}

[[Category:Fiji Hindi]]
[[Category:Travel]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Open academia survey</title>
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        <username>Jtneill</username>
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      <comment>Adjust categories</comment>
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{{0%done}}
{{research}}
==Current tasks ==

# What related survey-based studies of academics' knowledge and practice have been conducted?
# Brainstorm and discuss possible research questions

==Aim==

This [[questionnaire|survey]] aims to help in understanding university academics' knowledge, attitudes, motivations, behaviours, and perceived barriers with regard to use of open academic practices (open access, licensing, formatting, use of free software, and open governance). 

This survey may also be useful as the basis for a benchmarking tool by institutions undertaking openness reforms.

==Research questions==

# What level of knowledge do university academics have about open academic practices (access, licensing, format etc.) and online social networking and media?
# To what extent do academics use open practices and online social networking and media in teaching, research and service?
# What are academics' attitudes towards open practices?
# How do open academic attitudes related to open academic practices? [http://diyubook.com/2010/07/vast-majority-of-professors-are-rather-ludditical/]
# To what extent do ERA-ranked journal lists influence a university researcher's decisions on what to research, how, and where to publish the findings? (A more general form of this question might be &quot;What influences a university researcher's decisions on what to research, how, and where to publish the findings?&quot;; A more specific, alternative for of the question might be &quot;To what extent do principles of openness influence university academics' decisions about what to research, how, and where to publish the findings?&quot; Also: To what extent does ERA influence the decisions of university-based researchers to adopt open academic practices?&quot;)
# Determine to what extent the ERA Ranked Journal Lists affect  a university researcher's decision to document and publish research openly (An alternative, broader question might be &quot;What influences academics' decision to document and publish research closedly or openly?&quot;
# What are the attitudes of institutional teachers and researchers towards independent teachers and researchers?
# What are the motivating influences for academics' teaching, learning and service behaviours? e.g.,
## To what extent, or what is the nature of the influence that a university's strategic plans and management policies have on academic practices?
# What is the relation between academic work motivation (e.g. hierarchy of needs) and practice?

==Ethics==

Ethics approval is being sought using the [https://www.neaf.gov.au/ National Ethics Application Form].

==Survey questions==

* How would you rate your awareness of ERA?
* Would you say the ERA influences your decisions as a researcher?
* To what extent does the ERA influence your decisions as a researcher?
:* Influences where I aim to publish my research findings
:* Influences what I research
:* Influences who I collaborate with
:* Influences my research methods
* How would you rate your awareness of the UC Strategic Plan?
* Would you say the UC Strategic Plan influences your decisions as a teacher and researcher?
* To what extent does the UC Strategic Plan influence your decisions as a teacher and researcher?
:* I change my teaching practices to meet aspects of the Strategic Plan
:* I select the parts of the Strategic Plan that reinforce my teaching practices
:* I change my research practices to meet aspects of the Strategic Plan
:* I select the parts of the Strategic Plan that reinforce my research practices
* How would you rate your awareness of informal teaching, research and learning practices?
* Do you collaborate with independent, or non institution based researchers and teachers?
* To what extent do you collaborate with independent, or non institution based researchers and teachers?
:* I don't know what an independent, or non institution based researcher or teacher is
:* I have not had an opportunity to work with with independent, or non institution based researchers or teachers
:* I actively avoid working with independent, or non institution based researchers and teachers
:* I see no reason to work with independent, or non institution based researchers or teachers
* Do you think there are people wanting to access your teachings but do not cannot?
* Do you allow non paying, or non enrolled students to access your teachings?
* How would you rate your understanding of networked learning?
:* I've not heard of networked learning before
* Thinking about [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs]], where on the pyramid do you consider yourself as a practicing academic?

==See also==

* [[Open academia]]
* [[Open academic practice and Excellence in Research for Australia]]
* [[Open education and research at the University of Canberra]]


[[Category:Research projects]]
[[Category:Universities]]
[[Category:University of Canberra]]
[[Category:Open academia]]</text>
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    <title>Self organizing list</title>
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{{unknown subject}}
A '''self-organizing list''' is a [[list (computing)|list]] that reorders its elements based on some [[self-organizing heuristic]] to improve [[average]] [[access time]].
The aim of Self organizing list is to improve efficiency of linear search by moving more frequently accessed items towards the head of the list.
 
Some say that the &quot;Self Organizing List&quot; is a poor man's [[Hash table]] (see [http://www.opendylan.org/gdref/gdlibs/libs-collection-extensions-organized-list.html Gwydion Dylan Library Reference Guide]).
By using a probabilistic strategy, it yields nearly constant time in the best case for insert/delete operations,
although the worst case remains linear.

There are four ways in which the list can be self organized:
# Ordering&amp;mdash;The list is ordered using certain criteria natural for the information under scrutiny.
# Transpose&amp;mdash;After the desired element is located, swap it with its predecessor unless it is at the head of the list.
# Move to front&amp;mdash;After the desired element is located, put it at the beginning of the list
# Count&amp;mdash;Order the list by the number of times elements are being accessed.


==Basic Implementation of a List==
In order to efficiently use memory resources, lists are generally implemented as [[linked list]]s allowing dynamic memory allotment at runtime.  The linked list consists of a sequence of nodes, each 'linked' to the node in front (for example, in C, the 'link' is in the form of a pointer to the succeeding node), with the last node storing a link to NULL. An array is generally considered to be unsuitable because of the requirement of knowing the array size beforehand (during declaration). Also, inserting elements into an array is an inefficient operation.

===Linked List Traversals===
As each node is 'linked' only to the node in front of it, the only way to access a particular node in the list is by accessing the node before it, this process being repeated. So, to reach the nth element in the list, we must start at the first node and move to the second, from the second move to the third, from the third to the fourth and so on till the desired element is reached (move through each node successively to reach the nth element). When compared to an array it is immediately obvious that the linked list is extremely inefficient in random access (in an array say a[], the nth element can be immediately accessed as a[n]). In [[big O notation]], retrieving the nth element in a linked list is a O(n) operation whereas in an array, it is a O(1) operation.
For a linked list, even a [[binary search]] routine is inefficient because finding the middle element as the binary search algorithm requires is exceedingly costly (due to having to traverse through all the elements before it) and a linear traversal through the list is generally adopted for random access or searches. (Binary search on an array is O(log n)).

===Concept of the Self Organizing List===
A self organizing list modifies the order in which the records are stored, based on their actual or expected access pattern. The basis of a self organizing list can be explained in terms of the [[80-20 rule]] which states that 80% of the records in a list or data store are accessed 20% of the time whereas 20% of the records are accessed 80% of the time (note that this is not a strict rule but merely a characterization of typical behavior). The self organizing list aims at keeping these commonly accessed elements at the head for quicker access.


==Analysis of Running Times for Access/ Search in a List==
Consider a list (self organized or randomly arranged) implemented using a linked list structure containing n elements.
The COST of a search is measured by the number of comparisons that must be performed to find the target record (for now we assume that the target record exists in the list).&lt;br&gt;
We consider the worst and average case running times of accessing a particular element by linear searching in the list as follows:
====Average Case:====
In the average case, suppose that N search operations are performed on the list. Suppose that the number of times the i&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; element was searched for is freq(i) (for example, if the third element was searched for 45 times out of N, freq(3) = 45). 
then&lt;br&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;freq(1) + freq(2) + . . . + freq(n) = N&lt;/math&gt;
Now, the average running time to search for (or retrieve) the i&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; element is i. thus, the time spent in retrieving only the i&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; element is equal to &lt;br&gt;
:(number of times i&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; element was searched for) * (the time required to search for the i&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; element) = (freq(i) * i). &lt;br&gt;
hence, the total time for N searches is given by:
:&lt;math&gt;T = freq(1) * 1 + freq(2) * 2 + . . . + freq(n) * n.&lt;/math&gt; 
The average time per search operation is obtained by dividing above expression by N.&lt;br&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;Tavg= T/N = 1 * freq(1)/N + 2 * freq(2)/N + . . . + n * freq(n)/N.&lt;/math&gt;
but now consider, for the i&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; element, freq(i)/N is the probability of accessing the i&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; element (p(i)) and thus 
:&lt;math&gt;freq(i)/N  = p(i).&lt;/math&gt;
Substituting,
:&lt;math&gt;Tavg = 1 * p(1) + 2 * p(2) + 3 * p(3) + . . . + n * p(n).&lt;/math&gt;
If the access probability of each element is the same (i.e p(1) = p(2) = p(3) = ... = p(n) = 1/n) then the ordering of the elements is irrelevant and the average time complexity is given by
:&lt;math&gt;T(n) = 1/n + 2/n + 3/n + ... + n/n = (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n)/n = (n+1)/2&lt;/math&gt;
and T(n) does not depend on the individual access probabilities of the elements in the list in this case.
however in the case of searches on lists with non uniform record access probabilities (i.e those lists in which the probability of accessing one element is different from another), the average time complexity can be reduced drastically by proper positioning of the elements contained in the list.&lt;br&gt;
This is done by pairing smaller i with larger access probabilities so as to reduce the overall average time complexity.
Consider for example the list shown below:&lt;br&gt;
Given List: A(0.1), B(0.1), C(0.3), D(0.1), E(0.4)&lt;br&gt;
Arrangement 1 (Random order) :
A(0.1), B(0.1), C(0.3), D(0.1), E(0.4)&lt;br&gt;
Without rearranging, average search time required is:
:&lt;math&gt;T(n) = 1*0.1 + 2*0.1 + 3*0.3 + 4*0.1 + 5*0.4 = 3.6&lt;/math&gt;
Now suppose the nodes are rearranged so that those nodes with highest probability of access are placed closest to the front so that the rearranged list is now:&lt;br&gt;
Arrangement 2 (elements with highest probability at the front) :&lt;br&gt;
E(0.4), C(0.3), D(0.1), A(0.1), B(0.1)&lt;br&gt;
Here, average search time is:&lt;br&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;T(n) = 1*0.4 + 2*0.3 + 3*0.1 + 4*0.1 + 5*0.1 = 2.2&lt;/math&gt;
Thus the average time required for searching in an organized list is (in this case) around 40% less than the time required to search a randomly arranged list.
This is the concept of the self organized list in that the average speed of data retrieval is increased by rearranging the nodes according to access frequency.

====Worst Case:====
In the worst case, the element to be located is at the very end of the list (for both self organized or randomly arranged lists) and thus n comparisons must be made to reach it. Therefore the worst case running time of a linear search on the list is O(n) independent of the type of list used.
Note that the above argument for the average search time is a probabilistic one. Keeping the commonly accessed elements at the head of the list simply reduces the probability of the wost case occurring but does not eliminate it completely. Even in a self organizing list, if a lowest access probability element (obviously located at the end of the list) is to be accessed, the entire list must be traversed completely to retrieve it. This is the worst case search.

==Techniques for Rearranging Nodes==
===1. Move to Front Method===
Any node or element requested is moved to the front of the list.
=====Pros:=====
1. This method is easily implemented and does not require any extra memory or storage(for counter variables say)&lt;br&gt;
2. This method easily adapts to quickly changing access patterns. even if the priorities of the nodes change dynamically at runtime, the list will reorganize itself very quickly in response.&lt;br&gt;
=====Cons:=====
1. This method may prioritize infrequently accessed nodes: for example, if a uncommon node is accessed even once, it is moved to the head of the list and given maximum priority even if it is not going to be accessed frequently in the future. these 'over rewarded' nodes clog up the list and lead to slower access times for commonly accessed elements.&lt;br&gt;
2. This method, though easily adaptilble to changing access patterns may change too commonly. basically, this technique leads to very short memories of access patterns whereby even an optimal arrangement of the list can be disturbed immediately by accessing an infrequent node in the list.&lt;br&gt;
===2. Count Method:===
Each node counts the number of times it was searched for i.e every node keeps a separate counter variable which is incremented every time it is called. the nodes are then rearranged according to decreasing count.&lt;br&gt;
=====Pros:=====
1. Reflects more realistically the actual access pattern&lt;br&gt;
=====Cons:=====
1. Must store and maintain a counter for each node, thereby increasing the amount of memory required.&lt;br&gt;
2. Does not adapt quickly to rapid changes in the access patterns. for example: if the count of the head element is say A is 100 and for any node after it say B is 40. now, even if B becomes the new most commonly accessed element, it must still be accessed at least (100 - 40 = 60) times before it can become the head element.&lt;br&gt;
===3. Transpose Method:===
=====Pros:=====
1. Easy to implement and requires little memory.&lt;br&gt;
2. More likely to keep frequently accessed nodes at the front.&lt;br&gt;
=====Cons:=====
1. More cautious than move to front. i.e it will take many accesses to move the element to the head of the list.&lt;br&gt;

== References ==
* NIST [http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/selfOrganizingList.html DADS entry]
* A Drozdek, Data Structures and Algorithms in Java Third edition

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    <title>VHDL programming in plain view</title>
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      <text bytes="2278" sha1="a6to521txv681tpsmy0d61b2sfs10bu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

== Flip Flop and Latch ==
* FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]])
* Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt; 

== Versions of VHDL ==
* VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]])
* VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

== Basic Features of VHDL ==
==== Data ====
* Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260521.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260519.pdf|B]])
* Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260519.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260519.pdf|B]])
* Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]])
* Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

==== Signals &amp; Variables ====
* Signals &amp; Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]])
* Concurrent &amp; Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Inertial &amp; Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]])
* Simulation &amp; Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]])


&lt;br&gt;

==== Structure ====
* Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]])
* Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]])
* Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==== Entity and Architecture ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Block Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Process Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Operators ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Assignment Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Concurrent Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Sequential Control Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Function ====
* Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]])

&lt;br&gt;
==== Procedure ====


&lt;br&gt;
==== Package ====
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

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      <text bytes="2278" sha1="1ci4dk0hft885gqy7mycra6d2sud6dw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

== Flip Flop and Latch ==
* FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]])
* Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt; 

== Versions of VHDL ==
* VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]])
* VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

== Basic Features of VHDL ==
==== Data ====
* Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260522.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260519.pdf|B]])
* Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260519.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260519.pdf|B]])
* Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]])
* Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

==== Signals &amp; Variables ====
* Signals &amp; Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]])
* Concurrent &amp; Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Inertial &amp; Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]])
* Simulation &amp; Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]])


&lt;br&gt;

==== Structure ====
* Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]])
* Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]])
* Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==== Entity and Architecture ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Block Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Process Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Operators ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Assignment Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Concurrent Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Sequential Control Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Function ====
* Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]])

&lt;br&gt;
==== Procedure ====


&lt;br&gt;
==== Package ====
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

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    <title>Understanding Arithmetic Circuits</title>
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== Adder ==

* Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]]  )
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  Adder type      !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design  !! CMOS Level Design  
|-
| '''1. Ripple Carry Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|-
| '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20260109.pdf|org]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2A.CLA.20260523.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2B.CLA.20260523.pdf|B]] ||
|| [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
| '''3. Carry Save Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]||
|| ||
|-
|| '''4. Carry Select Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''5. Carry Skip Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]||
|| 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''6. Carry Chain Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]],  [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
|| '''8. Prefix Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.1 Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|}
&lt;/br&gt;
 
=== Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === 
* FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]])
* Carry-Skip Adder
&lt;/br&gt;

== Barrel Shifter ==
* Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]])
&lt;/br&gt;

'''Mux Based Barrel Shifter'''
* Analysis  ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) 
* Implementation 
&lt;/br&gt;

== Multiplier == 
=== Array Multipliers ===
* Analysis  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Tree Mulltipliers ===
* Lattice Multiplication  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Wallace Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Dadda Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Booth Multipliers ===
* [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]]
* Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

== Divider == 
* Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

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    <title>Flexible learning - Getting ready/UC strategy plan steps 17 and 18, 2008-2012</title>
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      <text bytes="4494" sha1="pql186smm678h7z47kwr8mmfs3f6qnt" xml:space="preserve">==UC strategic plan: Steps 17 and 18==
[[University of Canberra]]'s developed a [http://www.canberra.edu.au/university/governance/strategic-plans/strategic-plan-2008-2012 strategic plan for 2008-2012] which contains 39 steps. Of particular note, two steps (17 and 18) are currently receiving attention:
* Step 17: Review our semester system and modalities of course delivery with a view to being attractive to new kinds of well-qualified students.
* Step 18: Make the '''{{highlight|best use of educational technologies}}''' and work-based learning opportunities.

This has been followed with a more detailed review and online and blended learning, and subsequent adoption of a series of X recommendations.

Whilst I welcome UC's newfound, high-level enthusiasm for blended and online learning, I am somewhat suspicious of the suddenness of the enthusiasm and a possibly naive expectation that blended and online learning might offer some kind of magic bullet for the new &quot;winter&quot; semester problem. Denise Kirkpatrick, from The Open University in the UK recently indicated in her opening keynote address at the [[Moodleposium 2009]], that a new course takes three years of development before its ready for full production - this is for a university which has been recognised as a global leader in flexibly delivered tertiary education with 40 years of experience. It makes the current UC initiative, whilst laudable in its ambition, also somewhat naive and hopeful.

In my experience with online and blended learning, [[w:Roy Amara|Amara's law]] seems to have applied — i.e., that &quot;We tend to overestimate the effect of a technology in the short run and underestimate the effect in the long run&quot;. UC should be prepared for mixed success in its online and blended learning endeavours, although risk-taking should be encouraged. '''Clarke's Second Law''' seems relevant: &quot;the only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Arthur C. Clarke, &quot;Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagination&quot; in ''Profiles of the Future '' (1962). See [[w:Clarke's three laws|Clarke's three laws]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

===Step 17: Review semester system and modalities of course delivery===
====Review semester system====
#As far as I know the Vice-Chancellor conducted a review of the semester system and came to the conclusion to change from two 15 week semesters to a trimester system of 13-7-13 weeks. However as far as I know the review has never been released to staff, although the VC has generally argued in email updates and presentations that the introduction of the winter term will provide greater flexibility for students and will thus be attractive to students. Anecdotal and straw poll results suggest a muted response (the VC described the response as muted in a Sep 2009 email to staff - he also indicated that this was a euphemistic description).
#So, we have a trimester system. Former 15-week semester-long units now need to be redesigned down to 13 week units (with a one week teaching break instead of a two week teaching break). There is currently relatively little attention on this, even pretty much all academic teaching staff will find that they are doing this, whilst a relatively smaller number of staff design units for the 7-week winter term.
# The reason for the current attention on blended and learning is that planning and preparation for the 2010 academic year is well underway - and with new academic calendar, consisting of:
# a new, 7-week Winter Term
# shortened Semesters (from 15 to 13 weeks, and going from 2 to 1 non-teaching weeks)
# Note that the semester/trimester/term nomenclature is confusing: the official calendar refers to Semester 1, Winter Term, Semester 2. This nomenclature strikes me as an awkard compromise and it hasn't been explained. Are we going to a trimester system or not? If so, why not refer to Trimester 1, 2, and 3?

===Step 18: Educational technologies and work-based learning opportunities===
This an awkwardly worded strategy in large part due to its double-barrelledness (educational technology may or may not overlap with work-based learning. What is the common, underlying theme? I suggest that its about [[flexible learning]] which can include online, blended, and work-based learning and other ways of learning - in fact, it is about exploring and embracing a wider repertoire of learning processes and methodologies.

[[Category:Universities]]
[[Category:University of Canberra]]</text>
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    <title>University of Canberra/SAFFIRE/Projects/Wiki town</title>
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      <text bytes="3523" sha1="gixfohihzd6l5pb73eiccv2jw20qhsw" xml:space="preserve">[[File:WikiTownUC Prototype.jpg|center|900px|thumb|Rapid prototype of a UC Wiki Town developed at the UC [[University of Canberra/SAFFIRE|SAFFIRE]] festival, Mar 18-19, 2013.]]

{{TOCright}}

==Project==

This project will provide [[w:QRpedia|QRpedia]] and [[w:QRcodes|QRcodes]] in significant and interesting locations around the [[University of Canberra]] (UC) campus which will link to multi-language, openly editable [[w:knowledge commons|knowledge commons]] wiki content. This project will engage the UC community to collaborate through learning projects to build the Wiki Town. 

[[File:BallonKathedrale01 edit cropped.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Wiki Town - what does it mean to you?]]

==Getting started==

#Anybody can post QRcodes around campus, linking people to further information.
#Methods of code placement to be trialled
#Identify interesting locations/objects
#Create related knowledge commons wiki content, such as on [[Wikimedia Foundation]] [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|sister project]] pages
#Collaborative develop the wiki content through structured learning activities which are integrated into course and unit curricula

==Locations==

Potential locations of interest include:

# Foundation stone
# Futuro
# Sculptures
# Art work
# Library
# Sports Hall
# Specific trees/plants and publically displayed fauna e.g., green tree frog in Building 3
# Wearable QR codes - e.g., t-shirts
# Learning objects
# Add more

==Functionality==

# Multi-language - QRpedia codes provide this - but don't link to non-WP sister project pages
# Open mapping

==Educational uses==

The project can be incorporated as learning exercises into units in various disciplines e.g.,:
# Psychology students could survey the community about the locations of most interest
# Environmental science students could map/code flora of interest
# Architecture students could map/code buildings of interest
# Business students could help retailers to provide more information about products
# Create UC [[outreach:Wikipedian Student Organizations|Wikipedian Student Organization]]
# etc.

==Issues==

# Naming - there is some recent controversy about exactly how [[Wikimedia Foundation]] will allow wiki town projects to be branded from their point of view[http://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/03/08/wmf-trademark-practices-for-qr-codes-and-wikitowns/]
# QRpedia currently only links to Wikipedia. For a learning institution, ideally, it would be possible to have QR codes linking to sister project pages as well. Regular QRcodes could be used instead, but these don't have multi-language functionality. Best to use codes QRpedia codes if linking to Wikipedia and QRcodes if linking to other sister projects for now.

==Future==

# Wearable technologies such as smart glasses are just around the corner, which will allow overlay of augmented reality and information - this project is about building a smart, interactive, user-centric campus

==Funding==

Funding would allow:

# Scoping
# Training
# Printing and mounting of codes
# Demonstration code and content development
# Integration with teaching activities
# Wiki-Artist-in-Residence

==People working on this project==

Add yourself:

# -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:37, 20 March 2013 (UTC)
# -- [[User:Postillion|Postillion]] (Keith Lyons) 20:18, 20 March 2013 (UTC) - http://keithlyons.me/?s=QR+Codes

[[Category:Universities]]
[[Category:University of Canberra/SAFFIRE/Projects]]
[[Category:Tourism]]</text>
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      <text bytes="154" sha1="0a67h1g1zrookygn375vfmeeege5fpw" xml:space="preserve">Related pages:
* [[Comparative law and justice/Australia]]
*[[Geography/Oceania]]
*[[w:Portal:Australia]] (Wikipedia)

{{Disambig}}
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&lt;categorytree&gt;Australia&lt;/categorytree&gt;
==See also==
*[[w:Portal:Australia|Portal:Australia]] (Wikipedia)

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&lt;categorytree&gt;Australia&lt;/categorytree&gt;
==See also==
*[[w:Portal:Australia|Portal:Australia]] (Wikipedia)

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&lt;categorytree&gt;Australia&lt;/categorytree&gt;
==See also==
*[[w:Portal:Australia|Portal:Australia]] (Wikipedia)

[[Category:Australia| ]]</text>
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==See also==
*[[w:Portal:Australia|Portal:Australia]] (Wikipedia)

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  <page>
    <title>Talk:WikiJournal User Group</title>
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      <comment>/* Discover CapX: New Design, Features, and Ways to Connect */ reply: ping AJurno (WMB) (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="73880" sha1="2e4ni7ii94vcspkb8tsmpizdir3yu9z" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:WikiJournal]]
{{WikiJournal_discussions}}

{{Archive box|
[[/Archive 2014–2016|2014–2016]]
&lt;br&gt;[[/Archive 2016 naming vote|2016 naming vote]]
&lt;br&gt;[[/Archive 2017|2017]]
&lt;br&gt;[[/Archive 2018|2018]]
&lt;br&gt;[[/Archive 2019|2019]]
&lt;br&gt;[[/Archive 2020|2020]]
&lt;br&gt;[[/Archive 2021|2021]]
&lt;br&gt;[[/Archive 2022|2022]]

Discussions may also take place at the
&lt;br&gt;'''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikijournal-en/ public mailing list]'' ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikijournal-en Join])
}}

{{TOClimit|limit=3}}

== Banner links must be accessible on smartphones ==

On smartphones, the banners are hard to tap/click on, especially the Preprint one. I have difficulty changing the banners' format. [[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 12:31, 29 January 2022 (UTC)

:@[[User:George Ho|George Ho]]: Sorry for mising this earlier! Do you know if you were using the 'mobile view' or 'desktop view' on your smartphone? I've tried to make the tabs re-flow into a grid when on a mobie device, bit I think it only works in 'mobile view'. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&amp;#65120;Evo)]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 02:06, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Evolution and evolvability|Shafee]]: Using 'mobile view' on Android, the Preprint banner is hard to tap, yet I can access that journal via tapping the icon on the left of the banner. Others are still clickable, yet larger text is annoying on mobile view. --[[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 06:27, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
:::@[[User:George Ho|George Ho]]: Aha, now I see it. Thanks. I was looking at the top banner in grey rather than the list of journals. I'm also getting some of the text overlapping too. I'll aim to fix it up next week. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&amp;#65120;Evo)]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 23:13, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
::::Three months have passed; have you fixed the issue yet? [[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 08:39, 8 October 2022 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:George Ho|George Ho]] Our recent redesign of the banners, courtesy of {{u|Infogiraffic}}, should have fixed this issue. Can you confirm if this works on your end? [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 19:37, 22 May 2025 (UTC)
::::::The newer layout works on an iphone. [[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 15:57, 23 May 2025 (UTC)

== Reference deposits ==

Hi all! I was taking a look at the [https://www.crossref.org/members/prep/6026 WikiJournal User Group participation report] over on Crossref's site. This is a useful tool for exploring how rich the metadata that WJUG submits to Crossref along with its DOIs is. It looks like there's lots of room for improvement, some of which would be fairly straightforward to accomplish: the License URLs category, for instance, measures how many articles' metadata include a link to the license under which the papers are distributed (either CC-BY 4.0 or CC-BY-SA 4.0 typically, right?).

What I wanted to look at right now was the References category, in which WJUG is currently scoring 0%. What this means is that none of the 87 articles registered for DOIs by WJUG with Crossref include the references as part of their metadata. This matters for a few reasons. First, reference linking (i.e., including DOIs in references) is required by Crossref's terms of service, and reference depositing (i.e., submitting metadata with references) is strongly encouraged. Second, the inclusion of references in metadata is how Crossref tracks citations. When you see a journal article's &quot;What Cites This&quot; page, you'll often see a few numbers, frequently a Crossref citation count, a Web of Science citation count, and a Google Scholar citation count. On these pages, you are often able to view which articles are specifically citing the article in question too, and in some cases, publishers may preemptively set up modules that autodisplay the citing articles alongside the article itself.

This brings up the third reason to begin depositing references: not only is it good practice for good metadata management's sake itself, but it also has the capability to improve visibility for WikiJournal articles. Consider the ''WJS'' article &quot;[[WikiJournal of Science/Beak and feather disease virus: biology and resultant disease|Beak and feather disease virus: biology and resultant disease]]&quot;; its first reference is the 1907 article &quot;Parrakeets Moulting&quot;. If you visit the Taylor &amp; Francis [https://doi.org/10.1071/MU906192f page for &quot;Parrakeets Moulting&quot;], however, you can see in the righthand &quot;Related research&quot; module in the &quot;Cited by&quot; tab that no articles cite this paper. Because references for WJUG articles haven't yet been deposited with Crossref, there's no way to link &quot;Beak and feather disease virus&quot; and &quot;Parrakeets Moulting&quot;; if references ''were'' deposited for this paper, then the ''WJS'' article would eventually appear as a citing article on the &quot;Parrakeets Moulting&quot; page. Thus, reference linking offers readers of the cited article another connection to the citing WikiJournal article, increasing the visibility of WJUG outputs.

One final reason to consider depositing references is that doing so will grant WJUG eligibility for Crossref's [https://www.crossref.org/documentation/cited-by/ Cited-by service], which is essentially the tool that allows WJUG the ability to see what research is citing WikiJournal articles. Right now, WJUG can access the ''number'' of citations for each of its journals' articles through Crossref (''[http://data.crossref.org/depositorreport?pubid=J243966 WJM]'', ''[http://data.crossref.org/depositorreport?pubid=J310521 WJS]'', and ''[http://data.crossref.org/depositorreport?pubid=J310522 WJH]'') but can't actually see what those citing articles are. Depositing references will grant eligibility for Cited-by which WJUG can opt to enroll in (free!) and access said lists of citing materials for WikiJournal articles.

If depositing references is of interest, the good news is that Crossref has made it pretty easy! References can be deposited manually via the [https://apps.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery Simple Text Query] tool on Crossref's site. All one needs to do is copy the list of references from a WikiJournal article and paste it into the tool. (Note that for some articles, this will be easy; &quot;[[WikiJournal of Science/Beak and feather disease virus: biology and resultant disease|Beak and feather disease virus: biology and resultant disease]]&quot; has a unified reference list, but other articles like &quot;[[WikiJournal of Humanities/Themes in Maya Angelou's autobiographies|Themes in Maya Angelou's autobiographies]]&quot; have references split between a footnotes and a cited by list and may need to be manually trimmed to remove the repeated &quot;[Author], [date], p. XX&quot; footnotes when submitting.) Simple Text Query then parses the list and connects materials based on their DOIs. Once this is done, the depositor clicks ''Deposit'', enters their email, the Parent DOI (i.e., the DOI of the article for which references are being deposited), and their Crossref depositor credentials.

I have been manually going through all articles in all three journals to make sure that all of them have relevant DOIs included in their references. I have completed ''WJS'', am almost done with ''WJH'', and will then start on ''WJM''. Once this is done, I would be happy to either guide someone interested through beginning to deposit references or take over the project myself, at least to work through the 87-article backlog of existing papers. (If someone with depositor access wants to try making a reference deposit, &quot;Beak and feather disease virus&quot; is in good shape and its reflist is ready to be deposited.) In either case, please let me know if this is something WJUG would be interested in pursuing and how I can help. Please let me know if you have any questions. Kindly —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; 01:02, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
: Okay, all ''WJH'' articles now include all available DOIs. ''WJM'' is left to do. —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:23, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
::Thanks Colin for the very informative post and your great work on adding DOIs. I will bring this up at our next monthly meeting. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 19:31, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
:::Great points raised! I've added a step-wise summary process [[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines#Submitting reference metadata|here]] and we're looking at organising going through and uploading the back-catalogue. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&amp;#65120;Evo)]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 01:50, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
::::Thanks {{u|Evolution and evolvability}}! I'm glad to hear it's of interest. I'm still working through adding DOIs to all references in ''WJM'' but I'll try to finish that by the end of the month so all articles in all three journals are ready to be deposited. Let me know if you have any other questions! —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; 05:18, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
:::::''WJM'' is now complete, so all existing articles are ready to have their references uploaded should you choose to do so. Thanks! —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; 00:44, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
::::::Oh neat, I see references have already been deposited for &quot;[https://doi.org/10.15347/WJM/2022.003 Parenting stress]&quot; and it's already showing up in the cited articles' Cited By lists (e.g., [https://citations.springernature.com/item?doi=10.1007/s10826-017-0963-6 here]). Thanks for doing this! —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; 01:44, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
:::::::{{re|Bobamnertiopsis}} Yes, I did [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Parenting stress|Parenting stress]] and another one (can't remember if it was [[WikiJournal of Medicine/The Kivu Ebola Epidemic|Kivu Ebola Epidemic]] or the [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Leptospirosis|Leptospirosis]]) as a trial to see how easy/difficult the process was. Is there a way to check back which one I did? [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 19:27, 19 August 2022 (UTC)
::::::::{{re|OhanaUnited}}, good question. Looking at the [http://data.crossref.org/depositorreport?pubid=J243966 dates the DOIs were most recently updated], I'd guess that it was &quot;[https://doi.org/10.15347/WJM/2022.002 Leptospirosis]&quot;, updated 18 July just like &quot;Parenting stress&quot;. However, looking at [https://api.crossref.org/v1/works/10.15347/wjm/2022.002 the metadata itself], it looks like only a single reference was actually deposited (&quot;Hussain, A. (2021). Society and culture. International Journal of Scientific Research. 12 (1). 40608-40613.&quot;) and it doesn't even seem to be a reference actually cited in the article, so it may be worth it to try depositing refs for that one again. (Compare to the [https://api.crossref.org/v1/works/10.15347/wjm/2022.003 &quot;Parenting stress&quot; metadata] where you can see all the references properly located within the metadata itself.) I hope this is useful! —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:52, 19 August 2022 (UTC)
:::::::::That was indeed strange. Thanks for the detective work. I'll try Leptospirosis again this weekend and let the rest to be tackled by our technical editors. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 22:10, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

== Rabeprazole? ==

I was just taking a look at the [[WikiJournal User Group/Potential upcoming articles|potential upcoming articles]] and noticed the 2018 preprint &quot;[[WikiJournal Preprints/Rabeprazole|Rabeprazole]]&quot; which does not seem to be included on the tracking list despite having received two peer reviews. It also doesn't seem to have a Wikidata item, but I couldn't see anywhere that it had been declined. Just flagging it here to make sure it hasn't slipped through the cracks. Thanks! —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:45, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

:Good catch. I'm contacting the WJM board to find out. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 19:31, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

{{re|Bobamnertiopsis}} Thanks for catching this. It was indeed an approved article that didn't get published because it fell through the crack. It will be published shortly. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 15:28, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

== Wikipedia as a bibliographic tool for researchers? ==

Wikijournals give incentives for researchers to write in Wikipedia, by allowing Wikipedia articles to be peer-reviewed and officially counted as academic publications. What if in some cases, researchers did not need incentives because writing in Wikipedia would be directly useful to their own work? The idea is that they would not write on their own results or subject, but on some related subject which they would need to learn. (See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sylvain_Ribault/WP_biblio_essay this short essay] for details.)

Does anyone know examples of this modus operandi? If you are a researcher, does it seem applicable in your own field of research? [[User:Sylvain Ribault|Sylvain Ribault]] ([[User talk:Sylvain Ribault|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sylvain Ribault|contribs]]) 21:44, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

== Capitalized titles? ==

Hello all,

There's currently an inconsistency whether article titles are written with upper-case or lower-case first letter in its words. I think it's reasonable to have them lower-case, and Wikipedia as well as high impact scholarly journals (such as Nature and The Lancet) do the same. I think this should be added to the [[WikiJournal_User_Group/Publishing|Author guidelines]]. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:35, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
: There was some discussion of this [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group&amp;oldid=2342516 last year] as well. —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:45, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
::Thanks. I've added sentence case to the Author guidelines: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_User_Group%2FPublishing&amp;type=revision&amp;diff=2424728&amp;oldid=2423560]. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 23:32, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

== Proposal to introduce &quot;Inactivity removal policy&quot; to the [[WikiJournal User Group/Individual WikiJournal bylaws|bylaws]] ==
{|class=wikitable
| '''Outcome: Approved''' (see section bottom)

As per September's WikiJournal meetings on September 7 and September 9, I am proposing amendments to the bylaw to introduce an inactivity removal policy in &quot;ARTICLE VII - END OF TERM&quot; to all WikiJournals. The reason for this proposal is to ensure that current editorial board members (editors and associated editors) are active in the activities that support the journal. At the meetings, we identified this issue when we attempted to find peer review coordinators to handle our submission backlogs across the journals. The proposal seeks to ensure that the activities that support the journal are spread out to many individuals and not place a burden on a few active volunteers. The proposed wording can be found at [[WikiJournal User Group/Individual WikiJournal bylaws/Proposed changes]] (the inactive policy words being added are in '''bold'''). Inactive members will be automatically removed if they do not participate in any WikiJournal activities for past 12 months. They will be given an opportunity to become active again before being removed from the editorial board. Meeting attendees representing all 3 WikiJournals unanimously agreed to proposed amendment. Our proposed inactive removal policy and its approach are [[meta:Admin activity review|similar to other WMF communities over how to handle inactive senior staff]]. I also included an exemption clause to the inactive removal due to extenuating circumstances if advance notice was given.

The voting will be conducted according to [[WikiJournal User Group/Individual WikiJournal bylaws#ARTICLE III - VOTING|ARTICLE III - VOTING]] with regards to eligibility, quorum and outcome. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 03:13, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

===Support===
# Support as nom. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 03:13, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
# {{support}} [[User:Physikerwelt|Physikerwelt]] ([[User talk:Physikerwelt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Physikerwelt|contribs]]) 04:57, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
# {{support}} - makes sense. Don't know many academic journals that will continue to support inactive Editors. --[[User:Stevenfruitsmaak|Steven Fruitsmaak]] &lt;small&gt;([[User_talk:Stevenfruitsmaak|Reply]])&lt;/small&gt; 07:00, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
# {{support}} [[User:rwatson1955|rwatson1955]]
# {{support}} [[User:Eystein Thanisch|Eystein Thanisch]] This sadly does seem necessary. I've been inactive for some time and have been making inquiries about how to tidily resign from the board, but presumably those who are still active are too busy with other things to assist with that. An automated procedure thus seems best.
# {{support}} [[User:Rosieredfield|Rosieredfield]] ([[User talk:Rosieredfield|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rosieredfield|contribs]]) 15:22, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
# {{support}} --[[User:AmyFou|AmyFou]] ([[User talk:AmyFou|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AmyFou|contribs]]) 15:35, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
# {{support}} I do support these types of clauses for a variety of reasons. I have been involved in the drafting and proposing of similar policy on several wikis as {{re|OhanaUnited}} is aware. There are good reasons for this. For administrative roles its security, as pointed out above here its backlogs. For myself I have spent the last two years serving as chair of the Ombuds Commission which takes considerable time for me. As such if people wish to remove me from the editorial board here I can understand that and will not object to it. I am still currently working on the OC and have plans to do a third term next year. Cheers [[User:Faendalimas|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #004730&quot;&gt;Scott Thomson&lt;/span&gt;]] (&lt;small class=&quot;nickname&quot;&gt;Faendalimas&lt;/small&gt;) &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Faendalimas|&lt;span style=&quot;color: maroon&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:39, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
# {{support}} [[User:Rachel Helps (BYU)|Rachel Helps (BYU)]] ([[User talk:Rachel Helps (BYU)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rachel Helps (BYU)|contribs]]) 17:00, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
# {{support}} [[User:Mstefan|Mstefan]] ([[User talk:Mstefan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mstefan|contribs]]) 12:36, 14 September 2022 (UTC)
# {{support}} [[User:Oertherdb|Oertherdb]] ([[User talk:Oertherdb|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Oertherdb|contribs]]) 12:56, 14 September 2022 (UTC)
# {{support}} I think it's reasonable. I'd originally envisaged that we could just let people who's activity dropped off simply not renew at the end of a [[WikiJournal User Group/Individual WikiJournal bylaws#ARTICLE VII - END OF TERM|4-year term]], but I can see how that's probably insufficient for cases of complete inactivity over a year or more (so long as it doesn't add in too much admin overhead). It it were to be implemented, a reasonable process might be an email with the options: A) remain on the board; B) drop down to assoc editor to be contacted only for articles on their key subject area; or C) be removed from the board (default if no response). It'd also be an opportunity for them to give feedback if they have any. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&amp;#65120;Evo)]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:33, 19 September 2022 (UTC)
# {{support}} As an inactive member, I approuve. [[User:Marcrr|MarcRR]]

===Oppose===
# Perhaps we can find better incentives to stay active rather than to punish inactivity, in light of us having fixed terms renewable as per the existing by-laws. If feasible, we can perhaps create another category for officials to be deemed &quot;inactive&quot; by new definition, and maintain them as pool of experts (&quot;fleet in being&quot; analogy) who can choose to reactivate their editorship at any time, since we believe in their expertise the first time. This may help us project an image of a welcoming board that provides better recognition and promotion of active members. [[User:Arius1998|Arius1998]] ([[User talk:Arius1998|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arius1998|contribs]]) 03:39, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
#:I find the conceptualisation of it as &quot;punishment&quot; questionable. Nothing bad happens. It's just that people who aren't doing any editing (and haven't done any in a long time) are no longer listed as editors. I think the discrepancy is with how different people in this discussion understand the &quot;title&quot; of &quot;editor&quot;: some see it as some sort of badge of recognition for a person's expertise, while others (including myself) see is as a description of an activity. If it's just a descriptor of an activity, when the activity ceases (for a long amount of time), then the descriptor is no longer accurate. The proposed definition of &quot;activity&quot; makes the bar for further participation extremely low, so I do think that continued listing as editor is accessible to those who want it.  [[User:Mstefan|Mstefan]] ([[User talk:Mstefan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mstefan|contribs]]) 12:44, 14 September 2022 (UTC)
# I second Arius1998. Definitions of active and inactive along with exceptions need to be put forward before jumping to conclusions. Being an innovative journal with non-conventional format, we need to be careful in executing hasty decisions. [[User:G10sinha|G10sinha]] ([[User talk:G10sinha|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/G10sinha|contribs]]) 09:15, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
#:{{re|G10sinha}} The definitions of active (and vice versa for being inactive) along with exceptions have already been specified in [[WikiJournal User Group/Individual WikiJournal bylaws/Proposed changes]]. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 13:08, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
# Oppose per my comments below regarding &quot;The definitions of active (and vice versa for being inactive)&quot; etc. If you limit editorship to a year where no editable submissions occur you lose valuable editors! --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 07:43, 13 September 2022 (UTC)
#:Indeed we risk losing editors in the process, but I believe it is for the better overall, as we are in need of activity more than having people registered as members. I think a year  gives plenty of opportunity to engage. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 23:42, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

===Neutral===
# I have been inactive for some time for want of submissions in my particular subject. I am not actively trying to encourage submissions, but if a submission came I would be happy to work on it. People like me could be kept in some kind of purgatory as per [[User:Arius1998|Arius1998]]'s suggestion. [[User:Sylvain Ribault|Sylvain Ribault]] ([[User talk:Sylvain Ribault|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sylvain Ribault|contribs]]) 07:12, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

===Comments===
I think it would be good to specify active. I myself was not active, as no articles were submitted and I never got a reply regarding my idea to organize a special issue. [[User:Physikerwelt|Physikerwelt]] ([[User talk:Physikerwelt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Physikerwelt|contribs]]) 05:02, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

I'd like to add a few observations:
# I haven't been serving as an editor for the same reason stated above in '''Neutral'''. Lately, all of the submissions have been outside the physical, chemical, astronomical, geological or mathematical. I update [[WikiJournal of Science/Contribute]] occasionally and have asked Wikipedia contributors to submit articles to the WikiJournal of Science but so far no submittals. I am interested in genetics and do consider serving as an editor in this area but my expertise is limited and expanding. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 16:41, 13 September 2022 (UTC)
# if you look at the current submissions on [[WikiJournal of Science/Potential upcoming articles]] you'll see that almost all current submittals are biological. I hope that the WikiJournal of Science is not being reduced to the WikiJournal of Biology.
# on [[WikiJournal of Science/Contribute]] we have the following: &quot;Are you proud of any science article you've written on Wikiversity, Wikipedia or any other Wikimedia wiki? Then your article may be eligible for publication at the WikiJournal of Science!&quot; Many of my lectures and resources that are part of my open educational resource called [[Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles|Principles of radiation astronomy]] are attempts to review in a course context fields within astronomy. Any that others believe might make a good contribution to the WikiJournal of Science could be submitted, and open to peer review. This of course also applies to other contributors here at Wikiversity. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 02:18, 13 September 2022 (UTC)
# usually the WikiJournal of Science only accepts open access submissions. ''Nature'' is the foremost science journal in the world and with a few exceptions its articles are for educational use only. This suggests that occasionally perhaps the WikiJournal of Science could publish educational issues or articles where figures could be fairuse. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 04:26, 13 September 2022 (UTC)
# &quot;Active is defined as at least one productive engagement in an email or on-wiki discussion, participating in a virtual WikiJournal meeting, participating, attending or presenting as a WikiJournal representative at a local, national or international event, or finding peer reviewers for a submission.&quot; No! The purpose of an editor is to help prepare submissions for publication such as but not limited to finding peer reviewers for a submission where professionally likely. Discussions, meetings, and attending or presenting are optional and voluntary and do not constitute activeness as an editor. These instead help the success of the journal by encouraging submissions and are a user group function but are voluntary and encouraged but never mandatory. To make them mandatory is not needed for any editor or editor-in-chief but a manager only. Anyone who manages but does not perform editorship can be considered active but not as an editor. No editor should be considered inactive for lack of submissions upon which to perform editorship. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 07:38, 13 September 2022 (UTC)
#:But Editorial Board meetings are meetings for members of the editorial board. Who else would be attending? I get that there may be a year where no article within one's area of expertise is submitted and where therefore one cannot edit an article. But at least showing up to meetings where the general editorial policy of WikiJournals is discussed (or getting active in some other way that furthers the WikiJ mission) at least once in a year - I don't think that's asking too much.  [[User:Mstefan|Mstefan]] ([[User talk:Mstefan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mstefan|contribs]]) 12:36, 14 September 2022 (UTC)
#::Actually it may be too much to ask. Looking at the history of submissions, the last one outside biology was just more than two years ago. Supplemental participation to a meeting here may widen participation where schedule conflicts occur. Usually, anything I have to add or discuss is easier here. The matters discussed are important and I'm happy with the general outcome. I have listed some suggestions here for widening submittals to the WikiJournal of Science which can be discussed at such meetings as well as here. But, the number and variety of submissions has dwindled suggesting that the meetings are failing somewhere or that the ended pandemic has caused some withdrawal that will soon change. On my talk page I'm putting together a table of &quot;Recent contributions from WikiJournal of Science Editorial Board&quot; which suggests that we may have to remove some inactive members for no activity for two or more years. While I'm not familiar with the success of &quot;getting active in some other way that furthers the WikiJ mission&quot;, the number of scientists I've contacted for peer review has greatly widened their general awareness of our journal's existence. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 20:28, 14 September 2022 (UTC)
#:::Regarding the &quot;Recent contributions from WikiJournal of Science Editorial Board&quot; an arbitrary cutoff after one year seems to be a bit of a problem. A better solution would be to contact some of those I've listed as &quot;Inactive&quot; to see if they wish to continue on our board. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 03:43, 15 September 2022 (UTC)
# Looking at our WikiJournal User Group, there are about 73 members. Perhaps half of these would be considered inactive. To have a reasonable vote of the 37 active members would require some 19 votes as a quorum. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 04:24, 15 September 2022 (UTC)
#:Incorrect. The [[WikiJournal_User_Group/Individual_WikiJournal_bylaws#Section_3._Quorum|Quorum]] is the lesser of &quot;10 votes from eligible voting members&quot; or &quot;20% of the total number of Editorial Board members&quot;. Using your number (73), 20% of 73 is 15 members. Both metrics have already been met at the current stage, with 10 days to go. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 16:50, 16 September 2022 (UTC)
#::Thanks for your comment! What we have done in the past, e.g., with G. Brian Whalley, was attempt contact during 2018, both by myself and with the Editor-in-chief. Whalley did not respond to emails but I was able to contact him at his university through a third party regarding his participation on finding reviewers for the [[WikiJournal of Science/Ice drilling methods|Ice drilling methods]] submission. He indicated he had inquired of colleagues to review but none responded. This effort to contact took several days. Simply dropping an editor for no activity after one year may not be good. As you've noted above an attempt to contact each is needed but is time consuming. Expecting them to respond with email (that may no longer be active) may not be effective. On established journals, members of an editorial board are responsible for contacting the Editor-in-chief if they no longer wish to be considered for finding reviewers or as some have done with the WikiJournal of Science, they've just withdrawn from the board. Usually, a member is kept for obtaining reviewers for about five years, assuming submissions have occurred in their area of expertise and response has occurred in the past. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 17:56, 16 September 2022 (UTC)
#:::While I realize we have agreed to what we consider a quorum, according to Wiktionary, somewhat modified, '''Def.''' the &quot;number of people [members]&lt;ref name=QuorumWikt1&gt;{{ cite book
|author=[[wikt:User:63.86.210.252|63.86.210.252]]
|title=quorum
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|date=1 February 2005
|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quorum
|accessdate=7 September 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; required for a governing body or organization to actually vote or [group to officially]&lt;ref name=QuorumWikt1/&gt; conduct business&lt;ref name=QuorumWikt&gt;{{ cite book
|author=[[wikt:User:Alia H|Alia H]]
|title=quorum
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|date=1 February 2005
|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quorum
|accessdate=7 September 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [and to cast votes, often but not necessarily a majority or supermajority]&quot;&lt;ref name=QuorumWikt1/&gt;is called a '''quorum'''. A majority of 73 is 37 which if half the boards are inactive is perhaps unrealistic though perhaps not required, but to contact 37 editors to see if they wish to be kept on our boards is a heavily time consuming task. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 18:48, 16 September 2022 (UTC)

'''Outcome: Approved'''. Valid points have been raised about the consequences of introducing a minimal activity requirement, but overall there is strong support for it, so I hereby mark it as approved. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 02:23, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
|}

== How should unsubmitted preprints be handled? ==

I've noticed that there are a number of old, incomplete articles under the WikiJournal Preprints namespace, many of which are unlikely to be suitable for publication even if they were finished and submitted. A couple of examples are:

* [[WikiJournal Preprints/COVID-19 ELIMINATION AND CELLDIFFERENTIATION]]
* [[WikiJournal Preprints/Cultural Computational Publishing: A Sprint]]
* [[WikiJournal Preprints/Medical gallery of Aria Rad]]
* [[WikiJournal Preprints/Parts of a Book]]
* [[WikiJournal Preprints/Zoosemiotics]]

Does the WikiJournal project have any standing policies to reject these drafts automatically after some point, or do they just stay in the &quot;unpublished pre-print&quot; state indefinitely? (Is it possible that some of these pages have slipped under the radar, e.g. by not being in the appropriate categories?) Do all of them (especially the ones that never got beyond writing an abstract) need to be preserved for posterity, or can they be deleted after some period of time? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:13, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

:Ping? I'm also curious about the status of the following two articles:
:* [[WikiJournal Preprints/Cryometeors]]
:* [[WikiJournal Preprints/Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor]]
:These two display a message claiming that they are &quot;an editorial article and [are] published without peer review&quot;, which I don't think is intended. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:26, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

== Question regarding WikiJournal and duplicate content ==

Hi! 

I have two questions. I searched around a bit and didn't find anything.

# When a stable WikiJournal article is the basis of a separate living page, say on Wikipedia or Wikiversity, do you know if it's possible to use a [[w:canonical link element]] to indicate the canonical version of the article for search engines? 
# If so, do you know if the WikiJournal User Group has a policy regarding which version is canonical?

Thank you so much! [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] ([[User talk:Greg at Higher Math Help|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg at Higher Math Help|contribs]]) 22:34, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

:@[[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] I don't think canonical link element is supported by MediaWiki. It's limited by the software itself. The canonical version of the page is the WikiJournal PDF, which is linked on the wiki page and on Wikidata. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 04:24, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] ([[User talk:Greg at Higher Math Help|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg at Higher Math Help|contribs]]) 02:24, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

== Preprint Quality ==

I recently had an article accepted at the WIkiJournal of Medicine and was very disappointed with the PDF preprint quality/process (with no insult towards the editors).  I know very little about how things work behind the scenes, but my understanding is that the PDF preprints are manually produced using MS Word. Though WikiJournal requires svgs, there is (to my knowledge) no way to retain the vector-ness of the svg files in Word and it generally results in poor quality rasterization. This can even be seen in the header images.  I've made a little process to produce a preprint from the wikipedia page that relies on [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex], and the editors have [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/2/24/Alternative_androgen_pathways.pdf uploaded] my preprint.  You can see I tried to mimic the existing preprint as best as I could given my fairly shallow latex knowledge and the constraints associated with trying to make this as automatic as possible.

I don't have any stats on how much people use preprint PDFs, but I suspect many people rely on them. It is essential that the print quality is up to par any other academic journal. The existing method, I think, it probably too manual and results in an obviously poor quality print that will limit author interest. I've put my basic process here:

https://github.com/mittimithai/wjlatexpreprint

and suggest it that it be used as a basis for coming up with a standard, essentially automated process across all WikiJournals for high quality pdf preprints.

WikiJournals should provide a baseline preprint and authors can then be responsible for custom typesetting. Using latex in this context is a bit different than writing one's own papers, mediawiki2latex output has to be transformed as reliably into PDF as possible. I tried to apply as much appropriate substitution as I could in the perl script but I am sure there can be some improvements made. [[User:Maneesh|Maneesh]] ([[User talk:Maneesh|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Maneesh|contribs]]) 18:48, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

:Please consider using the Century Schoolbook font as a &quot;serif&quot; for the paragraph regular text, and Franklin Gothic font as a &quot;sans-serif&quot; font for the headers (titles). Or use any appropriate font set for the text and headers that the journal adopted, but the fonts have to fit each other. [[User:Maxim Masiutin|Maxim Masiutin]] ([[User talk:Maxim Masiutin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Maxim Masiutin|contribs]]) 20:05, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

::I am not terribly partial to any font, wikimedia2latex makes use of KOMA which does things in certain ways that are partial to the author's views. There does seem to be a lot of &quot;religion&quot; in typesetting with very little of it empirically justified.  Feel free to add in a free font to the github repo, I think all one needs to do is change the two lines in maininc.tex. The current lines I think implicitly depend on font locations in an ubntu install. [[User:Maneesh|Maneesh]] ([[User talk:Maneesh|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Maneesh|contribs]]) 20:55, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

== Recent articles without reference deposits ==

Hello! I just wanted to flag that a few recent articles have not yet [[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines#Submitting reference metadata|had their references deposited into Crossref]]:
* &quot;[[WikiJournal of Science/Multiple object tracking|Multiple object tracking]]&quot; (''WJS'')
* &quot;[[WikiJournal of Science/Non-canonical base pairing|Non-canonical base pairing]]&quot; (''WJS'')
* &lt;s&gt;&quot;[[WikiJournal of Medicine/Alternative androgens pathways|Alternative androgens pathways]]&quot; (''WJM'')&lt;/s&gt;
* &quot;[[WikiJournal Preprints/Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system|Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system]]&quot; (''WJM'')
* &quot;[[WikiJournal of Humanities/Loveday, 1458|Loveday, 1458]]&quot; (''WJH'')
Thanks! Kindly —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; 22:07, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

:Thanks {{u|Bobamnertiopsis}}. I'm tagging {{u|Silver Dovelet}} who's responsible for this task. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 14:17, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
::{{re|Bobamnertiopsis}} Can you check if the references for these publications have been deposited? [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 03:36, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:::{{re|OhanaUnited}} yes, thanks for pinging me about this! It looks like &quot;[[WikiJournal of Medicine/Alternative androgens pathways|Alternative androgens pathways]]&quot;'s refs have been deposited (see https://api.crossref.org/works/10.15347/WJM/2023.003) but the other four have not yet been deposited (compare with https://api.crossref.org/works/10.15347/WJH/2023.001 e.g.; you can always swap out the DOI at the back of this link to see the metadata registered for a particular article). Thanks! —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:24, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
::::The remaining 4 should be deposited now. Thank you. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 04:47, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

== Rejection rates ==

What are the rejection rates of WikiJournals? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 13:19, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

:@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] Very good questions. We have not tallied the overall rejection rate (or individual rejection rate within each journal). Using 2023's data, my estimation is about 60-75% rejection rate in the medicine and science journals. But the overall % does not reflect the amount of work performed behind the scenes. Just over half of the rejected articles are &quot;desk reject&quot; or author filled out the submission form but never submitted the text. The rest are due to author abandoning submission partway (stale submission), rejection after peer review or author no longer has time to complete revision. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 03:06, 19 September 2023 (UTC)
::OK. I see. Thx. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:17, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

== Peer Reviews ==

As per my understanding off [[WikiJournal of Humanities/Peer reviewers]] only qualified external professionals are allowed to formally peer-review articles.

Which seems a bit unnecessary considering anyone can write articles, also Nupedia vibes, this seriously hurts the journal's growth due to lack of volunteers.

I believe that editors on wikipedia who've written extensively on related topics, should also be invited to peer-review articles, this would add a lot more volunteers (thus making the whole process faster and smoother), and get qualified people from wikipedia over to wikiversity. [[User:Crainsaw|Crainsaw]] ([[User talk:Crainsaw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Crainsaw|contribs]]) 11:55, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

== Current status of WikiJournals ==

I hate to say this, but so far, I've yet to see WikiJournal revolutionize academic journals in the way that Wikipedia affected encyclopedias severely. Furthermore, WikiJournals have been kinda slow to publish articles. Also, there have been many other open-access journals, especially ones using CC-BY-NC-ND. Also, many published articles happen to be adapted from Wikipedia articles and then copied (if not adapted) into Wikipedia articles, especially same ones. Maybe these are reasons for WMF to be reluctant to approve further development of WikiJournals.

I did have high hopes for this project, yet my interests in the semi-project has.... waned. [[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 23:54, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

:I appreciate all the work that went into the publication of an article I worked on last year, without insulting the editors, I was overall disappointed (though they editorial team was able to get outstanding reviewers that were very patient with a very deficient initial draft).  I proposed a mostly automated pdf workflow (see above) with no uptake/feedback.  Good quality PDFs, I think, are a very very high priority. The current quality is very low and suffers from (what seems to be) a fairly manual process and immediately obvious rasterization artifacts which look unprofessional. Automation to bring the journal to a professional standard is essential before greater aspirations. [[User:Maneesh|Maneesh]] ([[User talk:Maneesh|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Maneesh|contribs]]) 18:35, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
::I should also add that WIkiJournal of Medicine articles don't appear properly indexed by Google Scholar, they don't look like proper journal articles.  When I search for the title of my article:
::[PDF] [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/a/a7/Alternative_androgens_pathways.pdf Alternative androgen pathways]
::[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=9gJaSxcAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra MG Masiutin], MK Yadav - upload.wikimedia.org
::Steroidogenic routes to androgens have been discovered and characterized over the last two
::decades that fall outside the Δ4 and Δ5&quot; classical androgen pathways&quot; to testosterone and …
::Save Cite [[scholar:related:x2717efivtkJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=&quot;alternative+androgen+pathways&quot;&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5|Related articles]] [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15690227637562994375&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5 All 2 versions] 
::[[WikiJournal of Medicine/Alternative androgens pathways|'''[HTML]''' wikiversity.org]]
::[HTML] [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Alternative androgens pathways]]
::[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=9gJaSxcAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra MG Masiutin], MK Yadav - History - en.wikiversity.org
::… This expository review uses &quot;'''alternative''' '''androgen''' '''pathways'''&quot; to include what has been …
::lack of clear and consistent knowledge of '''alternative''' '''androgen''' '''pathways'''; the authors hope this …
::Save Cite [[scholar:related:J-L2yz0dY10J:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=&quot;alternative+androgen+pathways&quot;&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5|Related articles]] 
::[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/archive/2/24/20230503121130%21Alternative_androgen_pathways.pdf '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[PDF]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' wikimedia.org]
::[PDF] [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/archive/2/24/20230503121130%21Alternative_androgen_pathways.pdf WikiJournal Preprints/Alternative Androgen Pathways]
::MG Masiutin, MK Yadav - upload.wikimedia.org
::… This expository review uses &quot;'''alternative''' '''androgen''' '''pathways'''&quot; to include what has been …
::lack of clear and consistent knowledge of '''alternative''' '''androgen''' '''pathways'''; the authors hope this …
::Save Cite [[scholar:related:wfMK5FH57gsJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=&quot;alternative+androgen+pathways&quot;&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5|Related articles]] [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=859898708987933633&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5 All 2 versions] 
::Ensuring that the wikijournal articles don't look like some sort of second rate article in google scholar is very important.
::[[User:Maneesh|Maneesh]] ([[User talk:Maneesh|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Maneesh|contribs]]) 07:30, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
:::I think the ''quality of the journals'' is fine ...IMO, what I have noticed is that the process[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Potential_upcoming_articles] is a little slow--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 13:50, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

== Notice about proposed deletion ==
It has been proposed to delete some unused files at [[Wikiversity:Requests_for_Deletion#Unused_files_uploaded_by_PCano]]. Someone suggested that WikiJournal might be interessted in the discussion so I made this notice. Feel free to join the discussion. --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 17:21, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
:It might help if I put forth two questions. There is no need for answers to both, since an answer to one of them would allow us to delete a large number of image files:
#Are the files at [[:Category:Files uploaded by PCano - unused]] of any use to the WikiJournals?
#I vaguely remember an issue with Wikiversity image files that involved the WikiJournals and files that are imbedded in WikiJournal pdf files, but don't remember the details. The question is this: If a file is not used by any WikiJournal page, is it OK to delete it? --[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:13, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:WikiJournal article nominations]] is dead ==

Hello, I wanted to get in touch with you about a part of this process. The submissions board at [[en:Wikipedia:WP:WikiJournal article nominations|WikiJournal article nominations]] is no longer being maintained. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] has been inactive since November 2023 and has not responded to multiple attempts of mine to get in touch with him. I submitted an article there more than 4 months ago and have not even received confirmation of its submission. I notice the previous section on the status of the WikiJournals, and I must say that I am also disheartened by my attempt to contribute. I hope that someone on this end of the process will come over to English Wikipedia and fill in this gap so that the article pipeline is no longer so flawed. [[User:Fritzmann2002|Fritzmann2002]] ([[User talk:Fritzmann2002|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fritzmann2002|contribs]]) 16:12, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

:Hi [[User:Fritzmann2002|Fritzmann2002]], thanks for pointing it out, I'm actually in the same situation (article submitted in April 2025).
:I saw however that your submitted article has now a preprint page, and, according to the history, it was created by yourself. Did you obtain a permission from the editors for doing so, or can actually any user create directly a preprint page for their submissions? I didn't even tried myself, because it was never clear to me who is actually responsible for converting nominated Wikipedia articles into Wikijournal preprints. I have also explicitly asked the editors, but I have not obtained any reply so far... [[User:Francesco Cattafi|Francesco Cattafi]] ([[User talk:Francesco Cattafi|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Francesco Cattafi|contribs]]) 16:53, 2 September 2025 (UTC)
:As long as everything is subordinated to Wikipedia, projects of this type cannot be a trustworthy partner. Yes, WikiJournal would be a great project that could exist on its own, but unfortunately it is not. You want to publish, you find WikiJournal, you write an article and hey, they don't accept articles of this type because it doesn't suit Wikipedia. So at the moment if it is publishable on Wikipedia, publish it directly on Wikipedia, if you need to publish in an article you are out of luck. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 06:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
::Sorry, I think we are talking about different problems. The page [[wikipedia:WikiJournal_article_nominations|WikiJournal article nominations]] deals precisely with articles already present on Wikipedia, so this is not the issue. The articles that we were mentioning above have been already written on Wikipedia first, so it's not a matter of not being accepted because they don't suit Wikipedia, but simply of not being converted (yet) into a WikiJournal preprint, which in turn (after passing the peer-review phase) would to a publication in a WikiJournal.
::I had already published an article with this procedure a couple of years ago and everything went smoothly, so I don't see an intrinsic problem in the system, just in this first stage, which requires some manual conversion from Wikipedia to Wikiversity (as I said, I would be willing to do it myself, but I'm not sure if it is allowed). [[User:Francesco Cattafi|Francesco Cattafi]] ([[User talk:Francesco Cattafi|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Francesco Cattafi|contribs]]) 15:40, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
:::I see. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 04:42, 4 September 2025 (UTC)
:::Yes, this is the issue. The point-man for that part of the process has gone inactive, and now it just isn't done. There needs to be some redundancy in this journal, so that if a volunteer (understandably) can't fulfill their role for an extended period of time there is someone else to step in. As of right now it seems there are several points in the process where a submitted article can just run out steam, through no fault of the author. Nobody wants to be ushering a written piece of work through review for years on end. [[User:Fritzmann2002|Fritzmann2002]] ([[User talk:Fritzmann2002|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fritzmann2002|contribs]]) 23:36, 17 September 2025 (UTC)
::::Yes, I agree. But then, just to be clear, how was the issue solved for your article [[WikiJournal Preprints/Hypericum sechmenii|Hypericum sechmenii]]? From the history page it seems that you did create the preprint yourself. Is it allowed? Did an editor give you permission to do it? [[User:Francesco Cattafi|Francesco Cattafi]] ([[User talk:Francesco Cattafi|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Francesco Cattafi|contribs]]) 10:11, 18 September 2025 (UTC)
:::::Hello everyone,
:::::I'm submitting an article that I entirely revamped on Wikipedia ([[w:Pentagram map]]). I filled the form [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf-Nu7hjiTeJ5uQ5ozMOIivWZjeyJCPLwAUOuNDP1MVKUbCSQ/viewform WikiJournal submission form]. What should I do now ? @[[User:Francesco Cattafi|Francesco Cattafi]], I see that for [[WikiJournal Preprints/Diffeology]], you created it yourself. Should I do the same ? Did you get any reply ?
:::::It's quite saddening to see that a nice project like the WikiJournal seems to be going down... At least from what I can read here. [[User:Regliste|Regliste]] ([[User talk:Regliste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Regliste|contribs]]) 15:13, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
::::::Hi @[[User:Regliste|Regliste]], I was in doubt what to do, but eventually I got the explicit permission from @[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] to create the preprint page myself (see also the related discussion on [[w:User_talk:Marshallsumter#Importing_Wikipedia_articles_to_Wikipreprints]]). However, since then I haven't received any further reply (see also my question at [[User_talk:OhanaUnited#WikiJournal_article_nominations]]) and the review process hasn't started at all.
::::::I guess therefore that you could probably do the same and create manually the preprint page - at worst it will be modified later by an editor.
::::::As you say, it is indeed quite sad that the WikiJournal project seems to have slowed down/stopped; I still hope that the trend will revert at a certain point... [[User:Francesco Cattafi|Francesco Cattafi]] ([[User talk:Francesco Cattafi|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Francesco Cattafi|contribs]]) 16:04, 11 December 2025 (UTC)
:::::::Thanks a lot for your answer... I dearly hope that it will get back on its feet. I'll try to send some mails too, if anything comes up I'll notice it here. [[User:Regliste|Regliste]] ([[User talk:Regliste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Regliste|contribs]]) 21:03, 13 December 2025 (UTC)

== Reporting and affiliate expiration ==

Please see: [[meta:Talk:Proposal:_WikiJournal_as_a_sister_project#(Second_Reminder)_Notification_of_Affiliate_Expiration_-_Renewal_pending_submission_of_reporting_2]]. [[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:15, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

== Requested move ==

I propose we move this page / rename this page to WikiJournal (not to be confused with [[Wiki Journal]]), since [[m:WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal User Group]] already has its own page. Can we gather enough votes to agree on this? [[User:Infogiraffic|Infogiraffic]] ([[User talk:Infogiraffic|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Infogiraffic|contribs]]) 18:51, 15 April 2025 (UTC)

:I've made up my mind. I think we should rebrand WikiJournal. '''Wikiversity Press''' would become the new name. I recently created this [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposal:_WikiJournal_as_a_sister_project#Rebranding_WikiJournal_into_Wikiversity_Press logo], so people can start to distinguish between Wikiversity Press and the [[m:WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal User Group]] and its [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WikiJournal_logo.svg logo] more easily. [[User:Infogiraffic|Infogiraffic]] ([[User talk:Infogiraffic|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Infogiraffic|contribs]]) 14:19, 18 April 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Infogiraffic|Infogiraffic]] Respectfully, the change was unilaterally proposed by you. The 3 journal names were also changed by you without discussion. Your [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_User_Group&amp;diff=2713504&amp;oldid=2705342 changes] to the main page also made it more difficult to access the journals because the journal titles are no longer clickable. Did someone from user group asked you to make these changes? [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 20:24, 18 April 2025 (UTC)
:::Hi, @[[User:OhanaUnited|OhanaUnited]]. Great feedback. The visitor message has now been edited to include the conditional status of the proposal. This is just me believing in the potential of WikiJournal and trying to gather support for a rebrand and revamp. I work independently from the WikiJournal User Group to improve things that I like to see thriving. I've listened to your advise regarding the titles; they are clickable now:) If you got more, feel free to share. [[User:Infogiraffic|Infogiraffic]] ([[User talk:Infogiraffic|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Infogiraffic|contribs]]) 07:05, 19 April 2025 (UTC)
::::Oh, and no journal names were changed. I simply copy pasted the existing ones. If you prefer so, we can opt to display the shorter variants instead of the longer ones. [[User:Infogiraffic|Infogiraffic]] ([[User talk:Infogiraffic|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Infogiraffic|contribs]]) 07:17, 19 April 2025 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for responding to my question. Please note that the WikiJournal User Group has not discussed any rebranding initiatives and any changes to the name (such as changing to Wikiversity Press) risk diluting the brand recognition that we made and built up over the last 10 years with the Wikimedia movement, open access community, WikiJournal editorial board members, and external reviewers. I appreciate your approach to be bold in the redesign for the main page, which has display issues on mobile. I made some changes to the display title to clarify any confusion around the journal titles. I have reached out to the editorial boards and at this point nobody knew about your rebranding proposal. Some also raised questions why revamping would require a name change without any consultation (especially when it was brought up during the final exam period and week of Easter holiday). At this point I am '''opposing''' the requested move and politely ask you seek adequate consensus from the community before making more references to Wikiversity Press or rebranding. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 23:26, 19 April 2025 (UTC)
::::::Thank you greatly for your effort(s) in representing the board, providing context, and defending the integrity of the WikiJournal community. I understand your perspective and hesitancy toward my boldness. However, as an outsider, WikiJournal seems to have fared quite under the radar with almost no publicity among notable news channels. So to me, there does not seem to be much dilutable brand recognition to begin with as of now. Furthermore, it is out in the open that the community has ignored offers to buy / rent the eerily eponymous domain name [https://en.wikijournal.org/wiki/Main_Page wikijournal.org], as can be read [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group/Archive_2019#Selling_wikijournal.org here] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposal:_WikiJournal_as_a_sister_project#Wikijournal.org here]. Not the ideal vantage point from which to brand a broadly appealing publishing house without confusing at least some unfamiliar people about its connection, if you ask me. Wikiversity Press aims to alleviate this imbroglio, by starting anew while conforming to the conventional naming procedure that is used at a variety of prestigious universities. Also, the logo conveys stature instead of playful lambency, which is, in my eyes, exactly what we would need to try and close the &quot;Academia-Wikipedia gap&quot; that is so elegantly expressed on the WikiJournal homepage. I am not here to take credit for anything. Take the name or renounce it; no strings attached. If no consensus is gathered, I will rest my case. But otherwise, I would happily assist in further developing the platform by introducing new UI and UX related improvements, as well as streamlining pagination, submissions, and peer-review. Sincerely, [[User:Infogiraffic|Infogiraffic]] ([[User talk:Infogiraffic|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Infogiraffic|contribs]]) 18:16, 20 April 2025 (UTC)
:::::::Hello [[User:Infogiraffic|Infogiraffic]]. First of all, I'd like to give you a big thank you for your improvements to the wiki page! Also, I appreciate the effort in coming up with an alternative name and logo. However, I'd also like to point out several factors that led us to having the brand and logo as we have. The project actually started out in 2014 as &quot;Wikiversity Journal&quot;, which is somewhat more similar to &quot;Wikiversity Press&quot;, but then had a big discussion with multiple alternative names, of which WikiJournal came out as the winner - [[Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group/Archive_2016_naming_vote#Name_election]]. Reasons for changing from Wikiversity Press to WikiJournal included making it shorter. Also, we do not necessarily want to associate with Wikiversity, and are hoping to have a separate wiki as a Sister Project in the future, and if we for some reason went back to a &quot;Wikiversity&quot;-containing name then we would likely need to change it again if we became a separate wiki. While &quot;Wikiversity Press&quot; was not among the choices in the past election, and I agree it has some good points as you mentioned, I think it is less specific than &quot;journal&quot;, and may be mistaken as a news, books or magazine publisher. Similarly for the logo, if you see the upload history of the WikiJournal logo [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WikiJournal_logo.svg] it actually started out as something more Wikiversity-like, but then we've strived to make it something more unique. So thanks again for the proposal, but with everything taken together I have to say '''oppose''' to this newly suggested project name and logo. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 21:49, 7 May 2025 (UTC)

==Deletion of preprint on Commons==
See 
*[[Commons:Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Dravidian_Arc_-_Reframing_Ancient_India’s_Civilisational_Origins.pdf]]
Wikimedia Commons reviewers deleted someone's preprint submission because 1) preprints out of scope for Commons and 2) someone thought it seemed like AI.

The author there insists that the work is their original creation without AI. 

My question for WikiJournal: how welcome are preprints here? Is this the kind of case that I can generally invite for submission here? [[User:Bluerasberry|&lt;span style=&quot;background:#cedff2;color:#11e&quot;&gt;''' Blue Rasberry '''&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Bluerasberry|&lt;span style=&quot;cursor:help&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background:#cedff2;color:#11e&quot;&gt;(talk)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]] 15:52, 11 November 2025 (UTC)

:Hey Lane. As I [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons_talk:Project_scope&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=1114944379 responded on Commons], we welcome preprints but it needs to follow the specific instructions on [[WikiJournal Preprints]] to store their content as a wiki page. Since the file is already deleted, it is difficult for me to assess the contents or the merits of the PDF. In theory, a standalone PDF preprint can be uploaded locally in Wikiversity but subject to Wikiversity's local policies around project scope on files. This is another example why it's importantly to have WikiJournal as a standalone sister project because we can develop our local rules and policies that are not restricted by Wikiversity or Commons. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 04:32, 25 November 2025 (UTC)

==Proposal - offer optional presubmission review==
I do not want to make an additional workload for WikiJournal editors, but I want to share a story, and I have an idea that I want to workshop with others.

The idea is presubmission review. Optionally but recommended, for people who are new to WikiJournal and who want to save themselves time and save our reviewers time, they pre-submit their work. In the presubmission, they do this:
#Submit work citation metadata, including title, author names, institutional affiliation
#Does the work contain any of the following:
##AI-generated text or images
##Any ideas which university and scholarly consensus view as pseudoscience
##Text or images which do not have open access, Wikimedia-compatible, Creative Commons licensing
#Please provide a citation to any existing, published, peer reviewed work which explores a similar topic as this submission, and which this paper will cite

I have talked with some other wiki editors and it seems there is the idea that the Wikimedia platform attracts submissions which are 1) authorless or a person's first published work 2) AI/pseudoscience/non compatible content 3) essays or other writing formats which do not build onto or cite existing scholarship.

By having a presubmissiom process, I think we could improve sentiment about WikiJournal in these ways -
#Wikimedia Commons and others would be more confident that we have a screening process for incompatible content
#Authors could minimize their time and labor submitting if their content is not a fit
#Authors also demonstrate that they can navigate the Wikimedia platform, including making an account, posting some content, and becoming oriented before trying to make a full submission
#WikiJournal Reviewers have another way to connect with people early in the process, and a place to tell people to begin

I am hoping that a pre-submission process should take 5 minutes for a beginner Wikipedian and not more than 15 minutes for someone totally new to the Wikimedia platform.

Thoughts? [[User:Bluerasberry|&lt;span style=&quot;background:#cedff2;color:#11e&quot;&gt;''' Blue Rasberry '''&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Bluerasberry|&lt;span style=&quot;cursor:help&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background:#cedff2;color:#11e&quot;&gt;(talk)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]] 16:13, 15 December 2025 (UTC)

== Discover CapX: New Design, Features, and Ways to Connect ==

Hello {{PAGENAME}}!

My name is [[User:AJurno (WMB)|Amanda Jurno]] and I’m writing to you on behalf of the [[m:Capacity Exchange|Capacity Exchange (CapX) team]]. We would like to invite you and your community to start using the [[toolforge:capx|CapX tool]].

[[File:GIF of CapX features - November 2025 - Let's Connect.gif|right|thumb|300px]]

CapX is a platform designed for Wikimedians around the world to connect through skills and collaboration. It offers a simple and user-friendly way to find and engage with people who can offer specific expertise, helping make collaboration across the movement more efficient and accessible.

If you’d like a clearer sense of where we’re headed, you can read more about our ''Vision and Purpose [[:File:Capacity Exchange's Vision &amp; Purpose.pdf|here]]'''. We’ve also prepared a simple visualisation of [[:File:What is the Capacity Exchange 01.pdf|how CapX works]]. Additional documentation, FAQs, tutorials, and how-to videos are available on our  [[m:Capacity Exchange|Meta-Wiki page]]. The more your community joins CapX, the clearer your view becomes of how capacity-building is growing across your region via the [[toolforge:capx/data_analytics_dashboard|CapX's Data Analytics dashboard]].

If you experience any difficulties using the tool, you can consult our [[m:Capacity Exchange/User Guide|User Guide]], which includes step-by-step tutorials and short videos explaining each feature. To get in touch with the CapX team, share feedback, or suggest improvements, feel free to email us at capx@wmnobrasil.org. For quick questions and updates, you can also join our [https://t.me/CapacityExchange Telegram channel].

'''We would be delighted to have {{PAGENAME}} join CapX’s growing network'''. Creating your organization profile only takes a few minutes and helps other affiliates discover your expertise, initiatives, and potential areas for collaboration. [[:File:CapX - Create an Organizational profile.png|Here is what we need from you before you can start]].

Finally, we invite you to subscribe to our newsletter channel to receive regular updates about CapX and the Capacity Exchange project - [[m:Capacity Exchange/Newsletter|click here to subscribe]].

We hope to see you exchanging soon!

Sincerely, [[User:AJurno (WMB)|AJurno (WMB)]] ([[User talk:AJurno (WMB)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AJurno (WMB)|contribs]]) 01:37, 31 March 2026 (UTC)

:I am setting up an individual profile. I noticed that &quot;Wikiversity&quot; is not a Capacity that can be listed (but &quot;Wikipedia&quot; is a capacity). Could Wikiversity be added?
:https://capx.toolforge.org/profile/Jtneill -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:27, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
: ping [[User:AJurno (WMB)|AJurno (WMB)]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:34, 24 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2e4ni7ii94vcspkb8tsmpizdir3yu9z</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Financial Accounting/What is accounting?</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-30760-66</username>
        <id>3081676</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Solutions */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2347" sha1="36mdigtl2vjbuijnjqv6negvhgzqhuh" xml:space="preserve">Accounting is about managing our financial assets ethically and involving the knowledge how better to not Liquidate those assets.Again is about allowing your standard way of functioning the prospectus of financial statements legally and professional.

== Required readings ==
Read the following Wikipedia articles. Don't get too bogged down in the details at this time. Some of the concepts will be out of the scope of this session. They will be covered in detail in later sessions and courses.
* [[Wikipedia:Accounting|Accounting]]
* [[Wikipedia:Financial accounting|Financial Accounting]]
* [[Wikipedia:Management accounting|Managerial Accounting]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cost accounting|Cost Accounting]]

== Summary ==
* Financial accounting is the act of reporting on the historical activities of an organization by producing financial statements (defined later in this course) with accompanying notes that allow users of those financial statements to make decisions. Users can include management, investors, tax authorities and creditors among others. 
* Managerial accounting is the process of making analyses and projections on those historical records (along with other pieces of information) for management to make strategic decisions regarding finance and marketing efforts.
* Cost accounting is the process of identifying the cost of inputs to producing goods and services. This allows management to better make better supply chain management and pricing decisions. It also allows management to determine if taking a product to market will be viable and how much the new product/service will contribute to operating income.
* As you can see, each of these types of accounting are important for all organizations to thrive. Without them, proper planning is not possible.

== Problems ==
Because of the action implications of information, including accounting information, many people will want to capture the information which may mean also capturing the accounting processes that have produced it.
Problems
..some businesses  struggle to balance their Balance Statement
...The interpretation of analysing the Receipts and the Payments Journal
...calculating the Net Profit in the Income Statement 
...calculating  the depreciation of the assets 
...Balancing of the Petty Cash Journal 

== Solutions ==
* Waiting for contributors

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Australian indigenous languages</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ [[Category:Indigenous peoples of Australia]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="80" sha1="gjvrx5ysvypvyouf53456yeyg1gpaiu" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Australia]]
[[Category:Languages of Australia]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>NSG2IIH</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>168803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811403</id>
      <parentid>1271492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T11:02:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Change category to [[Category:Indigenous Australian health]]</comment>
      <origin>2811403</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2866" sha1="sny8bwpfl03byw5nzjftjw1hqeq3ivz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:BooroorbanNestOldManPlain.JPG|thumb|300px|BooroorbanNestOldManPlain]]

[[NSG2IIH|Nursing, 2nd year, Indigenous and Intercultural Health]] 

In this subject you will develop the cultural literacy to work with Indigenous Australians in the health care environment. Health care practitioners are expected to demonstrate cultural responsiveness to meet the requirements of Australian Nursing Midwifery Accreditation Council. Through lectures, tutorials, and assessment activities you will learn key concepts of cultural literacy; health literacy; cultural, historical and social determinants of Indigenous health; intercultural communication strategies; ethical and professional standards for nursing practice; and service evaluation. Your learning will be assessed through online scenarios, individual written assessments and service evaluations.

==Learning Objectives==
#Describe what is meant by the concept cultural literacy and health literacy in relation to culturally responsive nursing practice
#Explain how Australian Indigenous health is influenced by culture, history and social determinants of health 
#Critically analyse how distinct communication strategies influence intercultural encounters between professionals and patients.
#Analyse how the ethical and professional competency standards of registered nurses and midwives influence the practice of intercultural health care.
#Evaluate a service that provides Australian Indigenous health care to determine the extent to which the service delivers person centred care.

==Assessment==
===Individual written acknowledgement of country ===

*intention is to use [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Place_of_learning_(Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_People) Module 1 of the Indigenous Development Action Program] when it is complete (anticipated at the end of November)

===Individual online Clinical Reasoning Scenario ===


===Individual written evaluation of services ===

==Schedule==
The following schedule is designed to inform and guide your progress in the assessments. Each week contains a list of materials to study, learning activities to undertake and instructions toward completing an assessment. 

===Week one===
ILO 1 &amp; 2

===Week two===
ILO 2

===Week three===
ILO 2 determinants/ risk factors

===Week four===
ILO 2 health priority access to care/policy gap/rural and remote/disparities/scope of practice legislation

===Week five===
ILO 3 communication strategies/effective means

===Week six===
ILO 4 codes how affect specific care delivery

==Communications==
This subject development is led by Deb McDonough for La Trobe University's School of Nursing.

*[https://lms.latrobe.edu.au/course/view.php?id=31557 La Trobe Learning Management System]


[[Category:Indigenous and Intercultural Health]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian health]]
[[Category:La Trobe Health Sciences]]</text>
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      <id>2811405</id>
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        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
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[[File:BooroorbanNestOldManPlain.JPG|thumb|300px|BooroorbanNestOldManPlain]]

[[NSG2IIH|Nursing, 2nd year, Indigenous and Intercultural Health]] 

In this subject you will develop the cultural literacy to work with Indigenous Australians in the health care environment. Health care practitioners are expected to demonstrate cultural responsiveness to meet the requirements of Australian Nursing Midwifery Accreditation Council. Through lectures, tutorials, and assessment activities you will learn key concepts of cultural literacy; health literacy; cultural, historical and social determinants of Indigenous health; intercultural communication strategies; ethical and professional standards for nursing practice; and service evaluation. Your learning will be assessed through online scenarios, individual written assessments and service evaluations.

==Learning Objectives==
#Describe what is meant by the concept cultural literacy and health literacy in relation to culturally responsive nursing practice
#Explain how Australian Indigenous health is influenced by culture, history and social determinants of health 
#Critically analyse how distinct communication strategies influence intercultural encounters between professionals and patients.
#Analyse how the ethical and professional competency standards of registered nurses and midwives influence the practice of intercultural health care.
#Evaluate a service that provides Australian Indigenous health care to determine the extent to which the service delivers person centred care.

==Assessment==
===Individual written acknowledgement of country ===

*intention is to use [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Place_of_learning_(Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_People) Module 1 of the Indigenous Development Action Program] when it is complete (anticipated at the end of November)

===Individual online Clinical Reasoning Scenario ===


===Individual written evaluation of services ===

==Schedule==
The following schedule is designed to inform and guide your progress in the assessments. Each week contains a list of materials to study, learning activities to undertake and instructions toward completing an assessment. 

===Week one===
ILO 1 &amp; 2

===Week two===
ILO 2

===Week three===
ILO 2 determinants/ risk factors

===Week four===
ILO 2 health priority access to care/policy gap/rural and remote/disparities/scope of practice legislation

===Week five===
ILO 3 communication strategies/effective means

===Week six===
ILO 4 codes how affect specific care delivery

==Communications==
This subject development is led by Deb McDonough for La Trobe University's School of Nursing.

*[https://lms.latrobe.edu.au/course/view.php?id=31557 La Trobe Learning Management System]


[[Category:Indigenous and Intercultural Health]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian health]]
[[Category:La Trobe Health Sciences]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Complex analysis in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>171005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811274</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-23T14:09:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Geometric Series Examples */</comment>
      <origin>2811274</origin>
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      <text bytes="5296" sha1="1hmx7iiath4occh4tm12azyavy8fujp" xml:space="preserve">Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers &lt;math&gt;x+iy&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;i=\sqrt{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other &lt;math&gt;L&lt;/math&gt;-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. &lt;blockquote&gt;The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain.  — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}}

==''' Complex Functions '''== 
* Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]])

* Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]])

* Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]])

'''Complex Function Note'''
: 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]])

: 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]])

: 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]])

==''' Complex Integrals '''== 
* Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]])

==''' Complex Series '''== 
* Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]])

==''' Residue Integrals '''==
* Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) 

==='''Residue Integrals Note'''===
* Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]])
* Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]])
* Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]])
* Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]])

=== Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === 
* Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]])

====Geometric Series Examples====

* Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20251225.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20260523.pdf|C.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|D.pdf]]) 

* Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) 

* Double Pole Case

:- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

:- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]])

====The Case Examples====
* Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]])
* Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]])
* Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]])
* Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]])
* Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]])
* Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]])

==''' Conformal Mapping '''== 
* Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]])

go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Complex analysis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lake Arpi CIVICS Case Study</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
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      <minor />
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The case study area Lake Arpi is located in the north-western part of Armenia, in the province of [[w:Shirak_Province|Shirak]] bordering Georgia and Turkey.

== Background ==
The national park Lake Arpi is located in the province of Shirak in the north-western part of Armenia. The national park was established in 2009. The lake lays 2 023 m above sea level and the total area is about 22 km². In the 1950s, the lake was artificially increased by the government up to 4.5 km² and became the second important water source of the country next to Lake Sevan. The lake used for hydropower production as well as for irrigation, belongs to the Ramsar Convention. The region struggles with extreme and inhospitable climate conditions. The overall ranging is from 1500 to 3100 m above sea level and the mean temperature from -13 up to +13°C with a vegetation period of 160 days, 2400 hours of sunshine a year and 550 mm of mean annual precipitation. Biogeographically the region is represented by steppes, meadow-steppes, alpine meadows, sub-alpines and wetlands. Steppes are located mostly between 1800 and 2500 m and grow on chernozem soils. Field steppes just occur along northern slopes and are dominated by Stipa tirsa. The region of Lake Arpi is treeless. 

== People of the buffer zone  ==
18 villages are located at the buffer zone of the Lake Arpi national park. In total 1150 households are located at the buffer zone of the national park.
The most important economic activity of the region is livestock production. Relatively low range productivity, found along slopes of north extern exposure over-grazing and poor range control is responsible for the visible range deterioration in some areas. The communal grazing areas are leased of by the communities to livestock owners on a 25-year lease basis. Prestudy visits to the region have shown that the region is also suffering by bad infrastructure, poverty and very bad utility supply (mostly of gas). Furthermore mobility, job opportunities and market connections are limited and insufficient for the population, especially during the winter period when the region is isolated from the rest of the country.

[[Category:Lakes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>BASIC</title>
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BASIC, which is an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, high level language that stresses ease of use. It was developed in 1964 by [[Wikipedia:John George Kemeny|John George Kemeny]] and [[Wikipedia:Thomas Eugene Kurtz|Thomas Eugene Kurtz]] with a goal to create a programming language that anyone could use. Although BASIC is no longer widely used as it once was, it is still a popular programming language used on personal computers and microcontrollers.

==BASIC Resources at Wikiversity==
* [[FreeBASIC]]
* [[Visual Basic]]
* [[VB.NET|Visual Basic .NET]]

==See Also==
* [[Wikipedia: BASIC]]
* [[Wikipedia: Dartmouth BASIC]]
* [[Wikipedia: List of BASIC dialects]]

[[Category:Programming languages]]</text>
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{{course}}
==Lessons==
 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} 
* [[Vietnamese 1/Script and grammar|Script and grammar]]
* [[Vietnamese 1/Alphabet|Alphabet]]
* [[Vietnamese/Lesson series|List of external lessons]]
* [[Vietnamese/Visual|Visual]]
* [[Vietnamese/Resources|Resources]]
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==[[Portal:Learning Projects|Projects]]==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
Learning projects currently being offered in the Vietnamese Language Division:
* [[VSL for Primary School]]— currently in need of contributors!
* [[Perfecting Viet tones]]— currently in need of contributors!
* [[Vietnamese/Script and grammar]] - this lesson explains constructive use as a second language for English speakers
* [[Vietnamese/Visual]] dictionary lessons - a project to create visual searching.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

[[Category:Vietnamese]]</text>
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      <comment>move</comment>
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      <text bytes="822" sha1="cvpqoouh4xfp7wuu6he61fw0xy9nc2t" xml:space="preserve">==Lessons==
 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} 
* [[Vietnamese 1/Script and grammar|Script and grammar]]
* [[Vietnamese 1/Alphabet|Alphabet]]
* [[Vietnamese/Lesson series|List of external lessons]]
* [[Vietnamese/Visual|Visual]]
* [[Vietnamese/Resources|Resources]]
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==[[Portal:Learning Projects|Projects]]==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
Learning projects currently being offered in the Vietnamese Language Division:
* [[VSL for Primary School]]— currently in need of contributors!
* [[Perfecting Viet tones]]— currently in need of contributors!
* [[Vietnamese/Script and grammar]] - this lesson explains constructive use as a second language for English speakers
* [[Vietnamese/Visual]] dictionary lessons - a project to create visual searching.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
{{languages}}
{{course}}
[[Category:Vietnamese]]</text>
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&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
'''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] Saltrabook!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:Insert-signature.png]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity.
MUCHAS GRcias--IMHAR 13:30, 23 May 2019 (UTC)
To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may
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You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:52, 12 February 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Bold links ==

When creating bold links, please use &lt;nowiki&gt;'''[[title]]'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; rather than &lt;nowiki&gt;[['''title''']]&lt;/nowiki&gt;. I've corrected the page and link to [[Research Protocol/'''Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo''']]. Let me know if you have any questions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:17, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

== Missing License Information ==

Thank you for uploading files to Wikiversity. See [[Wikiversity:Media]] for copyright and license requirements for Wikiversity files. All files must have copyright and/or license information added to the file.

Instructions for adding copyright and/or license information are available at [[Wikiversity:License tags]]. Files must be updated within seven days or they may be removed without further notice.

The following files are missing copyright and/or license information:


[[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 20:24, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

== Learning from research ==

Hi! I noticed you recently created four pages on learning from research. What learning project are these pages associated with? -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:38, 17 October 2016 (UTC)
Hi Dave, than you for your question. These are part of the Wikiversity: International Maritime Health - Research the objective to establish better and more maritime health research and knowledge to the benfit of seafarers globally--IMHAR 14:01, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

:If you accidentally create a page you don't intend to use, you can add {{tlx|Delete|Author request}} at the top of the page and someone will clean it up for you. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 17:57, 17 October 2016 (UTC) 

::Thank you very much, Dave, I will have a look and see if this was wrong, it was not created accidentally, but to save space I will reorganise the things, I thank you again --IMHAR 18:10, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

:::There were four separate pages created by themselves, not part of the IMHA learning project. See [[Special:DeletedContributions/Saltrabook]] for the titles. Nothing linked to them. If they should be restored, please let me know where they belong. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 19:43, 17 October 2016 (UTC)
Thanks David, ok, now i will follow the instructions and delete the files not in use any longer--IMHAR 09:42, 18 October 2016 (UTC)

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===References===
{{reflist}}

== Module Book for Occupational Medicine at the University of Panamá ==

Hi Saltrabook!

Your resource [[Module Book for Occupational Medicine at the University of Panamá]] appears well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 16:45, 11 June 2017 (UTC)

Hi Marshallsumter,
Yes Im grateful to your proposal
thank you very much,
 --IMHAR 10:07, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

== Revista Panameňa de Salud Publica, Ocupacional y Ambiental ==

Since this is the English Wikiversity, we need main pages to be in English. Subpages might be in another language to help users learn that language, or to provide multiple languages for a given resource. But if your content is primarily Spanish and for a Spanish audience, perhaps [[es:|Wikiversidad]] would be a better place for this resource. Let me know if you have any questions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 21:25, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

:Thank you very much, can you help me to transfer the page or should I just move the content --IMHAR 21:34, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

::I don't have any direct way to move the content. We can import content, but not export, and there's no quick way I know of to move content between languages. You could try asking at [[es:|Wikiversidad]] and see if they have a way to import from en:Wikiversity. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 21:41, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

I've moved these pages to your user space at [[User:Saltrabook/Revista Panameňa de Salud Publica, Ocupacional y Ambiental]]. [[es:|Wikiversidad]] would likely be be a better place for this content. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:53, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Hello, we have changed name of the revista, please delete the pages named Revista Panameňa de Salud Publica, Ocupacional y Ambiental 
Thank you very much
--IMHAR 16:25, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

:Hello, if you are the sole author of a mainspace page or if you would like a userpage deleted you can simply add '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{delete|author request}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. 
:Also, I note that you have created pages such as [[Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Programa para la Residencia en Medicina del Trabajo y Ambiental 36 meses]] which contains content in English, but the title is not. As noted above this is the English Wikiversity and most page titles should be translated. Also the names of these pages are rather long. You might want to consider shorter titles and then define the contents in the introductory paragraph. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 22:52, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

== Education and Research in Occupational Medicine ==


Hi Saltrabook!

Your medicine resource [[Education and Research in Occupational Medicine]] appears to be ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced in our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 21:19, 30 October 2017 (UTC)


Hi Marshallsumter,
at the moment I am still adding important paragraphs and editing the text so please let’s wait, 
BR
Saltrabook

== IMHA-Research self-rated health risk factors at sea - multicenter project ==

Hi Saltrabook!

Your resource [[IMHA-Research self-rated health risk factors at sea - multicenter project]] appears well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 23:50, 26 February 2018 (UTC)


Hi Marshallsumter
Thanks that would be fine
Thanks
--IMHAR 21:34, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Hi Marshallsumter,
We have moved these pages to other sites, please delete the pages with IMHA research , thank you very much
--IMHAR 16:23, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

== Preventive Health Science ==

This resource and subpages need to be translated to English to remain here at the English Wikiversity. It seems your audience is primarily Spanish-speaking. Have you considered creating this content at es.wikiversity and just redirecting to that from here? -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:58, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

== Share your experience and feedback as a Wikimedian in this global survey ==

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== OHS International Networking ==
Hi Marshallsumter, Thanks a lot for the inspiration, YES please announce it on the Main Page News
Thank you very much
--IMHAR 13:12, 17 October 2018 (UTC)
Hi Saltrabook!

Your resource [[OHS International Networking]] appears to be well-developed and ready for learners and participants! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 12:04, 17 September 2018 (UTC)

thank you so much, yes this would be great --IMHAR 01:25, 26 September 2018 (UTC)

== Occupational Epidemiology ==

Hi Saltrabook!

Your medical resource [[Occupational Epidemiology]] appears to be well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 03:01, 18 January 2019 (UTC)

Hi, M 
yes sure thank you very much for your great great help, please announce it on the main pages
--IMHAR 03:10, 18 January 2019 (UTC)

== Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá ==

Hi Saltrabook!

Your resource [[Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá]] appears well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 14:53, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

Hi, Marshallsumter, yes please announce it on our Main Page News, thats great, 
thank you very much
--[[Special:Contributions/190.218.214.124|190.218.214.124]] ([[User talk:190.218.214.124|discuss]]) 14:56, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

== Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá ==
As noted above under Revista Panameňa de Salud Publica, Ocupacional y Ambiental, this is the English Wikiversity. Titles and content need to be in English. Based on your usage, it would appear that [[:es:Portada|Wikiversidad]] would be a better place for your resources.

In the mean time, the pages of this project have been moved to your user space at [[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá]]. Let me know if you have any questions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:31, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

== Occupational Health Risk Surveillance ==

Hi Saltrabook!

Your resource [[Occupational Health Risk Surveillance]] appears to be well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 19:57, 20 August 2019 (UTC)
Thank you very much, Marshallsumter, this is excellent, please announce it on the Main Page News --[[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 13:02, 21 August 2019 (UTC)

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Sincerely,
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Sincerely,
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Please take 15 to 25 minutes  to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(other,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''.  It is available in various languages.

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Sincerely,
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== Non-English Content ==

As mentioned above several times, this is the English Wikiversity. Content in other languages is hosted only for the purpose of English speakers learning that language. Your continued use of Wikiversity to host Spanish resources is not consistent with the Wikimedia structuring of wiki projects by language. 

All of the non-English pages in [[Special:PrefixIndex/User:Saltrabook/|your user space]] need to be moved to [[es:Wikiversidad]] or another hosting site. We are willing to give you time to move the pages, and also willing to use [[Wikiversity:Bots]] to help move the pages, if possible. But continued use of the English Wikiversity for non-English content must stop.
As page creation of non-English content has been increasing, your account is temporarily blocked from creating new pages. Please let us know what assistance you need in getting started with moving this content to Wikiversidad or another hosting site. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 04:39, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
:Going to respond here as it makes most sense, I noticed your requests at various locations also, just so you understand any request regarding blocks made here will be seen no need to do it everywhere. Anyway, a way forward. From my understanding you are wanting to develop pages for medical students in Latin America, I would ask on this though why do that on English Wikiversity? Personally I can see some sense in it but it has to be done the right way. I live in Brasil, so the language at home is Portuguese, I get the need for translations for Latin Americans, English is for better or worse the language of science these days, its not fair to non english speaking countries but it is what it is. Although the majority of countries in South America speak spanish they do not all speak spanish. Hence having pages in english made friendly to non english speakers, with a focus on Latin American languages would be helpful, but as {{ping|Dave Braunschweig}} has said they must be written in english first. If however your only going to focus on spanish, then you may be better off hosting this on the [[es:Wikiversidad]] as was suggested and provide english help there for this. But I think if you can do for example Spanish, Portuguese and French, ie covering all Latin America then basing it on the English Wikiversity with translation help for the Latin Americans could make sense. I think you need to think this through on exactly how you want to present it. Its a good idea, all Latin American scientists need english these days and for that I know from experience they need help. I am happy to advise on this idea, but we have to ensure this is the appropriate venue and that will depend on how you do it. Respond on your talk page with this, you can always use the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; template to alert others if you need comments it is used this way as I did above to ping Dave &lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|Dave Braunschweig}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, also make sure you make sections when adding text with &lt;nowiki&gt;==title==&lt;/nowiki&gt; when adding comments to talk pages. New comments should always go to the bottom of the page in general. Cheers [[User:Faendalimas|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #004730&quot;&gt;Scott Thomson&lt;/span&gt;]] (&lt;small class=&quot;nickname&quot;&gt;Faendalimas&lt;/small&gt;) &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Faendalimas|&lt;span style=&quot;color: maroon&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:06, 25 December 2019 (UTC)

I agree to follow the rules, but cannot change much with a blocked account, so I need to be unblocked --[[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 00:49, 26 December 2019 (UTC) please inform when this is done, thanks

:The original proposal was to move the Spanish content to es:Wikiversidad. That could have been completed in a day. Your counter-proposal is to add English content for all existing Spanish content. What is the plan and timeline for accomplishing this? It's not just a matter of &quot;follow the rules&quot;. We need a plan for cleaning up before new content is created. Please describe the plan. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:31, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

Ok, my plan is to establish bilingual English/Spanish for two pages before Jan 10:  
1) Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá --&gt; es:Wikiversidad : Departamento de las Ciencias de la Salud Ocupacional y Ambiental, Universidad de Panamá 
2) Ongoing Research Projects --  es:Wikiversidad: Proyectos de Investigación en Curso  
But I need help to establish the switch in the &quot;Languages&quot; , is that possible? 
Thanks --[[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 13:53, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

:Please clarify the approach. Are you going to use es:Wikiversidad for Spanish content, or are you going to use {{tlx|Translations}} for multilingual content on the English Wikiversity? If you want the Spanish pages moved to es:Wikiversidad, we can do that by bot and be done within a week. If you want to create local translations, we need English titles for all current Spanish pages so that the appropriate Translations structure can be created. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:02, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

:To clarify the approach. Im going to use {{tlx|Translations}} for multilingual content on the English Wikiversity to Spanish Wikiversidad --[[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 16:06, 26 December 2019 (UTC)
English titles for all current Spanish pages: and vice versa 
1. The existing en.wikiversity  Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Saltrabook/Department_of_Occupational_and_Environmental_Health_Sciences,_University_of_Panam%C3%A1
should be possible to switch in multilengua to the (new) es.wikversity Departamento de las Ciencias de la Salud Ocupacional y Ambiental, Universidad de Panamá
2. The existing en.wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Saltrabook/Department_of_Occupational_and_Environmental_Health_Sciences,_University_of_Panam%C3%A1/ Ongoing Research Projects should be possible to switch in multilengua to : es.wikversity:   Proyectos_de_investigación

Translations in &quot;Proyectos de Investigación&quot; from Spanish to English titles: 
Investigaciones en progreso:
1 Análisis de los datos clínicos relacionados con el trabajo en diferentes especialidades
2 Análisis prospectivo de los datos clínicos relacionados con el trabajo
3 Análisis de los datos clínicos relacionados con el trabajo en medicina familiar CP
4 Epidemiología de los trastornos músculo-esqueléticos de origen ocupacional
5 Análisis de los datos clínicos relacionados con el trabajo en ULAPS de Vacamonte
6 Nivel de conocimiento sobre Salud ocupacional en pescadores de Puerto Vacamonte
7 Estudio epidemiológico de los riesgos profesionales en la pesca en Puerto Vacamonte
8 Un estudio de revisión de la relación entre la salud mental y las enfermedades
ACTAS DE REUNIONES

Research in progress:
1 Analysis of clinical data related to work in different specialties
2 Prospective analysis of work-related clinical data
3 Analysis of clinical data related to work in family medicine CP
4 Epidemiology of musculoskeletal disorders of occupational origin
5 Analysis of clinical data related to work at ULAPS in Vacamonte
6 Level of knowledge about Occupational Health in fishermen of Puerto Vacamonte
7 Epidemiological study of professional risks in fishing in Puerto Vacamonte
8 A review study of the relationship between mental health and other diseases
MINUTES OF MEETINGS

== Ramazzinni Center ==

You created three pages recently on the same subject. Which of the following is the correct page?
* [[Ramazzinni Center]]
* [[Ramazzini Center]]
* [[Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Ramazzinni Center]]
[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:57, 26 March 2020 (UTC)
* [[Ramazzini Center]] is the right one, thanks very much --[[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 11:54, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

== Non-English Content Continued ==

As noted above for three years now, this is the English Wikiversity. Content here must be in English unless you are either teaching English learners another language or you are using {{tlx|translations}} and subpages to provide translations of English content. You agreed to use {{tlx|translations}} at [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ASaltrabook&amp;type=revision&amp;diff=2111914&amp;oldid=2111910]. You confirmed your understanding of using subpages at [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Saltrabook/Ranns%C3%B3knir_og_menntun_%C3%A1_sj%C3%A1varheilsu-NET&amp;oldid=2204528]. Since then, you have created four non-English main pages here. What assistance do you need? Is there someone else in your organization we can work with to create a structure that you can follow? -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:54, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

:Please see [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET&amp;type=revision&amp;diff=2207097&amp;oldid=2207082], [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/tl&amp;curid=267931&amp;diff=2207109&amp;oldid=2207107], etc. This is the only way you can have translation pages at Wikiversity. Any other approach will be deleted. I appreciate you using Wikiversity to share information, but the usage has to be without causing disruption and constant maintenance efforts for others. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:55, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

== Occupational Health Research Methodology ==

Wikiversity is not a degree (or certificate)-granting institution and content may not be promoted as such. This resource has been moved to [[Occupational Health Research Methodology]] and the certificate content removed. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:03, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Thank you, agree,

== You have been given the Wikiversitian Award! ==

[[File: Wikiversity-logo.svg|thumb|left|124px]] May I present the Wikiversitian Award to this editor due to the fact that they have been an exceedingly outstanding contributor here. Believing they are an editor who has a huge level of competence, I decided to present this award to them for making Wikiversity the community it is meant to be. I wish this editor good luck with all their future endeavors.

[[Category:Award templates]] --[[User:IamTheAstronomer|IamTheAstronomer]] [[User talk:IamTheAstronomer|Talk]] 17:29, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

:Thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 13:31, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

Thank you, I'm really honored and grateful to be here, thanks to all wonderful contributors in the marvelous Wiki-world. Saltrabook

You are believably welcome. But when you add your name or initials, type four tildes (~) and then your username, talk page and the date will be visible when your message is published. Regards, --[[User:IamTheAstronomer|IamTheAstronomer]] [[User talk:IamTheAstronomer|Talk]] 21:51, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

You might like to [[WV:RfA|request for custodianship]] because I can see that you’ve been here for about 4 years. You might want to read our [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodianship policy]] before you do. --[[User:IamTheAstronomer|IamTheAstronomer]] [[User talk:IamTheAstronomer|Talk]] 21:58, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

== Society for Health Research Education  has been moved ==

I moved it to your userspace.  It looked like a good page, but we can't have blanked pages in mainspace. By all means, leave a message at [[User talk:Guy vandegrift]] if you want it moved back.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 05:55, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

{{Robelbox|theme=8|title=Removal of a project from mainspace|width=100%}}
To {{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}:

The project '''[[Society for Health Research Education]]''' has been moved to '''[[User:Saltrabook/Society for Health Research Education]]'''  
 

Yours truly, --[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 05:48, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

{{Robelbox/close}}

:Thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 07:28, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
:Thank you, good [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 17:04, 17 January 2023 (UTC)
:Thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 20:34, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

== [[Spanish version]] may need renaming ==

Hello, please consider renaming this page, it is too vague, the title is not specific. You may want to read [[Wikiversity:Naming conventions]] to know more about our guidelines. Thank you for your attention. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:14, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

== Your recent page moves are reverted due to ambiguity ==

Hello, I have seen your page moves removing prefixes and making the title ambiguate. The standard practice on Wikiversity is for projects to be organized hierarchically. Your page moves were beyond this practice, and the new titles had no specifity. Therefore, I reverted your page moves, and the contents are now available at [[The Maritime Diabetes-2 &amp; Hypertension Intervention study/Invitation to participate]] and [[The Maritime Diabetes-2 &amp; Hypertension Intervention study/Contents of the 16 weeks coaching]]. In future, please avoid page moves like these. Thank you for reading this message. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:51, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
== Files Missing Information ==
Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information.
{{colbegin|3}}
* [[:File:Ficha 202306 E-8-105150.pdf]]
{{colend}}
[[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 15:41, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

== Organizing your contributions ==
Hi! I am a custodian on Wikipedia and have noticed you articles. They are outside my field of expertise, but they look well-written.  But it would help if some of the titles were changed.  '''Is it correct to say that all of your articles involve maritime health?'''  Although Wikiversity does not officially allow people to &quot;own&quot; a top page in namespace, it is likely that you will be able to unofficially &quot;own&quot; [[Maritime health]], and all its subpages, i.e., [[Maritime health/X]], where X can be any name you choose.

Once we have a name, I can help you move your pages.  I move lots of pages and do it almost effortlessly. Your truly. [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 20:25, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
: ({{ping|Guy vandegrift}} Corrections) &quot;Custodian on Wikipedia&quot; -&gt; &quot;Custodian on Wikiversity&quot;. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:58, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
: (Examples of your creations needing renaming) [[DRAFT ARTICLE]] (not specific and full caps), [[CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] (needs more specificity and full caps). Full caps is shouting, you need to avoid this. Please see [[Wikiversity_talk:Naming_conventions#Full_capitalization]] for related discussions. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:01, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
::{{ping|Saltrabook}} '''Please respond!''' (and I am a Custodian on Wikiversity not Wikipedia.) [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:20, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
::&lt;small&gt;Yes, [[DRAFT ARTICLE]] and [[CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] has suspect titles, to say the least. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:22, 25 February 2024 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;
:::Thank you very much Dan Polansky. I overlooked the Wikiversity pages for the research '''aimed to early identification of pre-diabetes and early prevention''' under The &quot;Maritime_Health Research and Education-Net and found that there is a clear organisation under &quot;The International Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Research Group&quot; including:
:::# The European style Research protocol draft
:::# The Pan-American-Health Organisation (PAHO) special demands for a research protocol 
:::# A draft article for the international community of Diabetes Mellitus prevention
:::# The draft 16 Weeks coaching program in development
:::I would be greatful if you can advice a better organisation 
:::With respect and gratefulness.
:::Thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 20:32, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
:::: Before we move further, would you be willing to add Babel information to your user page? There is {{tlx|Babel}} for that; example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Babel|fr|en-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;; and there is also new builtin for that, e.g. &lt;nowiki&gt;{{#babel: de|en-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; This would help signal whether the reader should take additional care and effort to try to interpret your postings. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:27, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::thank you, this is fine, the overall title for the whole thing, is (not only maritime) but &quot;Pre-diabetes diagnosis and remission&quot; [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 13:48, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
::::::I will create a list of your pages on [[Pre-diabetes diagnosis and remission]].  When I am finished, please look at it and tell me if I have missed any pages. [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 15:37, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::::[[I also had to block you from making more pages.  Are you using a translating app to copy these pages from a articles in a different language? [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 15:56, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
::::::::no i use the translation possibility in Wikiversity [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:39, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
:::::::thank you, looking forward to see your results - we write in English, but international and need to translate to Spanish [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 19:32, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 19:32, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Thank you Guy, yes, please create a list of the mentioned files under the main title: Pre-diabetes diagnosis and remission, is exactly what it is about, hope to help people with early diagnosis and intervention in the stage of prediabetes, not to wait till T2D has been developed. [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:51, 4 March 2024 (UTC)


==Babel==
Would you be interested in adding {{tlx|Babel}} to your user page? It is not mandatory but is useful. Alternatively, you could use a builtin function. I use this: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{#babel: cs|en-3|de-2|sk-1|ru-1}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:44, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you Dan Polansky, we are mainly French, English and Spanish, and i would like to add Babel, that seems to be very useful, thanks a lot [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
:: I can add Babel markup to your user page if you wish, but you would need to tell me at least your mother tongue and your English level. For that, I need to know ''your'' information, not the information of your group (above, you say &quot;we&quot;). Disclaimer: I know of no obligation for you to disclose this information. In [[User talk:Guy vandegrift#Dear Prof. Guy_Vandegrift]], you identified yourself as &quot;Dr. Olaf Jensen, prof. emer. University of Southern Denmark&quot; and you gave your email, so my guess is that your native tongue is Danish. Given this information, here would be your Wikidata item: [[Wikidata:Q40766475|Olaf C. Jensen]]. If you want to keep this information private, I will remove this post and you may ask an administrator/custodian to hide the edits in this post and also in [[User talk:Guy vandegrift#Dear Prof. Guy Vandegrift]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:51, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
:::Dan Polansky, please add Babel, thank you [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:32, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
:::: It seems the following [[Special:Diff/2610787]] was intended to be posted here:
:::: &quot;correct, Danish mother language, med dr. specialist dr. in occupational medicine and 32 years in maritime pub.health occupational medical research in the University Southern Denmark, latest 18 year mainly living in Panama working with Spanish speaking people. I started the Occupational Medical Wikibook, now finished, 10 years ago to fill out the lack of occupational medicine textbook in Panama. Would be grateful if I could have access to the blocked pages on &quot;Prediabetes remission&quot; then i would locate them all in the new space, have no personal things to hide, my name is not to hide. Thank you for all your help&quot;.
:::: I will add Babel later. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 19:48, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

==Do multiple people use Saltrabook account in Wikiversity?==
This question seems to lack clarity. Would you care to clarify? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:49, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

:Never,  i am the only one in our group (MAHRE-Net) who use the Wikiversity and Wikipedia. The others in our group are not writers, but mainly clinical doctors with interest in research and education. [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:44, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

== We have two problems with your pages ==

=====First problem=====
*You have too many pages. See '''[[User:Saltrabook]]'''
=====Second problem=====
*Many of your pages are almost empty:
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Proyectos de investigación/Relación entre el padecimiento del paciente y sus factores de riesgos ocupacionales/Reuniones en el proyecto]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Ongoing projects/Mental Health in Seafaring/Minutes from meetings]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Programa para la formación de homologación 18 meses/Project meetings 18 meses]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Proyectos de investigación/Un caso-clinico con un paciente medico laboral/Reuniones del proyecto de investigación]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Proyectos de investigación/Un estudio de revisión de la relación entre la salud mental y las enfermedades/Reuniones en el proyecto]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Programa para la formación de homologación 18 meses/Otra formacion obligatoria/Toxicology and hygiene risk assessment and prevention - open here]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Programa para la Residencia en Medicina del Trabajo y Ambiental 36 meses/Certificación de finalización de la educación.]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Students Research Projects/Students thesis supervision/Introduction on how to create new scientific knowledge/Zoom meetings]]

=====Third problem=====
*It looks like you already started a book at [[Wikibooks:Occupational Medicine Textbook-Wiki]]

--If you could put all your work on one long page, that might be OK.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 04:11, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
: I do not see how a single editor having created too many pages should be a problem per se, as long as they contribute within the scope of Wikiversity, do not violate copyright, etc.; is there a policy I have overlooked? I created 179 pages in Wikiversity[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/en.wikiversity.org/Dan_Polansky] and I hope they are not going to be deleted or moved as &quot;too many&quot;.
: For reference:
:* Saltrabook created over 790 pages that are now in Wikiversity mainspace per https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/en.wikiversity.org/Saltrabook, of which 252 were deleted.
:* Saltrabook created over 309 pages that are now in Wikiversity userspace per https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/en.wikiversity.org/Saltrabook/2.
: Sure enough, some of the pages created by Saltrabook raise questions. For one thing, it is not clear why anyone would create pages named like [[INVITATIONS TO SEAFARERS AND THE MARITIME MEDICAL CLINICS]]. And those that are nearly empty should probably be deleted or the purpose explained. But even so, one should perhaps be hesitant before one starts moving pages to user space (especially when not nearly empty), and ideally use a common process such as [[WV:Requests for deletion]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:47, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

== A place for your pages ==

Your project is now at '''[[User:Saltrabook]]'''

At the moment you have four blank pages. I will be happy to change the pagename when they are full.  Try to have longer pages because too many pages on one project disrupts Wikiversity.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:47, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
{{colbegin}}
#[[User:Saltrabook/empty page-1]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/empty page-2]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/empty-page 3]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/empty-page 4]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/empty-page 5]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/sandbox]]
{{colend}}
*After you fill these pages, you may request a pagename change at '''[[User talk:Saltrabook/Pagename requests]]'''
[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:47, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you, i will start with one: Prediabetes remission by coach supported lifestyle intervention [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 17:42, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

{{ping|Saltrabook}} Is this what you are looking for?
*[[Maritime Health Research and Education-NET]]
*[[Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Organisation]]
*[[Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/The International Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Research Group/Learning from Interventions in non-maritime workplaces]]

You have to understand that you are creating pages at a rate that no human could write.  You have to be using a translation software, or copying from  material already published.  You have completely overwhelmed our wiki! Using Google, I searched the internet and found something I put in your empty page #5:

*''See [[User:Saltrabook/empty-page 5]]''

--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 02:01, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

:No, these pages are in use:
:@Saltrabook: Is this what you are looking for?
:Maritime Health Research and Education-NET
:Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Organisation
:Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/The International Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Research Group/Learning from Interventions in non-maritime workplaces [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 19:28, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

== Remove your dl-author templates ==

DO NOT ADD {{tl|db-author}} TEMPLATES TO YOUR PAGES. They are DELETION requests!!!! [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 21:00, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

:i know, these pages are not in use, and should be deleted no to take space as i was asked to reduce [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 23:52, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
: Please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines#shouting]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:04, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
::Sorry, I wasn't really shouting at the user.  I was afraid his pages would get deleted and I would have to undelete them.  I was shouting because we needed to act fast, not in anger.  But I did break the rules.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:48, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Saltrabook}} I will unblock you, now that we are in communication.  But my plan was to let you overwrite those pages and I would change the names for you.  After I unblock you and take a break for an hour or so, we can coordinate how we will do this.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:51, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
:::: Can you explain why you are giving a complete unblock instead of restoring previous block settings? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:56, 19 March 2024 (UTC)--Short answer: Because I had trouble restoring, so instead I completely unblocked and then partially blocked.  See next section.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 02:16, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

==You are unblocked from editing and changing the names of pages==
{{ping|Saltrabook}} Your pagecount is at the limit of what we can process. I don't know how you can write pages so quickly, and I am not qualified to judge the merit of your pages.  I also am not the sole judge of where your pages can be located on Wikiversity (or whether they can be allowed at all.)  My guess is that they are OK as subpages of [[User:Saltrabook]], and also that this is the only place where they can be.  But the number of pages you create need to be controlled, at least for now. ... I believe you can now change the names of your pages.  If not, let us know and we can fix that. If you want a panel of judges to decide whether to move your pages to what we call namespace, let me know.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 02:16, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you very much for your time, great help, advice and patience. I think you help lots of people globally. Wikiversity and Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Commons is of great help for my teaching pub-health research methods and for preparing several (n=5 since 2021) international papers . Now a new, and comprehensive paper on the methods for &quot;Remission of pre-diabetes&quot; also as first author, is in review in an international publication. I have to be better to &quot;clean-up&quot; of texts that are not in use any longer, thanks for the advice for that also. [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 15:11, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

{{ping|MathXplore}} (1) Can you verify that Saltrabook is now able to move pages? (2) what do you think of my plan to let Saltrabook work freely in userspace with the condition that no more pages are created? -- I'm sort of improvising here--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 02:16, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
: Generally, prohibiting page creations and allowing page moves are not compatibile. This is because page moves will lead to redirect creations (without supress-redirect). As long as the user is not allowed to make pages, they will have to ask others to move pages. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:00, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
: (Endorsement of current block settings) I have no compelling objections to the plan. Therefore, I have nothing to do with it, and I have no plan to change them after CFC closure. As general reminder to everyone, any custodian (or maybe global sysops or stewards) who is going to change account settings should provide a reasonable explanation and may want to discuss with the community before any action. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:05, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
::Where would I post the &quot;reasonable explanation&quot;? Is filling out the edit-description section at the bottom sufficient?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 03:50, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
::agree, [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 15:16, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

==Here is your new page==
*[[User:Saltrabook/Prediabetes Remission-Net]] 
--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 21:00, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you very very much, excellent [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 00:40, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

== IMHA Research Archives and its subpages ==
Page [[IMHA Research Archives]] was deleted in 2019 with the rationale &quot;author's request&quot;. It seems you could have been the author. The page has fairly many subpages, currently listed at [[IMHA Research Archives]]. For some of the subpages, you are the author. For other subpages, [[User:IMHAR]] is the author.

For ease of reference, current logs of [[IMHA Research Archives]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
05:58, 11 October 2024 Dan Polansky discuss contribs created page IMHA Research Archives (create subpages list, as long as subpages exist; if the author (who?) wants to have the page and all the subpages deleted, that would be another matter, but the subpages were not deleted yet)
17:16, 10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;) (thank)
22:45, 30 March 2017 Saltrabook discuss contribs deleted redirect IMHA Research Archives by overwriting (Borrada para permitir el traslado de &quot;IMHA Research Database&quot;) (thank)
22:44, 30 March 2017 Saltrabook discuss contribs moved page IMHA Research Archives to IMHA Research Database (thank)
&lt;/pre&gt;

[[IMHA Research Database]], referenced in the logs, was deleted in 2019 and has no subpages.

Questions:
* Key: Could it be that you want to have the page and all the subpages deleted for some reason?
* Key: As an alternative to deletion (deletion does not preserve database space anyway), should I feel free to move the pages to your userspace, making them all start with &quot;User:Saltrabook/&quot;?
* Secondary: [[User:IMHAR]] created some of the subpages; was that someone who has worked with you as part of the same project?
* Secondary: [[User:Gladyseliza15]] created [[IMHA Research Archives/GlobalSeaHealth GSH]]; was that someone in your project?

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:50, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

{{ping|Saltrabook}} For the [[IMHA Research Archives]] and its sub-pages, please indicate your preference:
# Delete
# Keep
# Move to your user space: [[User:Saltrabook/IMHA Research Archives]]

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 22:03, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:Please Delete the IMHA Res Arch  Saltrabook [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 12:49, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Revision of the ILO Guidelines for medical examinations of seafarers Part I]] ==

Hi Saltrabook. [[Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/The International Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Research Group/Revision of the ILO Guidelines for medical examinations of seafarers Part I]] was nominated for speedy deletion because it seems to be almost identical to [[Revision of the ILO Guidelines for medical examinations of seafarers Part I]], but I notice that there are certain sections on the latter page that aren't in the former (the &quot;[[Revision_of_the_ILO_Guidelines_for_medical_examinations_of_seafarers_Part_I#Seafarers|Seafarers]]&quot; section for example), so I've gone ahead and moved the lone page under your userspace so that you are able to handle it in any way you'd like to. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:54, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

:thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 17:23, 16 November 2024 (UTC)

== Nearly empty page to be deleted ==
I plan to delete the following page you created:
* [[Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/EDUCATION/Fisherman's school Faroe islands 2020/21 health questionnaire GHQ12 study/Zoom meetings]]
Its content is &quot;Oct 19 2020&quot; and that's it.

What was the purpose of the page? Do you mind me deleting the page? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:31, 18 March 2025 (UTC)
: I deleted the page. It seems very unlikely that it will be missed. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:28, 2 September 2025 (UTC)
:Please delete it [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 19:56, 21 October 2025 (UTC)

== Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo ==
I am looking at [[IMHA Research Archives/Research Projects/Research Protocol/Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo]], which you created (I moved the page there from [[Research Protocol/Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo]]). An English translation could perhaps be National Network for Research on Health Work (I used Gemini and tweaked the result).

It seems to indicate that &quot;Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo&quot; is &quot;a not-for-profit network of health researchers&quot;.

Some questions:
# Does that network exist outside of the English Wikiversity?
# Are there any web pages about that network outside of the English Wikiversity?
# Why should the page be a subpage of &quot;Research Protocol&quot;? Since, it is not related to the topic of research protocol?
# The page states 4 objectives of the putative network and that's it. It does not seem useful for anything. Do you object to me deleting the page or moving it to user space?
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:46, 2 October 2025 (UTC)

:Please delete [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 19:55, 21 October 2025 (UTC)

Overcoming my hesitation, I went ahead and moved the page to [[User:Saltrabook/Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo]]. It can be moved back upon your request if you explain what you need the page for. The page was created in 2016 and the last edit before mine were from 2016 as well. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:11, 2 October 2025 (UTC)

:Please correct it [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 17:57, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
:: What do you mean by &quot;correct it&quot;? What am I supposed to do? Delete something? Move something? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:11, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
:: You can tag any file intended for deletion using {{tl|Delete}} template: that is for speedy deletion. Alternatively, you can indicate here which file should be deleted. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:05, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

== Rannsóknir og menntun á sjávarheilsu-NET ==
Who is the author of [[User:Saltrabook/Rannsóknir og menntun á sjávarheilsu-NET]]? Are you (Olaf Jensen?) the author of the text in the page, which is apparently in Icelandic? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:13, 2 October 2025 (UTC)

:Im not the author od an Icelandic text. [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 17:56, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
::Please delete it [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 19:57, 21 October 2025 (UTC)
::: I deleted the Icelandic text. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:14, 3 November 2025 (UTC)

== Possible copyright violation ==
I now found this: [[Commons: Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_uploaded_by_Saltrabook]]. There it says 'imagevios again, false &quot;own source&quot; claims'. And I see fairly many of your images on Commons have been deleted, as per your user talk page there.

This suggests an inquiry into to what extent some of the text you have been entering into Wikiversity could be copyright violation as well. Quick Google web search does not suggests as much. I don't know how else to check.

One red flag is that you used this account (Saltrabook) to enter Icelandic page (above) of which, unless you speak Icelandic, you could not have been the author. (You could have employed a translator of text of which you are the author. I am not clear how this is to be handled.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:26, 2 October 2025 (UTC)

:Please take it away [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 19:58, 21 October 2025 (UTC)
:: As a follow-up on the above &quot;Im not the author od an Icelandic text. Saltrabook (discusión • contribs.) 17:56, 20 October 2025 (UTC) [...] Please delete it Saltrabook (discusión • contribs.) 19:57, 21 October 2025 (UTC)&quot;:

:: As for the pages that you have uploaded/inserted into the English Wikiversity over the years: for which of them you ''are not'' the author and the author ''has not'' released the content under a license compatible with CC-BY-SA/Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike? I propose you provide as complete a list as possible so that I can discharge/meet my curator duties and ensure no copyright violation takes place in the English Wikiversity, to the best of our knowledge. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:09, 3 November 2025 (UTC)

== Babel 2 ==
You told us that you are a native Danish speaker. What other languages do you speak and approximately at what level? English? Spanish? Anything else? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:54, 2 October 2025 (UTC)

:English and Spanish are my other languages, with levels as a professional writer. [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 17:54, 20 October 2025 (UTC)

== RfD on IMHA Research Archives ==
FYI, I opened [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion#IMHA Research Archives]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:40, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

== Copyrighted definition ==
[[Maritime Medical Colloquia Programs]] contains a copyrighted definition of colloquium from M-W. My copyright understanding is that dictionary definitions in general often provide enough originality that they are protected by copyright. In any case, using someone's ideas without attribution is plagiarism, regardless of the copyright violation concern (although here it is perhaps implied that you are quoting the definition from somewhere, without stating from where). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:00, 9 November 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>813r5zssgk4sa7rrqcqfgsh191vp98p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811248</id>
      <parentid>2811247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T12:49:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saltrabook</username>
        <id>1417466</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Revision of the ILO Guidelines for medical examinations of seafarers Part I */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>2811248</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="73111" sha1="oz8bphbiu8upnehjm7l747v7ln7rzwn" xml:space="preserve">{{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
'''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] Saltrabook!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:Insert-signature.png]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity.
MUCHAS GRcias--IMHAR 13:30, 23 May 2019 (UTC)
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You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:52, 12 February 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
{{Robelbox/close}}

== Bold links ==

When creating bold links, please use &lt;nowiki&gt;'''[[title]]'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; rather than &lt;nowiki&gt;[['''title''']]&lt;/nowiki&gt;. I've corrected the page and link to [[Research Protocol/'''Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo''']]. Let me know if you have any questions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:17, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

== Missing License Information ==

Thank you for uploading files to Wikiversity. See [[Wikiversity:Media]] for copyright and license requirements for Wikiversity files. All files must have copyright and/or license information added to the file.

Instructions for adding copyright and/or license information are available at [[Wikiversity:License tags]]. Files must be updated within seven days or they may be removed without further notice.

The following files are missing copyright and/or license information:


[[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 20:24, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

== Learning from research ==

Hi! I noticed you recently created four pages on learning from research. What learning project are these pages associated with? -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:38, 17 October 2016 (UTC)
Hi Dave, than you for your question. These are part of the Wikiversity: International Maritime Health - Research the objective to establish better and more maritime health research and knowledge to the benfit of seafarers globally--IMHAR 14:01, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

:If you accidentally create a page you don't intend to use, you can add {{tlx|Delete|Author request}} at the top of the page and someone will clean it up for you. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 17:57, 17 October 2016 (UTC) 

::Thank you very much, Dave, I will have a look and see if this was wrong, it was not created accidentally, but to save space I will reorganise the things, I thank you again --IMHAR 18:10, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

:::There were four separate pages created by themselves, not part of the IMHA learning project. See [[Special:DeletedContributions/Saltrabook]] for the titles. Nothing linked to them. If they should be restored, please let me know where they belong. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 19:43, 17 October 2016 (UTC)
Thanks David, ok, now i will follow the instructions and delete the files not in use any longer--IMHAR 09:42, 18 October 2016 (UTC)

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===References===
{{reflist}}

== Module Book for Occupational Medicine at the University of Panamá ==

Hi Saltrabook!

Your resource [[Module Book for Occupational Medicine at the University of Panamá]] appears well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 16:45, 11 June 2017 (UTC)

Hi Marshallsumter,
Yes Im grateful to your proposal
thank you very much,
 --IMHAR 10:07, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

== Revista Panameňa de Salud Publica, Ocupacional y Ambiental ==

Since this is the English Wikiversity, we need main pages to be in English. Subpages might be in another language to help users learn that language, or to provide multiple languages for a given resource. But if your content is primarily Spanish and for a Spanish audience, perhaps [[es:|Wikiversidad]] would be a better place for this resource. Let me know if you have any questions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 21:25, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

:Thank you very much, can you help me to transfer the page or should I just move the content --IMHAR 21:34, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

::I don't have any direct way to move the content. We can import content, but not export, and there's no quick way I know of to move content between languages. You could try asking at [[es:|Wikiversidad]] and see if they have a way to import from en:Wikiversity. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 21:41, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

I've moved these pages to your user space at [[User:Saltrabook/Revista Panameňa de Salud Publica, Ocupacional y Ambiental]]. [[es:|Wikiversidad]] would likely be be a better place for this content. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:53, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Hello, we have changed name of the revista, please delete the pages named Revista Panameňa de Salud Publica, Ocupacional y Ambiental 
Thank you very much
--IMHAR 16:25, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

:Hello, if you are the sole author of a mainspace page or if you would like a userpage deleted you can simply add '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{delete|author request}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. 
:Also, I note that you have created pages such as [[Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Programa para la Residencia en Medicina del Trabajo y Ambiental 36 meses]] which contains content in English, but the title is not. As noted above this is the English Wikiversity and most page titles should be translated. Also the names of these pages are rather long. You might want to consider shorter titles and then define the contents in the introductory paragraph. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 22:52, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

== Education and Research in Occupational Medicine ==


Hi Saltrabook!

Your medicine resource [[Education and Research in Occupational Medicine]] appears to be ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced in our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 21:19, 30 October 2017 (UTC)


Hi Marshallsumter,
at the moment I am still adding important paragraphs and editing the text so please let’s wait, 
BR
Saltrabook

== IMHA-Research self-rated health risk factors at sea - multicenter project ==

Hi Saltrabook!

Your resource [[IMHA-Research self-rated health risk factors at sea - multicenter project]] appears well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 23:50, 26 February 2018 (UTC)


Hi Marshallsumter
Thanks that would be fine
Thanks
--IMHAR 21:34, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Hi Marshallsumter,
We have moved these pages to other sites, please delete the pages with IMHA research , thank you very much
--IMHAR 16:23, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

== Preventive Health Science ==

This resource and subpages need to be translated to English to remain here at the English Wikiversity. It seems your audience is primarily Spanish-speaking. Have you considered creating this content at es.wikiversity and just redirecting to that from here? -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:58, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

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== OHS International Networking ==
Hi Marshallsumter, Thanks a lot for the inspiration, YES please announce it on the Main Page News
Thank you very much
--IMHAR 13:12, 17 October 2018 (UTC)
Hi Saltrabook!

Your resource [[OHS International Networking]] appears to be well-developed and ready for learners and participants! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 12:04, 17 September 2018 (UTC)

thank you so much, yes this would be great --IMHAR 01:25, 26 September 2018 (UTC)

== Occupational Epidemiology ==

Hi Saltrabook!

Your medical resource [[Occupational Epidemiology]] appears to be well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 03:01, 18 January 2019 (UTC)

Hi, M 
yes sure thank you very much for your great great help, please announce it on the main pages
--IMHAR 03:10, 18 January 2019 (UTC)

== Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá ==

Hi Saltrabook!

Your resource [[Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá]] appears well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 14:53, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

Hi, Marshallsumter, yes please announce it on our Main Page News, thats great, 
thank you very much
--[[Special:Contributions/190.218.214.124|190.218.214.124]] ([[User talk:190.218.214.124|discuss]]) 14:56, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

== Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá ==
As noted above under Revista Panameňa de Salud Publica, Ocupacional y Ambiental, this is the English Wikiversity. Titles and content need to be in English. Based on your usage, it would appear that [[:es:Portada|Wikiversidad]] would be a better place for your resources.

In the mean time, the pages of this project have been moved to your user space at [[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá]]. Let me know if you have any questions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:31, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

== Occupational Health Risk Surveillance ==

Hi Saltrabook!

Your resource [[Occupational Health Risk Surveillance]] appears to be well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 19:57, 20 August 2019 (UTC)
Thank you very much, Marshallsumter, this is excellent, please announce it on the Main Page News --[[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 13:02, 21 August 2019 (UTC)

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Sincerely,
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== Non-English Content ==

As mentioned above several times, this is the English Wikiversity. Content in other languages is hosted only for the purpose of English speakers learning that language. Your continued use of Wikiversity to host Spanish resources is not consistent with the Wikimedia structuring of wiki projects by language. 

All of the non-English pages in [[Special:PrefixIndex/User:Saltrabook/|your user space]] need to be moved to [[es:Wikiversidad]] or another hosting site. We are willing to give you time to move the pages, and also willing to use [[Wikiversity:Bots]] to help move the pages, if possible. But continued use of the English Wikiversity for non-English content must stop.
As page creation of non-English content has been increasing, your account is temporarily blocked from creating new pages. Please let us know what assistance you need in getting started with moving this content to Wikiversidad or another hosting site. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 04:39, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
:Going to respond here as it makes most sense, I noticed your requests at various locations also, just so you understand any request regarding blocks made here will be seen no need to do it everywhere. Anyway, a way forward. From my understanding you are wanting to develop pages for medical students in Latin America, I would ask on this though why do that on English Wikiversity? Personally I can see some sense in it but it has to be done the right way. I live in Brasil, so the language at home is Portuguese, I get the need for translations for Latin Americans, English is for better or worse the language of science these days, its not fair to non english speaking countries but it is what it is. Although the majority of countries in South America speak spanish they do not all speak spanish. Hence having pages in english made friendly to non english speakers, with a focus on Latin American languages would be helpful, but as {{ping|Dave Braunschweig}} has said they must be written in english first. If however your only going to focus on spanish, then you may be better off hosting this on the [[es:Wikiversidad]] as was suggested and provide english help there for this. But I think if you can do for example Spanish, Portuguese and French, ie covering all Latin America then basing it on the English Wikiversity with translation help for the Latin Americans could make sense. I think you need to think this through on exactly how you want to present it. Its a good idea, all Latin American scientists need english these days and for that I know from experience they need help. I am happy to advise on this idea, but we have to ensure this is the appropriate venue and that will depend on how you do it. Respond on your talk page with this, you can always use the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; template to alert others if you need comments it is used this way as I did above to ping Dave &lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|Dave Braunschweig}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, also make sure you make sections when adding text with &lt;nowiki&gt;==title==&lt;/nowiki&gt; when adding comments to talk pages. New comments should always go to the bottom of the page in general. Cheers [[User:Faendalimas|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #004730&quot;&gt;Scott Thomson&lt;/span&gt;]] (&lt;small class=&quot;nickname&quot;&gt;Faendalimas&lt;/small&gt;) &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Faendalimas|&lt;span style=&quot;color: maroon&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:06, 25 December 2019 (UTC)

I agree to follow the rules, but cannot change much with a blocked account, so I need to be unblocked --[[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 00:49, 26 December 2019 (UTC) please inform when this is done, thanks

:The original proposal was to move the Spanish content to es:Wikiversidad. That could have been completed in a day. Your counter-proposal is to add English content for all existing Spanish content. What is the plan and timeline for accomplishing this? It's not just a matter of &quot;follow the rules&quot;. We need a plan for cleaning up before new content is created. Please describe the plan. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:31, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

Ok, my plan is to establish bilingual English/Spanish for two pages before Jan 10:  
1) Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá --&gt; es:Wikiversidad : Departamento de las Ciencias de la Salud Ocupacional y Ambiental, Universidad de Panamá 
2) Ongoing Research Projects --  es:Wikiversidad: Proyectos de Investigación en Curso  
But I need help to establish the switch in the &quot;Languages&quot; , is that possible? 
Thanks --[[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 13:53, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

:Please clarify the approach. Are you going to use es:Wikiversidad for Spanish content, or are you going to use {{tlx|Translations}} for multilingual content on the English Wikiversity? If you want the Spanish pages moved to es:Wikiversidad, we can do that by bot and be done within a week. If you want to create local translations, we need English titles for all current Spanish pages so that the appropriate Translations structure can be created. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:02, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

:To clarify the approach. Im going to use {{tlx|Translations}} for multilingual content on the English Wikiversity to Spanish Wikiversidad --[[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 16:06, 26 December 2019 (UTC)
English titles for all current Spanish pages: and vice versa 
1. The existing en.wikiversity  Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Saltrabook/Department_of_Occupational_and_Environmental_Health_Sciences,_University_of_Panam%C3%A1
should be possible to switch in multilengua to the (new) es.wikversity Departamento de las Ciencias de la Salud Ocupacional y Ambiental, Universidad de Panamá
2. The existing en.wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Saltrabook/Department_of_Occupational_and_Environmental_Health_Sciences,_University_of_Panam%C3%A1/ Ongoing Research Projects should be possible to switch in multilengua to : es.wikversity:   Proyectos_de_investigación

Translations in &quot;Proyectos de Investigación&quot; from Spanish to English titles: 
Investigaciones en progreso:
1 Análisis de los datos clínicos relacionados con el trabajo en diferentes especialidades
2 Análisis prospectivo de los datos clínicos relacionados con el trabajo
3 Análisis de los datos clínicos relacionados con el trabajo en medicina familiar CP
4 Epidemiología de los trastornos músculo-esqueléticos de origen ocupacional
5 Análisis de los datos clínicos relacionados con el trabajo en ULAPS de Vacamonte
6 Nivel de conocimiento sobre Salud ocupacional en pescadores de Puerto Vacamonte
7 Estudio epidemiológico de los riesgos profesionales en la pesca en Puerto Vacamonte
8 Un estudio de revisión de la relación entre la salud mental y las enfermedades
ACTAS DE REUNIONES

Research in progress:
1 Analysis of clinical data related to work in different specialties
2 Prospective analysis of work-related clinical data
3 Analysis of clinical data related to work in family medicine CP
4 Epidemiology of musculoskeletal disorders of occupational origin
5 Analysis of clinical data related to work at ULAPS in Vacamonte
6 Level of knowledge about Occupational Health in fishermen of Puerto Vacamonte
7 Epidemiological study of professional risks in fishing in Puerto Vacamonte
8 A review study of the relationship between mental health and other diseases
MINUTES OF MEETINGS

== Ramazzinni Center ==

You created three pages recently on the same subject. Which of the following is the correct page?
* [[Ramazzinni Center]]
* [[Ramazzini Center]]
* [[Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Ramazzinni Center]]
[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:57, 26 March 2020 (UTC)
* [[Ramazzini Center]] is the right one, thanks very much --[[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 11:54, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

== Non-English Content Continued ==

As noted above for three years now, this is the English Wikiversity. Content here must be in English unless you are either teaching English learners another language or you are using {{tlx|translations}} and subpages to provide translations of English content. You agreed to use {{tlx|translations}} at [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ASaltrabook&amp;type=revision&amp;diff=2111914&amp;oldid=2111910]. You confirmed your understanding of using subpages at [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Saltrabook/Ranns%C3%B3knir_og_menntun_%C3%A1_sj%C3%A1varheilsu-NET&amp;oldid=2204528]. Since then, you have created four non-English main pages here. What assistance do you need? Is there someone else in your organization we can work with to create a structure that you can follow? -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:54, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

:Please see [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET&amp;type=revision&amp;diff=2207097&amp;oldid=2207082], [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/tl&amp;curid=267931&amp;diff=2207109&amp;oldid=2207107], etc. This is the only way you can have translation pages at Wikiversity. Any other approach will be deleted. I appreciate you using Wikiversity to share information, but the usage has to be without causing disruption and constant maintenance efforts for others. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:55, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

== Occupational Health Research Methodology ==

Wikiversity is not a degree (or certificate)-granting institution and content may not be promoted as such. This resource has been moved to [[Occupational Health Research Methodology]] and the certificate content removed. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:03, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Thank you, agree,

== You have been given the Wikiversitian Award! ==

[[File: Wikiversity-logo.svg|thumb|left|124px]] May I present the Wikiversitian Award to this editor due to the fact that they have been an exceedingly outstanding contributor here. Believing they are an editor who has a huge level of competence, I decided to present this award to them for making Wikiversity the community it is meant to be. I wish this editor good luck with all their future endeavors.

[[Category:Award templates]] --[[User:IamTheAstronomer|IamTheAstronomer]] [[User talk:IamTheAstronomer|Talk]] 17:29, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

:Thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 13:31, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

Thank you, I'm really honored and grateful to be here, thanks to all wonderful contributors in the marvelous Wiki-world. Saltrabook

You are believably welcome. But when you add your name or initials, type four tildes (~) and then your username, talk page and the date will be visible when your message is published. Regards, --[[User:IamTheAstronomer|IamTheAstronomer]] [[User talk:IamTheAstronomer|Talk]] 21:51, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

You might like to [[WV:RfA|request for custodianship]] because I can see that you’ve been here for about 4 years. You might want to read our [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodianship policy]] before you do. --[[User:IamTheAstronomer|IamTheAstronomer]] [[User talk:IamTheAstronomer|Talk]] 21:58, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

== Society for Health Research Education  has been moved ==

I moved it to your userspace.  It looked like a good page, but we can't have blanked pages in mainspace. By all means, leave a message at [[User talk:Guy vandegrift]] if you want it moved back.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 05:55, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

{{Robelbox|theme=8|title=Removal of a project from mainspace|width=100%}}
To {{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}:

The project '''[[Society for Health Research Education]]''' has been moved to '''[[User:Saltrabook/Society for Health Research Education]]'''  
 

Yours truly, --[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 05:48, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

{{Robelbox/close}}

:Thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 07:28, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
:Thank you, good [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 17:04, 17 January 2023 (UTC)
:Thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 20:34, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

== [[Spanish version]] may need renaming ==

Hello, please consider renaming this page, it is too vague, the title is not specific. You may want to read [[Wikiversity:Naming conventions]] to know more about our guidelines. Thank you for your attention. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:14, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

== Your recent page moves are reverted due to ambiguity ==

Hello, I have seen your page moves removing prefixes and making the title ambiguate. The standard practice on Wikiversity is for projects to be organized hierarchically. Your page moves were beyond this practice, and the new titles had no specifity. Therefore, I reverted your page moves, and the contents are now available at [[The Maritime Diabetes-2 &amp; Hypertension Intervention study/Invitation to participate]] and [[The Maritime Diabetes-2 &amp; Hypertension Intervention study/Contents of the 16 weeks coaching]]. In future, please avoid page moves like these. Thank you for reading this message. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:51, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
== Files Missing Information ==
Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information.
{{colbegin|3}}
* [[:File:Ficha 202306 E-8-105150.pdf]]
{{colend}}
[[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 15:41, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

== Organizing your contributions ==
Hi! I am a custodian on Wikipedia and have noticed you articles. They are outside my field of expertise, but they look well-written.  But it would help if some of the titles were changed.  '''Is it correct to say that all of your articles involve maritime health?'''  Although Wikiversity does not officially allow people to &quot;own&quot; a top page in namespace, it is likely that you will be able to unofficially &quot;own&quot; [[Maritime health]], and all its subpages, i.e., [[Maritime health/X]], where X can be any name you choose.

Once we have a name, I can help you move your pages.  I move lots of pages and do it almost effortlessly. Your truly. [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 20:25, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
: ({{ping|Guy vandegrift}} Corrections) &quot;Custodian on Wikipedia&quot; -&gt; &quot;Custodian on Wikiversity&quot;. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:58, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
: (Examples of your creations needing renaming) [[DRAFT ARTICLE]] (not specific and full caps), [[CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] (needs more specificity and full caps). Full caps is shouting, you need to avoid this. Please see [[Wikiversity_talk:Naming_conventions#Full_capitalization]] for related discussions. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:01, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
::{{ping|Saltrabook}} '''Please respond!''' (and I am a Custodian on Wikiversity not Wikipedia.) [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:20, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
::&lt;small&gt;Yes, [[DRAFT ARTICLE]] and [[CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] has suspect titles, to say the least. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:22, 25 February 2024 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;
:::Thank you very much Dan Polansky. I overlooked the Wikiversity pages for the research '''aimed to early identification of pre-diabetes and early prevention''' under The &quot;Maritime_Health Research and Education-Net and found that there is a clear organisation under &quot;The International Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Research Group&quot; including:
:::# The European style Research protocol draft
:::# The Pan-American-Health Organisation (PAHO) special demands for a research protocol 
:::# A draft article for the international community of Diabetes Mellitus prevention
:::# The draft 16 Weeks coaching program in development
:::I would be greatful if you can advice a better organisation 
:::With respect and gratefulness.
:::Thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 20:32, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
:::: Before we move further, would you be willing to add Babel information to your user page? There is {{tlx|Babel}} for that; example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Babel|fr|en-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;; and there is also new builtin for that, e.g. &lt;nowiki&gt;{{#babel: de|en-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; This would help signal whether the reader should take additional care and effort to try to interpret your postings. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:27, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::thank you, this is fine, the overall title for the whole thing, is (not only maritime) but &quot;Pre-diabetes diagnosis and remission&quot; [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 13:48, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
::::::I will create a list of your pages on [[Pre-diabetes diagnosis and remission]].  When I am finished, please look at it and tell me if I have missed any pages. [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 15:37, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::::[[I also had to block you from making more pages.  Are you using a translating app to copy these pages from a articles in a different language? [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 15:56, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
::::::::no i use the translation possibility in Wikiversity [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:39, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
:::::::thank you, looking forward to see your results - we write in English, but international and need to translate to Spanish [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 19:32, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 19:32, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Thank you Guy, yes, please create a list of the mentioned files under the main title: Pre-diabetes diagnosis and remission, is exactly what it is about, hope to help people with early diagnosis and intervention in the stage of prediabetes, not to wait till T2D has been developed. [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:51, 4 March 2024 (UTC)


==Babel==
Would you be interested in adding {{tlx|Babel}} to your user page? It is not mandatory but is useful. Alternatively, you could use a builtin function. I use this: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{#babel: cs|en-3|de-2|sk-1|ru-1}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:44, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you Dan Polansky, we are mainly French, English and Spanish, and i would like to add Babel, that seems to be very useful, thanks a lot [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
:: I can add Babel markup to your user page if you wish, but you would need to tell me at least your mother tongue and your English level. For that, I need to know ''your'' information, not the information of your group (above, you say &quot;we&quot;). Disclaimer: I know of no obligation for you to disclose this information. In [[User talk:Guy vandegrift#Dear Prof. Guy_Vandegrift]], you identified yourself as &quot;Dr. Olaf Jensen, prof. emer. University of Southern Denmark&quot; and you gave your email, so my guess is that your native tongue is Danish. Given this information, here would be your Wikidata item: [[Wikidata:Q40766475|Olaf C. Jensen]]. If you want to keep this information private, I will remove this post and you may ask an administrator/custodian to hide the edits in this post and also in [[User talk:Guy vandegrift#Dear Prof. Guy Vandegrift]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:51, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
:::Dan Polansky, please add Babel, thank you [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:32, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
:::: It seems the following [[Special:Diff/2610787]] was intended to be posted here:
:::: &quot;correct, Danish mother language, med dr. specialist dr. in occupational medicine and 32 years in maritime pub.health occupational medical research in the University Southern Denmark, latest 18 year mainly living in Panama working with Spanish speaking people. I started the Occupational Medical Wikibook, now finished, 10 years ago to fill out the lack of occupational medicine textbook in Panama. Would be grateful if I could have access to the blocked pages on &quot;Prediabetes remission&quot; then i would locate them all in the new space, have no personal things to hide, my name is not to hide. Thank you for all your help&quot;.
:::: I will add Babel later. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 19:48, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

==Do multiple people use Saltrabook account in Wikiversity?==
This question seems to lack clarity. Would you care to clarify? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:49, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

:Never,  i am the only one in our group (MAHRE-Net) who use the Wikiversity and Wikipedia. The others in our group are not writers, but mainly clinical doctors with interest in research and education. [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:44, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

== We have two problems with your pages ==

=====First problem=====
*You have too many pages. See '''[[User:Saltrabook]]'''
=====Second problem=====
*Many of your pages are almost empty:
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Proyectos de investigación/Relación entre el padecimiento del paciente y sus factores de riesgos ocupacionales/Reuniones en el proyecto]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Ongoing projects/Mental Health in Seafaring/Minutes from meetings]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Programa para la formación de homologación 18 meses/Project meetings 18 meses]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Proyectos de investigación/Un caso-clinico con un paciente medico laboral/Reuniones del proyecto de investigación]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Proyectos de investigación/Un estudio de revisión de la relación entre la salud mental y las enfermedades/Reuniones en el proyecto]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Programa para la formación de homologación 18 meses/Otra formacion obligatoria/Toxicology and hygiene risk assessment and prevention - open here]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Panamá/Programa para la Residencia en Medicina del Trabajo y Ambiental 36 meses/Certificación de finalización de la educación.]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Students Research Projects/Students thesis supervision/Introduction on how to create new scientific knowledge/Zoom meetings]]

=====Third problem=====
*It looks like you already started a book at [[Wikibooks:Occupational Medicine Textbook-Wiki]]

--If you could put all your work on one long page, that might be OK.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 04:11, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
: I do not see how a single editor having created too many pages should be a problem per se, as long as they contribute within the scope of Wikiversity, do not violate copyright, etc.; is there a policy I have overlooked? I created 179 pages in Wikiversity[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/en.wikiversity.org/Dan_Polansky] and I hope they are not going to be deleted or moved as &quot;too many&quot;.
: For reference:
:* Saltrabook created over 790 pages that are now in Wikiversity mainspace per https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/en.wikiversity.org/Saltrabook, of which 252 were deleted.
:* Saltrabook created over 309 pages that are now in Wikiversity userspace per https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/en.wikiversity.org/Saltrabook/2.
: Sure enough, some of the pages created by Saltrabook raise questions. For one thing, it is not clear why anyone would create pages named like [[INVITATIONS TO SEAFARERS AND THE MARITIME MEDICAL CLINICS]]. And those that are nearly empty should probably be deleted or the purpose explained. But even so, one should perhaps be hesitant before one starts moving pages to user space (especially when not nearly empty), and ideally use a common process such as [[WV:Requests for deletion]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:47, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

== A place for your pages ==

Your project is now at '''[[User:Saltrabook]]'''

At the moment you have four blank pages. I will be happy to change the pagename when they are full.  Try to have longer pages because too many pages on one project disrupts Wikiversity.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:47, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
{{colbegin}}
#[[User:Saltrabook/empty page-1]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/empty page-2]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/empty-page 3]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/empty-page 4]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/empty-page 5]]
#[[User:Saltrabook/sandbox]]
{{colend}}
*After you fill these pages, you may request a pagename change at '''[[User talk:Saltrabook/Pagename requests]]'''
[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:47, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you, i will start with one: Prediabetes remission by coach supported lifestyle intervention [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 17:42, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

{{ping|Saltrabook}} Is this what you are looking for?
*[[Maritime Health Research and Education-NET]]
*[[Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Organisation]]
*[[Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/The International Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Research Group/Learning from Interventions in non-maritime workplaces]]

You have to understand that you are creating pages at a rate that no human could write.  You have to be using a translation software, or copying from  material already published.  You have completely overwhelmed our wiki! Using Google, I searched the internet and found something I put in your empty page #5:

*''See [[User:Saltrabook/empty-page 5]]''

--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 02:01, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

:No, these pages are in use:
:@Saltrabook: Is this what you are looking for?
:Maritime Health Research and Education-NET
:Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Organisation
:Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/The International Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Research Group/Learning from Interventions in non-maritime workplaces [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 19:28, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

== Remove your dl-author templates ==

DO NOT ADD {{tl|db-author}} TEMPLATES TO YOUR PAGES. They are DELETION requests!!!! [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 21:00, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

:i know, these pages are not in use, and should be deleted no to take space as i was asked to reduce [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 23:52, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
: Please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines#shouting]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:04, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
::Sorry, I wasn't really shouting at the user.  I was afraid his pages would get deleted and I would have to undelete them.  I was shouting because we needed to act fast, not in anger.  But I did break the rules.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:48, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Saltrabook}} I will unblock you, now that we are in communication.  But my plan was to let you overwrite those pages and I would change the names for you.  After I unblock you and take a break for an hour or so, we can coordinate how we will do this.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:51, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
:::: Can you explain why you are giving a complete unblock instead of restoring previous block settings? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:56, 19 March 2024 (UTC)--Short answer: Because I had trouble restoring, so instead I completely unblocked and then partially blocked.  See next section.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 02:16, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

==You are unblocked from editing and changing the names of pages==
{{ping|Saltrabook}} Your pagecount is at the limit of what we can process. I don't know how you can write pages so quickly, and I am not qualified to judge the merit of your pages.  I also am not the sole judge of where your pages can be located on Wikiversity (or whether they can be allowed at all.)  My guess is that they are OK as subpages of [[User:Saltrabook]], and also that this is the only place where they can be.  But the number of pages you create need to be controlled, at least for now. ... I believe you can now change the names of your pages.  If not, let us know and we can fix that. If you want a panel of judges to decide whether to move your pages to what we call namespace, let me know.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 02:16, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you very much for your time, great help, advice and patience. I think you help lots of people globally. Wikiversity and Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Commons is of great help for my teaching pub-health research methods and for preparing several (n=5 since 2021) international papers . Now a new, and comprehensive paper on the methods for &quot;Remission of pre-diabetes&quot; also as first author, is in review in an international publication. I have to be better to &quot;clean-up&quot; of texts that are not in use any longer, thanks for the advice for that also. [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 15:11, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

{{ping|MathXplore}} (1) Can you verify that Saltrabook is now able to move pages? (2) what do you think of my plan to let Saltrabook work freely in userspace with the condition that no more pages are created? -- I'm sort of improvising here--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 02:16, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
: Generally, prohibiting page creations and allowing page moves are not compatibile. This is because page moves will lead to redirect creations (without supress-redirect). As long as the user is not allowed to make pages, they will have to ask others to move pages. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:00, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
: (Endorsement of current block settings) I have no compelling objections to the plan. Therefore, I have nothing to do with it, and I have no plan to change them after CFC closure. As general reminder to everyone, any custodian (or maybe global sysops or stewards) who is going to change account settings should provide a reasonable explanation and may want to discuss with the community before any action. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:05, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
::Where would I post the &quot;reasonable explanation&quot;? Is filling out the edit-description section at the bottom sufficient?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 03:50, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
::agree, [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 15:16, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

==Here is your new page==
*[[User:Saltrabook/Prediabetes Remission-Net]] 
--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 21:00, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you very very much, excellent [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 00:40, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

== IMHA Research Archives and its subpages ==
Page [[IMHA Research Archives]] was deleted in 2019 with the rationale &quot;author's request&quot;. It seems you could have been the author. The page has fairly many subpages, currently listed at [[IMHA Research Archives]]. For some of the subpages, you are the author. For other subpages, [[User:IMHAR]] is the author.

For ease of reference, current logs of [[IMHA Research Archives]]:
&lt;pre&gt;
05:58, 11 October 2024 Dan Polansky discuss contribs created page IMHA Research Archives (create subpages list, as long as subpages exist; if the author (who?) wants to have the page and all the subpages deleted, that would be another matter, but the subpages were not deleted yet)
17:16, 10 February 2019 Marshallsumter discuss contribs deleted page IMHA Research Archives (content was: &quot;{{Delete|Author request}} Thanks! -&quot;) (thank)
22:45, 30 March 2017 Saltrabook discuss contribs deleted redirect IMHA Research Archives by overwriting (Borrada para permitir el traslado de &quot;IMHA Research Database&quot;) (thank)
22:44, 30 March 2017 Saltrabook discuss contribs moved page IMHA Research Archives to IMHA Research Database (thank)
&lt;/pre&gt;

[[IMHA Research Database]], referenced in the logs, was deleted in 2019 and has no subpages.

Questions:
* Key: Could it be that you want to have the page and all the subpages deleted for some reason?
* Key: As an alternative to deletion (deletion does not preserve database space anyway), should I feel free to move the pages to your userspace, making them all start with &quot;User:Saltrabook/&quot;?
* Secondary: [[User:IMHAR]] created some of the subpages; was that someone who has worked with you as part of the same project?
* Secondary: [[User:Gladyseliza15]] created [[IMHA Research Archives/GlobalSeaHealth GSH]]; was that someone in your project?

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:50, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

{{ping|Saltrabook}} For the [[IMHA Research Archives]] and its sub-pages, please indicate your preference:
# Delete
# Keep
# Move to your user space: [[User:Saltrabook/IMHA Research Archives]]

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 22:03, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

:Please Delete the IMHA Res Arch  Saltrabook [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 12:49, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Revision of the ILO Guidelines for medical examinations of seafarers Part I]] ==

Hi Saltrabook. [[Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/The International Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Research Group/Revision of the ILO Guidelines for medical examinations of seafarers Part I]] was nominated for speedy deletion because it seems to be almost identical to [[Revision of the ILO Guidelines for medical examinations of seafarers Part I]], but I notice that there are certain sections on the latter page that aren't in the former (the &quot;[[Revision_of_the_ILO_Guidelines_for_medical_examinations_of_seafarers_Part_I#Seafarers|Seafarers]]&quot; section for example), so I've gone ahead and moved the lone page under your userspace so that you are able to handle it in any way you'd like to. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:54, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

:thank you very much [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 17:23, 16 November 2024 (UTC)
:Please delete [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 12:49, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== Nearly empty page to be deleted ==
I plan to delete the following page you created:
* [[Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/EDUCATION/Fisherman's school Faroe islands 2020/21 health questionnaire GHQ12 study/Zoom meetings]]
Its content is &quot;Oct 19 2020&quot; and that's it.

What was the purpose of the page? Do you mind me deleting the page? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:31, 18 March 2025 (UTC)
: I deleted the page. It seems very unlikely that it will be missed. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:28, 2 September 2025 (UTC)
:Please delete it [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 19:56, 21 October 2025 (UTC)

== Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo ==
I am looking at [[IMHA Research Archives/Research Projects/Research Protocol/Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo]], which you created (I moved the page there from [[Research Protocol/Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo]]). An English translation could perhaps be National Network for Research on Health Work (I used Gemini and tweaked the result).

It seems to indicate that &quot;Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo&quot; is &quot;a not-for-profit network of health researchers&quot;.

Some questions:
# Does that network exist outside of the English Wikiversity?
# Are there any web pages about that network outside of the English Wikiversity?
# Why should the page be a subpage of &quot;Research Protocol&quot;? Since, it is not related to the topic of research protocol?
# The page states 4 objectives of the putative network and that's it. It does not seem useful for anything. Do you object to me deleting the page or moving it to user space?
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:46, 2 October 2025 (UTC)

:Please delete [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 19:55, 21 October 2025 (UTC)

Overcoming my hesitation, I went ahead and moved the page to [[User:Saltrabook/Red Nacional Investigacion Salud Trabajo]]. It can be moved back upon your request if you explain what you need the page for. The page was created in 2016 and the last edit before mine were from 2016 as well. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:11, 2 October 2025 (UTC)

:Please correct it [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 17:57, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
:: What do you mean by &quot;correct it&quot;? What am I supposed to do? Delete something? Move something? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:11, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
:: You can tag any file intended for deletion using {{tl|Delete}} template: that is for speedy deletion. Alternatively, you can indicate here which file should be deleted. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:05, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

== Rannsóknir og menntun á sjávarheilsu-NET ==
Who is the author of [[User:Saltrabook/Rannsóknir og menntun á sjávarheilsu-NET]]? Are you (Olaf Jensen?) the author of the text in the page, which is apparently in Icelandic? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:13, 2 October 2025 (UTC)

:Im not the author od an Icelandic text. [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 17:56, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
::Please delete it [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 19:57, 21 October 2025 (UTC)
::: I deleted the Icelandic text. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:14, 3 November 2025 (UTC)

== Possible copyright violation ==
I now found this: [[Commons: Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_uploaded_by_Saltrabook]]. There it says 'imagevios again, false &quot;own source&quot; claims'. And I see fairly many of your images on Commons have been deleted, as per your user talk page there.

This suggests an inquiry into to what extent some of the text you have been entering into Wikiversity could be copyright violation as well. Quick Google web search does not suggests as much. I don't know how else to check.

One red flag is that you used this account (Saltrabook) to enter Icelandic page (above) of which, unless you speak Icelandic, you could not have been the author. (You could have employed a translator of text of which you are the author. I am not clear how this is to be handled.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:26, 2 October 2025 (UTC)

:Please take it away [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 19:58, 21 October 2025 (UTC)
:: As a follow-up on the above &quot;Im not the author od an Icelandic text. Saltrabook (discusión • contribs.) 17:56, 20 October 2025 (UTC) [...] Please delete it Saltrabook (discusión • contribs.) 19:57, 21 October 2025 (UTC)&quot;:

:: As for the pages that you have uploaded/inserted into the English Wikiversity over the years: for which of them you ''are not'' the author and the author ''has not'' released the content under a license compatible with CC-BY-SA/Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike? I propose you provide as complete a list as possible so that I can discharge/meet my curator duties and ensure no copyright violation takes place in the English Wikiversity, to the best of our knowledge. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:09, 3 November 2025 (UTC)

== Babel 2 ==
You told us that you are a native Danish speaker. What other languages do you speak and approximately at what level? English? Spanish? Anything else? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:54, 2 October 2025 (UTC)

:English and Spanish are my other languages, with levels as a professional writer. [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs.]]) 17:54, 20 October 2025 (UTC)

== RfD on IMHA Research Archives ==
FYI, I opened [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion#IMHA Research Archives]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:40, 9 November 2025 (UTC)

== Copyrighted definition ==
[[Maritime Medical Colloquia Programs]] contains a copyrighted definition of colloquium from M-W. My copyright understanding is that dictionary definitions in general often provide enough originality that they are protected by copyright. In any case, using someone's ideas without attribution is plagiarism, regardless of the copyright violation concern (although here it is perhaps implied that you are quoting the definition from somewhere, without stating from where). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:00, 9 November 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>oz8bphbiu8upnehjm7l747v7ln7rzwn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Algebra 1/Unit 1: Introduction To Algebra</title>
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      <text bytes="22139" sha1="7k9r3xutdu6xhpdhj3h7ccm6x0uu0gv" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Quadratic formula.svg|thumb|right|An example of a Algebra formula (quadratic formula)]]
{{mathematics}}
{{secondary education}}
{{lesson}}
{{complete}}

'''Algebra''' (from the Arabic word &quot;al-jabr&quot; (الجبر), meaning &quot;reunion of broken parts&quot;) can feel like quite a complicated language of mathematics. However, as time goes on, completing Algebra will get easier and easier until it's a breeze. Completing Algebra takes true dedication with a worthwhile reward. This week, we will get into what Algebra is, and some warm ups (on arithmetic). Even though this may seem pointless, it is IMPORTANT that you review through these warm ups and get comfortable in solving them to lay a strong foundation for understanding larger topics later on.

Without further do, let's dig right into this!
==Algebra==
===What is Algebra?===
[[File:AlgebraJournalWork11-14-16.jpg|thumb|left|You might have to do this much work for a small answer!]]
Note: Slowing improving this. 

In Algebra, we use letters to represent number or a amount of something that is not known yet. This called a '''pronumeral''' or a '''variable.''' 

Imagine you have a bag full of jellybeans; with 10 green jelly beans and a unknown amount of blue jellybeans. Let's call the blue jellybeans x. Well done, this is a pronumeral they are that simple.  Now, your friend comes over, tells you there is 20 total jellybeans in the bag.  

How many blue jelly beans are there?  

In summary, Algebra solves for values that are not known yet. Such as □ - 4 = 6... instead of this empty box, we replace that with something known as a '''variable''', which is a letter that is used for something we do not know yet (of it's value). 

So, for the problem: □ - 4 = 6... we will have to do some math! We need to add positive 4, to the negative 4 on the left handside of the equation. When you add a number to another number (in which the solution becomes 0), you have cancelled out that number. But, you cannot just cancel out 4, and be done with it! You have to also add 4 to the number 6 on the righthand side of the equal sign, which brings out a golden rule in Algebra: '''To keep the balance, what we do to one side of the &quot;=&quot; we should also do to the other side!&quot;. ''

Now... once you have added 6 + 4 (which is 10), you should get □ = 10.

Great! You've done what's called &quot;solving for x&quot;, but in this case, it's an empty box... well guys, you're going to have to throw out that box, because it will be represented by a variable (a letter, from a - z). The letter that is commonly used for variables is x (and the reason for this  dates back to the origin of Algebra itself; Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, one of the main &quot;founders&quot; of Algebra you could say, used to call the unknown or &quot;box&quot; in our example, &quot;'''shay'''&quot;. &quot;'''Shay&quot;''' comes from the Arabic word '''شَيْء''', which essentially means &quot;thing&quot;. When Al-Khwarizmi's works were translated to Latin in medieval Spain, &quot;shay&quot; was translated as '''&quot;xay&quot;,''' since the letter x was pronounced as sh in Spain. Later on, this word &quot;'''xay&quot;''' got abbreviated to &quot;'''x&quot;''' to repesent the symbol of the unkown. Source/For more information, check out this [https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/innoalgebra.html PBS] page). Brief history lesson aside, it's interesting to learn why &quot;x&quot; is the default norm when solving for the unkown in Algebra! '''Importantly, know that the unknown can take on any letter or variable name, not just x (i.e. could be a, b, c, y, even words if you wanted, etc.). Just remember what that variable is representing (the unknown value in this case).''' 

So instead of □ = 10, it's actually '''x = 10'''.

===== Sample problems of ''solving for x'' =====
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{''x'' − 9 = 20
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 29_3 }

{''x'' − 3 = 6
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 9_3 }

{''x'' + 5 = 15
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 10_3 }

{''x'' + 17 = 23
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 6_3 }

{4''x'' = 12
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 3_3 }

{''x''/2 = 0.5
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 1_3 }

{''x''/50 = 2
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 100_3 }

{''x''/9 = 5
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 45_3 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;

Seems simple, huh? Well, it will get complicated, which is why it is important for you to do some review of your arithmetic! Let's dig into that...

==Arithmetic==
[[File:Multiply 4 bags 3 marbles.svg|thumb|right|4 x 3 = 12 (multiplication)]]
'''Arithmetic''' has to deal with elementary/basic levels of math, such as division, multiplication, subtraction, and addition. Basically, just working with numbers.

This SHOULD be a level familiar with you. If you are not familiar with arithmetic math/rules, then PLEASE review through Arithmetic, as you won't survive even the 1st step of Algebra. Trust me, the basics are THAT important.
===Fractions===
[[File:Cake quarters.svg|thumb|left|A Cake with fractions]]
'''Fractions''' (from Latin ''fractus'', &quot;broken&quot;) are parts of a whole. On the left side in the image of the cake, there is only &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;'s of the cake showing, the other &lt;math&gt;1/4&lt;/math&gt; has been eaten/taken away.

The number, ''3'', in &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;, is what is known as a '''numerator''' (Numerator: Number at the top, tells us of how much of the number is being talked about/being used). The number, ''4'', in &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;, is what is known as a '''denominator''' (Denominator: Number showing the all time total).
;
;Simplest form/reduced form
A reduced form of a fraction is a fraction that cannot be divided by any number other than 1, and the denominator is greater than 1. So &lt;math&gt;2/4&lt;/math&gt; is NOT in simplest form, since we can divide 2 and 4, by 2... which results in the following number: &lt;math&gt;1/2&lt;/math&gt;. Though, not every fraction can be divided by 2, there are fractions, such as: &lt;math&gt;5/35&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;7/21&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;30/5&lt;/math&gt;. The two first fractions are not divisible by 2, and &lt;math&gt;30/5&lt;/math&gt; can not be divided by 2 on both sides, but only on &lt;math&gt;30&lt;/math&gt;. It's important to simplify as if you were in a test, your teacher will mark your problems as incorrect if you didn't simplify your fractions. Keep in mind that simplifying a fraction into its simplest/reduced form doesn't change its value, both the original (unsimplified) fraction and its reduced form represent the same exact value/quantity. So, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{2}{4}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{2}&lt;/math&gt; represents the same quantity, a half! 

Here, we will present a few fractions for you to simplify.
====Sample problems for ''simplifying fractions'' (use ''/'' as the fraction line)====
&lt;quiz display=simple points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 3/4_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{60}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/15_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{30}{90}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/3_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{18}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 4/9_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{72}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/8_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{64}{46}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 32/23|1 9/23_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{206}{340}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 103/170_7 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;
===== Adding or Subtracting Fractions =====
[[File:Fractionsworkalgebra.PNG|thumb|right|What we just worked on, summarized]]
To simply add or subtract fractions, make sure the denominators of the fractions you are adding or subtracting are the same. If they are not, find the least common denominator (LCD). For example, if you want to add &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, you first have to multiply the 2 in &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{2}&lt;/math&gt; by '''3''', which equals '''6'''... BUT you cannot just multiply 2 only, you also have to multiply 4 by 3, since that's what you did to 2, the denominator. If you change the denominator, you have to change the numerator. ('''This step is crucial as it allows you to preserve the same value of the fraction''' but with just a different representation)

Alright, we got that out of the way, so once we have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{12}{6}&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, we can simply add. So &lt;math&gt;12&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;16&lt;/math&gt;, but don't add the denominators, they stay the same. So the answer is &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{16}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, and then we simplify down to &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{3}&lt;/math&gt; dividing by 2 on both the numerator and denominator. 

But... did you notice something? &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{3}&lt;/math&gt;? That doesn't seem right, does it? The denominator is smaller than the numerator. When you have a fraction like this, you have to convert it to a '''mixed fraction''' (skip to [[Speak_Math_Now!/Week_1:_Introduction_To_Algebra#Improper_Fraction_--.3E_Mixed_Fraction|section 2.1.1.4]]).

===== Multiplying Fractions =====
To multiply fractions, its easiest to first simplify your fraction to simplest terms. Once you have done that, you can simply multiply the numerators and the denominators. And obviously, simplify your final product, if you can. So, we have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{2}{6}&lt;/math&gt;. You could multiply the numerators and denominators straight away and simplify at the end if you are comfortable, but to make it easier and clearer, we should simplify the fractions first. We simplify 6 and 8 by dividing both by 2, we also divide 2 and 6 by 2. So the fractions are now &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{4}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{3}&lt;/math&gt;. You simply multiply those two fractions by multiplying the numerator by the numerator, and doing the same for the denominators. After completing this process, you will get a solution (in fraction form). &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{4}&lt;/math&gt; × &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{3}&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{12}&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{12}&lt;/math&gt; is not going to be our final product, though, since we can simplify the fraction by dividing the fraction by 3, which results in &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{4}&lt;/math&gt;.

===== Dividing Fractions =====
There is an interesting twist when it comes to dividing fractions. You have to turn the fraction you want to divide by (second fraction) upside-down, also known as &quot;Keep, Change, Flip&quot; where you keep the first fraction the same, change the operation to multiplication, and replace the second fractions numerator with the denominator and the denominator with the numerator. Not only that, you have to turn the division symbol (÷) into a multiplication symbol (× or •). After that, you use your skills you learned in multiplying a fraction, and you multiply both of the fractions. Simplify if you need to.

So, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{7}{12}&lt;/math&gt;. Change the division symbol to a multiplication symbol, and turn the fraction you want to divide by upside-down (the upside-down fraction is known as a '''reciprocal'''). So &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; × (or •) &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{12}{7}&lt;/math&gt;. Multiply the numerators and denominators. The answer is &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{72}{56}&lt;/math&gt;, simplified down to &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{7}&lt;/math&gt;.

===== Improper Fraction --&gt; Mixed Fraction =====
Divide the numerator by the denominator. The '''quotient''' (result of the division taking place/number above the division line) will be the whole number of the mixed fraction, while the numerator will be the remainder. The denominator remains unchanged, so don't change the denominator at all!

{{notice|If you would like to take the quiz on Fractions, please go to '''[[Speak Math Now!/Week 1: Introduction To Algebra/Fractions Quiz]]'''}}

See also: https://www.tes.com/lessons/bJieZ4sFPJbSTw/fractions-4-mixed-numbers-and-improper-fractions

===Decimals===

Ever wondered how to write 8&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{47}{100}&lt;/math&gt; as a decimal? Well, you've got the answer: 8.47! How did we get that answer? Let's look at a few more and maybe you'll see the pattern:
# 6&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{98}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 6.98
# 2&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{56}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 2.56
# 9&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{27}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 9.27
# 5&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{83}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 5.83
You see? We simply put the mixed number in front of the dot, and with the numerator, we slap that behind the dot! Throw out the 100, it's not important when building your decimal. 

Decimals are all about place value, the value of a number in a specific place in a number. So, when we have &lt;math&gt;6.72&lt;/math&gt;, the &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ones place. Now, let's throw &lt;math&gt;9&lt;/math&gt; in the tens place, which is 10 times bigger than the Ones place: &lt;math&gt;96.72&lt;/math&gt;. But... that's doesn't seem enough, does it? Let's throw in a &lt;math&gt;6, 2, 8&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt; in there! And now, we have: &lt;math&gt;628,396.72&lt;/math&gt;.

Woah! That's a pretty big number, but we can easily break this number down to it's place value. Let's do it!

So, our number, &lt;math&gt;628,396.72&lt;/math&gt;, is the number we need to break down. Let's start from the decimal point, and move left:
* The number &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ones place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;9&lt;/math&gt; is in the Tens place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundreds place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;8&lt;/math&gt; is in the Thousands place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ten thousands place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundred Thousands place.

Now we have broken up the numbers left of the decimal--What about the numbers on the ''right''? Let's throw in a &lt;math&gt;5, 2, 4&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we have &lt;math&gt;628,396.725,247&lt;/math&gt;. Let's break this number up like we did above.

So, our number, &lt;math&gt;628,396.725,247&lt;/math&gt;, is the number we need to break down. This time, we need to start on the decimal point, and move ''right'':
* The number &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt; is in the Tenths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundredths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;5&lt;/math&gt; is in the Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ten Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundred Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt; is in the Millionths place. 

We have just now gone over the importance of Place Value in the Decimal World. Now, we will go into how to work with decimals, in the Decimal World!

See also: http://www.shmoop.com/fractions-decimals/place-value-naming-decimals.html

==== Adding/Subtracting Decimals ====
To add decimals, in addition column-style, put the decimals in its place with the decimals lined up. Then simply add on. So, for &lt;math&gt;1.5&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;2.5&lt;/math&gt; we'd line up the decimal points. But, if we had a problem like &lt;math&gt;1.15&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;2.0&lt;/math&gt;, we'd add a &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; after the &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; that is behind the decimal. Adding a zero to a place in a decimal means &quot;no value&quot;. So &lt;math&gt;10&lt;/math&gt; basically means no ones, and &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;, means no ones or hundreds. Same things goes for subtracting as well folks.
=====Sample problems for ''adding/subtracting decimals''=====
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
6.8 - 2.5 = { 4.3_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
3.4 + 5.6 = { 9_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9 + 4.50 = { 13.5_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
41.89 + 25.00 = { 66.89_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9.01 + 3.089 = { 12.099_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
10.90 + 11.1 = { 22_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9.5 + 3.44 = { 12.94_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot; coef=&quot;2.5&quot;}
9.00 x 2.00 = { 18_6 } &lt;big&gt;(BONUS!)&lt;/big&gt; 
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==== Multiplying Decimals ====
[[File:9.82x5.73 multiplication image.svg|thumb|A visual representation of the multiplication example]]
Multiplying decimals isn't as hard as it really seems to be. So, we have &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;. For most people, column multiplication is a lot easier than side-by-side multiplication. That being mentioned, let us column these numbers:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;× &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------

Now that we have our problem, we should simply ignore the decimal points and just multiply as usual, so you should get this answer once you are done with that (remember to add a zero (and grow with zeros in each line) to each and every line of addition):

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;        × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;   &lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;491500
&lt;/math&gt;
-------

With the simple usage of addition, we should get:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;        × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;   &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;  &lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+
&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;491500&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;563259&lt;/math&gt;

Now, we need to bring back our handy dandy decimal point, but where? In &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;, there are FOUR numbers in these 2 numbers overall that are behind the decimal point (in each number, there are two numbers behind the decimal points). So, we have &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;. Now, that totals up to four numbers overall behind the decimal point. So in &lt;math&gt;563259&lt;/math&gt;, we need to move the decimal point four times (beginning from the right). So watch as follows:

&lt;math&gt;563259.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;56325.9&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;5632.59&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;563.259&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;56.3259&lt;/math&gt;

That simple. Now, review your work, your whole work should look like this:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;       × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;    &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;491500&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;56.3259&lt;/math&gt;

==== Dividing Decimals ====
;Dividing a decimal by a whole number
If you want to divide a decimal by a whole number, you should divide the 2 numbers, omitting the decimal point. After you are done dividing, add the decimal point to the '''quotient''' (final product/answer at the top of the long division symbol). The decimal should be right above the decimal point in the '''dividend''' (number in the box/number that is being divided). It's quite easy and simple, as long as you know how to do long division and if you are still familiar with long division. 

Hey, this seems ''too'' easy--Let's figure out how to divide a decimal by a decimal!
;Dividing a decimal by a decimal
The trick to dividing a decimal by a decimal is to shift the decimal point as many times as it gets to a whole number, so follow along: &lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we simply move the decimal point as many times as we need to make the number we are going to use to divide 69.45 a whole number, so watch as followed:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt; →&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;694.5&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;57.8&lt;/math&gt; →&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;6945&lt;/math&gt;. ÷ &lt;math&gt;578&lt;/math&gt;.


Now that we have finally got our dividend a whole number (and now our first number that we are going to divide), we can go ahead and divide normally (using long division). In the end, &lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; divided by &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt; should get you &lt;math&gt;12.0155709&lt;/math&gt;!

A pretty simple one we could go is &lt;math&gt;6.4&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;0.4&lt;/math&gt;, here, we simply move our dots like so:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;6.4&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;0.4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;64&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;04.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;64&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Then, we can simply divide, heck... we don't even need to do long division! The answer should pop in your head, which is &lt;math&gt;16&lt;/math&gt;.

{{notice|If you would like to take the quiz on Decimals, please go to '''[[Speak Math Now!/Week 1: Introduction To Algebra/Decimals Quiz]]'''}}

===Percentages===
A good definition of &quot;percent&quot; is a fraction in which the denominator is the number &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;. For example, the numbers &lt;math&gt;59%&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;63%&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;91%&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;85%&lt;/math&gt;, are the same as just saying &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{59}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{63}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{91}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{85}{100}&lt;/math&gt;. You could also say 59 out of 100 parts, 63 out of 100 parts, 91 out of 100 parts, and 85 out of 100 parts.
====Converting Percentages====
Now that we got the basis of percentages and how they operate, we should look into changing percentages.
===== Percentage → Decimal =====
Let's look in turning a percentage into a decimal point first. It's very simple. Let's say you have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, which, in percentage form, is &lt;math&gt;9%&lt;/math&gt;. So, we have 9%. Now, we want to change it to a decimal (I don't know, think of a reason). We simply convert the percentage symbol into a decimal point, so like this: &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we have &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt;, so then we move the decimal number two places to the left, like so: &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;.9&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;.09&lt;/math&gt;. So now, we have &lt;math&gt;0.09&lt;/math&gt;. We added the 2 zeros in because there is no value in the tenths place, and because &lt;math&gt;.09&lt;/math&gt; does not look quite right. Looks a bit off.
===== Samples problems for ''converting percentages to decimals'' =====
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
59% = { 0.59_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
63% = { 0.63_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
91% = { 0.91_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
85% = { 0.85_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9% = { 0.09_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9834% = { 98.34_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
20% = { 0.2_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
4% = { 0.04_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
7.6% = { 0.076_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
6% = { 0.06_5 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;
===== Decimal → Percentage =====
Now to convert a decimal into percentage we essentially do the complete opposite. We have &lt;math&gt;98.34&lt;/math&gt;. We need this to be a percentage (easier to read). Move the decimal point two places to the right. So, watch: &lt;math&gt;98.34&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;983.4&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;9834.&lt;/math&gt; --Now, we have &lt;math&gt;9834.&lt;/math&gt;, but the decimal point, since it's now a percentage, should not be there, but instead, a percentage should talk the decimal point's place. Now, we have our final result of &lt;math&gt;9834%&lt;/math&gt;.

==== Finding percent of a number ====
[[File:Universität Bonn.jpg|thumb|right|Would this be the fictional university these students were trying to get accepted to?]]
So, 95 students applied to a university (the fictional [[User:Atcovi/Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University|Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University]], for example), and only 20% of the students made it. 20%? What? With this in mind, we want to find &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt;. We take the percentage, &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt;, and divide it by &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;. So we get &lt;math&gt;20/100&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;.2&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we multiply &lt;math&gt;.2&lt;/math&gt; by &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt;, in which we get &lt;math&gt;19&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;19&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, only 19 students out of 95 students made it into the fictional Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University. 

{{subpage navbar}}
[[Category:Speak Math Now!]]</text>
      <sha1>7k9r3xutdu6xhpdhj3h7ccm6x0uu0gv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811385</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T09:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Evan Mercer</username>
        <id>3071189</id>
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      <text bytes="22863" sha1="0ib37g0rkdv93a28b14pqiqx3rs6zas" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Quadratic formula.svg|thumb|right|An example of a Algebra formula (quadratic formula)]]
{{mathematics}}
{{secondary education}}
{{lesson}}
{{complete}}

'''Algebra''' (from the Arabic word &quot;al-jabr&quot; (الجبر), meaning &quot;reunion of broken parts&quot;) can feel like quite a complicated language of mathematics. However, as time goes on, completing Algebra will get easier and easier until it's a breeze. Completing Algebra takes true dedication with a worthwhile reward. This week, we will get into what Algebra is, and some warm ups (on arithmetic). Even though this may seem pointless, it is IMPORTANT that you review through these warm ups and get comfortable in solving them to lay a strong foundation for understanding larger topics later on.

Without further do, let's dig right into this!
==Algebra==
===What is Algebra?===
[[File:AlgebraJournalWork11-14-16.jpg|thumb|left|You might have to do this much work for a small answer!]]
Note: Slowing improving this. 

In Algebra, we use letters to represent number or a amount of something that is not known yet. This called a '''pronumeral''' or a '''variable.''' 

Imagine you have a bag full of jellybeans on a table; with 10 green jelly beans and a unknown amount of blue jellybeans. Let's call the blue jellybeans x. Well done, this is a pronumeral they are that simple.  Now, your friend comes over, tells you there is 20 total jellybeans in the bag.  

How many blue jellybeans are there?  

The core concept of algebra is the equal sign (=). Think of an equation as a balanced scale. Whatever you do to one side, you must do to the other side to keep it balanced.   

To find the unknown number, you need to get the letter completely by itself. You do this by using inverse operations (doing the opposite).

* Addition (+) and Subtraction (-) are opposites.
* Multiplication (times*, ×) and Division÷, /) are opposites.

To work out the number of blue jellybeans follow these steps: 

10+x=20

# Identify the goal: We want x by itself.
# See the obstacle: There is a +5 next to the x.
# Now take away ten and add the opposite to the other side of the equation. 

x=20-10

4. Do 20-10

x=10

Well Done!

In summary, Algebra solves for values that are not known yet. Such as □ - 4 = 6... instead of this empty box, we replace that with something known as a '''variable''', which is a letter that is used for something we do not know yet (of it's value). 

So, for the problem: □ - 4 = 6... we will have to do some math! We need to add positive 4, to the negative 4 on the left handside of the equation. When you add a number to another number (in which the solution becomes 0), you have cancelled out that number. But, you cannot just cancel out 4, and be done with it! You have to also add 4 to the number 6 on the righthand side of the equal sign, which brings out a golden rule in Algebra: '''To keep the balance, what we do to one side of the &quot;=&quot; we should also do to the other side!&quot;. ''

Now... once you have added 6 + 4 (which is 10), you should get □ = 10.

Great! You've done what's called &quot;solving for x&quot;, but in this case, it's an empty box... well guys, you're going to have to throw out that box, because it will be represented by a variable (a letter, from a - z). The letter that is commonly used for variables is x (and the reason for this  dates back to the origin of Algebra itself; Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, one of the main &quot;founders&quot; of Algebra you could say, used to call the unknown or &quot;box&quot; in our example, &quot;'''shay'''&quot;. &quot;'''Shay&quot;''' comes from the Arabic word '''شَيْء''', which essentially means &quot;thing&quot;. When Al-Khwarizmi's works were translated to Latin in medieval Spain, &quot;shay&quot; was translated as '''&quot;xay&quot;,''' since the letter x was pronounced as sh in Spain. Later on, this word &quot;'''xay&quot;''' got abbreviated to &quot;'''x&quot;''' to repesent the symbol of the unkown. Source/For more information, check out this [https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/innoalgebra.html PBS] page). Brief history lesson aside, it's interesting to learn why &quot;x&quot; is the default norm when solving for the unkown in Algebra! '''Importantly, know that the unknown can take on any letter or variable name, not just x (i.e. could be a, b, c, y, even words if you wanted, etc.). Just remember what that variable is representing (the unknown value in this case).''' 

So instead of □ = 10, it's actually '''x = 10'''.

===== Sample problems of ''solving for x'' =====
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{''x'' − 9 = 20
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 29_3 }

{''x'' − 3 = 6
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 9_3 }

{''x'' + 5 = 15
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 10_3 }

{''x'' + 17 = 23
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 6_3 }

{4''x'' = 12
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 3_3 }

{''x''/2 = 0.5
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 1_3 }

{''x''/50 = 2
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 100_3 }

{''x''/9 = 5
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 45_3 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;

Seems simple, huh? Well, it will get complicated, which is why it is important for you to do some review of your arithmetic! Let's dig into that...

==Arithmetic==
[[File:Multiply 4 bags 3 marbles.svg|thumb|right|4 x 3 = 12 (multiplication)]]
'''Arithmetic''' has to deal with elementary/basic levels of math, such as division, multiplication, subtraction, and addition. Basically, just working with numbers.

This SHOULD be a level familiar with you. If you are not familiar with arithmetic math/rules, then PLEASE review through Arithmetic, as you won't survive even the 1st step of Algebra. Trust me, the basics are THAT important.
===Fractions===
[[File:Cake quarters.svg|thumb|left|A Cake with fractions]]
'''Fractions''' (from Latin ''fractus'', &quot;broken&quot;) are parts of a whole. On the left side in the image of the cake, there is only &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;'s of the cake showing, the other &lt;math&gt;1/4&lt;/math&gt; has been eaten/taken away.

The number, ''3'', in &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;, is what is known as a '''numerator''' (Numerator: Number at the top, tells us of how much of the number is being talked about/being used). The number, ''4'', in &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;, is what is known as a '''denominator''' (Denominator: Number showing the all time total).
;
;Simplest form/reduced form
A reduced form of a fraction is a fraction that cannot be divided by any number other than 1, and the denominator is greater than 1. So &lt;math&gt;2/4&lt;/math&gt; is NOT in simplest form, since we can divide 2 and 4, by 2... which results in the following number: &lt;math&gt;1/2&lt;/math&gt;. Though, not every fraction can be divided by 2, there are fractions, such as: &lt;math&gt;5/35&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;7/21&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;30/5&lt;/math&gt;. The two first fractions are not divisible by 2, and &lt;math&gt;30/5&lt;/math&gt; can not be divided by 2 on both sides, but only on &lt;math&gt;30&lt;/math&gt;. It's important to simplify as if you were in a test, your teacher will mark your problems as incorrect if you didn't simplify your fractions. Keep in mind that simplifying a fraction into its simplest/reduced form doesn't change its value, both the original (unsimplified) fraction and its reduced form represent the same exact value/quantity. So, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{2}{4}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{2}&lt;/math&gt; represents the same quantity, a half! 

Here, we will present a few fractions for you to simplify.
====Sample problems for ''simplifying fractions'' (use ''/'' as the fraction line)====
&lt;quiz display=simple points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 3/4_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{60}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/15_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{30}{90}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/3_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{18}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 4/9_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{72}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/8_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{64}{46}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 32/23|1 9/23_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{206}{340}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 103/170_7 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;
===== Adding or Subtracting Fractions =====
[[File:Fractionsworkalgebra.PNG|thumb|right|What we just worked on, summarized]]
To simply add or subtract fractions, make sure the denominators of the fractions you are adding or subtracting are the same. If they are not, find the least common denominator (LCD). For example, if you want to add &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, you first have to multiply the 2 in &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{2}&lt;/math&gt; by '''3''', which equals '''6'''... BUT you cannot just multiply 2 only, you also have to multiply 4 by 3, since that's what you did to 2, the denominator. If you change the denominator, you have to change the numerator. ('''This step is crucial as it allows you to preserve the same value of the fraction''' but with just a different representation)

Alright, we got that out of the way, so once we have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{12}{6}&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, we can simply add. So &lt;math&gt;12&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;16&lt;/math&gt;, but don't add the denominators, they stay the same. So the answer is &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{16}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, and then we simplify down to &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{3}&lt;/math&gt; dividing by 2 on both the numerator and denominator. 

But... did you notice something? &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{3}&lt;/math&gt;? That doesn't seem right, does it? The denominator is smaller than the numerator. When you have a fraction like this, you have to convert it to a '''mixed fraction''' (skip to [[Speak_Math_Now!/Week_1:_Introduction_To_Algebra#Improper_Fraction_--.3E_Mixed_Fraction|section 2.1.1.4]]).

===== Multiplying Fractions =====
To multiply fractions, its easiest to first simplify your fraction to simplest terms. Once you have done that, you can simply multiply the numerators and the denominators. And obviously, simplify your final product, if you can. So, we have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{2}{6}&lt;/math&gt;. You could multiply the numerators and denominators straight away and simplify at the end if you are comfortable, but to make it easier and clearer, we should simplify the fractions first. We simplify 6 and 8 by dividing both by 2, we also divide 2 and 6 by 2. So the fractions are now &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{4}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{3}&lt;/math&gt;. You simply multiply those two fractions by multiplying the numerator by the numerator, and doing the same for the denominators. After completing this process, you will get a solution (in fraction form). &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{4}&lt;/math&gt; × &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{3}&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{12}&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{12}&lt;/math&gt; is not going to be our final product, though, since we can simplify the fraction by dividing the fraction by 3, which results in &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{4}&lt;/math&gt;.

===== Dividing Fractions =====
There is an interesting twist when it comes to dividing fractions. You have to turn the fraction you want to divide by (second fraction) upside-down, also known as &quot;Keep, Change, Flip&quot; where you keep the first fraction the same, change the operation to multiplication, and replace the second fractions numerator with the denominator and the denominator with the numerator. Not only that, you have to turn the division symbol (÷) into a multiplication symbol (× or •). After that, you use your skills you learned in multiplying a fraction, and you multiply both of the fractions. Simplify if you need to.

So, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{7}{12}&lt;/math&gt;. Change the division symbol to a multiplication symbol, and turn the fraction you want to divide by upside-down (the upside-down fraction is known as a '''reciprocal'''). So &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; × (or •) &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{12}{7}&lt;/math&gt;. Multiply the numerators and denominators. The answer is &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{72}{56}&lt;/math&gt;, simplified down to &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{7}&lt;/math&gt;.

===== Improper Fraction --&gt; Mixed Fraction =====
Divide the numerator by the denominator. The '''quotient''' (result of the division taking place/number above the division line) will be the whole number of the mixed fraction, while the numerator will be the remainder. The denominator remains unchanged, so don't change the denominator at all!

{{notice|If you would like to take the quiz on Fractions, please go to '''[[Speak Math Now!/Week 1: Introduction To Algebra/Fractions Quiz]]'''}}

See also: https://www.tes.com/lessons/bJieZ4sFPJbSTw/fractions-4-mixed-numbers-and-improper-fractions

===Decimals===

Ever wondered how to write 8&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{47}{100}&lt;/math&gt; as a decimal? Well, you've got the answer: 8.47! How did we get that answer? Let's look at a few more and maybe you'll see the pattern:
# 6&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{98}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 6.98
# 2&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{56}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 2.56
# 9&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{27}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 9.27
# 5&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{83}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 5.83
You see? We simply put the mixed number in front of the dot, and with the numerator, we slap that behind the dot! Throw out the 100, it's not important when building your decimal. 

Decimals are all about place value, the value of a number in a specific place in a number. So, when we have &lt;math&gt;6.72&lt;/math&gt;, the &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ones place. Now, let's throw &lt;math&gt;9&lt;/math&gt; in the tens place, which is 10 times bigger than the Ones place: &lt;math&gt;96.72&lt;/math&gt;. But... that's doesn't seem enough, does it? Let's throw in a &lt;math&gt;6, 2, 8&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt; in there! And now, we have: &lt;math&gt;628,396.72&lt;/math&gt;.

Woah! That's a pretty big number, but we can easily break this number down to it's place value. Let's do it!

So, our number, &lt;math&gt;628,396.72&lt;/math&gt;, is the number we need to break down. Let's start from the decimal point, and move left:
* The number &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ones place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;9&lt;/math&gt; is in the Tens place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundreds place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;8&lt;/math&gt; is in the Thousands place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ten thousands place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundred Thousands place.

Now we have broken up the numbers left of the decimal--What about the numbers on the ''right''? Let's throw in a &lt;math&gt;5, 2, 4&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we have &lt;math&gt;628,396.725,247&lt;/math&gt;. Let's break this number up like we did above.

So, our number, &lt;math&gt;628,396.725,247&lt;/math&gt;, is the number we need to break down. This time, we need to start on the decimal point, and move ''right'':
* The number &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt; is in the Tenths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundredths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;5&lt;/math&gt; is in the Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ten Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundred Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt; is in the Millionths place. 

We have just now gone over the importance of Place Value in the Decimal World. Now, we will go into how to work with decimals, in the Decimal World!

See also: http://www.shmoop.com/fractions-decimals/place-value-naming-decimals.html

==== Adding/Subtracting Decimals ====
To add decimals, in addition column-style, put the decimals in its place with the decimals lined up. Then simply add on. So, for &lt;math&gt;1.5&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;2.5&lt;/math&gt; we'd line up the decimal points. But, if we had a problem like &lt;math&gt;1.15&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;2.0&lt;/math&gt;, we'd add a &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; after the &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; that is behind the decimal. Adding a zero to a place in a decimal means &quot;no value&quot;. So &lt;math&gt;10&lt;/math&gt; basically means no ones, and &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;, means no ones or hundreds. Same things goes for subtracting as well folks.
=====Sample problems for ''adding/subtracting decimals''=====
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
6.8 - 2.5 = { 4.3_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
3.4 + 5.6 = { 9_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9 + 4.50 = { 13.5_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
41.89 + 25.00 = { 66.89_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9.01 + 3.089 = { 12.099_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
10.90 + 11.1 = { 22_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9.5 + 3.44 = { 12.94_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot; coef=&quot;2.5&quot;}
9.00 x 2.00 = { 18_6 } &lt;big&gt;(BONUS!)&lt;/big&gt; 
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==== Multiplying Decimals ====
[[File:9.82x5.73 multiplication image.svg|thumb|A visual representation of the multiplication example]]
Multiplying decimals isn't as hard as it really seems to be. So, we have &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;. For most people, column multiplication is a lot easier than side-by-side multiplication. That being mentioned, let us column these numbers:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;× &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------

Now that we have our problem, we should simply ignore the decimal points and just multiply as usual, so you should get this answer once you are done with that (remember to add a zero (and grow with zeros in each line) to each and every line of addition):

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;        × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;   &lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;491500
&lt;/math&gt;
-------

With the simple usage of addition, we should get:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;        × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;   &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;  &lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+
&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;491500&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;563259&lt;/math&gt;

Now, we need to bring back our handy dandy decimal point, but where? In &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;, there are FOUR numbers in these 2 numbers overall that are behind the decimal point (in each number, there are two numbers behind the decimal points). So, we have &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;. Now, that totals up to four numbers overall behind the decimal point. So in &lt;math&gt;563259&lt;/math&gt;, we need to move the decimal point four times (beginning from the right). So watch as follows:

&lt;math&gt;563259.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;56325.9&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;5632.59&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;563.259&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;56.3259&lt;/math&gt;

That simple. Now, review your work, your whole work should look like this:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;       × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;    &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;491500&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;56.3259&lt;/math&gt;

==== Dividing Decimals ====
;Dividing a decimal by a whole number
If you want to divide a decimal by a whole number, you should divide the 2 numbers, omitting the decimal point. After you are done dividing, add the decimal point to the '''quotient''' (final product/answer at the top of the long division symbol). The decimal should be right above the decimal point in the '''dividend''' (number in the box/number that is being divided). It's quite easy and simple, as long as you know how to do long division and if you are still familiar with long division. 

Hey, this seems ''too'' easy--Let's figure out how to divide a decimal by a decimal!
;Dividing a decimal by a decimal
The trick to dividing a decimal by a decimal is to shift the decimal point as many times as it gets to a whole number, so follow along: &lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we simply move the decimal point as many times as we need to make the number we are going to use to divide 69.45 a whole number, so watch as followed:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt; →&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;694.5&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;57.8&lt;/math&gt; →&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;6945&lt;/math&gt;. ÷ &lt;math&gt;578&lt;/math&gt;.


Now that we have finally got our dividend a whole number (and now our first number that we are going to divide), we can go ahead and divide normally (using long division). In the end, &lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; divided by &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt; should get you &lt;math&gt;12.0155709&lt;/math&gt;!

A pretty simple one we could go is &lt;math&gt;6.4&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;0.4&lt;/math&gt;, here, we simply move our dots like so:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;6.4&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;0.4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;64&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;04.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;64&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Then, we can simply divide, heck... we don't even need to do long division! The answer should pop in your head, which is &lt;math&gt;16&lt;/math&gt;.

{{notice|If you would like to take the quiz on Decimals, please go to '''[[Speak Math Now!/Week 1: Introduction To Algebra/Decimals Quiz]]'''}}

===Percentages===
A good definition of &quot;percent&quot; is a fraction in which the denominator is the number &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;. For example, the numbers &lt;math&gt;59%&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;63%&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;91%&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;85%&lt;/math&gt;, are the same as just saying &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{59}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{63}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{91}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{85}{100}&lt;/math&gt;. You could also say 59 out of 100 parts, 63 out of 100 parts, 91 out of 100 parts, and 85 out of 100 parts.
====Converting Percentages====
Now that we got the basis of percentages and how they operate, we should look into changing percentages.
===== Percentage → Decimal =====
Let's look in turning a percentage into a decimal point first. It's very simple. Let's say you have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, which, in percentage form, is &lt;math&gt;9%&lt;/math&gt;. So, we have 9%. Now, we want to change it to a decimal (I don't know, think of a reason). We simply convert the percentage symbol into a decimal point, so like this: &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we have &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt;, so then we move the decimal number two places to the left, like so: &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;.9&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;.09&lt;/math&gt;. So now, we have &lt;math&gt;0.09&lt;/math&gt;. We added the 2 zeros in because there is no value in the tenths place, and because &lt;math&gt;.09&lt;/math&gt; does not look quite right. Looks a bit off.
===== Samples problems for ''converting percentages to decimals'' =====
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
59% = { 0.59_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
63% = { 0.63_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
91% = { 0.91_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
85% = { 0.85_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9% = { 0.09_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9834% = { 98.34_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
20% = { 0.2_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
4% = { 0.04_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
7.6% = { 0.076_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
6% = { 0.06_5 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;
===== Decimal → Percentage =====
Now to convert a decimal into percentage we essentially do the complete opposite. We have &lt;math&gt;98.34&lt;/math&gt;. We need this to be a percentage (easier to read). Move the decimal point two places to the right. So, watch: &lt;math&gt;98.34&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;983.4&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;9834.&lt;/math&gt; --Now, we have &lt;math&gt;9834.&lt;/math&gt;, but the decimal point, since it's now a percentage, should not be there, but instead, a percentage should talk the decimal point's place. Now, we have our final result of &lt;math&gt;9834%&lt;/math&gt;.

==== Finding percent of a number ====
[[File:Universität Bonn.jpg|thumb|right|Would this be the fictional university these students were trying to get accepted to?]]
So, 95 students applied to a university (the fictional [[User:Atcovi/Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University|Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University]], for example), and only 20% of the students made it. 20%? What? With this in mind, we want to find &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt;. We take the percentage, &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt;, and divide it by &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;. So we get &lt;math&gt;20/100&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;.2&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we multiply &lt;math&gt;.2&lt;/math&gt; by &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt;, in which we get &lt;math&gt;19&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;19&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, only 19 students out of 95 students made it into the fictional Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University. 

{{subpage navbar}}
[[Category:Speak Math Now!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="22250" sha1="3aj1ecbwhobp9nol73rrvpc8e7u8b1m" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Quadratic formula.svg|thumb|right|An example of a Algebra formula (quadratic formula)]]
{{mathematics}}
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{{complete}}

'''Algebra''' (from the Arabic word &quot;al-jabr&quot; (الجبر), meaning &quot;reunion of broken parts&quot;) can feel like quite a complicated language of mathematics. However, as time goes on, completing Algebra will get easier and easier until it's a breeze. Completing Algebra takes true dedication with a worthwhile reward. This week, we will get into what Algebra is, and some warm ups (on arithmetic). Even though this may seem pointless, it is IMPORTANT that you review through these warm ups and get comfortable in solving them to lay a strong foundation for understanding larger topics later on.

Without further do, let's dig right into this!
==Algebra==
===What is Algebra?===
[[File:AlgebraJournalWork11-14-16.jpg|thumb|left|You might have to do this much work for a small answer!]]
Note: Slowing improving this. 

In Algebra, we use letters to represent number or a amount of something that is not known yet. This called a '''pronumeral''' or a '''variable.''' 

Imagine you have a bag full of jellybeans on a table; with 10 green jelly beans and a unknown amount of blue jellybeans. Let's call the blue jellybeans x. Well done, this is a pronumeral they are that simple.  Now, your friend comes over, tells you there is 20 total jellybeans in the bag.  

How many blue jellybeans are there?  

The core concept of algebra is the equal sign (=). Think of an equation as a balanced scale. Whatever you do to one side, you must do to the other side to keep it balanced.   

To find the unknown number, you need to get the letter completely by itself. You do this by using inverse operations (doing the opposite).

* Addition (+) and Subtraction (-) are opposites.
* Multiplication (times*, ×) and Division÷, /) are opposites.

To work out the number of blue jellybeans follow these steps: 

10+x=20

# Identify the goal: We want x by itself.
# See the obstacle: There is a +5 next to the x.
# Now take away ten and add the opposite to the other side of the equation. 

x=20-10

4. Do 20-10

x=10

Well Done!

==== Checking Your Work ====
In maths, you should always check your work. You can do this by working if the original equation equals the same number now that you know the pronumeral or variable. 

Does (10 + x (10) = 20)? Yes! Your answer is correct. 

Important notes:

* Can be called variable OR pronumeral.
* And can be any letter from a to z.
* Solving for (pronumeral here) e.g., &quot;solving for x&quot; means finding the pronumeral.

====== '''Fun Fact''' ======
The letter that is most commonly used for variables is x (and the reason for this  dates back to the origin of Algebra itself; Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, one of the main &quot;founders&quot; of Algebra you could say, used to call the unknown or &quot;box&quot; in our example, &quot;'''shay'''&quot;. &quot;'''Shay&quot;''' comes from the Arabic word '''شَيْء''', which essentially means &quot;thing&quot;. When Al-Khwarizmi's works were translated to Latin in medieval Spain, &quot;shay&quot; was translated as '''&quot;xay&quot;,''' since the letter x was pronounced as sh in Spain. Later on, this word &quot;'''xay&quot;''' got abbreviated to &quot;'''x&quot;''' to repesent the symbol of the unkown. Source/For more information, check out this [https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/innoalgebra.html PBS] page). Brief history lesson aside, it's interesting to learn why &quot;x&quot; is the default norm when solving for the unkown in Algebra! '''Importantly, know that the unknown can take on any letter or variable name, not just x (i.e. could be a, b, c, y, even words if you wanted, etc.). Just remember what that variable is representing (the unknown value in this case).''' 

So instead of □ = 10, it's actually '''x = 10'''.

===== Sample problems of ''solving for x'' =====
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{''x'' − 9 = 20
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 29_3 }

{''x'' − 3 = 6
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 9_3 }

{''x'' + 5 = 15
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 10_3 }

{''x'' + 17 = 23
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 6_3 }

{4''x'' = 12
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 3_3 }

{''x''/2 = 0.5
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 1_3 }

{''x''/50 = 2
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 100_3 }

{''x''/9 = 5
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 45_3 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;

Seems simple, huh? Well, it will get complicated, which is why it is important for you to do some review of your arithmetic! Let's dig into that...

==Arithmetic==
[[File:Multiply 4 bags 3 marbles.svg|thumb|right|4 x 3 = 12 (multiplication)]]
'''Arithmetic''' has to deal with elementary/basic levels of math, such as division, multiplication, subtraction, and addition. Basically, just working with numbers.

This SHOULD be a level familiar with you. If you are not familiar with arithmetic math/rules, then PLEASE review through Arithmetic, as you won't survive even the 1st step of Algebra. Trust me, the basics are THAT important.
===Fractions===
[[File:Cake quarters.svg|thumb|left|A Cake with fractions]]
'''Fractions''' (from Latin ''fractus'', &quot;broken&quot;) are parts of a whole. On the left side in the image of the cake, there is only &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;'s of the cake showing, the other &lt;math&gt;1/4&lt;/math&gt; has been eaten/taken away.

The number, ''3'', in &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;, is what is known as a '''numerator''' (Numerator: Number at the top, tells us of how much of the number is being talked about/being used). The number, ''4'', in &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;, is what is known as a '''denominator''' (Denominator: Number showing the all time total).
;
;Simplest form/reduced form
A reduced form of a fraction is a fraction that cannot be divided by any number other than 1, and the denominator is greater than 1. So &lt;math&gt;2/4&lt;/math&gt; is NOT in simplest form, since we can divide 2 and 4, by 2... which results in the following number: &lt;math&gt;1/2&lt;/math&gt;. Though, not every fraction can be divided by 2, there are fractions, such as: &lt;math&gt;5/35&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;7/21&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;30/5&lt;/math&gt;. The two first fractions are not divisible by 2, and &lt;math&gt;30/5&lt;/math&gt; can not be divided by 2 on both sides, but only on &lt;math&gt;30&lt;/math&gt;. It's important to simplify as if you were in a test, your teacher will mark your problems as incorrect if you didn't simplify your fractions. Keep in mind that simplifying a fraction into its simplest/reduced form doesn't change its value, both the original (unsimplified) fraction and its reduced form represent the same exact value/quantity. So, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{2}{4}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{2}&lt;/math&gt; represents the same quantity, a half! 

Here, we will present a few fractions for you to simplify.
====Sample problems for ''simplifying fractions'' (use ''/'' as the fraction line)====
&lt;quiz display=simple points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 3/4_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{60}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/15_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{30}{90}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/3_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{18}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 4/9_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{72}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/8_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{64}{46}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 32/23|1 9/23_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{206}{340}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 103/170_7 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;
===== Adding or Subtracting Fractions =====
[[File:Fractionsworkalgebra.PNG|thumb|right|What we just worked on, summarized]]
To simply add or subtract fractions, make sure the denominators of the fractions you are adding or subtracting are the same. If they are not, find the least common denominator (LCD). For example, if you want to add &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, you first have to multiply the 2 in &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{2}&lt;/math&gt; by '''3''', which equals '''6'''... BUT you cannot just multiply 2 only, you also have to multiply 4 by 3, since that's what you did to 2, the denominator. If you change the denominator, you have to change the numerator. ('''This step is crucial as it allows you to preserve the same value of the fraction''' but with just a different representation)

Alright, we got that out of the way, so once we have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{12}{6}&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, we can simply add. So &lt;math&gt;12&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;16&lt;/math&gt;, but don't add the denominators, they stay the same. So the answer is &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{16}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, and then we simplify down to &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{3}&lt;/math&gt; dividing by 2 on both the numerator and denominator. 

But... did you notice something? &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{3}&lt;/math&gt;? That doesn't seem right, does it? The denominator is smaller than the numerator. When you have a fraction like this, you have to convert it to a '''mixed fraction''' (skip to [[Speak_Math_Now!/Week_1:_Introduction_To_Algebra#Improper_Fraction_--.3E_Mixed_Fraction|section 2.1.1.4]]).

===== Multiplying Fractions =====
To multiply fractions, its easiest to first simplify your fraction to simplest terms. Once you have done that, you can simply multiply the numerators and the denominators. And obviously, simplify your final product, if you can. So, we have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{2}{6}&lt;/math&gt;. You could multiply the numerators and denominators straight away and simplify at the end if you are comfortable, but to make it easier and clearer, we should simplify the fractions first. We simplify 6 and 8 by dividing both by 2, we also divide 2 and 6 by 2. So the fractions are now &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{4}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{3}&lt;/math&gt;. You simply multiply those two fractions by multiplying the numerator by the numerator, and doing the same for the denominators. After completing this process, you will get a solution (in fraction form). &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{4}&lt;/math&gt; × &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{3}&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{12}&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{12}&lt;/math&gt; is not going to be our final product, though, since we can simplify the fraction by dividing the fraction by 3, which results in &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{4}&lt;/math&gt;.

===== Dividing Fractions =====
There is an interesting twist when it comes to dividing fractions. You have to turn the fraction you want to divide by (second fraction) upside-down, also known as &quot;Keep, Change, Flip&quot; where you keep the first fraction the same, change the operation to multiplication, and replace the second fractions numerator with the denominator and the denominator with the numerator. Not only that, you have to turn the division symbol (÷) into a multiplication symbol (× or •). After that, you use your skills you learned in multiplying a fraction, and you multiply both of the fractions. Simplify if you need to.

So, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{7}{12}&lt;/math&gt;. Change the division symbol to a multiplication symbol, and turn the fraction you want to divide by upside-down (the upside-down fraction is known as a '''reciprocal'''). So &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; × (or •) &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{12}{7}&lt;/math&gt;. Multiply the numerators and denominators. The answer is &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{72}{56}&lt;/math&gt;, simplified down to &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{7}&lt;/math&gt;.

===== Improper Fraction --&gt; Mixed Fraction =====
Divide the numerator by the denominator. The '''quotient''' (result of the division taking place/number above the division line) will be the whole number of the mixed fraction, while the numerator will be the remainder. The denominator remains unchanged, so don't change the denominator at all!

{{notice|If you would like to take the quiz on Fractions, please go to '''[[Speak Math Now!/Week 1: Introduction To Algebra/Fractions Quiz]]'''}}

See also: https://www.tes.com/lessons/bJieZ4sFPJbSTw/fractions-4-mixed-numbers-and-improper-fractions

===Decimals===

Ever wondered how to write 8&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{47}{100}&lt;/math&gt; as a decimal? Well, you've got the answer: 8.47! How did we get that answer? Let's look at a few more and maybe you'll see the pattern:
# 6&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{98}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 6.98
# 2&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{56}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 2.56
# 9&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{27}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 9.27
# 5&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{83}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 5.83
You see? We simply put the mixed number in front of the dot, and with the numerator, we slap that behind the dot! Throw out the 100, it's not important when building your decimal. 

Decimals are all about place value, the value of a number in a specific place in a number. So, when we have &lt;math&gt;6.72&lt;/math&gt;, the &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ones place. Now, let's throw &lt;math&gt;9&lt;/math&gt; in the tens place, which is 10 times bigger than the Ones place: &lt;math&gt;96.72&lt;/math&gt;. But... that's doesn't seem enough, does it? Let's throw in a &lt;math&gt;6, 2, 8&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt; in there! And now, we have: &lt;math&gt;628,396.72&lt;/math&gt;.

Woah! That's a pretty big number, but we can easily break this number down to it's place value. Let's do it!

So, our number, &lt;math&gt;628,396.72&lt;/math&gt;, is the number we need to break down. Let's start from the decimal point, and move left:
* The number &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ones place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;9&lt;/math&gt; is in the Tens place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundreds place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;8&lt;/math&gt; is in the Thousands place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ten thousands place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundred Thousands place.

Now we have broken up the numbers left of the decimal--What about the numbers on the ''right''? Let's throw in a &lt;math&gt;5, 2, 4&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we have &lt;math&gt;628,396.725,247&lt;/math&gt;. Let's break this number up like we did above.

So, our number, &lt;math&gt;628,396.725,247&lt;/math&gt;, is the number we need to break down. This time, we need to start on the decimal point, and move ''right'':
* The number &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt; is in the Tenths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundredths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;5&lt;/math&gt; is in the Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ten Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundred Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt; is in the Millionths place. 

We have just now gone over the importance of Place Value in the Decimal World. Now, we will go into how to work with decimals, in the Decimal World!

See also: http://www.shmoop.com/fractions-decimals/place-value-naming-decimals.html

==== Adding/Subtracting Decimals ====
To add decimals, in addition column-style, put the decimals in its place with the decimals lined up. Then simply add on. So, for &lt;math&gt;1.5&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;2.5&lt;/math&gt; we'd line up the decimal points. But, if we had a problem like &lt;math&gt;1.15&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;2.0&lt;/math&gt;, we'd add a &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; after the &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; that is behind the decimal. Adding a zero to a place in a decimal means &quot;no value&quot;. So &lt;math&gt;10&lt;/math&gt; basically means no ones, and &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;, means no ones or hundreds. Same things goes for subtracting as well folks.
=====Sample problems for ''adding/subtracting decimals''=====
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
6.8 - 2.5 = { 4.3_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
3.4 + 5.6 = { 9_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9 + 4.50 = { 13.5_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
41.89 + 25.00 = { 66.89_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9.01 + 3.089 = { 12.099_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
10.90 + 11.1 = { 22_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9.5 + 3.44 = { 12.94_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot; coef=&quot;2.5&quot;}
9.00 x 2.00 = { 18_6 } &lt;big&gt;(BONUS!)&lt;/big&gt; 
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==== Multiplying Decimals ====
[[File:9.82x5.73 multiplication image.svg|thumb|A visual representation of the multiplication example]]
Multiplying decimals isn't as hard as it really seems to be. So, we have &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;. For most people, column multiplication is a lot easier than side-by-side multiplication. That being mentioned, let us column these numbers:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;× &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------

Now that we have our problem, we should simply ignore the decimal points and just multiply as usual, so you should get this answer once you are done with that (remember to add a zero (and grow with zeros in each line) to each and every line of addition):

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;        × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;   &lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;491500
&lt;/math&gt;
-------

With the simple usage of addition, we should get:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;        × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;   &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;  &lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+
&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;491500&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;563259&lt;/math&gt;

Now, we need to bring back our handy dandy decimal point, but where? In &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;, there are FOUR numbers in these 2 numbers overall that are behind the decimal point (in each number, there are two numbers behind the decimal points). So, we have &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;. Now, that totals up to four numbers overall behind the decimal point. So in &lt;math&gt;563259&lt;/math&gt;, we need to move the decimal point four times (beginning from the right). So watch as follows:

&lt;math&gt;563259.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;56325.9&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;5632.59&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;563.259&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;56.3259&lt;/math&gt;

That simple. Now, review your work, your whole work should look like this:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;       × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;    &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;491500&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;56.3259&lt;/math&gt;

==== Dividing Decimals ====
;Dividing a decimal by a whole number
If you want to divide a decimal by a whole number, you should divide the 2 numbers, omitting the decimal point. After you are done dividing, add the decimal point to the '''quotient''' (final product/answer at the top of the long division symbol). The decimal should be right above the decimal point in the '''dividend''' (number in the box/number that is being divided). It's quite easy and simple, as long as you know how to do long division and if you are still familiar with long division. 

Hey, this seems ''too'' easy--Let's figure out how to divide a decimal by a decimal!
;Dividing a decimal by a decimal
The trick to dividing a decimal by a decimal is to shift the decimal point as many times as it gets to a whole number, so follow along: &lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we simply move the decimal point as many times as we need to make the number we are going to use to divide 69.45 a whole number, so watch as followed:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt; →&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;694.5&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;57.8&lt;/math&gt; →&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;6945&lt;/math&gt;. ÷ &lt;math&gt;578&lt;/math&gt;.


Now that we have finally got our dividend a whole number (and now our first number that we are going to divide), we can go ahead and divide normally (using long division). In the end, &lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; divided by &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt; should get you &lt;math&gt;12.0155709&lt;/math&gt;!

A pretty simple one we could go is &lt;math&gt;6.4&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;0.4&lt;/math&gt;, here, we simply move our dots like so:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;6.4&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;0.4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;64&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;04.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;64&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Then, we can simply divide, heck... we don't even need to do long division! The answer should pop in your head, which is &lt;math&gt;16&lt;/math&gt;.

{{notice|If you would like to take the quiz on Decimals, please go to '''[[Speak Math Now!/Week 1: Introduction To Algebra/Decimals Quiz]]'''}}

===Percentages===
A good definition of &quot;percent&quot; is a fraction in which the denominator is the number &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;. For example, the numbers &lt;math&gt;59%&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;63%&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;91%&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;85%&lt;/math&gt;, are the same as just saying &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{59}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{63}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{91}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{85}{100}&lt;/math&gt;. You could also say 59 out of 100 parts, 63 out of 100 parts, 91 out of 100 parts, and 85 out of 100 parts.
====Converting Percentages====
Now that we got the basis of percentages and how they operate, we should look into changing percentages.
===== Percentage → Decimal =====
Let's look in turning a percentage into a decimal point first. It's very simple. Let's say you have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, which, in percentage form, is &lt;math&gt;9%&lt;/math&gt;. So, we have 9%. Now, we want to change it to a decimal (I don't know, think of a reason). We simply convert the percentage symbol into a decimal point, so like this: &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we have &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt;, so then we move the decimal number two places to the left, like so: &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;.9&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;.09&lt;/math&gt;. So now, we have &lt;math&gt;0.09&lt;/math&gt;. We added the 2 zeros in because there is no value in the tenths place, and because &lt;math&gt;.09&lt;/math&gt; does not look quite right. Looks a bit off.
===== Samples problems for ''converting percentages to decimals'' =====
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
59% = { 0.59_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
63% = { 0.63_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
91% = { 0.91_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
85% = { 0.85_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9% = { 0.09_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9834% = { 98.34_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
20% = { 0.2_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
4% = { 0.04_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
7.6% = { 0.076_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
6% = { 0.06_5 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;
===== Decimal → Percentage =====
Now to convert a decimal into percentage we essentially do the complete opposite. We have &lt;math&gt;98.34&lt;/math&gt;. We need this to be a percentage (easier to read). Move the decimal point two places to the right. So, watch: &lt;math&gt;98.34&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;983.4&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;9834.&lt;/math&gt; --Now, we have &lt;math&gt;9834.&lt;/math&gt;, but the decimal point, since it's now a percentage, should not be there, but instead, a percentage should talk the decimal point's place. Now, we have our final result of &lt;math&gt;9834%&lt;/math&gt;.

==== Finding percent of a number ====
[[File:Universität Bonn.jpg|thumb|right|Would this be the fictional university these students were trying to get accepted to?]]
So, 95 students applied to a university (the fictional [[User:Atcovi/Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University|Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University]], for example), and only 20% of the students made it. 20%? What? With this in mind, we want to find &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt;. We take the percentage, &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt;, and divide it by &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;. So we get &lt;math&gt;20/100&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;.2&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we multiply &lt;math&gt;.2&lt;/math&gt; by &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt;, in which we get &lt;math&gt;19&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;19&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, only 19 students out of 95 students made it into the fictional Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University. 

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[[Category:Speak Math Now!]]</text>
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{{mathematics}}
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{{complete}}

'''Algebra''' (from the Arabic word &quot;al-jabr&quot; (الجبر), meaning &quot;reunion of broken parts&quot;) can feel like quite a complicated language of mathematics. However, as time goes on, completing Algebra will get easier and easier until it's a breeze. Completing Algebra takes true dedication with a worthwhile reward. This week, we will get into what Algebra is, and some warm ups (on arithmetic). Even though this may seem pointless, it is IMPORTANT that you review through these warm ups and get comfortable in solving them to lay a strong foundation for understanding larger topics later on.

Without further do, let's dig right into this!
==Algebra==
===What is Algebra?===
[[File:AlgebraJournalWork11-14-16.jpg|thumb|left|You might have to do this much work for a small answer!]]
Note: Slowing improving this. 

In Algebra, we use letters to represent number or a amount of something that is not known yet. This called a '''pronumeral''' or a '''variable.''' 

Imagine you have a bag full of jellybeans on a table; with 10 green jelly beans and a unknown amount of blue jellybeans. Let's call the blue jellybeans x. Well done, this is a pronumeral they are that simple.  Now, your friend comes over, tells you there is 20 total jellybeans in the bag.  

How many blue jellybeans are there?  

The core concept of algebra is the equal sign (=). Think of an equation as a balanced scale. Whatever you do to one side, you must do to the other side to keep it balanced.   

To find the unknown number, you need to get the letter completely by itself. You do this by using inverse operations (doing the opposite).

* Addition (+) and Subtraction (-) are opposites.
* Multiplication (times*, ×) and Division÷, /) are opposites.

To work out the number of blue jellybeans follow these steps: 

10+x=20

# Identify the goal: We want x by itself.
# See the obstacle: There is a +5 next to the x.
# Now take away ten and add the opposite to the other side of the equation. 

x=20-10

4. Do 20-10

x=10       Well Done!

Checking Your Work

In maths, you should always check your work. You can do this by working if the original equation equals the same number now that you know the pronumeral or variable. 

Does (10 + x (10) = 20)? Yes! Your answer is correct.  

'''Example two'''

In algebra, a fraction line means division. So, this equation means &quot;x (unknown number) divided by 4 equals 3.&quot;

# Identify the goal: Get x by itself.
# See the obstacle: The \(x is being divided by 4.
# Do the opposite: The opposite of division is multiplication. Multiply both sides by 4.

\(\frac{x}{4}\times 4=3\times 4)

\(x=12\)

Check Your Work

Put 12 back into the original equation:

* Does 12 / 4 = 3?   Yes! The answer is correct.

===== '''Important notes:''' =====
* Can be called variable OR pronumeral.
* And can be any letter from a to z.
* Solving for (pronumeral here) e.g., &quot;solving for x&quot; means finding the pronumeral.

====== '''Fun Fact''' ======
The letter that is most commonly used for variables is x and the reason for this dates back to the origin of Algebra itself; Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, often called one of the main &quot;founders&quot; of Algebra you could say, used to call the unknown pronumeral &quot;'''shay'''&quot;. &quot;'''Shay&quot;''' comes from the Arabic word '''شَيْء''', which essentially means &quot;thing&quot;. When Al-Khwarizmi's works were translated to Latin in medieval Spain, &quot;shay&quot; was translated as '''&quot;xay&quot;,''' since the letter x was pronounced as &quot;sh&quot; in Spain. Later on, this word &quot;'''xay&quot;''' got abbreviated to &quot;'''x&quot;''' to represent the symbol of the unknown, so we normally use x for standard questions. For more information, visit this [https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/innoalgebra.html PBS] page.

= Algebra problems =
Solve for x.&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{''x'' − 9 = 20
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 29_3 }

{''x'' − 3 = 6
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 9_3 }

{''x'' + 5 = 15
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 10_3 }

{''x'' + 17 = 23
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 6_3 }

{4''x'' = 12
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 3_3 }

{''x''/2 = 0.5
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 1_3 }

{''x''/50 = 2
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 100_3 }

{''x''/9 = 5
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
''x''={ 45_3 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;

Seems simple, huh? Well, it will get complicated, which is why it is important for you to do some review of your arithmetic! Let's dig into that...

==Arithmetic==
[[File:Multiply 4 bags 3 marbles.svg|thumb|right|4 x 3 = 12 (multiplication)]]
'''Arithmetic''' has to deal with elementary/basic levels of math, such as division, multiplication, subtraction, and addition. Basically, just working with numbers.

This SHOULD be a level familiar with you. If you are not familiar with arithmetic math/rules, then PLEASE review through Arithmetic, as you won't survive even the 1st step of Algebra. Trust me, the basics are THAT important.
===Fractions===
[[File:Cake quarters.svg|thumb|left|A Cake with fractions]]
'''Fractions''' (from Latin ''fractus'', &quot;broken&quot;) are parts of a whole. On the left side in the image of the cake, there is only &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;'s of the cake showing, the other &lt;math&gt;1/4&lt;/math&gt; has been eaten/taken away.

The number, ''3'', in &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;, is what is known as a '''numerator''' (Numerator: Number at the top, tells us of how much of the number is being talked about/being used). The number, ''4'', in &lt;math&gt;3/4&lt;/math&gt;, is what is known as a '''denominator''' (Denominator: Number showing the all time total).
;
;Simplest form/reduced form
A reduced form of a fraction is a fraction that cannot be divided by any number other than 1, and the denominator is greater than 1. So &lt;math&gt;2/4&lt;/math&gt; is NOT in simplest form, since we can divide 2 and 4, by 2... which results in the following number: &lt;math&gt;1/2&lt;/math&gt;. Though, not every fraction can be divided by 2, there are fractions, such as: &lt;math&gt;5/35&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;7/21&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;30/5&lt;/math&gt;. The two first fractions are not divisible by 2, and &lt;math&gt;30/5&lt;/math&gt; can not be divided by 2 on both sides, but only on &lt;math&gt;30&lt;/math&gt;. It's important to simplify as if you were in a test, your teacher will mark your problems as incorrect if you didn't simplify your fractions. Keep in mind that simplifying a fraction into its simplest/reduced form doesn't change its value, both the original (unsimplified) fraction and its reduced form represent the same exact value/quantity. So, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{2}{4}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{2}&lt;/math&gt; represents the same quantity, a half! 

Here, we will present a few fractions for you to simplify.
====Sample problems for ''simplifying fractions'' (use ''/'' as the fraction line)====
&lt;quiz display=simple points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 3/4_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{60}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/15_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{30}{90}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/3_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{18}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 4/9_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{72}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 1/8_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{64}{46}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 32/23|1 9/23_7 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{206}{340}=&lt;/math&gt;{ 103/170_7 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;
===== Adding or Subtracting Fractions =====
[[File:Fractionsworkalgebra.PNG|thumb|right|What we just worked on, summarized]]
To simply add or subtract fractions, make sure the denominators of the fractions you are adding or subtracting are the same. If they are not, find the least common denominator (LCD). For example, if you want to add &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, you first have to multiply the 2 in &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{2}&lt;/math&gt; by '''3''', which equals '''6'''... BUT you cannot just multiply 2 only, you also have to multiply 4 by 3, since that's what you did to 2, the denominator. If you change the denominator, you have to change the numerator. ('''This step is crucial as it allows you to preserve the same value of the fraction''' but with just a different representation)

Alright, we got that out of the way, so once we have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{12}{6}&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{4}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, we can simply add. So &lt;math&gt;12&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;16&lt;/math&gt;, but don't add the denominators, they stay the same. So the answer is &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{16}{6}&lt;/math&gt;, and then we simplify down to &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{3}&lt;/math&gt; dividing by 2 on both the numerator and denominator. 

But... did you notice something? &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{8}{3}&lt;/math&gt;? That doesn't seem right, does it? The denominator is smaller than the numerator. When you have a fraction like this, you have to convert it to a '''mixed fraction''' (skip to [[Speak_Math_Now!/Week_1:_Introduction_To_Algebra#Improper_Fraction_--.3E_Mixed_Fraction|section 2.1.1.4]]).

===== Multiplying Fractions =====
To multiply fractions, its easiest to first simplify your fraction to simplest terms. Once you have done that, you can simply multiply the numerators and the denominators. And obviously, simplify your final product, if you can. So, we have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{2}{6}&lt;/math&gt;. You could multiply the numerators and denominators straight away and simplify at the end if you are comfortable, but to make it easier and clearer, we should simplify the fractions first. We simplify 6 and 8 by dividing both by 2, we also divide 2 and 6 by 2. So the fractions are now &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{4}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{3}&lt;/math&gt;. You simply multiply those two fractions by multiplying the numerator by the numerator, and doing the same for the denominators. After completing this process, you will get a solution (in fraction form). &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{4}&lt;/math&gt; × &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{3}&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{12}&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{12}&lt;/math&gt; is not going to be our final product, though, since we can simplify the fraction by dividing the fraction by 3, which results in &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{4}&lt;/math&gt;.

===== Dividing Fractions =====
There is an interesting twist when it comes to dividing fractions. You have to turn the fraction you want to divide by (second fraction) upside-down, also known as &quot;Keep, Change, Flip&quot; where you keep the first fraction the same, change the operation to multiplication, and replace the second fractions numerator with the denominator and the denominator with the numerator. Not only that, you have to turn the division symbol (÷) into a multiplication symbol (× or •). After that, you use your skills you learned in multiplying a fraction, and you multiply both of the fractions. Simplify if you need to.

So, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{7}{12}&lt;/math&gt;. Change the division symbol to a multiplication symbol, and turn the fraction you want to divide by upside-down (the upside-down fraction is known as a '''reciprocal'''). So &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{6}{8}&lt;/math&gt; × (or •) &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{12}{7}&lt;/math&gt;. Multiply the numerators and denominators. The answer is &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{72}{56}&lt;/math&gt;, simplified down to &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{7}&lt;/math&gt;.

===== Improper Fraction --&gt; Mixed Fraction =====
Divide the numerator by the denominator. The '''quotient''' (result of the division taking place/number above the division line) will be the whole number of the mixed fraction, while the numerator will be the remainder. The denominator remains unchanged, so don't change the denominator at all!

{{notice|If you would like to take the quiz on Fractions, please go to '''[[Speak Math Now!/Week 1: Introduction To Algebra/Fractions Quiz]]'''}}

See also: https://www.tes.com/lessons/bJieZ4sFPJbSTw/fractions-4-mixed-numbers-and-improper-fractions

===Decimals===

Ever wondered how to write 8&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{47}{100}&lt;/math&gt; as a decimal? Well, you've got the answer: 8.47! How did we get that answer? Let's look at a few more and maybe you'll see the pattern:
# 6&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{98}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 6.98
# 2&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{56}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 2.56
# 9&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{27}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 9.27
# 5&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{83}{100}&lt;/math&gt; = 5.83
You see? We simply put the mixed number in front of the dot, and with the numerator, we slap that behind the dot! Throw out the 100, it's not important when building your decimal. 

Decimals are all about place value, the value of a number in a specific place in a number. So, when we have &lt;math&gt;6.72&lt;/math&gt;, the &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ones place. Now, let's throw &lt;math&gt;9&lt;/math&gt; in the tens place, which is 10 times bigger than the Ones place: &lt;math&gt;96.72&lt;/math&gt;. But... that's doesn't seem enough, does it? Let's throw in a &lt;math&gt;6, 2, 8&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt; in there! And now, we have: &lt;math&gt;628,396.72&lt;/math&gt;.

Woah! That's a pretty big number, but we can easily break this number down to it's place value. Let's do it!

So, our number, &lt;math&gt;628,396.72&lt;/math&gt;, is the number we need to break down. Let's start from the decimal point, and move left:
* The number &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ones place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;9&lt;/math&gt; is in the Tens place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundreds place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;8&lt;/math&gt; is in the Thousands place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ten thousands place. '''x10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;6&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundred Thousands place.

Now we have broken up the numbers left of the decimal--What about the numbers on the ''right''? Let's throw in a &lt;math&gt;5, 2, 4&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we have &lt;math&gt;628,396.725,247&lt;/math&gt;. Let's break this number up like we did above.

So, our number, &lt;math&gt;628,396.725,247&lt;/math&gt;, is the number we need to break down. This time, we need to start on the decimal point, and move ''right'':
* The number &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt; is in the Tenths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundredths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;5&lt;/math&gt; is in the Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is in the Ten Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; is in the Hundred Thousandths place. '''x-10'''
* The number &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt; is in the Millionths place. 

We have just now gone over the importance of Place Value in the Decimal World. Now, we will go into how to work with decimals, in the Decimal World!

See also: http://www.shmoop.com/fractions-decimals/place-value-naming-decimals.html

==== Adding/Subtracting Decimals ====
To add decimals, in addition column-style, put the decimals in its place with the decimals lined up. Then simply add on. So, for &lt;math&gt;1.5&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;2.5&lt;/math&gt; we'd line up the decimal points. But, if we had a problem like &lt;math&gt;1.15&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;2.0&lt;/math&gt;, we'd add a &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; after the &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; that is behind the decimal. Adding a zero to a place in a decimal means &quot;no value&quot;. So &lt;math&gt;10&lt;/math&gt; basically means no ones, and &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;, means no ones or hundreds. Same things goes for subtracting as well folks.
=====Sample problems for ''adding/subtracting decimals''=====
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
6.8 - 2.5 = { 4.3_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
3.4 + 5.6 = { 9_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9 + 4.50 = { 13.5_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
41.89 + 25.00 = { 66.89_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9.01 + 3.089 = { 12.099_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
10.90 + 11.1 = { 22_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9.5 + 3.44 = { 12.94_6 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot; coef=&quot;2.5&quot;}
9.00 x 2.00 = { 18_6 } &lt;big&gt;(BONUS!)&lt;/big&gt; 
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==== Multiplying Decimals ====
[[File:9.82x5.73 multiplication image.svg|thumb|A visual representation of the multiplication example]]
Multiplying decimals isn't as hard as it really seems to be. So, we have &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;. For most people, column multiplication is a lot easier than side-by-side multiplication. That being mentioned, let us column these numbers:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;× &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------

Now that we have our problem, we should simply ignore the decimal points and just multiply as usual, so you should get this answer once you are done with that (remember to add a zero (and grow with zeros in each line) to each and every line of addition):

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;        × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;   &lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;491500
&lt;/math&gt;
-------

With the simple usage of addition, we should get:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;        × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;   &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;  &lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+
&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;491500&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;563259&lt;/math&gt;

Now, we need to bring back our handy dandy decimal point, but where? In &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;, there are FOUR numbers in these 2 numbers overall that are behind the decimal point (in each number, there are two numbers behind the decimal points). So, we have &lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;. Now, that totals up to four numbers overall behind the decimal point. So in &lt;math&gt;563259&lt;/math&gt;, we need to move the decimal point four times (beginning from the right). So watch as follows:

&lt;math&gt;563259.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;56325.9&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;5632.59&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;563.259&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;56.3259&lt;/math&gt;

That simple. Now, review your work, your whole work should look like this:

&lt;math&gt;9.83&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;       × &lt;math&gt;5.73&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;2949&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;    &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;68810&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;  &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;491500&lt;/math&gt;
-------
&lt;math&gt;56.3259&lt;/math&gt;

==== Dividing Decimals ====
;Dividing a decimal by a whole number
If you want to divide a decimal by a whole number, you should divide the 2 numbers, omitting the decimal point. After you are done dividing, add the decimal point to the '''quotient''' (final product/answer at the top of the long division symbol). The decimal should be right above the decimal point in the '''dividend''' (number in the box/number that is being divided). It's quite easy and simple, as long as you know how to do long division and if you are still familiar with long division. 

Hey, this seems ''too'' easy--Let's figure out how to divide a decimal by a decimal!
;Dividing a decimal by a decimal
The trick to dividing a decimal by a decimal is to shift the decimal point as many times as it gets to a whole number, so follow along: &lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we simply move the decimal point as many times as we need to make the number we are going to use to divide 69.45 a whole number, so watch as followed:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt; →&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;694.5&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;57.8&lt;/math&gt; →&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;6945&lt;/math&gt;. ÷ &lt;math&gt;578&lt;/math&gt;.


Now that we have finally got our dividend a whole number (and now our first number that we are going to divide), we can go ahead and divide normally (using long division). In the end, &lt;math&gt;69.45&lt;/math&gt; divided by &lt;math&gt;5.78&lt;/math&gt; should get you &lt;math&gt;12.0155709&lt;/math&gt;!

A pretty simple one we could go is &lt;math&gt;6.4&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;0.4&lt;/math&gt;, here, we simply move our dots like so:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;6.4&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;0.4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;64&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;04.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;64&lt;/math&gt; ÷ &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Then, we can simply divide, heck... we don't even need to do long division! The answer should pop in your head, which is &lt;math&gt;16&lt;/math&gt;.

{{notice|If you would like to take the quiz on Decimals, please go to '''[[Speak Math Now!/Week 1: Introduction To Algebra/Decimals Quiz]]'''}}

===Percentages===
A good definition of &quot;percent&quot; is a fraction in which the denominator is the number &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;. For example, the numbers &lt;math&gt;59%&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;63%&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;91%&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;85%&lt;/math&gt;, are the same as just saying &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{59}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{63}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{91}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{85}{100}&lt;/math&gt;. You could also say 59 out of 100 parts, 63 out of 100 parts, 91 out of 100 parts, and 85 out of 100 parts.
====Converting Percentages====
Now that we got the basis of percentages and how they operate, we should look into changing percentages.
===== Percentage → Decimal =====
Let's look in turning a percentage into a decimal point first. It's very simple. Let's say you have &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{9}{100}&lt;/math&gt;, which, in percentage form, is &lt;math&gt;9%&lt;/math&gt;. So, we have 9%. Now, we want to change it to a decimal (I don't know, think of a reason). We simply convert the percentage symbol into a decimal point, so like this: &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt;. Now, we have &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt;, so then we move the decimal number two places to the left, like so: &lt;math&gt;9.&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;.9&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;.09&lt;/math&gt;. So now, we have &lt;math&gt;0.09&lt;/math&gt;. We added the 2 zeros in because there is no value in the tenths place, and because &lt;math&gt;.09&lt;/math&gt; does not look quite right. Looks a bit off.
===== Samples problems for ''converting percentages to decimals'' =====
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot; points=&quot;1/1&quot;&gt;
{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
59% = { 0.59_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
63% = { 0.63_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
91% = { 0.91_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
85% = { 0.85_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9% = { 0.09_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
9834% = { 98.34_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
20% = { 0.2_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
4% = { 0.04_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
7.6% = { 0.076_5 }

{
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
6% = { 0.06_5 }
&lt;/quiz&gt;
===== Decimal → Percentage =====
Now to convert a decimal into percentage we essentially do the complete opposite. We have &lt;math&gt;98.34&lt;/math&gt;. We need this to be a percentage (easier to read). Move the decimal point two places to the right. So, watch: &lt;math&gt;98.34&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;983.4&lt;/math&gt; → &lt;math&gt;9834.&lt;/math&gt; --Now, we have &lt;math&gt;9834.&lt;/math&gt;, but the decimal point, since it's now a percentage, should not be there, but instead, a percentage should talk the decimal point's place. Now, we have our final result of &lt;math&gt;9834%&lt;/math&gt;.

==== Finding percent of a number ====
[[File:Universität Bonn.jpg|thumb|right|Would this be the fictional university these students were trying to get accepted to?]]
So, 95 students applied to a university (the fictional [[User:Atcovi/Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University|Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University]], for example), and only 20% of the students made it. 20%? What? With this in mind, we want to find &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt;. We take the percentage, &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt;, and divide it by &lt;math&gt;100&lt;/math&gt;. So we get &lt;math&gt;20/100&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;.2&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we multiply &lt;math&gt;.2&lt;/math&gt; by &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt;, in which we get &lt;math&gt;19&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;20%&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;95&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;19&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, only 19 students out of 95 students made it into the fictional Mustafa Einhoonansebadoi University. 

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      <comment>Mfield moved page [[User talk:R Ashwani Banjan Murmu]] to [[User talk:Renamed user 259affac5b8b7ccffc4b10a4876b06a0]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/R Ashwani Banjan Murmu|R Ashwani Banjan Murmu]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 259affac5b8b7ccffc4b10a4876b06a0|Renamed user 259affac5b8b7ccffc4b10a4876b06a0]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2779" sha1="qlfh94wrvnoy1o3emg82uzkvmgtiey1" xml:space="preserve">{{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
'''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] R Ashwani Banjan Murmu!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOUI JS signature icon LTR.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity.

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  <page>
    <title>Talk:WikiJournal of PPB/Editors</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>272058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811383</id>
      <parentid>2260846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T07:39:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-31011-86</username>
        <id>3081927</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2811383</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="882" sha1="5w5oq55qqr9cwx2vzsim65r520reyus" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{WikiJournal editorial application top
}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

==Editorial board application of Ralph Jayson Pallon==

{{WikiJournal editor application submitted
 | position                =Editorial board
 | name                    =Ralph Jayson Pallon
 | qualifications          =MP, RPsy
 | link                    =https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ralph_Jayson_Pallon2
 | areas_of_expertise      =Psychology, Mental Health, Statistics
 | professional_experience =Clinic, Research, Teaching
 | publishing_experience   =Self-Publishing, Peer Reviewer
 | open_experience         =
 | policy_confirm          =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-31011-86|&amp;#126;2026-31011-86]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-31011-86|talk]]) 07:39, 24 May 2026 (UTC)
}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Media reform to improve democracy</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>273009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811362</id>
      <parentid>2808277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T21:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Table of episodes */ add ep. 53</comment>
      <origin>2811362</origin>
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      <text bytes="9723" sha1="eqv92a50ds572r49rzwdju0qb8gjisk" xml:space="preserve">A number of seemingly credible sources are describing an increase in political polarization worldwide. [[w:Maria Ressa|Maria Ressa]] describes how [[w:Rodrigo Duterte|Rodrigo Duterte]], former President of the [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] &quot;started ... with five hundred volunteers&lt;ref&gt;Ressa (2022, pp. 147-8).&lt;/ref&gt; (1) creating “sock puppets,” or fake accounts that attack or praise; (2) “mass reporting,” or organizing to negatively impact a targeted account; and (3) “astroturfing,” or fake posts or lies designed to look like grassroots support or interest.&lt;ref&gt;Ressa (2022, pp. 152-3).&lt;/ref&gt; These actions tricked the algorithms of social media companies like Facebook and Twitter into amplifying fraudulent messages including incitements to violence and criminal prosecutions based on trumped up charges. The results easily overwhelmed honest media. [[w:Leila de Lima|Leila de Lima]], a Senator and former Secretary of Justice of the Philippines, spent years  in pretrial detention before the charges were dropped for lack of evidence.&lt;ref&gt;Ressa (2022, p. 158ff) and Wikipedia, &quot;[[w:Leila de Lima|Leila de Lima]]&quot;, accessed 2024-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Ressa's news organization, [[w:Rappler|Rappler]].com, was ordered to close. Ressa herself was convicted on questionable charges. Both continued operating while the legal procedures against them were appealed.&lt;ref&gt;Ressa (2022, pp. 152-3) and Wikipedia, &quot;[[w:Maria Ressa|Maria Ressa]]&quot;, accessed 2024-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Ressa says similar procedures are making major contributions to the rise of fascism and far-right nationalist populists in the US, Europe, Turkey, India, Russia, and elsewhere.&lt;ref&gt;Ressa (2022, pp. 152-3).&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:H. R. McMaster|H. R. McMaster]], former President Trump's second National Security advisor, said that &quot;The internet and social media thus provided [Russia] with a low-cost, easy way to divide and weaken America from within.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;McMaster (2020, pp. 47-48).&lt;/ref&gt; The [[w:2021 Facebook leak|2021 Facebook leak]] documented how executives of [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] and [[w:Meta Platforms|Meta]] knowingly prioritized profits over action to limit incitements to violence, even facilitating the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise would have reduced their profits. 

This &quot;Category:Media reform to improve democracy&quot; include videos of experts and activists working this issue along with 29:00 mm:ss audio files submitted to a ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series syndicated on the [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|Pacifica radio network]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy on Audioport--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus text and space for moderated discussions. 

Some of this work is cited in the book on ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'', which is being written -- [[w:Crowdsourcing|crowdsourced]] -- to help humans better understand how they can counter the trend toward increasing political polarization and violence by talking politics, calmly, with respect and humility, with others with whom they may vehemently disagree, because the alternative is killing humans over misunderstanding. The goal is ''not'' to convince anyone that they are wrong. Rather it is to build relationships where humans can agree to disagree agreeably and collaborate to improve issues of common concern. 

== Table of episodes == 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Episodes of &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; for the [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|Pacifica Radio Network]]
|-
! 
!! colspan=3 | Date !! 
|- 
! no. || recorded !! broadcasted on [[w:KKFI|KKFI]] !! released to Pacifica !! Episode 
|-
| 53 || 2026-05-28 || 2026-06-09 || 2026-06-13 || [[Let's agree to disagree and seek common ground]]
|-
| 52 || 2026-05-14 || 2026-05-26 ||2026-05-30 || [[How women are centered and silenced in the major media]]
|-
| 51 || 2026-05-06 || 2026-05-12 || 2026-05-16 || [[Online platforms' effects on public health, safety and democracy]]
|-
| 50 || 2026-04-09	|| 2026-04-28 || 2026-05-02 || [[How US media threaten the health of all]]
|- 
| 49 || 2026-04-06 || 2026-04-14 || 2026-04-18 || [[News suppressed for those who control money for the media]] 
|-
| 48 || 2026-03-27 || 2026-03-31 || 2026-04-04 || [[Media and war]]
|-
| 47 || 2026-03-12 || 2026-03-17 || 2026-03-21 || [[Media literacy to dispel myths and improve public policy]]
|-
| 46 || 2026-02-26 || 2026-03-03 || 2026-03-07 || [[Concerns about media, especially in Germany]]
|-
| 45 || 2026-02-12 || 2026-02-17 || 2026-02-21 || [[Underserved serve themselves with low-power FM]]
|-
| 44 || 2026-01-30 || 2026-02-03 || 2026-02-07 || [[Conservative media are different]]
|-
| 43 || 2026-01-15 || 2026-01-20 || 2026-01-24 || [[Medill says you can help yourself by helping improve local media]] 
|-
| 42 || 2026-01-03 || 2026-01-06 || 2026-01-10 || [[Lisa Loving on media literacy and how you can report for your community]]
|- 
| 41 || 2015-12-11 || 2025-12-23 || 2025-12-27 || [[John Maxwell Hamilton on American propaganda]] 
|- 
| 40 || 2025-12-05 || 2025-12-09 || 2025-12-13 || [[You can better protect yourself from Big Tech]]
|- 
| 39 || 2025-11-20 || 2025-11-25 || 2025-11-29 || [[Differences between media outlets including coverage of Gaza]]
|- 
| 38 || 2025-11-06 || 2025-11-11 || 2025-11-15 || [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]
|-
| 37 || 2025-10-23 || 2025-20-28 || 2025-11-01 || [[Media reform initiatives in West Africa]]  
|-
| 36 || 2025-10-03 || 2025-10-14 || 2025-10-18 || [[Seth Radwell says that the two Enlightenments tell us how to heal US political polarization]]
|-
| 35 || 2025-09-25 || 2025-09-30 || 2025-10-04 ||
[[Media Reform Coalition challenges anti-democratic media bias in the UK]]
|- 
| 34 || 2025-09-12 || 2025-09-16 || 2025-09-20 || [[Fighting back against the campaign of censorship and control]]
|- 
| 33 || 2025-08-28 || 2025-09-02 || 2025-08-06 || [[The role of the media in conflict]]
|- 
| 32 || 2025-07-31 || 2025-08-19 || 2025-08-21 || [[Evidence-informed public policy]]
|-
| 31 || 2025-08-01 || 2025-08-05 || 2025-08-09 || [[What the Left can learn from Fox]]
|-
| 30 || 2025-07-17 || 2025-07-22 || 2025-07-26 || [[Democratic delusions: Fix the media to fix democracy]]
|- 
| 29 || 2025-07-03 || 2025-07-08 || 2025-07-12 || [[News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today]]
|-
| 28 || 2025-06-12 || 2025-06-24 || 2025-06-28 || [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher]]
|-
| 27 || 2025-06-08 || 2025-06-10 || 2025-06-14 || [[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]
|- 
| 26 || 2025-05-21 || 2025-05-27 || 2025-05-31 || [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark]]
|- 
| 25 || 2025-05-08 || 2025-05-13 || 2025-05-17 || [[Freedom of the Press Foundation says...]]
|- 
| 24 || 2025-04-24 || 2025-04-29 || 2025-05-03 || [[Canadian journalist Marc Edge on media reform to improve democracy]]
|-
| 23 || 2025-04-10 || 2025-04-15 || 2025-04-19 || [[The value of indigenous and community radio]]
|- 
| 22 || 2025-03-28 || 2025-04-01 || 2025-04-05 || [[Trump ordered changes in public data]]
|-
| 21 || 2025-03-06 || 2025-03-11 || 2025-03-22 || [[Vulture capitalists destroying newspapers]]
|- 
| 20 || 2025-02-25 || 2025-02-25 || 2025-03-08 || [[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]
|-
| 19 || 2025-02-06 || 2025-02-11 || 2025-02-22 || [[Palast says Trump lost, vote suppression won the 2024 elections]]
|-
| 18 || 2025-01-25 || 2025-02-04 || 2025-02-12 || [[Defend free speech hybrid town hall]]
|-
| 17 || 2025-01-13 || 2025-01-14 || 2025-01-25 || [[Media in the Syrian conflict]]
|-
| 16 || 2024-12-20 || 2024-12-31 || 2025-01-04 || [[HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick]]
|- 
| 15 || 2024-12-13 || 2024-12-24 || 2024-12-21 || [[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard]]
|-
| 14 || 2024-12-02 || 2024-12-10 || 2024-12-07 || [[Media literacy for the Arab World per Ahmed Al-Rawi]]
|-
| 13 || 2024-11-21 || 2024-11-26 || 2024-11-23 || [[Thom Hartmann on The Hidden History of the American Dream]]
|-
| 12 || 2024-10-25 || 2024-11-05 || 2024-11-09 || [[Legal concerns of Wikimedia Europe]] 
|-
| 11 || 2024-10-26 || 2024-10-19 || 2024-10-27 || [[Project 2025 per Professor Brooks]]
|-
| 10 || 2024-10-01 || 2024-10-01 || 2024-10-12 || [[Jacob Ware on far-right terrorism in the US]]
|-
| 9 || 2024-09-13 || 2024-09-17 || 2024-09-29 || [[Dis- and misinformation and their threats to democracy]]
|- 
| 8 || 2024-09-11 || 2024-11-12 || 2024-09-14 || [[22nd Century Initiative]]
|- 
| 7 || 2024-08-22|| 2024-08-27 || 2024-08-31 || [[Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism (GPAHE)]]
|-
| 6 || 2024-08-19 || 2024-08-20 || 2024-08-24 || [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says]]
|-
| 5 || 2024-08-13 || 2024-08-13 || 2024-08-17 || [[Legal concerns of Free Press including Section 230]]
|-
| 4 || 2024-08-02 || 2024-08-06 || 2024-08-10 || [[How psychological and interpersonal processes are influenced by human-computer interactions]]
|-
| 3 || 2024-07-30 || 2024-07-30 || 2024-08-03 || [[Dean Baker on Internet companies threatening democracy internationally and how to fix that]]
|-
| 2 || 2021-04-29 || 2021-04-29 || 2021-05-16 || [[Media reform per Freepress.net]]
|- 
| 1 || 2021-02-23 || 2021-02-23 || 2021-03-17 ||[[Unrigging the media and the economy]]
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography == 

* &lt;!-- H. R. McMaster (2020) Battlegrounds: The Fight to Defend the Free World--&gt;{{cite Q|Q104774898}}
* &lt;!--Maria Ressa (2022) How to Stand Up To a Dictator--&gt;{{cite Q|Q117559286}}

[[Category:Interdisciplinary studies]]

[[Category:Political science]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
[[Category:Videoconferences on media and democracy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Complex cube root</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>283249</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811407</id>
      <parentid>2780919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T11:06:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaniosAkro</username>
        <id>2805358</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Method #4 (Vieta Reversed) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="32403" sha1="b3i7h5w8br4a1jd2xguf026lfnzvxdb" xml:space="preserve">=Introduction=
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
[[File:0419polarDiagram.png|thumb|400px|'''Complex number W = complex number w³.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Origin at point &lt;math&gt;(0,0)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{real}, W_{real}&lt;/math&gt; parallel to &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{imag}, W_{imag}&lt;/math&gt; parallel to &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{real} = 1.2;\ w_{imag} = 0.5;\ w_{mod} = \sqrt{1.2^2 + 0.5^2} = 1.3.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{real} = 0.828;\ ;\ W_{imag} = 2.035;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{mod} = \sqrt{0.828^2 + 2.035^2} = 2.197.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{mod} = w_{mod}^3 = 1.3^3 = 2.197.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{\phi} = 3 w_{\phi}.&lt;/math&gt;
By cosine triple angle formula:&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\cos W_{phi} = 4\cdot(\frac{1.2}{1.3})^3 - 3\cdot \frac{1.2}{1.3} = \frac{828}{2197} = \frac{W_{real}}{W_{mod}}.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
See &quot;3 cube roots of W&quot; in [[Complex_cube_root#Gallery | Gallery]] below.
]]
Let complex numbers &lt;math&gt;W =&lt;/math&gt; a &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; b&lt;math&gt;\cdot i&lt;/math&gt; and
&lt;math&gt;w =&lt;/math&gt; p &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; q&lt;math&gt;\cdot i.&lt;/math&gt;
Let &lt;math&gt;W = w^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When given &lt;math&gt;a, b,&lt;/math&gt; aim of this page is to calculate &lt;math&gt;p, q.&lt;/math&gt;


In the diagram complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi = w_{real} + i\cdot w_{imag} = w_{mod}(\cos w_{\phi} + i\cdot \sin w_{\phi}),&lt;/math&gt; where

* &lt;math&gt;w_{real}, w_{imag}&lt;/math&gt; are the real and imaginary components of &lt;math&gt;w,&lt;/math&gt; the rectangular components.

* &lt;math&gt;w_{mod}, w_{\phi}&lt;/math&gt; are the modulus and phase of &lt;math&gt;w,&lt;/math&gt; the polar components.

Similarly, &lt;math&gt;W_{real}, W_{imag}, W_{mod}, W_{\phi}&lt;/math&gt; are the corresponding components of &lt;math&gt;W.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = ( w_{mod}(\cos w_{\phi} + i\cdot \sin w_{\phi}) )^3&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= w_{mod}^3(\cos (3 w_{\phi}) + i\cdot \sin (3 w_{\phi}))&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= W_{mod}(\cos (W_{\phi}) + i\cdot \sin (W_{\phi}))&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= W&lt;/math&gt;


There are 2 significant calculations:

&lt;math&gt;w_{mod} = \sqrt[3]{W_{mod}}&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;\cos w_{\phi} = \cos \frac{W_{\phi}}{3}.&lt;/math&gt;
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=Implementation=
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==Cos φ from cos 3φ==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
[[File:1008Cos3A.png|thumb|400px|'''
Graph of &lt;math&gt;\cos(3A) = 4 \cos^3(A) - 3 \cos(A)&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Formula and/or graph are used to calculate &lt;math&gt;\cos(A)&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math&gt;\cos(3A)&lt;/math&gt; is given.
]]
The cosine triple angle formula is:
&lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta) = 4 \cos^3\theta - 3 \cos\theta.&lt;/math&gt; This formula, of form &lt;math&gt;y = 4 x^3 - 3 x,&lt;/math&gt; permits &lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta)&lt;/math&gt; to be calculated if &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is known.

If &lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta)&lt;/math&gt; is known and the value of &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is desired, this identity becomes:
&lt;math&gt;4 \cos^3\theta - 3 \cos\theta - \cos (3\theta) = 0.&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is the solution of this cubic equation.

In fact this equation has three solutions, the other two being &lt;math&gt;\cos (\theta \pm 120^\circ).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\cos (3(\theta \pm 120^\circ)) = \cos (3\theta \pm 360^\circ) = \cos (3\theta).&lt;/math&gt;


It is sufficient to calculate only &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;\cos 3\theta,&lt;/math&gt; accomplished by the following code:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

cosAfrom_cos3Adebug = 0

def cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) :
    cos3A = Decimal(str(cos3A))+0
    if 1 &gt;= cos3A &gt;= -1 : pass
    else :
        print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) : cos3A not in valid range.')
        return None
    '''
    if cos3A == 0 :
        A = 90 and cos3A = cosA
    if cos3A == 1 :
        A = 0 and cos3A = cosA
    if cos3A == -1 :
        A = 180 and cos3A = cosA
'''
    if cos3A in (0,1,-1) : return cos3A

    # From the cosine triple angle formula:
    a,b,c,d = 4,0,-3,-cos3A

    # prepare for Newton's method.
    if d &lt; 0 : x = Decimal(1)
    else : x = -Decimal(1)
    count = 31; L1 = [x]; almostZero = Decimal('1e-' + str(prec-2))

    # Newton's method:
    while 1 :
        count -= 1
        if count &lt;= 0 :
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A): count expired.')
            break
        y = a*x*x*x + c*x + d
        if cosAfrom_cos3Adebug :
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) : x,y =',x,y)
        if abs(y) &lt; almostZero : break
        slope = 12*x*x + c
        delta_x = y/slope
        x -= delta_x
        if x in L1[-1:-5:-1] :
            # This value of x has been used previously.
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A): endless loop detected.')
            break
        L1 += [x]

    return x
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
When &lt;math&gt;x == 1,&lt;/math&gt; slope &lt;math&gt;= 12x^2 - 3 = 9.&lt;/math&gt; Within area of interest, maximum absolute value of slope &lt;math&gt;= 9,&lt;/math&gt;
a rather small value for slope.

Consequently, with only 9 passes through loop, Newton's method produces a result accurate to 200 places of decimals .
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
There are 3 conditions, any 1 of which terminates the loop:

* &lt;code&gt;abs(y)&lt;/code&gt; very close to 0 (normal termination).

* count expired.

* endless loop detected with the same value of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; repeated.
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{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Calculation of cube roots of W==
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===Calculation of 1 root===

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

def complexCubeRoot (a,b) :
    '''
p,q = complexCubeRoot (a,b) where:
* a,b are rectangular coordinates of complex number a + bi.
* (p + qi)^3 = a + bi.
'''

    a = Decimal(str(a))
    b = Decimal(str(b))

    if a == b == 0 : return (Decimal(0), Decimal(0))
    if a == 0 : return (Decimal(0), -simpleCubeRoot(b))
    if b == 0 : return (simpleCubeRoot(a), Decimal(0))

    Wmod = (a*a + b*b).sqrt()
    wmod = simpleCubeRoot (Wmod)
    cosWφ = a/Wmod
    coswφ = cosAfrom_cos3A(cosWφ)
    p = coswφ * wmod ; P = p**2 # p = wreal
    Q = wmod*wmod - P # Q = q**2
    # 3ppq - Qq = b
    # (3pp - Q)q = b
    q = b/(3*P - Q) # wimag

    return p,q
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
For function &lt;code&gt;simpleCubeRoot()&lt;/code&gt; see [[ Cube_root#Implementation | Cube_root#Implementation ]]
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===Calculation of 3 roots===

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See [[ Python_Concepts/Numbers#Cube_roots_of_1_simplified | Cube roots of unity. ]]

The cube roots of unity are :
&lt;math&gt;1, \frac{-1 \pm i\sqrt{3}}{2}.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;r_0 = \sqrt[3]{W}&lt;/math&gt; is known, the other 2 cube roots are:

* &lt;math&gt;r_1 = r_0 \cdot \frac{-1 + i\sqrt{3}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;r_2 = r_0 \cdot \frac{-1 - i\sqrt{3}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
def complexCubeRoots (a,b) :
    '''
r0,r1,r2 = complexCubeRoots (a,b) where:
* a,b are rectangular coordinates of complex number a + bi.
* (p + qi)^3 = a + bi.
* r0 = (p0,q0)
* r1 = (p1,q1)
* r2 = (p2,q2)
'''
    p,q = complexCubeRoot (a,b)
    r3 = Decimal(3).sqrt() # Square root of 3.
    pr3,qr3 = p*r3, q*r3
#  r1 = ((-p-q*r)/2, (p*r - q)/2)
#  r2 = ((-p+q*r)/2, (-p*r - q)/2)
    r0 = (p,q)
    r1 = ((-p-qr3)/2, (pr3 - q)/2)
    r2 = ((-p+qr3)/2, (-pr3 - q)/2)
    return r0,r1,r2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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=Testing results=

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&lt;math&gt;(p + q\cdot i)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)\cdot i = a + b\cdot i.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2;\ b = 3p^2q - q^3.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# Python code used to test results of code above,

def complexCubeRootsTest (a,b) :
    print ('\n++++++++++++++++++++')
    print ('a,b =', a,b)
    almostZero = Decimal('1e-' + str(prec-5))
    r0,r1,r2 = complexCubeRoots (a,b)
    for root in (r0,r1,r2) :
        p,q = root
        print ('  pq =',(p), (q))
        a_,b_ = (p*p*p - 3*p*q*q), (3*p*p*q - q*q*q)
        if a :
            v1 = abs((a_-a)/a)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error *',a_,a,v1)
        else :
            v1 = abs(a_)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error !',a_,a,v1)
        if b :
            v1 = abs((b_-b)/b)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error &amp;',b_,b,v1)
        else :
            v1 = abs(b_)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error %',b_,b,v1)
    return r0,r1,r2
    
import decimal
Decimal = D = decimal.Decimal
prec = decimal.getcontext().prec # precision

cosAfrom_cos3Adebug = 1

for p in range (-10,11,1) :
    for q in range (-10,11,1) :
        a = p*p*p - 3*p*q*q
        b = 3*p*p*q - q*q*q
        complexCubeRootsTest(a,b)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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=Gallery=
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&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0421cubeRootsOf8i.png|&lt;small&gt;Cube roots of 8i.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0422cubeRootsOfm8.png|&lt;small&gt;Cube roots of -8.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0424_3cubeRoots01.png|&lt;small&gt;3 cube roots of W.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
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=Method #2 (Graphical)=
==Introduction==
[[File:0406_2curves01a.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube roots as points of intersection of the 2 curves.''']]
Let complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then &lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = (p + qi)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)i.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then:

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3.&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is desired,
&lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated from the solutions of 2 simultaneous equations:

&lt;math&gt;p^3 - 3pq^2 - a = 0\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;3p^2q - q^3 - b = 0\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;


For example, let &lt;math&gt;W = (39582 + 3799i).&lt;/math&gt;


Then equations &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(2)&lt;/math&gt; become (for graphical purposes):

&lt;math&gt;x^3 - 3xy^2 - 39582 = 0\ \dots\ (3),&lt;/math&gt; black curve in diagram, and

&lt;math&gt;3x^2y - y^3 - 3799 = 0\ \dots\ (4),&lt;/math&gt; red curve in diagram.


Three points of intersection of red and black curves are:

&lt;math&gt;(-18, 29),&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(34.11473670974872, 1.0884572681198943),&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;(-16.11473670974872, -30.088457268119896),&lt;/math&gt;

interpreted as the three complex cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W,&lt;/math&gt; namely:

&lt;math&gt;w_0 = (-18 + 29i),&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = (34.11473670974872 + 1.0884572681198943i)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = (-16.11473670974872 - 30.088457268119896i).&lt;/math&gt;
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Proof:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
# Each cube root cubed.
&gt;&gt;&gt; w0 = (-18 + 29j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; w1 = (34.11473670974872 + 1.0884572681198943j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; w2 = (-16.11473670974872 - 30.088457268119896j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; for w in (w0,w1,w2) : w**3
... 
(39582+3799j)
(39582+3799j)
(39582+3799j)
# The moduli of all 3 cube roots.
&gt;&gt;&gt; for w in (w0,w1,w2) : (w.real**2 + w.imag**2) ** 0.5
... 
34.132096331752024
34.132096331752024
34.132096331752024
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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==Preparation==

This method depends upon selection of most appropriate quadrant.

In the example above, 
quadrant &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is chosen because any non-zero positive value of &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; intersects red curve and
any non-zero negative value of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; intersects black curve.

Figures 1-4 below show all possibilities of &lt;math&gt;\pm a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\pm b.&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0406_2curves01a.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 1. When both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are positive, quadrant 2 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(-18+29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (39582+3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0411np01.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 2. When &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is positive and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; is negative, quadrant 3 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(-18-29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (39582-3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0411pn01.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 3. When &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is negative and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; is positive, quadrant 1 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(18+29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (-39582+3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0406_2curves00a.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 4. When both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are negative, quadrant 4 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(18-29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (-39582-3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
Lines &lt;math&gt;y = x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y = -x&lt;/math&gt; (not shown) intersect:

* red curves at points where slope of red curve is vertical, and

* black curves at points where slope of black curve is horizontal.
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==Description of method==
===Four points===
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[[File:0406_4points.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing 4 points that enclose one of the complex cube roots.'''&lt;/br&gt;
Area enclosed by the 4 points becomes progressively smaller and smaller until the point of intersection is identified.
]]
Assume that &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 - 3799i,&lt;/math&gt; in which case both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are negative and quadrant &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; is chosen.

In quadrant &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; any non-zero positive value of x intersects black curve and any non-zero negative value of y intersects red curve.


Choose any convenient negative, non-zero value of &lt;math&gt;y.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;y = -18.&lt;/math&gt;

Using this value of &lt;math&gt;y,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; on red curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;A,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;
on black curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;B,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt;
on red curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;C,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;
on black curve.


Points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt; enclose the point of intersection of the 2 curves.
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===Point of intersection===
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[[File:0406intersection.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube root enclosed by four points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt;.'''&lt;/br&gt;
Point &lt;math&gt;E,&lt;/math&gt; intersection of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD&lt;/math&gt; is close to complex cube root, and is starting point for next iteration.
]]
Calculate equations of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD.&lt;/math&gt;

Calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;E,&lt;/math&gt; intersection of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD.&lt;/math&gt;


Point &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt; is used as starting point for next iteration.


Area of quadrilateral &lt;math&gt;ABCD&lt;/math&gt; becomes smaller and smaller until complex cube root, intersection of red and black curves, is identified.
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==Implementation==
===Initialization===
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

import decimal
D = decimal.Decimal

precision = decimal.getcontext().prec = 100

useDecimal = 1

Tolerance = 1e-14
if useDecimal :
    Tolerance = D('1e-' + str(decimal.getcontext().prec - 2))


def line_mc (point1,point2) :
    '''
m,c = line_mc (point1,point2)
where y = mx + c.
'''
    x1,y1 = point1
    x2,y2 = point2
    m = (y2-y1) / (x2-x1)
    # y = mx + c
    c = y1 - m*x1
    return m,c


def intersectionOf2Lines (line1, line2) :
    m1,c1 = line1
    m2,c2 = line2
    # y = m1x + c1
    # y = m2x + c2
    # m1x + c1 = m2x + c2
    # m1x - m2x = c2 - c1
    x = (c2-c1)/(m1-m2)
    y = m1*x + c1
    return x,y

def almostEqual (v1,v2,tolerance = Tolerance) :
    '''
status = almostEqual (v1,v2)

For floats, tolerance is 1e-14.

1234567.8901234567 and
1234567.8901234893
are not almostEqual.

1234567.8901234567 and
1234567.8901234593
are almostEqual.
'''
    return abs(v1-v2) &lt; tolerance*abs((v1+v2)/2)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Function two_points()===
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[[File:0406_4points.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing 4 points that enclose one of the complex cube roots.'''&lt;/br&gt;
On first invocation function two_points() returns points &lt;math&gt;A, B.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
On second invocation function two_points() returns points &lt;math&gt;C, D.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;AB&lt;/math&gt; or distance &lt;math&gt;CD&lt;/math&gt; is very small, function two_points() returns status True.
]]
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def two_points (y,a,b,quadrant) :
    '''
[point1,point2],status = two_points (y,a,b)
'''

    L1 = [] ; yInput = y
    if 0 :
        print ('two_points():')
        s1 = '  a,b,y' ; print (s1, eval(s1))

# a = ppp - pqq - 2pqq = ppp - 3pqq (1)
# b = 2ppq + ppq - qqq = 3ppq - qqq (2)
#
# Using (2)
# 3xxy - yyy = b
#
#     yyy + b
# X = ----------
#        3y
    X = (y**3 + b) / (3*y)

    if isinstance(X,D) : x = X.sqrt()
    else : x = X ** 0.5
    if quadrant in (2,3) : x *= -1
    L1 += [(x,y)]

# Using (1)
# xxx - 3xyy = a
#
#     xxx - a
# Y = -----------
#        3x
#
    Y = (x**3 - a) / (3*x)

    if isinstance(Y,D) : y = Y.sqrt()
    else : y = Y ** 0.5
    if quadrant in (3,4) : y *= -1

    L1 += [(x,y)]

    return L1, almostEqual(y, yInput)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Function pointOfIntersection()===
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[[File:0406intersection.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube root enclosed by four points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt;.'''&lt;/br&gt;
From points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt; function pointOfIntersection() calculates coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;E.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;AB&lt;/math&gt; is very small, point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; is returned as equivalent to intersection of red and black curves.&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;CD&lt;/math&gt; is very small, point &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; is returned as equivalent to intersection of red and black curves.
]]
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def pointOfIntersection(y,a,b,quadrant) :
    '''
pointE, status = pointOfIntersection(y,a,b)
y is Y coordinate of point A.
'''
#    print('\npointOfIntersection()')
    t1,status = two_points (y,a,b,quadrant)
    ptA,ptB = t1
    if status :
        # Distance between ptA and ptB is very small.
        # ptA is considered equivalent to the complex cube root.
        return ptA,status

    t2,status = two_points (ptB[1],a,b,quadrant)
    ptC,ptD = t2
    if status :
        # Distance between ptC and ptD is very small.
        # ptC is considered equivalent to the complex cube root.
        return ptC,status

    lineAC = line_mc (ptA,ptC)
    lineBD = line_mc (ptB,ptD)
    pointE = intersectionOf2Lines (lineAC, lineBD)
    return pointE,False
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Execution===
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y) :
    '''
p,q = CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)
p = x and q = y.
p,q are checked as valid within tolerance, and are reformatted slightly to improve appearance.
'''
#    print ('\nCheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)')
#    s1 = '(a,b)' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
#    s1 = '   x'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
#    s1 = '   y'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    P = x**2 ; Q = y**2 ; p=q=-1
    for p in (x,) :
        # a = ppp - 3pqq; a + 3pqq should equal ppp.
        if not almostEqual (P*p, a + 3*p*Q, Tolerance*100) : continue
        for q in  (y,) :
            # b = 3ppq - qqq; b + qqq should equal 3ppq
            if not almostEqual (3*P*q, b + q*Q) : continue
            # Following 2 lines improve appearance of p,q
            if useDecimal :
                # 293.00000000000000000000000000000000000000034 becomes 293
                p,q = [ decimal.Context(prec=precision-3).create_decimal(s).normalize()
                        for s in (p,q) ]
            else :
                # 123.99999999999923 becomes 124.0
                p,q = [ float(decimal.Context(prec=14).create_decimal(s)) for s in (p,q) ]
            return p,q
    # If code gets to here there is internal error.
    s1 = '   p'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = '   q'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = 'P*p, a + 3*p*Q' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = '3*P*q, b + q*Q' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    1/0


def ComplexCubeRoot (a,b, y = 100, count_ = 20) :
    '''
p,q = ComplexCubeRoot (a,b, y, count_)
(p+qi)**3 = (a+bi)
'''
    print ('\nComplexCubeRoot(): a,b,y,count_ =',a,b,y,count_)

    if useDecimal : y,a,b = [ D(str(v)) for v in (y,a,b) ]

    if a == 0 :
        if b == 0 : return 0,0
        if useDecimal : cubeRoot = abs(b) ** (D(1)/3)
        else : cubeRoot = abs(b) ** (1/3)
        if b &gt; 0 : return 0,-cubeRoot
        return 0,cubeRoot
    if b == 0 :
        if useDecimal : cubeRoot = abs(a) ** (D(1)/3)
        else : cubeRoot = abs(a) ** (1/3)
        if a &gt; 0 : return cubeRoot,0
        return -cubeRoot,0

    # Select most appropriate quadrant.
    if a &gt; 0: setx = {2,3}
    else: setx = {1,4}

    if b &gt; 0: sety = {1,2}
    else: sety = {3,4}

    quadrant, = setx &amp; sety
    # Make sign of y appropriate for this quadrant.
    if quadrant in (1,2) : y = abs(y)
    else : y = -abs(y)

    s1 = '    quadrant' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))

    for count in range (0,count_) :
        pointE,status = pointOfIntersection(y,a,b,quadrant)
        s1 = 'count,status' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
        s1 = '    pointE[0]' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))
        s1 = '    pointE[1]' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))
        x,y = pointE
        if status : break

    p,q = CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)

    return p,q
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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==An Example==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
p,q = 18,-29
w0 = p + q*1j
W = w0**3
a,b = W.real, W.imag
s1 = '\na,b' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
print ('Calculate one cube root of W =', W)

p,q = ComplexCubeRoot (a, b, -18)
s1 = '\np,q' ; print (s1, eval(s1))

sign = ' + '
if q &lt; 0 : sign = ' - '
print ('w0 = ', str(p) ,sign, str(abs(q)),'i',sep='')
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
a,b (-39582.0, -3799.0)
Calculate one cube root of W = (-39582-3799j)

ComplexCubeRoot(): a,b,y,count_ = -39582.0 -3799.0 -18 20
    quadrant 4
count,status (0, False)
    pointE[0] 18.29530595866769796981147594954794157453427770441979517949705190002312860122683512802090262517713985
    pointE[1] -29.17605851188829785804056660826030733025475591125914094664311767722817017040959484906193571713185723
count,status (1, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00005338608833140244623119091867294731079673210031643698475740639013316464725974710029414039192178
    pointE[1] -29.00004871113589733281025047965490410760310240487028781197782902118493613318468122514940700337153822
count,status (2, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000411724901243622639913339568271402799883998577879934397861645683113192688877413853607310
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000374389488957142528693701977412078931714190614174861872117809632376941851192785888688849
count,status (3, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000002432197332441306371168312765664226520285586754485200564671348858119116700
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000002211642401405406173668734741733917293863102998696594080783163691859719835
count,status (4, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000084875301166228708732099292145747224660296019
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000077178694502906372553368739653233322951192943
count,status (5, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
count,status (6, True)
    pointE[0] 18
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

p,q (Decimal('18'), Decimal('-29'))
w0 = 18 - 29i
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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=Method #3 (Algebraic)=

==Introduction==
Let complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then &lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = (p + qi)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)i.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then:

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is desired,
&lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated from the solutions of 2 simultaneous equations
&lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(2),&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;a,b&lt;/math&gt; are
known values, and &lt;math&gt;p,q&lt;/math&gt; are desired.

==Implementation==

&lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; squared: &lt;math&gt;a^2 = p^6 - 6p^4q^2\ + 9p^2q^4\dots\ (1a)&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2):\ 3p^2q = b + q^3\ \dots\ (2a)&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;(1a) * 27q^3:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = 27q^3p^6 - 27q^3(6)p^4q^2\ + 27q^3(9)p^2q^4&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = 27(p^2q)^3 - 27(6)p^4q^5\ + 27(9)p^2q^7&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 27(6)p^4q^2q^3\ + 27(9)p^2qq^6&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)(9p^4q^2)q^3\ + 27(3)(3p^2q)q^6&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)((3p^2q)^2)q^3\ + 27(3)(3p^2q)q^6&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;Q = q^3:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27Qa^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)((3p^2q)^2)Q + 27(3)(3p^2q)Q^2\ \dots\ (1b)&lt;/math&gt;


For &lt;math&gt;(3p^2q)&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;(1b)&lt;/math&gt; substitute &lt;math&gt; ( b + Q ) : &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27Qa^2 = (b+Q)^3 - 3(6)((b+Q)^2)Q + 27(3)(b+Q)Q^2\ \dots\ (1c)&lt;/math&gt;


Expand &lt;math&gt;(1c),&lt;/math&gt; simplify, gather like terms and result is:

&lt;math&gt;f(Q) = sQ^3 + tQ^2 + uQ + v\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt; where:

&lt;math&gt; Q  =  q ^ 3 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;s = 64&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;t = 48b&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;u = -(15b^2 + 27a^2)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;v = b^3&lt;/math&gt;


Calculate one real root of &lt;math&gt;(3):\ Q_1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;q_1 = \sqrt [3] {Q_1} &lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2a):\ p_1 = \sqrt{\frac{b + Q_1}{3q_1}}&lt;/math&gt;


Check &lt;math&gt;p_1&lt;/math&gt; against &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; to resolve ambiguity of sign of &lt;math&gt;p_1.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;p_1 + q_1 i&lt;/math&gt; is one cube root of &lt;math&gt;W.&lt;/math&gt;

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated without ambiguity as follows:


&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(1):\ p^3 - 3q^2p - a = 0\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2):\ 3qp^2 - (Q + b) = 0\ \dots\ (4)&lt;/math&gt;


Let:

&lt;math&gt;A = -3q^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = -a&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C = 3q&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;D = -(Q + b)&lt;/math&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| From &lt;math&gt;(3):&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;p^3&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;+Ap&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+B&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (5)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| From &lt;math&gt;(4):&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;Cp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+D&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (6)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(5)*D&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;Dp^3&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;+DAp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+DB&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (7)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(6)*B&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;BCp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+BD&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (8)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(7)-(8)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;Dp^3&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;-BCp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;+DAp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (9)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplify &lt;math&gt;(9)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;Dp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BCp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+DA&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (10)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(6)*A&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;ACp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+AD&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (11)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(10)-(11)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;Dp^2-ACp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BCp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (12)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplify &lt;math&gt;(12)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;Dp-ACp&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BC&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (13)&lt;/math&gt;
|}

From &lt;math&gt;(13):\ p = \frac{BC}{D - AC} = \frac{aC}{AC - D} = \frac{-aC}{9Q + D} = \frac{aC}{b - 8Q}&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==An Example==

Calculate cube roots of complex number &lt;math&gt;W = 39582 + 3799i.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:1219cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of &lt;math&gt;f(Q)&lt;/math&gt; shown as graph of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and showing three values of &lt;math&gt;Q: Q_1, Q_2, Q_3&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis compressed for clarity.
]]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

a,b = 39582,3799

s = 64
t = 48*b
u = -(15*b**2 + 27*a**2)
v = b**3

s,t,u,v
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(64, 182352, -42518323563, 54828691399)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate roots of cubic function:
&lt;math&gt;y = f (x) &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = 64 x^3 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 182352 x^2 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; - 42518323563 x &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 54828691399 .&lt;/math&gt;

Three roots are: &lt;math&gt;Q_1, Q_2, Q_3 = -27239.53953801976, 1.2895380197588122, 24389&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

values_of_Q = Q1,Q2,Q3 = -27239.53953801976, 1.2895380197588122, 24389
values_of_q = [ q
             for Q in values_of_Q
             for r in [ abs(Q) ** (1/3) ]
             for q in [ (r,-r)[Q&lt;0] ]
            ]
s1 = 'values_of_q' ; print(s1, eval(s1))

for q,Q in zip(values_of_q, values_of_Q) :
    C = 3*q
    p = a*C/(b - 8*Q)
    w = p + q*1j
    s1 = 'w, w**3' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
values_of_q (-30.08845726811989, 1.0884572681198943, 29)
w, w**3 ((-16.114736709748723 - 30.08845726811989j  ), (39582+3799j))
w, w**3 (( 34.11473670974874  +  1.0884572681198943j), (39582+3799j))
w, w**3 ((-18.0               + 29.0j               ), (39582+3799j))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Three cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W = 39582 + 3799i&lt;/math&gt; are:

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = (-16.114736709748723 - 30.08845726811989i  )&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = ( 34.11473670974874  +  1.0884572681198943i)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_3 = (-18.0               + 29.0i               )&lt;/math&gt;
=Method #4 (Vieta Reversed)=

See [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cubic_function#Vieta's_substitution Vieta's Substitution.]

The depressed cubic function is : &lt;math&gt;f(t) = t^3 + At + B = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;A = -3C&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;t = w + \frac{C}{w} = \frac{w^2 + C}{w}.&lt;/math&gt;

Substitute for &lt;math&gt;A, t&lt;/math&gt; in the depressed function and result is:

&lt;math&gt;f(w) = w^6 + Bw^3 + C^3&lt;/math&gt; or

&lt;math&gt;f(W) = W^2 + BW + C^3&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;W = w^3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w = \sqrt[3]{W}&lt;/math&gt;.

From the quadratic formula: &lt;math&gt;W = \frac{-B \pm \sqrt{B^2 - 4C^3}}{2} = \frac{-B \pm \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2}\sqrt{-1}   }{2}&lt;/math&gt;

However, &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;a = \frac{-B}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b = \frac{ \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2} }{2}.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = -2a&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;2b = \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;4b^2 = 4C^3 - B^2 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;4C^3 = 4b^2 + B^2 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C^3 = b^2 + \frac{B^2}{4} = b^2 + a^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C = \sqrt[3]{C^3} &lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;A = -3C. &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;A,B &lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; have been defined with &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; positive and &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; negative.

Because &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; has three complex roots, &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; must have three real roots.

Calculate one of the roots of &lt;math&gt;f(t).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;t = \frac{w^2 + C}{w}.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore &lt;math&gt;wt = w^2 + C&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;w^2 - tw + C = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

From the quadratic formula : 

&lt;math&gt;w = \frac{t \pm \sqrt{t^2 - 4C}}{2} = \frac{t \pm \sqrt{4C - t^2}\sqrt{-1}   }{2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w = p + qi&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;p = \frac{t}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Q = \frac{4C - t^2  }{4} = C - \frac{t^2}{4}&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;Q = q^2.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;q = \sqrt{Q}&lt;/math&gt; but sign of this calculation of &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; is ambiguous.

Let &lt;math&gt;P = p^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;q = \frac{b}{(3P - Q)}&lt;/math&gt;

and &lt;math&gt;(p + qi)^3 = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

==An Example==

Calculate cube roots of complex number &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 + 3799i.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:1215depressed cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; shown as graph of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and showing three values of &lt;math&gt;t: t_1, t_2, t_3&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis compressed for clarity.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;A,B = -3495.0, 79164.0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;t_1 = -68.229473419497441512295943903670298\dots&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;t_2 = 32.229473419497441512295943903670298\dots&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\ t_3 = 36&lt;/math&gt;
]]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

import decimal
decimal.getcontext().prec = 22
ab = -39582,3799
a,b = [ dD(v) for v in ab ]
B = -2*a
C = (b**2 + B*B/4) ** (dD(1)/3)
A = -3*C

a,b,A,B,C = [ dD(str(float(v))) for v in (a,b,A,B,C) ]
print ( 'a,b = {}, {}'.format(a,b) )
print ( 'A,B,C = {}, {}, {}'.format(A,B,C) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
a,b = -39582.0, 3799.0
A,B,C = -3495.0, 79164.0, 1165.0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate roots of cubic function:

&lt;math&gt;y = f (t) &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = t^3 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; - 3495 t &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 79164 .&lt;/math&gt;

Three roots are: &lt;math&gt;t_1,\ t_2,\ t_3 = -68.22947341949744\dots,\ 32.22947341949744\dots,\ 36.0&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:
t1, t2, t3 = ('-68.229473419497441512295943903670298',
               '32.229473419497441512295943903670298', 36 )
values_of_t = [ dD(v) for v in (t1,t2,t3) ]

for t in values_of_t :
    p = t/2 ; P = p**2
    Q = C - t*t/4 ; q = b/(3*P - Q)
    # Check results:
    print ()
    sx = 't' ; print (sx,'=', eval(sx))
    print ( 'p,q = {}, {}'.format(p,q) )
    ab = [ p*P - 3*p*Q, 3*P*q - q*Q ]
    a_,b_ = [ float(v) for v in ab ]
    sx = 'a_,b_' ; print (sx,'=', eval(sx))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
t = -68.229473419497441512295943903670298
p,q = -34.11473670974872075615, 1.088457268119895641747
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
    
t = 32.229473419497441512295943903670298
p,q = 16.11473670974872075615, -30.08845726811989564176
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
    
t = 36
p,q = 18, 29
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Three cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 + 3799i&lt;/math&gt; are:

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = -34.11473670974872075615 + 1.088457268119895641747i&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = 16.11473670974872075615 - 30.08845726811989564176i&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_3 = 18 + 29i&lt;/math&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b3i7h5w8br4a1jd2xguf026lfnzvxdb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811410</id>
      <parentid>2811407</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T11:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaniosAkro</username>
        <id>2805358</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Method #4 (Vieta Reversed) */</comment>
      <origin>2811410</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32417" sha1="3g82k5210qyf4g04ybb15jqj6wxylrr" xml:space="preserve">=Introduction=
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
[[File:0419polarDiagram.png|thumb|400px|'''Complex number W = complex number w³.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Origin at point &lt;math&gt;(0,0)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{real}, W_{real}&lt;/math&gt; parallel to &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{imag}, W_{imag}&lt;/math&gt; parallel to &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{real} = 1.2;\ w_{imag} = 0.5;\ w_{mod} = \sqrt{1.2^2 + 0.5^2} = 1.3.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{real} = 0.828;\ ;\ W_{imag} = 2.035;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{mod} = \sqrt{0.828^2 + 2.035^2} = 2.197.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{mod} = w_{mod}^3 = 1.3^3 = 2.197.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{\phi} = 3 w_{\phi}.&lt;/math&gt;
By cosine triple angle formula:&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\cos W_{phi} = 4\cdot(\frac{1.2}{1.3})^3 - 3\cdot \frac{1.2}{1.3} = \frac{828}{2197} = \frac{W_{real}}{W_{mod}}.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
See &quot;3 cube roots of W&quot; in [[Complex_cube_root#Gallery | Gallery]] below.
]]
Let complex numbers &lt;math&gt;W =&lt;/math&gt; a &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; b&lt;math&gt;\cdot i&lt;/math&gt; and
&lt;math&gt;w =&lt;/math&gt; p &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; q&lt;math&gt;\cdot i.&lt;/math&gt;
Let &lt;math&gt;W = w^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When given &lt;math&gt;a, b,&lt;/math&gt; aim of this page is to calculate &lt;math&gt;p, q.&lt;/math&gt;


In the diagram complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi = w_{real} + i\cdot w_{imag} = w_{mod}(\cos w_{\phi} + i\cdot \sin w_{\phi}),&lt;/math&gt; where

* &lt;math&gt;w_{real}, w_{imag}&lt;/math&gt; are the real and imaginary components of &lt;math&gt;w,&lt;/math&gt; the rectangular components.

* &lt;math&gt;w_{mod}, w_{\phi}&lt;/math&gt; are the modulus and phase of &lt;math&gt;w,&lt;/math&gt; the polar components.

Similarly, &lt;math&gt;W_{real}, W_{imag}, W_{mod}, W_{\phi}&lt;/math&gt; are the corresponding components of &lt;math&gt;W.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = ( w_{mod}(\cos w_{\phi} + i\cdot \sin w_{\phi}) )^3&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= w_{mod}^3(\cos (3 w_{\phi}) + i\cdot \sin (3 w_{\phi}))&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= W_{mod}(\cos (W_{\phi}) + i\cdot \sin (W_{\phi}))&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= W&lt;/math&gt;


There are 2 significant calculations:

&lt;math&gt;w_{mod} = \sqrt[3]{W_{mod}}&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;\cos w_{\phi} = \cos \frac{W_{\phi}}{3}.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

=Implementation=
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
==Cos φ from cos 3φ==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
[[File:1008Cos3A.png|thumb|400px|'''
Graph of &lt;math&gt;\cos(3A) = 4 \cos^3(A) - 3 \cos(A)&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Formula and/or graph are used to calculate &lt;math&gt;\cos(A)&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math&gt;\cos(3A)&lt;/math&gt; is given.
]]
The cosine triple angle formula is:
&lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta) = 4 \cos^3\theta - 3 \cos\theta.&lt;/math&gt; This formula, of form &lt;math&gt;y = 4 x^3 - 3 x,&lt;/math&gt; permits &lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta)&lt;/math&gt; to be calculated if &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is known.

If &lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta)&lt;/math&gt; is known and the value of &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is desired, this identity becomes:
&lt;math&gt;4 \cos^3\theta - 3 \cos\theta - \cos (3\theta) = 0.&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is the solution of this cubic equation.

In fact this equation has three solutions, the other two being &lt;math&gt;\cos (\theta \pm 120^\circ).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\cos (3(\theta \pm 120^\circ)) = \cos (3\theta \pm 360^\circ) = \cos (3\theta).&lt;/math&gt;


It is sufficient to calculate only &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;\cos 3\theta,&lt;/math&gt; accomplished by the following code:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

cosAfrom_cos3Adebug = 0

def cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) :
    cos3A = Decimal(str(cos3A))+0
    if 1 &gt;= cos3A &gt;= -1 : pass
    else :
        print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) : cos3A not in valid range.')
        return None
    '''
    if cos3A == 0 :
        A = 90 and cos3A = cosA
    if cos3A == 1 :
        A = 0 and cos3A = cosA
    if cos3A == -1 :
        A = 180 and cos3A = cosA
'''
    if cos3A in (0,1,-1) : return cos3A

    # From the cosine triple angle formula:
    a,b,c,d = 4,0,-3,-cos3A

    # prepare for Newton's method.
    if d &lt; 0 : x = Decimal(1)
    else : x = -Decimal(1)
    count = 31; L1 = [x]; almostZero = Decimal('1e-' + str(prec-2))

    # Newton's method:
    while 1 :
        count -= 1
        if count &lt;= 0 :
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A): count expired.')
            break
        y = a*x*x*x + c*x + d
        if cosAfrom_cos3Adebug :
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) : x,y =',x,y)
        if abs(y) &lt; almostZero : break
        slope = 12*x*x + c
        delta_x = y/slope
        x -= delta_x
        if x in L1[-1:-5:-1] :
            # This value of x has been used previously.
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A): endless loop detected.')
            break
        L1 += [x]

    return x
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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When &lt;math&gt;x == 1,&lt;/math&gt; slope &lt;math&gt;= 12x^2 - 3 = 9.&lt;/math&gt; Within area of interest, maximum absolute value of slope &lt;math&gt;= 9,&lt;/math&gt;
a rather small value for slope.

Consequently, with only 9 passes through loop, Newton's method produces a result accurate to 200 places of decimals .
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There are 3 conditions, any 1 of which terminates the loop:

* &lt;code&gt;abs(y)&lt;/code&gt; very close to 0 (normal termination).

* count expired.

* endless loop detected with the same value of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; repeated.
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==Calculation of cube roots of W==
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===Calculation of 1 root===

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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

def complexCubeRoot (a,b) :
    '''
p,q = complexCubeRoot (a,b) where:
* a,b are rectangular coordinates of complex number a + bi.
* (p + qi)^3 = a + bi.
'''

    a = Decimal(str(a))
    b = Decimal(str(b))

    if a == b == 0 : return (Decimal(0), Decimal(0))
    if a == 0 : return (Decimal(0), -simpleCubeRoot(b))
    if b == 0 : return (simpleCubeRoot(a), Decimal(0))

    Wmod = (a*a + b*b).sqrt()
    wmod = simpleCubeRoot (Wmod)
    cosWφ = a/Wmod
    coswφ = cosAfrom_cos3A(cosWφ)
    p = coswφ * wmod ; P = p**2 # p = wreal
    Q = wmod*wmod - P # Q = q**2
    # 3ppq - Qq = b
    # (3pp - Q)q = b
    q = b/(3*P - Q) # wimag

    return p,q
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
For function &lt;code&gt;simpleCubeRoot()&lt;/code&gt; see [[ Cube_root#Implementation | Cube_root#Implementation ]]
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===Calculation of 3 roots===

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See [[ Python_Concepts/Numbers#Cube_roots_of_1_simplified | Cube roots of unity. ]]

The cube roots of unity are :
&lt;math&gt;1, \frac{-1 \pm i\sqrt{3}}{2}.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;r_0 = \sqrt[3]{W}&lt;/math&gt; is known, the other 2 cube roots are:

* &lt;math&gt;r_1 = r_0 \cdot \frac{-1 + i\sqrt{3}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;r_2 = r_0 \cdot \frac{-1 - i\sqrt{3}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
def complexCubeRoots (a,b) :
    '''
r0,r1,r2 = complexCubeRoots (a,b) where:
* a,b are rectangular coordinates of complex number a + bi.
* (p + qi)^3 = a + bi.
* r0 = (p0,q0)
* r1 = (p1,q1)
* r2 = (p2,q2)
'''
    p,q = complexCubeRoot (a,b)
    r3 = Decimal(3).sqrt() # Square root of 3.
    pr3,qr3 = p*r3, q*r3
#  r1 = ((-p-q*r)/2, (p*r - q)/2)
#  r2 = ((-p+q*r)/2, (-p*r - q)/2)
    r0 = (p,q)
    r1 = ((-p-qr3)/2, (pr3 - q)/2)
    r2 = ((-p+qr3)/2, (-pr3 - q)/2)
    return r0,r1,r2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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=Testing results=

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&lt;math&gt;(p + q\cdot i)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)\cdot i = a + b\cdot i.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2;\ b = 3p^2q - q^3.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# Python code used to test results of code above,

def complexCubeRootsTest (a,b) :
    print ('\n++++++++++++++++++++')
    print ('a,b =', a,b)
    almostZero = Decimal('1e-' + str(prec-5))
    r0,r1,r2 = complexCubeRoots (a,b)
    for root in (r0,r1,r2) :
        p,q = root
        print ('  pq =',(p), (q))
        a_,b_ = (p*p*p - 3*p*q*q), (3*p*p*q - q*q*q)
        if a :
            v1 = abs((a_-a)/a)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error *',a_,a,v1)
        else :
            v1 = abs(a_)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error !',a_,a,v1)
        if b :
            v1 = abs((b_-b)/b)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error &amp;',b_,b,v1)
        else :
            v1 = abs(b_)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error %',b_,b,v1)
    return r0,r1,r2
    
import decimal
Decimal = D = decimal.Decimal
prec = decimal.getcontext().prec # precision

cosAfrom_cos3Adebug = 1

for p in range (-10,11,1) :
    for q in range (-10,11,1) :
        a = p*p*p - 3*p*q*q
        b = 3*p*p*q - q*q*q
        complexCubeRootsTest(a,b)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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=Gallery=
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&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0421cubeRootsOf8i.png|&lt;small&gt;Cube roots of 8i.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0422cubeRootsOfm8.png|&lt;small&gt;Cube roots of -8.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0424_3cubeRoots01.png|&lt;small&gt;3 cube roots of W.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
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=Method #2 (Graphical)=
==Introduction==
[[File:0406_2curves01a.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube roots as points of intersection of the 2 curves.''']]
Let complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then &lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = (p + qi)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)i.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then:

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3.&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is desired,
&lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated from the solutions of 2 simultaneous equations:

&lt;math&gt;p^3 - 3pq^2 - a = 0\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;3p^2q - q^3 - b = 0\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;


For example, let &lt;math&gt;W = (39582 + 3799i).&lt;/math&gt;


Then equations &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(2)&lt;/math&gt; become (for graphical purposes):

&lt;math&gt;x^3 - 3xy^2 - 39582 = 0\ \dots\ (3),&lt;/math&gt; black curve in diagram, and

&lt;math&gt;3x^2y - y^3 - 3799 = 0\ \dots\ (4),&lt;/math&gt; red curve in diagram.


Three points of intersection of red and black curves are:

&lt;math&gt;(-18, 29),&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(34.11473670974872, 1.0884572681198943),&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;(-16.11473670974872, -30.088457268119896),&lt;/math&gt;

interpreted as the three complex cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W,&lt;/math&gt; namely:

&lt;math&gt;w_0 = (-18 + 29i),&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = (34.11473670974872 + 1.0884572681198943i)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = (-16.11473670974872 - 30.088457268119896i).&lt;/math&gt;
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Proof:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
# Each cube root cubed.
&gt;&gt;&gt; w0 = (-18 + 29j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; w1 = (34.11473670974872 + 1.0884572681198943j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; w2 = (-16.11473670974872 - 30.088457268119896j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; for w in (w0,w1,w2) : w**3
... 
(39582+3799j)
(39582+3799j)
(39582+3799j)
# The moduli of all 3 cube roots.
&gt;&gt;&gt; for w in (w0,w1,w2) : (w.real**2 + w.imag**2) ** 0.5
... 
34.132096331752024
34.132096331752024
34.132096331752024
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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==Preparation==

This method depends upon selection of most appropriate quadrant.

In the example above, 
quadrant &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is chosen because any non-zero positive value of &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; intersects red curve and
any non-zero negative value of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; intersects black curve.

Figures 1-4 below show all possibilities of &lt;math&gt;\pm a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\pm b.&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0406_2curves01a.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 1. When both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are positive, quadrant 2 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(-18+29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (39582+3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0411np01.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 2. When &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is positive and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; is negative, quadrant 3 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(-18-29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (39582-3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0411pn01.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 3. When &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is negative and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; is positive, quadrant 1 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(18+29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (-39582+3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0406_2curves00a.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 4. When both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are negative, quadrant 4 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(18-29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (-39582-3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
Lines &lt;math&gt;y = x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y = -x&lt;/math&gt; (not shown) intersect:

* red curves at points where slope of red curve is vertical, and

* black curves at points where slope of black curve is horizontal.
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==Description of method==
===Four points===
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[[File:0406_4points.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing 4 points that enclose one of the complex cube roots.'''&lt;/br&gt;
Area enclosed by the 4 points becomes progressively smaller and smaller until the point of intersection is identified.
]]
Assume that &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 - 3799i,&lt;/math&gt; in which case both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are negative and quadrant &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; is chosen.

In quadrant &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; any non-zero positive value of x intersects black curve and any non-zero negative value of y intersects red curve.


Choose any convenient negative, non-zero value of &lt;math&gt;y.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;y = -18.&lt;/math&gt;

Using this value of &lt;math&gt;y,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; on red curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;A,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;
on black curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;B,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt;
on red curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;C,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;
on black curve.


Points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt; enclose the point of intersection of the 2 curves.
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===Point of intersection===
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[[File:0406intersection.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube root enclosed by four points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt;.'''&lt;/br&gt;
Point &lt;math&gt;E,&lt;/math&gt; intersection of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD&lt;/math&gt; is close to complex cube root, and is starting point for next iteration.
]]
Calculate equations of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD.&lt;/math&gt;

Calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;E,&lt;/math&gt; intersection of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD.&lt;/math&gt;


Point &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt; is used as starting point for next iteration.


Area of quadrilateral &lt;math&gt;ABCD&lt;/math&gt; becomes smaller and smaller until complex cube root, intersection of red and black curves, is identified.
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==Implementation==
===Initialization===
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

import decimal
D = decimal.Decimal

precision = decimal.getcontext().prec = 100

useDecimal = 1

Tolerance = 1e-14
if useDecimal :
    Tolerance = D('1e-' + str(decimal.getcontext().prec - 2))


def line_mc (point1,point2) :
    '''
m,c = line_mc (point1,point2)
where y = mx + c.
'''
    x1,y1 = point1
    x2,y2 = point2
    m = (y2-y1) / (x2-x1)
    # y = mx + c
    c = y1 - m*x1
    return m,c


def intersectionOf2Lines (line1, line2) :
    m1,c1 = line1
    m2,c2 = line2
    # y = m1x + c1
    # y = m2x + c2
    # m1x + c1 = m2x + c2
    # m1x - m2x = c2 - c1
    x = (c2-c1)/(m1-m2)
    y = m1*x + c1
    return x,y

def almostEqual (v1,v2,tolerance = Tolerance) :
    '''
status = almostEqual (v1,v2)

For floats, tolerance is 1e-14.

1234567.8901234567 and
1234567.8901234893
are not almostEqual.

1234567.8901234567 and
1234567.8901234593
are almostEqual.
'''
    return abs(v1-v2) &lt; tolerance*abs((v1+v2)/2)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Function two_points()===
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[[File:0406_4points.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing 4 points that enclose one of the complex cube roots.'''&lt;/br&gt;
On first invocation function two_points() returns points &lt;math&gt;A, B.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
On second invocation function two_points() returns points &lt;math&gt;C, D.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;AB&lt;/math&gt; or distance &lt;math&gt;CD&lt;/math&gt; is very small, function two_points() returns status True.
]]
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def two_points (y,a,b,quadrant) :
    '''
[point1,point2],status = two_points (y,a,b)
'''

    L1 = [] ; yInput = y
    if 0 :
        print ('two_points():')
        s1 = '  a,b,y' ; print (s1, eval(s1))

# a = ppp - pqq - 2pqq = ppp - 3pqq (1)
# b = 2ppq + ppq - qqq = 3ppq - qqq (2)
#
# Using (2)
# 3xxy - yyy = b
#
#     yyy + b
# X = ----------
#        3y
    X = (y**3 + b) / (3*y)

    if isinstance(X,D) : x = X.sqrt()
    else : x = X ** 0.5
    if quadrant in (2,3) : x *= -1
    L1 += [(x,y)]

# Using (1)
# xxx - 3xyy = a
#
#     xxx - a
# Y = -----------
#        3x
#
    Y = (x**3 - a) / (3*x)

    if isinstance(Y,D) : y = Y.sqrt()
    else : y = Y ** 0.5
    if quadrant in (3,4) : y *= -1

    L1 += [(x,y)]

    return L1, almostEqual(y, yInput)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Function pointOfIntersection()===
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[[File:0406intersection.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube root enclosed by four points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt;.'''&lt;/br&gt;
From points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt; function pointOfIntersection() calculates coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;E.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;AB&lt;/math&gt; is very small, point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; is returned as equivalent to intersection of red and black curves.&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;CD&lt;/math&gt; is very small, point &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; is returned as equivalent to intersection of red and black curves.
]]
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def pointOfIntersection(y,a,b,quadrant) :
    '''
pointE, status = pointOfIntersection(y,a,b)
y is Y coordinate of point A.
'''
#    print('\npointOfIntersection()')
    t1,status = two_points (y,a,b,quadrant)
    ptA,ptB = t1
    if status :
        # Distance between ptA and ptB is very small.
        # ptA is considered equivalent to the complex cube root.
        return ptA,status

    t2,status = two_points (ptB[1],a,b,quadrant)
    ptC,ptD = t2
    if status :
        # Distance between ptC and ptD is very small.
        # ptC is considered equivalent to the complex cube root.
        return ptC,status

    lineAC = line_mc (ptA,ptC)
    lineBD = line_mc (ptB,ptD)
    pointE = intersectionOf2Lines (lineAC, lineBD)
    return pointE,False
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Execution===
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y) :
    '''
p,q = CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)
p = x and q = y.
p,q are checked as valid within tolerance, and are reformatted slightly to improve appearance.
'''
#    print ('\nCheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)')
#    s1 = '(a,b)' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
#    s1 = '   x'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
#    s1 = '   y'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    P = x**2 ; Q = y**2 ; p=q=-1
    for p in (x,) :
        # a = ppp - 3pqq; a + 3pqq should equal ppp.
        if not almostEqual (P*p, a + 3*p*Q, Tolerance*100) : continue
        for q in  (y,) :
            # b = 3ppq - qqq; b + qqq should equal 3ppq
            if not almostEqual (3*P*q, b + q*Q) : continue
            # Following 2 lines improve appearance of p,q
            if useDecimal :
                # 293.00000000000000000000000000000000000000034 becomes 293
                p,q = [ decimal.Context(prec=precision-3).create_decimal(s).normalize()
                        for s in (p,q) ]
            else :
                # 123.99999999999923 becomes 124.0
                p,q = [ float(decimal.Context(prec=14).create_decimal(s)) for s in (p,q) ]
            return p,q
    # If code gets to here there is internal error.
    s1 = '   p'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = '   q'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = 'P*p, a + 3*p*Q' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = '3*P*q, b + q*Q' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    1/0


def ComplexCubeRoot (a,b, y = 100, count_ = 20) :
    '''
p,q = ComplexCubeRoot (a,b, y, count_)
(p+qi)**3 = (a+bi)
'''
    print ('\nComplexCubeRoot(): a,b,y,count_ =',a,b,y,count_)

    if useDecimal : y,a,b = [ D(str(v)) for v in (y,a,b) ]

    if a == 0 :
        if b == 0 : return 0,0
        if useDecimal : cubeRoot = abs(b) ** (D(1)/3)
        else : cubeRoot = abs(b) ** (1/3)
        if b &gt; 0 : return 0,-cubeRoot
        return 0,cubeRoot
    if b == 0 :
        if useDecimal : cubeRoot = abs(a) ** (D(1)/3)
        else : cubeRoot = abs(a) ** (1/3)
        if a &gt; 0 : return cubeRoot,0
        return -cubeRoot,0

    # Select most appropriate quadrant.
    if a &gt; 0: setx = {2,3}
    else: setx = {1,4}

    if b &gt; 0: sety = {1,2}
    else: sety = {3,4}

    quadrant, = setx &amp; sety
    # Make sign of y appropriate for this quadrant.
    if quadrant in (1,2) : y = abs(y)
    else : y = -abs(y)

    s1 = '    quadrant' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))

    for count in range (0,count_) :
        pointE,status = pointOfIntersection(y,a,b,quadrant)
        s1 = 'count,status' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
        s1 = '    pointE[0]' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))
        s1 = '    pointE[1]' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))
        x,y = pointE
        if status : break

    p,q = CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)

    return p,q
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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==An Example==
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
p,q = 18,-29
w0 = p + q*1j
W = w0**3
a,b = W.real, W.imag
s1 = '\na,b' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
print ('Calculate one cube root of W =', W)

p,q = ComplexCubeRoot (a, b, -18)
s1 = '\np,q' ; print (s1, eval(s1))

sign = ' + '
if q &lt; 0 : sign = ' - '
print ('w0 = ', str(p) ,sign, str(abs(q)),'i',sep='')
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
a,b (-39582.0, -3799.0)
Calculate one cube root of W = (-39582-3799j)

ComplexCubeRoot(): a,b,y,count_ = -39582.0 -3799.0 -18 20
    quadrant 4
count,status (0, False)
    pointE[0] 18.29530595866769796981147594954794157453427770441979517949705190002312860122683512802090262517713985
    pointE[1] -29.17605851188829785804056660826030733025475591125914094664311767722817017040959484906193571713185723
count,status (1, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00005338608833140244623119091867294731079673210031643698475740639013316464725974710029414039192178
    pointE[1] -29.00004871113589733281025047965490410760310240487028781197782902118493613318468122514940700337153822
count,status (2, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000411724901243622639913339568271402799883998577879934397861645683113192688877413853607310
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000374389488957142528693701977412078931714190614174861872117809632376941851192785888688849
count,status (3, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000002432197332441306371168312765664226520285586754485200564671348858119116700
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000002211642401405406173668734741733917293863102998696594080783163691859719835
count,status (4, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000084875301166228708732099292145747224660296019
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000077178694502906372553368739653233322951192943
count,status (5, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
count,status (6, True)
    pointE[0] 18
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

p,q (Decimal('18'), Decimal('-29'))
w0 = 18 - 29i
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
=Method #3 (Algebraic)=

==Introduction==
Let complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then &lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = (p + qi)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)i.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then:

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is desired,
&lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated from the solutions of 2 simultaneous equations
&lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(2),&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;a,b&lt;/math&gt; are
known values, and &lt;math&gt;p,q&lt;/math&gt; are desired.

==Implementation==

&lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; squared: &lt;math&gt;a^2 = p^6 - 6p^4q^2\ + 9p^2q^4\dots\ (1a)&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2):\ 3p^2q = b + q^3\ \dots\ (2a)&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;(1a) * 27q^3:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = 27q^3p^6 - 27q^3(6)p^4q^2\ + 27q^3(9)p^2q^4&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = 27(p^2q)^3 - 27(6)p^4q^5\ + 27(9)p^2q^7&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 27(6)p^4q^2q^3\ + 27(9)p^2qq^6&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)(9p^4q^2)q^3\ + 27(3)(3p^2q)q^6&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)((3p^2q)^2)q^3\ + 27(3)(3p^2q)q^6&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;Q = q^3:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27Qa^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)((3p^2q)^2)Q + 27(3)(3p^2q)Q^2\ \dots\ (1b)&lt;/math&gt;


For &lt;math&gt;(3p^2q)&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;(1b)&lt;/math&gt; substitute &lt;math&gt; ( b + Q ) : &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27Qa^2 = (b+Q)^3 - 3(6)((b+Q)^2)Q + 27(3)(b+Q)Q^2\ \dots\ (1c)&lt;/math&gt;


Expand &lt;math&gt;(1c),&lt;/math&gt; simplify, gather like terms and result is:

&lt;math&gt;f(Q) = sQ^3 + tQ^2 + uQ + v\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt; where:

&lt;math&gt; Q  =  q ^ 3 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;s = 64&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;t = 48b&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;u = -(15b^2 + 27a^2)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;v = b^3&lt;/math&gt;


Calculate one real root of &lt;math&gt;(3):\ Q_1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;q_1 = \sqrt [3] {Q_1} &lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2a):\ p_1 = \sqrt{\frac{b + Q_1}{3q_1}}&lt;/math&gt;


Check &lt;math&gt;p_1&lt;/math&gt; against &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; to resolve ambiguity of sign of &lt;math&gt;p_1.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;p_1 + q_1 i&lt;/math&gt; is one cube root of &lt;math&gt;W.&lt;/math&gt;

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&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated without ambiguity as follows:


&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(1):\ p^3 - 3q^2p - a = 0\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2):\ 3qp^2 - (Q + b) = 0\ \dots\ (4)&lt;/math&gt;


Let:

&lt;math&gt;A = -3q^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = -a&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C = 3q&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;D = -(Q + b)&lt;/math&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| From &lt;math&gt;(3):&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;p^3&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;+Ap&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+B&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (5)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| From &lt;math&gt;(4):&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;Cp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+D&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (6)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(5)*D&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;Dp^3&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;+DAp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+DB&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (7)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(6)*B&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;BCp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+BD&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (8)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(7)-(8)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;Dp^3&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;-BCp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;+DAp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (9)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplify &lt;math&gt;(9)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;Dp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BCp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+DA&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (10)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(6)*A&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;ACp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+AD&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (11)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(10)-(11)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;Dp^2-ACp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BCp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (12)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplify &lt;math&gt;(12)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;Dp-ACp&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BC&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (13)&lt;/math&gt;
|}

From &lt;math&gt;(13):\ p = \frac{BC}{D - AC} = \frac{aC}{AC - D} = \frac{-aC}{9Q + D} = \frac{aC}{b - 8Q}&lt;/math&gt;
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==An Example==

Calculate cube roots of complex number &lt;math&gt;W = 39582 + 3799i.&lt;/math&gt;
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[[File:1219cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of &lt;math&gt;f(Q)&lt;/math&gt; shown as graph of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and showing three values of &lt;math&gt;Q: Q_1, Q_2, Q_3&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis compressed for clarity.
]]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

a,b = 39582,3799

s = 64
t = 48*b
u = -(15*b**2 + 27*a**2)
v = b**3

s,t,u,v
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(64, 182352, -42518323563, 54828691399)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate roots of cubic function:
&lt;math&gt;y = f (x) &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = 64 x^3 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 182352 x^2 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; - 42518323563 x &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 54828691399 .&lt;/math&gt;

Three roots are: &lt;math&gt;Q_1, Q_2, Q_3 = -27239.53953801976, 1.2895380197588122, 24389&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

values_of_Q = Q1,Q2,Q3 = -27239.53953801976, 1.2895380197588122, 24389
values_of_q = [ q
             for Q in values_of_Q
             for r in [ abs(Q) ** (1/3) ]
             for q in [ (r,-r)[Q&lt;0] ]
            ]
s1 = 'values_of_q' ; print(s1, eval(s1))

for q,Q in zip(values_of_q, values_of_Q) :
    C = 3*q
    p = a*C/(b - 8*Q)
    w = p + q*1j
    s1 = 'w, w**3' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
values_of_q (-30.08845726811989, 1.0884572681198943, 29)
w, w**3 ((-16.114736709748723 - 30.08845726811989j  ), (39582+3799j))
w, w**3 (( 34.11473670974874  +  1.0884572681198943j), (39582+3799j))
w, w**3 ((-18.0               + 29.0j               ), (39582+3799j))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Three cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W = 39582 + 3799i&lt;/math&gt; are:

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = (-16.114736709748723 - 30.08845726811989i  )&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = ( 34.11473670974874  +  1.0884572681198943i)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_3 = (-18.0               + 29.0i               )&lt;/math&gt;
=Method #4 (Vieta Reversed)=

See [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cubic_function#Vieta's_substitution Vieta's Substitution.]

The depressed cubic function is : &lt;math&gt;f(t) = t^3 + At + B = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;A = -3C&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;t = w + \frac{C}{w} = \frac{w^2 + C}{w}.&lt;/math&gt;

Substitute for &lt;math&gt;A, t&lt;/math&gt; in the depressed function and result is:

&lt;math&gt;f(w) = w^6 + Bw^3 + C^3&lt;/math&gt; or

&lt;math&gt;f(W) = W^2 + BW + C^3&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;W = w^3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w = \sqrt[3]{W}&lt;/math&gt;.

From the quadratic formula: &lt;math&gt;W = \frac{-B \pm \sqrt{B^2 - 4C^3}}{2} = \frac{-B \pm \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2}\sqrt{-1}   }{2}&lt;/math&gt;

However, &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;a = \frac{-B}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b = \frac{ \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2} }{2}.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = -2a&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;2b = \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;4b^2 = 4C^3 - B^2 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;4C^3 = 4b^2 + B^2 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C^3 = b^2 + \frac{B^2}{4} = b^2 + a^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C = \sqrt[3]{C^3} &lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;A = -3C. &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;A,B &lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; have been defined with &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; positive and &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; negative.

Because &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; has three complex roots, &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; must have three real roots.

Calculate one of the roots of &lt;math&gt;f(t).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;t = \frac{w^2 + C}{w}.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore &lt;math&gt;wt = w^2 + C&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;w^2 - tw + C = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

From the quadratic formula : 

&lt;math&gt;w = \frac{t \pm \sqrt{t^2 - 4C}}{2} = \frac{t \pm \sqrt{4C - t^2}\sqrt{-1}   }{2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w = p + qi&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;p = \frac{t}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Q = \frac{4C - t^2  }{4} = \frac{4C - 4P  }{4} = C - \frac{t^2}{4} = C - P&lt;/math&gt;
where &lt;math&gt;P = p^2,\ Q = q^2.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;q = \sqrt{Q}&lt;/math&gt; but sign of this calculation of &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; is ambiguous.

&lt;math&gt;q = \frac{b}{(3P - Q)}&lt;/math&gt;

and &lt;math&gt;(p + qi)^3 = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

==An Example==

Calculate cube roots of complex number &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 + 3799i.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:1215depressed cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; shown as graph of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and showing three values of &lt;math&gt;t: t_1, t_2, t_3&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis compressed for clarity.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;A,B = -3495.0, 79164.0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;t_1 = -68.229473419497441512295943903670298\dots&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;t_2 = 32.229473419497441512295943903670298\dots&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\ t_3 = 36&lt;/math&gt;
]]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

import decimal
decimal.getcontext().prec = 22
ab = -39582,3799
a,b = [ dD(v) for v in ab ]
B = -2*a
C = (b**2 + B*B/4) ** (dD(1)/3)
A = -3*C

a,b,A,B,C = [ dD(str(float(v))) for v in (a,b,A,B,C) ]
print ( 'a,b = {}, {}'.format(a,b) )
print ( 'A,B,C = {}, {}, {}'.format(A,B,C) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
a,b = -39582.0, 3799.0
A,B,C = -3495.0, 79164.0, 1165.0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate roots of cubic function:

&lt;math&gt;y = f (t) &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = t^3 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; - 3495 t &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 79164 .&lt;/math&gt;

Three roots are: &lt;math&gt;t_1,\ t_2,\ t_3 = -68.22947341949744\dots,\ 32.22947341949744\dots,\ 36.0&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:
t1, t2, t3 = ('-68.229473419497441512295943903670298',
               '32.229473419497441512295943903670298', 36 )
values_of_t = [ dD(v) for v in (t1,t2,t3) ]

for t in values_of_t :
    p = t/2 ; P = p**2
    Q = C - t*t/4 ; q = b/(3*P - Q)
    # Check results:
    print ()
    sx = 't' ; print (sx,'=', eval(sx))
    print ( 'p,q = {}, {}'.format(p,q) )
    ab = [ p*P - 3*p*Q, 3*P*q - q*Q ]
    a_,b_ = [ float(v) for v in ab ]
    sx = 'a_,b_' ; print (sx,'=', eval(sx))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
t = -68.229473419497441512295943903670298
p,q = -34.11473670974872075615, 1.088457268119895641747
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
    
t = 32.229473419497441512295943903670298
p,q = 16.11473670974872075615, -30.08845726811989564176
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
    
t = 36
p,q = 18, 29
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Three cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 + 3799i&lt;/math&gt; are:

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = -34.11473670974872075615 + 1.088457268119895641747i&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = 16.11473670974872075615 - 30.08845726811989564176i&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_3 = 18 + 29i&lt;/math&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3g82k5210qyf4g04ybb15jqj6wxylrr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811412</id>
      <parentid>2811410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T11:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaniosAkro</username>
        <id>2805358</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* An Example */</comment>
      <origin>2811412</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32438" sha1="8eqd66lpxa6u6cww2rx2w5stdrvmlz5" xml:space="preserve">=Introduction=
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[[File:0419polarDiagram.png|thumb|400px|'''Complex number W = complex number w³.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Origin at point &lt;math&gt;(0,0)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{real}, W_{real}&lt;/math&gt; parallel to &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{imag}, W_{imag}&lt;/math&gt; parallel to &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{real} = 1.2;\ w_{imag} = 0.5;\ w_{mod} = \sqrt{1.2^2 + 0.5^2} = 1.3.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{real} = 0.828;\ ;\ W_{imag} = 2.035;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{mod} = \sqrt{0.828^2 + 2.035^2} = 2.197.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{mod} = w_{mod}^3 = 1.3^3 = 2.197.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{\phi} = 3 w_{\phi}.&lt;/math&gt;
By cosine triple angle formula:&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\cos W_{phi} = 4\cdot(\frac{1.2}{1.3})^3 - 3\cdot \frac{1.2}{1.3} = \frac{828}{2197} = \frac{W_{real}}{W_{mod}}.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
See &quot;3 cube roots of W&quot; in [[Complex_cube_root#Gallery | Gallery]] below.
]]
Let complex numbers &lt;math&gt;W =&lt;/math&gt; a &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; b&lt;math&gt;\cdot i&lt;/math&gt; and
&lt;math&gt;w =&lt;/math&gt; p &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; q&lt;math&gt;\cdot i.&lt;/math&gt;
Let &lt;math&gt;W = w^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When given &lt;math&gt;a, b,&lt;/math&gt; aim of this page is to calculate &lt;math&gt;p, q.&lt;/math&gt;


In the diagram complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi = w_{real} + i\cdot w_{imag} = w_{mod}(\cos w_{\phi} + i\cdot \sin w_{\phi}),&lt;/math&gt; where

* &lt;math&gt;w_{real}, w_{imag}&lt;/math&gt; are the real and imaginary components of &lt;math&gt;w,&lt;/math&gt; the rectangular components.

* &lt;math&gt;w_{mod}, w_{\phi}&lt;/math&gt; are the modulus and phase of &lt;math&gt;w,&lt;/math&gt; the polar components.

Similarly, &lt;math&gt;W_{real}, W_{imag}, W_{mod}, W_{\phi}&lt;/math&gt; are the corresponding components of &lt;math&gt;W.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = ( w_{mod}(\cos w_{\phi} + i\cdot \sin w_{\phi}) )^3&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= w_{mod}^3(\cos (3 w_{\phi}) + i\cdot \sin (3 w_{\phi}))&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= W_{mod}(\cos (W_{\phi}) + i\cdot \sin (W_{\phi}))&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= W&lt;/math&gt;


There are 2 significant calculations:

&lt;math&gt;w_{mod} = \sqrt[3]{W_{mod}}&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;\cos w_{\phi} = \cos \frac{W_{\phi}}{3}.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

=Implementation=
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==Cos φ from cos 3φ==
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[[File:1008Cos3A.png|thumb|400px|'''
Graph of &lt;math&gt;\cos(3A) = 4 \cos^3(A) - 3 \cos(A)&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Formula and/or graph are used to calculate &lt;math&gt;\cos(A)&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math&gt;\cos(3A)&lt;/math&gt; is given.
]]
The cosine triple angle formula is:
&lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta) = 4 \cos^3\theta - 3 \cos\theta.&lt;/math&gt; This formula, of form &lt;math&gt;y = 4 x^3 - 3 x,&lt;/math&gt; permits &lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta)&lt;/math&gt; to be calculated if &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is known.

If &lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta)&lt;/math&gt; is known and the value of &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is desired, this identity becomes:
&lt;math&gt;4 \cos^3\theta - 3 \cos\theta - \cos (3\theta) = 0.&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is the solution of this cubic equation.

In fact this equation has three solutions, the other two being &lt;math&gt;\cos (\theta \pm 120^\circ).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\cos (3(\theta \pm 120^\circ)) = \cos (3\theta \pm 360^\circ) = \cos (3\theta).&lt;/math&gt;


It is sufficient to calculate only &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;\cos 3\theta,&lt;/math&gt; accomplished by the following code:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

cosAfrom_cos3Adebug = 0

def cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) :
    cos3A = Decimal(str(cos3A))+0
    if 1 &gt;= cos3A &gt;= -1 : pass
    else :
        print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) : cos3A not in valid range.')
        return None
    '''
    if cos3A == 0 :
        A = 90 and cos3A = cosA
    if cos3A == 1 :
        A = 0 and cos3A = cosA
    if cos3A == -1 :
        A = 180 and cos3A = cosA
'''
    if cos3A in (0,1,-1) : return cos3A

    # From the cosine triple angle formula:
    a,b,c,d = 4,0,-3,-cos3A

    # prepare for Newton's method.
    if d &lt; 0 : x = Decimal(1)
    else : x = -Decimal(1)
    count = 31; L1 = [x]; almostZero = Decimal('1e-' + str(prec-2))

    # Newton's method:
    while 1 :
        count -= 1
        if count &lt;= 0 :
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A): count expired.')
            break
        y = a*x*x*x + c*x + d
        if cosAfrom_cos3Adebug :
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) : x,y =',x,y)
        if abs(y) &lt; almostZero : break
        slope = 12*x*x + c
        delta_x = y/slope
        x -= delta_x
        if x in L1[-1:-5:-1] :
            # This value of x has been used previously.
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A): endless loop detected.')
            break
        L1 += [x]

    return x
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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When &lt;math&gt;x == 1,&lt;/math&gt; slope &lt;math&gt;= 12x^2 - 3 = 9.&lt;/math&gt; Within area of interest, maximum absolute value of slope &lt;math&gt;= 9,&lt;/math&gt;
a rather small value for slope.

Consequently, with only 9 passes through loop, Newton's method produces a result accurate to 200 places of decimals .
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There are 3 conditions, any 1 of which terminates the loop:

* &lt;code&gt;abs(y)&lt;/code&gt; very close to 0 (normal termination).

* count expired.

* endless loop detected with the same value of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; repeated.
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==Calculation of cube roots of W==
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===Calculation of 1 root===

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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

def complexCubeRoot (a,b) :
    '''
p,q = complexCubeRoot (a,b) where:
* a,b are rectangular coordinates of complex number a + bi.
* (p + qi)^3 = a + bi.
'''

    a = Decimal(str(a))
    b = Decimal(str(b))

    if a == b == 0 : return (Decimal(0), Decimal(0))
    if a == 0 : return (Decimal(0), -simpleCubeRoot(b))
    if b == 0 : return (simpleCubeRoot(a), Decimal(0))

    Wmod = (a*a + b*b).sqrt()
    wmod = simpleCubeRoot (Wmod)
    cosWφ = a/Wmod
    coswφ = cosAfrom_cos3A(cosWφ)
    p = coswφ * wmod ; P = p**2 # p = wreal
    Q = wmod*wmod - P # Q = q**2
    # 3ppq - Qq = b
    # (3pp - Q)q = b
    q = b/(3*P - Q) # wimag

    return p,q
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
For function &lt;code&gt;simpleCubeRoot()&lt;/code&gt; see [[ Cube_root#Implementation | Cube_root#Implementation ]]
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===Calculation of 3 roots===

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See [[ Python_Concepts/Numbers#Cube_roots_of_1_simplified | Cube roots of unity. ]]

The cube roots of unity are :
&lt;math&gt;1, \frac{-1 \pm i\sqrt{3}}{2}.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;r_0 = \sqrt[3]{W}&lt;/math&gt; is known, the other 2 cube roots are:

* &lt;math&gt;r_1 = r_0 \cdot \frac{-1 + i\sqrt{3}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;r_2 = r_0 \cdot \frac{-1 - i\sqrt{3}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
def complexCubeRoots (a,b) :
    '''
r0,r1,r2 = complexCubeRoots (a,b) where:
* a,b are rectangular coordinates of complex number a + bi.
* (p + qi)^3 = a + bi.
* r0 = (p0,q0)
* r1 = (p1,q1)
* r2 = (p2,q2)
'''
    p,q = complexCubeRoot (a,b)
    r3 = Decimal(3).sqrt() # Square root of 3.
    pr3,qr3 = p*r3, q*r3
#  r1 = ((-p-q*r)/2, (p*r - q)/2)
#  r2 = ((-p+q*r)/2, (-p*r - q)/2)
    r0 = (p,q)
    r1 = ((-p-qr3)/2, (pr3 - q)/2)
    r2 = ((-p+qr3)/2, (-pr3 - q)/2)
    return r0,r1,r2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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=Testing results=

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&lt;math&gt;(p + q\cdot i)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)\cdot i = a + b\cdot i.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2;\ b = 3p^2q - q^3.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# Python code used to test results of code above,

def complexCubeRootsTest (a,b) :
    print ('\n++++++++++++++++++++')
    print ('a,b =', a,b)
    almostZero = Decimal('1e-' + str(prec-5))
    r0,r1,r2 = complexCubeRoots (a,b)
    for root in (r0,r1,r2) :
        p,q = root
        print ('  pq =',(p), (q))
        a_,b_ = (p*p*p - 3*p*q*q), (3*p*p*q - q*q*q)
        if a :
            v1 = abs((a_-a)/a)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error *',a_,a,v1)
        else :
            v1 = abs(a_)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error !',a_,a,v1)
        if b :
            v1 = abs((b_-b)/b)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error &amp;',b_,b,v1)
        else :
            v1 = abs(b_)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error %',b_,b,v1)
    return r0,r1,r2
    
import decimal
Decimal = D = decimal.Decimal
prec = decimal.getcontext().prec # precision

cosAfrom_cos3Adebug = 1

for p in range (-10,11,1) :
    for q in range (-10,11,1) :
        a = p*p*p - 3*p*q*q
        b = 3*p*p*q - q*q*q
        complexCubeRootsTest(a,b)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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=Gallery=
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&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0421cubeRootsOf8i.png|&lt;small&gt;Cube roots of 8i.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0422cubeRootsOfm8.png|&lt;small&gt;Cube roots of -8.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0424_3cubeRoots01.png|&lt;small&gt;3 cube roots of W.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
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=Method #2 (Graphical)=
==Introduction==
[[File:0406_2curves01a.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube roots as points of intersection of the 2 curves.''']]
Let complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then &lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = (p + qi)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)i.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then:

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3.&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is desired,
&lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated from the solutions of 2 simultaneous equations:

&lt;math&gt;p^3 - 3pq^2 - a = 0\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;3p^2q - q^3 - b = 0\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;


For example, let &lt;math&gt;W = (39582 + 3799i).&lt;/math&gt;


Then equations &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(2)&lt;/math&gt; become (for graphical purposes):

&lt;math&gt;x^3 - 3xy^2 - 39582 = 0\ \dots\ (3),&lt;/math&gt; black curve in diagram, and

&lt;math&gt;3x^2y - y^3 - 3799 = 0\ \dots\ (4),&lt;/math&gt; red curve in diagram.


Three points of intersection of red and black curves are:

&lt;math&gt;(-18, 29),&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(34.11473670974872, 1.0884572681198943),&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;(-16.11473670974872, -30.088457268119896),&lt;/math&gt;

interpreted as the three complex cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W,&lt;/math&gt; namely:

&lt;math&gt;w_0 = (-18 + 29i),&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = (34.11473670974872 + 1.0884572681198943i)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = (-16.11473670974872 - 30.088457268119896i).&lt;/math&gt;
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Proof:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
# Each cube root cubed.
&gt;&gt;&gt; w0 = (-18 + 29j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; w1 = (34.11473670974872 + 1.0884572681198943j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; w2 = (-16.11473670974872 - 30.088457268119896j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; for w in (w0,w1,w2) : w**3
... 
(39582+3799j)
(39582+3799j)
(39582+3799j)
# The moduli of all 3 cube roots.
&gt;&gt;&gt; for w in (w0,w1,w2) : (w.real**2 + w.imag**2) ** 0.5
... 
34.132096331752024
34.132096331752024
34.132096331752024
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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==Preparation==

This method depends upon selection of most appropriate quadrant.

In the example above, 
quadrant &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is chosen because any non-zero positive value of &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; intersects red curve and
any non-zero negative value of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; intersects black curve.

Figures 1-4 below show all possibilities of &lt;math&gt;\pm a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\pm b.&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0406_2curves01a.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 1. When both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are positive, quadrant 2 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(-18+29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (39582+3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0411np01.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 2. When &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is positive and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; is negative, quadrant 3 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(-18-29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (39582-3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0411pn01.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 3. When &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is negative and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; is positive, quadrant 1 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(18+29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (-39582+3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0406_2curves00a.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 4. When both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are negative, quadrant 4 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(18-29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (-39582-3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
Lines &lt;math&gt;y = x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y = -x&lt;/math&gt; (not shown) intersect:

* red curves at points where slope of red curve is vertical, and

* black curves at points where slope of black curve is horizontal.
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==Description of method==
===Four points===
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[[File:0406_4points.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing 4 points that enclose one of the complex cube roots.'''&lt;/br&gt;
Area enclosed by the 4 points becomes progressively smaller and smaller until the point of intersection is identified.
]]
Assume that &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 - 3799i,&lt;/math&gt; in which case both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are negative and quadrant &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; is chosen.

In quadrant &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; any non-zero positive value of x intersects black curve and any non-zero negative value of y intersects red curve.


Choose any convenient negative, non-zero value of &lt;math&gt;y.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;y = -18.&lt;/math&gt;

Using this value of &lt;math&gt;y,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; on red curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;A,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;
on black curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;B,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt;
on red curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;C,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;
on black curve.


Points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt; enclose the point of intersection of the 2 curves.
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===Point of intersection===
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[[File:0406intersection.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube root enclosed by four points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt;.'''&lt;/br&gt;
Point &lt;math&gt;E,&lt;/math&gt; intersection of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD&lt;/math&gt; is close to complex cube root, and is starting point for next iteration.
]]
Calculate equations of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD.&lt;/math&gt;

Calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;E,&lt;/math&gt; intersection of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD.&lt;/math&gt;


Point &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt; is used as starting point for next iteration.


Area of quadrilateral &lt;math&gt;ABCD&lt;/math&gt; becomes smaller and smaller until complex cube root, intersection of red and black curves, is identified.
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==Implementation==
===Initialization===
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

import decimal
D = decimal.Decimal

precision = decimal.getcontext().prec = 100

useDecimal = 1

Tolerance = 1e-14
if useDecimal :
    Tolerance = D('1e-' + str(decimal.getcontext().prec - 2))


def line_mc (point1,point2) :
    '''
m,c = line_mc (point1,point2)
where y = mx + c.
'''
    x1,y1 = point1
    x2,y2 = point2
    m = (y2-y1) / (x2-x1)
    # y = mx + c
    c = y1 - m*x1
    return m,c


def intersectionOf2Lines (line1, line2) :
    m1,c1 = line1
    m2,c2 = line2
    # y = m1x + c1
    # y = m2x + c2
    # m1x + c1 = m2x + c2
    # m1x - m2x = c2 - c1
    x = (c2-c1)/(m1-m2)
    y = m1*x + c1
    return x,y

def almostEqual (v1,v2,tolerance = Tolerance) :
    '''
status = almostEqual (v1,v2)

For floats, tolerance is 1e-14.

1234567.8901234567 and
1234567.8901234893
are not almostEqual.

1234567.8901234567 and
1234567.8901234593
are almostEqual.
'''
    return abs(v1-v2) &lt; tolerance*abs((v1+v2)/2)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Function two_points()===
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[[File:0406_4points.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing 4 points that enclose one of the complex cube roots.'''&lt;/br&gt;
On first invocation function two_points() returns points &lt;math&gt;A, B.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
On second invocation function two_points() returns points &lt;math&gt;C, D.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;AB&lt;/math&gt; or distance &lt;math&gt;CD&lt;/math&gt; is very small, function two_points() returns status True.
]]
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def two_points (y,a,b,quadrant) :
    '''
[point1,point2],status = two_points (y,a,b)
'''

    L1 = [] ; yInput = y
    if 0 :
        print ('two_points():')
        s1 = '  a,b,y' ; print (s1, eval(s1))

# a = ppp - pqq - 2pqq = ppp - 3pqq (1)
# b = 2ppq + ppq - qqq = 3ppq - qqq (2)
#
# Using (2)
# 3xxy - yyy = b
#
#     yyy + b
# X = ----------
#        3y
    X = (y**3 + b) / (3*y)

    if isinstance(X,D) : x = X.sqrt()
    else : x = X ** 0.5
    if quadrant in (2,3) : x *= -1
    L1 += [(x,y)]

# Using (1)
# xxx - 3xyy = a
#
#     xxx - a
# Y = -----------
#        3x
#
    Y = (x**3 - a) / (3*x)

    if isinstance(Y,D) : y = Y.sqrt()
    else : y = Y ** 0.5
    if quadrant in (3,4) : y *= -1

    L1 += [(x,y)]

    return L1, almostEqual(y, yInput)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Function pointOfIntersection()===
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[[File:0406intersection.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube root enclosed by four points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt;.'''&lt;/br&gt;
From points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt; function pointOfIntersection() calculates coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;E.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;AB&lt;/math&gt; is very small, point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; is returned as equivalent to intersection of red and black curves.&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;CD&lt;/math&gt; is very small, point &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; is returned as equivalent to intersection of red and black curves.
]]
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def pointOfIntersection(y,a,b,quadrant) :
    '''
pointE, status = pointOfIntersection(y,a,b)
y is Y coordinate of point A.
'''
#    print('\npointOfIntersection()')
    t1,status = two_points (y,a,b,quadrant)
    ptA,ptB = t1
    if status :
        # Distance between ptA and ptB is very small.
        # ptA is considered equivalent to the complex cube root.
        return ptA,status

    t2,status = two_points (ptB[1],a,b,quadrant)
    ptC,ptD = t2
    if status :
        # Distance between ptC and ptD is very small.
        # ptC is considered equivalent to the complex cube root.
        return ptC,status

    lineAC = line_mc (ptA,ptC)
    lineBD = line_mc (ptB,ptD)
    pointE = intersectionOf2Lines (lineAC, lineBD)
    return pointE,False
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Execution===
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y) :
    '''
p,q = CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)
p = x and q = y.
p,q are checked as valid within tolerance, and are reformatted slightly to improve appearance.
'''
#    print ('\nCheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)')
#    s1 = '(a,b)' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
#    s1 = '   x'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
#    s1 = '   y'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    P = x**2 ; Q = y**2 ; p=q=-1
    for p in (x,) :
        # a = ppp - 3pqq; a + 3pqq should equal ppp.
        if not almostEqual (P*p, a + 3*p*Q, Tolerance*100) : continue
        for q in  (y,) :
            # b = 3ppq - qqq; b + qqq should equal 3ppq
            if not almostEqual (3*P*q, b + q*Q) : continue
            # Following 2 lines improve appearance of p,q
            if useDecimal :
                # 293.00000000000000000000000000000000000000034 becomes 293
                p,q = [ decimal.Context(prec=precision-3).create_decimal(s).normalize()
                        for s in (p,q) ]
            else :
                # 123.99999999999923 becomes 124.0
                p,q = [ float(decimal.Context(prec=14).create_decimal(s)) for s in (p,q) ]
            return p,q
    # If code gets to here there is internal error.
    s1 = '   p'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = '   q'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = 'P*p, a + 3*p*Q' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = '3*P*q, b + q*Q' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    1/0


def ComplexCubeRoot (a,b, y = 100, count_ = 20) :
    '''
p,q = ComplexCubeRoot (a,b, y, count_)
(p+qi)**3 = (a+bi)
'''
    print ('\nComplexCubeRoot(): a,b,y,count_ =',a,b,y,count_)

    if useDecimal : y,a,b = [ D(str(v)) for v in (y,a,b) ]

    if a == 0 :
        if b == 0 : return 0,0
        if useDecimal : cubeRoot = abs(b) ** (D(1)/3)
        else : cubeRoot = abs(b) ** (1/3)
        if b &gt; 0 : return 0,-cubeRoot
        return 0,cubeRoot
    if b == 0 :
        if useDecimal : cubeRoot = abs(a) ** (D(1)/3)
        else : cubeRoot = abs(a) ** (1/3)
        if a &gt; 0 : return cubeRoot,0
        return -cubeRoot,0

    # Select most appropriate quadrant.
    if a &gt; 0: setx = {2,3}
    else: setx = {1,4}

    if b &gt; 0: sety = {1,2}
    else: sety = {3,4}

    quadrant, = setx &amp; sety
    # Make sign of y appropriate for this quadrant.
    if quadrant in (1,2) : y = abs(y)
    else : y = -abs(y)

    s1 = '    quadrant' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))

    for count in range (0,count_) :
        pointE,status = pointOfIntersection(y,a,b,quadrant)
        s1 = 'count,status' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
        s1 = '    pointE[0]' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))
        s1 = '    pointE[1]' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))
        x,y = pointE
        if status : break

    p,q = CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)

    return p,q
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==An Example==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
p,q = 18,-29
w0 = p + q*1j
W = w0**3
a,b = W.real, W.imag
s1 = '\na,b' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
print ('Calculate one cube root of W =', W)

p,q = ComplexCubeRoot (a, b, -18)
s1 = '\np,q' ; print (s1, eval(s1))

sign = ' + '
if q &lt; 0 : sign = ' - '
print ('w0 = ', str(p) ,sign, str(abs(q)),'i',sep='')
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
a,b (-39582.0, -3799.0)
Calculate one cube root of W = (-39582-3799j)

ComplexCubeRoot(): a,b,y,count_ = -39582.0 -3799.0 -18 20
    quadrant 4
count,status (0, False)
    pointE[0] 18.29530595866769796981147594954794157453427770441979517949705190002312860122683512802090262517713985
    pointE[1] -29.17605851188829785804056660826030733025475591125914094664311767722817017040959484906193571713185723
count,status (1, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00005338608833140244623119091867294731079673210031643698475740639013316464725974710029414039192178
    pointE[1] -29.00004871113589733281025047965490410760310240487028781197782902118493613318468122514940700337153822
count,status (2, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000411724901243622639913339568271402799883998577879934397861645683113192688877413853607310
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000374389488957142528693701977412078931714190614174861872117809632376941851192785888688849
count,status (3, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000002432197332441306371168312765664226520285586754485200564671348858119116700
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000002211642401405406173668734741733917293863102998696594080783163691859719835
count,status (4, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000084875301166228708732099292145747224660296019
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000077178694502906372553368739653233322951192943
count,status (5, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
count,status (6, True)
    pointE[0] 18
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

p,q (Decimal('18'), Decimal('-29'))
w0 = 18 - 29i
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
=Method #3 (Algebraic)=

==Introduction==
Let complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then &lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = (p + qi)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)i.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then:

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is desired,
&lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated from the solutions of 2 simultaneous equations
&lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(2),&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;a,b&lt;/math&gt; are
known values, and &lt;math&gt;p,q&lt;/math&gt; are desired.

==Implementation==

&lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; squared: &lt;math&gt;a^2 = p^6 - 6p^4q^2\ + 9p^2q^4\dots\ (1a)&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2):\ 3p^2q = b + q^3\ \dots\ (2a)&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;(1a) * 27q^3:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = 27q^3p^6 - 27q^3(6)p^4q^2\ + 27q^3(9)p^2q^4&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = 27(p^2q)^3 - 27(6)p^4q^5\ + 27(9)p^2q^7&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 27(6)p^4q^2q^3\ + 27(9)p^2qq^6&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)(9p^4q^2)q^3\ + 27(3)(3p^2q)q^6&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)((3p^2q)^2)q^3\ + 27(3)(3p^2q)q^6&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;Q = q^3:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27Qa^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)((3p^2q)^2)Q + 27(3)(3p^2q)Q^2\ \dots\ (1b)&lt;/math&gt;


For &lt;math&gt;(3p^2q)&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;(1b)&lt;/math&gt; substitute &lt;math&gt; ( b + Q ) : &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27Qa^2 = (b+Q)^3 - 3(6)((b+Q)^2)Q + 27(3)(b+Q)Q^2\ \dots\ (1c)&lt;/math&gt;


Expand &lt;math&gt;(1c),&lt;/math&gt; simplify, gather like terms and result is:

&lt;math&gt;f(Q) = sQ^3 + tQ^2 + uQ + v\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt; where:

&lt;math&gt; Q  =  q ^ 3 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;s = 64&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;t = 48b&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;u = -(15b^2 + 27a^2)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;v = b^3&lt;/math&gt;


Calculate one real root of &lt;math&gt;(3):\ Q_1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;q_1 = \sqrt [3] {Q_1} &lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2a):\ p_1 = \sqrt{\frac{b + Q_1}{3q_1}}&lt;/math&gt;


Check &lt;math&gt;p_1&lt;/math&gt; against &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; to resolve ambiguity of sign of &lt;math&gt;p_1.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;p_1 + q_1 i&lt;/math&gt; is one cube root of &lt;math&gt;W.&lt;/math&gt;

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated without ambiguity as follows:


&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(1):\ p^3 - 3q^2p - a = 0\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2):\ 3qp^2 - (Q + b) = 0\ \dots\ (4)&lt;/math&gt;


Let:

&lt;math&gt;A = -3q^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = -a&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C = 3q&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;D = -(Q + b)&lt;/math&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| From &lt;math&gt;(3):&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;p^3&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;+Ap&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+B&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (5)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| From &lt;math&gt;(4):&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;Cp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+D&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (6)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(5)*D&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;Dp^3&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;+DAp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+DB&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (7)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(6)*B&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;BCp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+BD&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (8)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(7)-(8)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;Dp^3&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;-BCp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;+DAp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (9)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplify &lt;math&gt;(9)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;Dp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BCp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+DA&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (10)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(6)*A&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;ACp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+AD&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (11)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(10)-(11)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;Dp^2-ACp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BCp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (12)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplify &lt;math&gt;(12)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;Dp-ACp&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BC&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (13)&lt;/math&gt;
|}

From &lt;math&gt;(13):\ p = \frac{BC}{D - AC} = \frac{aC}{AC - D} = \frac{-aC}{9Q + D} = \frac{aC}{b - 8Q}&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==An Example==

Calculate cube roots of complex number &lt;math&gt;W = 39582 + 3799i.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:1219cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of &lt;math&gt;f(Q)&lt;/math&gt; shown as graph of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and showing three values of &lt;math&gt;Q: Q_1, Q_2, Q_3&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis compressed for clarity.
]]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

a,b = 39582,3799

s = 64
t = 48*b
u = -(15*b**2 + 27*a**2)
v = b**3

s,t,u,v
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(64, 182352, -42518323563, 54828691399)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate roots of cubic function:
&lt;math&gt;y = f (x) &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = 64 x^3 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 182352 x^2 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; - 42518323563 x &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 54828691399 .&lt;/math&gt;

Three roots are: &lt;math&gt;Q_1, Q_2, Q_3 = -27239.53953801976, 1.2895380197588122, 24389&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

values_of_Q = Q1,Q2,Q3 = -27239.53953801976, 1.2895380197588122, 24389
values_of_q = [ q
             for Q in values_of_Q
             for r in [ abs(Q) ** (1/3) ]
             for q in [ (r,-r)[Q&lt;0] ]
            ]
s1 = 'values_of_q' ; print(s1, eval(s1))

for q,Q in zip(values_of_q, values_of_Q) :
    C = 3*q
    p = a*C/(b - 8*Q)
    w = p + q*1j
    s1 = 'w, w**3' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
values_of_q (-30.08845726811989, 1.0884572681198943, 29)
w, w**3 ((-16.114736709748723 - 30.08845726811989j  ), (39582+3799j))
w, w**3 (( 34.11473670974874  +  1.0884572681198943j), (39582+3799j))
w, w**3 ((-18.0               + 29.0j               ), (39582+3799j))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Three cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W = 39582 + 3799i&lt;/math&gt; are:

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = (-16.114736709748723 - 30.08845726811989i  )&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = ( 34.11473670974874  +  1.0884572681198943i)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_3 = (-18.0               + 29.0i               )&lt;/math&gt;
=Method #4 (Vieta Reversed)=

See [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cubic_function#Vieta's_substitution Vieta's Substitution.]

The depressed cubic function is : &lt;math&gt;f(t) = t^3 + At + B = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;A = -3C&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;t = w + \frac{C}{w} = \frac{w^2 + C}{w}.&lt;/math&gt;

Substitute for &lt;math&gt;A, t&lt;/math&gt; in the depressed function and result is:

&lt;math&gt;f(w) = w^6 + Bw^3 + C^3&lt;/math&gt; or

&lt;math&gt;f(W) = W^2 + BW + C^3&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;W = w^3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w = \sqrt[3]{W}&lt;/math&gt;.

From the quadratic formula: &lt;math&gt;W = \frac{-B \pm \sqrt{B^2 - 4C^3}}{2} = \frac{-B \pm \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2}\sqrt{-1}   }{2}&lt;/math&gt;

However, &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;a = \frac{-B}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b = \frac{ \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2} }{2}.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = -2a&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;2b = \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;4b^2 = 4C^3 - B^2 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;4C^3 = 4b^2 + B^2 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C^3 = b^2 + \frac{B^2}{4} = b^2 + a^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C = \sqrt[3]{C^3} &lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;A = -3C. &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;A,B &lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; have been defined with &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; positive and &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; negative.

Because &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; has three complex roots, &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; must have three real roots.

Calculate one of the roots of &lt;math&gt;f(t).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;t = \frac{w^2 + C}{w}.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore &lt;math&gt;wt = w^2 + C&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;w^2 - tw + C = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

From the quadratic formula : 

&lt;math&gt;w = \frac{t \pm \sqrt{t^2 - 4C}}{2} = \frac{t \pm \sqrt{4C - t^2}\sqrt{-1}   }{2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w = p + qi&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;p = \frac{t}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Q = \frac{4C - t^2  }{4} = \frac{4C - 4P  }{4} = C - \frac{t^2}{4} = C - P&lt;/math&gt;
where &lt;math&gt;P = p^2,\ Q = q^2.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;q = \sqrt{Q}&lt;/math&gt; but sign of this calculation of &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; is ambiguous.

&lt;math&gt;q = \frac{b}{(3P - Q)}&lt;/math&gt;

and &lt;math&gt;(p + qi)^3 = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

==An Example==

Calculate cube roots of complex number &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 + 3799i.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:1215depressed cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; shown as graph of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and showing three values of &lt;math&gt;t: t_1, t_2, t_3&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis compressed for clarity.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;A,B = -3495.0, 79164.0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;t_1 = -68.229473419497441512295943903670298\dots&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;t_2 = 32.229473419497441512295943903670298\dots&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\ t_3 = 36&lt;/math&gt;
]]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

import decimal
dD = decimal.Decimal
decimal.getcontext().prec = 22

ab = -39582,3799
a,b = [ dD(v) for v in ab ]
B = -2*a
C = (b**2 + a**2) ** (dD(1)/3)
A = -3*C

a,b,A,B,C = [ dD(str(float(v))) for v in (a,b,A,B,C) ]
print ( 'a,b = {}, {}'.format(a,b) )
print ( 'A,B,C = {}, {}, {}'.format(A,B,C) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
a,b = -39582.0, 3799.0
A,B,C = -3495.0, 79164.0, 1165.0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate roots of cubic function:

&lt;math&gt;y = f (t) &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = t^3 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; - 3495 t &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 79164 .&lt;/math&gt;

Three roots are: &lt;math&gt;t_1,\ t_2,\ t_3 = -68.22947341949744\dots,\ 32.22947341949744\dots,\ 36.0&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:
t1, t2, t3 = ('-68.229473419497441512295943903670298',
               '32.229473419497441512295943903670298', 36 )
values_of_t = [ dD(v) for v in (t1,t2,t3) ]

for t in values_of_t :
    p = t/2 ; P = p**2
    Q = C - t*t/4 ; q = b/(3*P - Q)
    # Check results:
    print ()
    sx = 't' ; print (sx,'=', eval(sx))
    print ( 'p,q = {}, {}'.format(p,q) )
    ab = [ p*P - 3*p*Q, 3*P*q - q*Q ]
    a_,b_ = [ float(v) for v in ab ]
    sx = 'a_,b_' ; print (sx,'=', eval(sx))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
t = -68.229473419497441512295943903670298
p,q = -34.11473670974872075615, 1.088457268119895641747
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
    
t = 32.229473419497441512295943903670298
p,q = 16.11473670974872075615, -30.08845726811989564176
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
    
t = 36
p,q = 18, 29
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Three cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 + 3799i&lt;/math&gt; are:

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = -34.11473670974872075615 + 1.088457268119895641747i&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = 16.11473670974872075615 - 30.08845726811989564176i&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_3 = 18 + 29i&lt;/math&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8eqd66lpxa6u6cww2rx2w5stdrvmlz5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811413</id>
      <parentid>2811412</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T11:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaniosAkro</username>
        <id>2805358</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* An Example */</comment>
      <origin>2811413</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32434" sha1="jgeyc5r0r1ye1ualm2vwlolzgbid308" xml:space="preserve">=Introduction=
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
[[File:0419polarDiagram.png|thumb|400px|'''Complex number W = complex number w³.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Origin at point &lt;math&gt;(0,0)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{real}, W_{real}&lt;/math&gt; parallel to &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{imag}, W_{imag}&lt;/math&gt; parallel to &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{real} = 1.2;\ w_{imag} = 0.5;\ w_{mod} = \sqrt{1.2^2 + 0.5^2} = 1.3.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{real} = 0.828;\ ;\ W_{imag} = 2.035;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{mod} = \sqrt{0.828^2 + 2.035^2} = 2.197.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{mod} = w_{mod}^3 = 1.3^3 = 2.197.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{\phi} = 3 w_{\phi}.&lt;/math&gt;
By cosine triple angle formula:&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\cos W_{phi} = 4\cdot(\frac{1.2}{1.3})^3 - 3\cdot \frac{1.2}{1.3} = \frac{828}{2197} = \frac{W_{real}}{W_{mod}}.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
See &quot;3 cube roots of W&quot; in [[Complex_cube_root#Gallery | Gallery]] below.
]]
Let complex numbers &lt;math&gt;W =&lt;/math&gt; a &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; b&lt;math&gt;\cdot i&lt;/math&gt; and
&lt;math&gt;w =&lt;/math&gt; p &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; q&lt;math&gt;\cdot i.&lt;/math&gt;
Let &lt;math&gt;W = w^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When given &lt;math&gt;a, b,&lt;/math&gt; aim of this page is to calculate &lt;math&gt;p, q.&lt;/math&gt;


In the diagram complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi = w_{real} + i\cdot w_{imag} = w_{mod}(\cos w_{\phi} + i\cdot \sin w_{\phi}),&lt;/math&gt; where

* &lt;math&gt;w_{real}, w_{imag}&lt;/math&gt; are the real and imaginary components of &lt;math&gt;w,&lt;/math&gt; the rectangular components.

* &lt;math&gt;w_{mod}, w_{\phi}&lt;/math&gt; are the modulus and phase of &lt;math&gt;w,&lt;/math&gt; the polar components.

Similarly, &lt;math&gt;W_{real}, W_{imag}, W_{mod}, W_{\phi}&lt;/math&gt; are the corresponding components of &lt;math&gt;W.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = ( w_{mod}(\cos w_{\phi} + i\cdot \sin w_{\phi}) )^3&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= w_{mod}^3(\cos (3 w_{\phi}) + i\cdot \sin (3 w_{\phi}))&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= W_{mod}(\cos (W_{\phi}) + i\cdot \sin (W_{\phi}))&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= W&lt;/math&gt;


There are 2 significant calculations:

&lt;math&gt;w_{mod} = \sqrt[3]{W_{mod}}&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;\cos w_{\phi} = \cos \frac{W_{\phi}}{3}.&lt;/math&gt;
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=Implementation=
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==Cos φ from cos 3φ==
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[[File:1008Cos3A.png|thumb|400px|'''
Graph of &lt;math&gt;\cos(3A) = 4 \cos^3(A) - 3 \cos(A)&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Formula and/or graph are used to calculate &lt;math&gt;\cos(A)&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math&gt;\cos(3A)&lt;/math&gt; is given.
]]
The cosine triple angle formula is:
&lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta) = 4 \cos^3\theta - 3 \cos\theta.&lt;/math&gt; This formula, of form &lt;math&gt;y = 4 x^3 - 3 x,&lt;/math&gt; permits &lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta)&lt;/math&gt; to be calculated if &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is known.

If &lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta)&lt;/math&gt; is known and the value of &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is desired, this identity becomes:
&lt;math&gt;4 \cos^3\theta - 3 \cos\theta - \cos (3\theta) = 0.&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is the solution of this cubic equation.

In fact this equation has three solutions, the other two being &lt;math&gt;\cos (\theta \pm 120^\circ).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\cos (3(\theta \pm 120^\circ)) = \cos (3\theta \pm 360^\circ) = \cos (3\theta).&lt;/math&gt;


It is sufficient to calculate only &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;\cos 3\theta,&lt;/math&gt; accomplished by the following code:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

cosAfrom_cos3Adebug = 0

def cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) :
    cos3A = Decimal(str(cos3A))+0
    if 1 &gt;= cos3A &gt;= -1 : pass
    else :
        print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) : cos3A not in valid range.')
        return None
    '''
    if cos3A == 0 :
        A = 90 and cos3A = cosA
    if cos3A == 1 :
        A = 0 and cos3A = cosA
    if cos3A == -1 :
        A = 180 and cos3A = cosA
'''
    if cos3A in (0,1,-1) : return cos3A

    # From the cosine triple angle formula:
    a,b,c,d = 4,0,-3,-cos3A

    # prepare for Newton's method.
    if d &lt; 0 : x = Decimal(1)
    else : x = -Decimal(1)
    count = 31; L1 = [x]; almostZero = Decimal('1e-' + str(prec-2))

    # Newton's method:
    while 1 :
        count -= 1
        if count &lt;= 0 :
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A): count expired.')
            break
        y = a*x*x*x + c*x + d
        if cosAfrom_cos3Adebug :
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) : x,y =',x,y)
        if abs(y) &lt; almostZero : break
        slope = 12*x*x + c
        delta_x = y/slope
        x -= delta_x
        if x in L1[-1:-5:-1] :
            # This value of x has been used previously.
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A): endless loop detected.')
            break
        L1 += [x]

    return x
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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When &lt;math&gt;x == 1,&lt;/math&gt; slope &lt;math&gt;= 12x^2 - 3 = 9.&lt;/math&gt; Within area of interest, maximum absolute value of slope &lt;math&gt;= 9,&lt;/math&gt;
a rather small value for slope.

Consequently, with only 9 passes through loop, Newton's method produces a result accurate to 200 places of decimals .
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There are 3 conditions, any 1 of which terminates the loop:

* &lt;code&gt;abs(y)&lt;/code&gt; very close to 0 (normal termination).

* count expired.

* endless loop detected with the same value of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; repeated.
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==Calculation of cube roots of W==
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===Calculation of 1 root===

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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

def complexCubeRoot (a,b) :
    '''
p,q = complexCubeRoot (a,b) where:
* a,b are rectangular coordinates of complex number a + bi.
* (p + qi)^3 = a + bi.
'''

    a = Decimal(str(a))
    b = Decimal(str(b))

    if a == b == 0 : return (Decimal(0), Decimal(0))
    if a == 0 : return (Decimal(0), -simpleCubeRoot(b))
    if b == 0 : return (simpleCubeRoot(a), Decimal(0))

    Wmod = (a*a + b*b).sqrt()
    wmod = simpleCubeRoot (Wmod)
    cosWφ = a/Wmod
    coswφ = cosAfrom_cos3A(cosWφ)
    p = coswφ * wmod ; P = p**2 # p = wreal
    Q = wmod*wmod - P # Q = q**2
    # 3ppq - Qq = b
    # (3pp - Q)q = b
    q = b/(3*P - Q) # wimag

    return p,q
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
For function &lt;code&gt;simpleCubeRoot()&lt;/code&gt; see [[ Cube_root#Implementation | Cube_root#Implementation ]]
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===Calculation of 3 roots===

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See [[ Python_Concepts/Numbers#Cube_roots_of_1_simplified | Cube roots of unity. ]]

The cube roots of unity are :
&lt;math&gt;1, \frac{-1 \pm i\sqrt{3}}{2}.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;r_0 = \sqrt[3]{W}&lt;/math&gt; is known, the other 2 cube roots are:

* &lt;math&gt;r_1 = r_0 \cdot \frac{-1 + i\sqrt{3}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;r_2 = r_0 \cdot \frac{-1 - i\sqrt{3}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
def complexCubeRoots (a,b) :
    '''
r0,r1,r2 = complexCubeRoots (a,b) where:
* a,b are rectangular coordinates of complex number a + bi.
* (p + qi)^3 = a + bi.
* r0 = (p0,q0)
* r1 = (p1,q1)
* r2 = (p2,q2)
'''
    p,q = complexCubeRoot (a,b)
    r3 = Decimal(3).sqrt() # Square root of 3.
    pr3,qr3 = p*r3, q*r3
#  r1 = ((-p-q*r)/2, (p*r - q)/2)
#  r2 = ((-p+q*r)/2, (-p*r - q)/2)
    r0 = (p,q)
    r1 = ((-p-qr3)/2, (pr3 - q)/2)
    r2 = ((-p+qr3)/2, (-pr3 - q)/2)
    return r0,r1,r2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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=Testing results=

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&lt;math&gt;(p + q\cdot i)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)\cdot i = a + b\cdot i.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2;\ b = 3p^2q - q^3.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# Python code used to test results of code above,

def complexCubeRootsTest (a,b) :
    print ('\n++++++++++++++++++++')
    print ('a,b =', a,b)
    almostZero = Decimal('1e-' + str(prec-5))
    r0,r1,r2 = complexCubeRoots (a,b)
    for root in (r0,r1,r2) :
        p,q = root
        print ('  pq =',(p), (q))
        a_,b_ = (p*p*p - 3*p*q*q), (3*p*p*q - q*q*q)
        if a :
            v1 = abs((a_-a)/a)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error *',a_,a,v1)
        else :
            v1 = abs(a_)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error !',a_,a,v1)
        if b :
            v1 = abs((b_-b)/b)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error &amp;',b_,b,v1)
        else :
            v1 = abs(b_)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error %',b_,b,v1)
    return r0,r1,r2
    
import decimal
Decimal = D = decimal.Decimal
prec = decimal.getcontext().prec # precision

cosAfrom_cos3Adebug = 1

for p in range (-10,11,1) :
    for q in range (-10,11,1) :
        a = p*p*p - 3*p*q*q
        b = 3*p*p*q - q*q*q
        complexCubeRootsTest(a,b)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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=Gallery=
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&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0421cubeRootsOf8i.png|&lt;small&gt;Cube roots of 8i.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0422cubeRootsOfm8.png|&lt;small&gt;Cube roots of -8.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0424_3cubeRoots01.png|&lt;small&gt;3 cube roots of W.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
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=Method #2 (Graphical)=
==Introduction==
[[File:0406_2curves01a.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube roots as points of intersection of the 2 curves.''']]
Let complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then &lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = (p + qi)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)i.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then:

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3.&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is desired,
&lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated from the solutions of 2 simultaneous equations:

&lt;math&gt;p^3 - 3pq^2 - a = 0\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;3p^2q - q^3 - b = 0\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;


For example, let &lt;math&gt;W = (39582 + 3799i).&lt;/math&gt;


Then equations &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(2)&lt;/math&gt; become (for graphical purposes):

&lt;math&gt;x^3 - 3xy^2 - 39582 = 0\ \dots\ (3),&lt;/math&gt; black curve in diagram, and

&lt;math&gt;3x^2y - y^3 - 3799 = 0\ \dots\ (4),&lt;/math&gt; red curve in diagram.


Three points of intersection of red and black curves are:

&lt;math&gt;(-18, 29),&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(34.11473670974872, 1.0884572681198943),&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;(-16.11473670974872, -30.088457268119896),&lt;/math&gt;

interpreted as the three complex cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W,&lt;/math&gt; namely:

&lt;math&gt;w_0 = (-18 + 29i),&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = (34.11473670974872 + 1.0884572681198943i)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = (-16.11473670974872 - 30.088457268119896i).&lt;/math&gt;
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Proof:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
# Each cube root cubed.
&gt;&gt;&gt; w0 = (-18 + 29j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; w1 = (34.11473670974872 + 1.0884572681198943j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; w2 = (-16.11473670974872 - 30.088457268119896j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; for w in (w0,w1,w2) : w**3
... 
(39582+3799j)
(39582+3799j)
(39582+3799j)
# The moduli of all 3 cube roots.
&gt;&gt;&gt; for w in (w0,w1,w2) : (w.real**2 + w.imag**2) ** 0.5
... 
34.132096331752024
34.132096331752024
34.132096331752024
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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==Preparation==

This method depends upon selection of most appropriate quadrant.

In the example above, 
quadrant &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is chosen because any non-zero positive value of &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; intersects red curve and
any non-zero negative value of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; intersects black curve.

Figures 1-4 below show all possibilities of &lt;math&gt;\pm a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\pm b.&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0406_2curves01a.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 1. When both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are positive, quadrant 2 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(-18+29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (39582+3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0411np01.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 2. When &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is positive and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; is negative, quadrant 3 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(-18-29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (39582-3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0411pn01.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 3. When &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is negative and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; is positive, quadrant 1 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(18+29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (-39582+3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0406_2curves00a.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 4. When both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are negative, quadrant 4 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(18-29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (-39582-3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
Lines &lt;math&gt;y = x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y = -x&lt;/math&gt; (not shown) intersect:

* red curves at points where slope of red curve is vertical, and

* black curves at points where slope of black curve is horizontal.
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==Description of method==
===Four points===
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[[File:0406_4points.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing 4 points that enclose one of the complex cube roots.'''&lt;/br&gt;
Area enclosed by the 4 points becomes progressively smaller and smaller until the point of intersection is identified.
]]
Assume that &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 - 3799i,&lt;/math&gt; in which case both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are negative and quadrant &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; is chosen.

In quadrant &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; any non-zero positive value of x intersects black curve and any non-zero negative value of y intersects red curve.


Choose any convenient negative, non-zero value of &lt;math&gt;y.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;y = -18.&lt;/math&gt;

Using this value of &lt;math&gt;y,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; on red curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;A,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;
on black curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;B,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt;
on red curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;C,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;
on black curve.


Points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt; enclose the point of intersection of the 2 curves.
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===Point of intersection===
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[[File:0406intersection.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube root enclosed by four points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt;.'''&lt;/br&gt;
Point &lt;math&gt;E,&lt;/math&gt; intersection of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD&lt;/math&gt; is close to complex cube root, and is starting point for next iteration.
]]
Calculate equations of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD.&lt;/math&gt;

Calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;E,&lt;/math&gt; intersection of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD.&lt;/math&gt;


Point &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt; is used as starting point for next iteration.


Area of quadrilateral &lt;math&gt;ABCD&lt;/math&gt; becomes smaller and smaller until complex cube root, intersection of red and black curves, is identified.
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==Implementation==
===Initialization===
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

import decimal
D = decimal.Decimal

precision = decimal.getcontext().prec = 100

useDecimal = 1

Tolerance = 1e-14
if useDecimal :
    Tolerance = D('1e-' + str(decimal.getcontext().prec - 2))


def line_mc (point1,point2) :
    '''
m,c = line_mc (point1,point2)
where y = mx + c.
'''
    x1,y1 = point1
    x2,y2 = point2
    m = (y2-y1) / (x2-x1)
    # y = mx + c
    c = y1 - m*x1
    return m,c


def intersectionOf2Lines (line1, line2) :
    m1,c1 = line1
    m2,c2 = line2
    # y = m1x + c1
    # y = m2x + c2
    # m1x + c1 = m2x + c2
    # m1x - m2x = c2 - c1
    x = (c2-c1)/(m1-m2)
    y = m1*x + c1
    return x,y

def almostEqual (v1,v2,tolerance = Tolerance) :
    '''
status = almostEqual (v1,v2)

For floats, tolerance is 1e-14.

1234567.8901234567 and
1234567.8901234893
are not almostEqual.

1234567.8901234567 and
1234567.8901234593
are almostEqual.
'''
    return abs(v1-v2) &lt; tolerance*abs((v1+v2)/2)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Function two_points()===
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[[File:0406_4points.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing 4 points that enclose one of the complex cube roots.'''&lt;/br&gt;
On first invocation function two_points() returns points &lt;math&gt;A, B.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
On second invocation function two_points() returns points &lt;math&gt;C, D.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;AB&lt;/math&gt; or distance &lt;math&gt;CD&lt;/math&gt; is very small, function two_points() returns status True.
]]
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def two_points (y,a,b,quadrant) :
    '''
[point1,point2],status = two_points (y,a,b)
'''

    L1 = [] ; yInput = y
    if 0 :
        print ('two_points():')
        s1 = '  a,b,y' ; print (s1, eval(s1))

# a = ppp - pqq - 2pqq = ppp - 3pqq (1)
# b = 2ppq + ppq - qqq = 3ppq - qqq (2)
#
# Using (2)
# 3xxy - yyy = b
#
#     yyy + b
# X = ----------
#        3y
    X = (y**3 + b) / (3*y)

    if isinstance(X,D) : x = X.sqrt()
    else : x = X ** 0.5
    if quadrant in (2,3) : x *= -1
    L1 += [(x,y)]

# Using (1)
# xxx - 3xyy = a
#
#     xxx - a
# Y = -----------
#        3x
#
    Y = (x**3 - a) / (3*x)

    if isinstance(Y,D) : y = Y.sqrt()
    else : y = Y ** 0.5
    if quadrant in (3,4) : y *= -1

    L1 += [(x,y)]

    return L1, almostEqual(y, yInput)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Function pointOfIntersection()===
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[[File:0406intersection.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube root enclosed by four points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt;.'''&lt;/br&gt;
From points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt; function pointOfIntersection() calculates coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;E.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;AB&lt;/math&gt; is very small, point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; is returned as equivalent to intersection of red and black curves.&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;CD&lt;/math&gt; is very small, point &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; is returned as equivalent to intersection of red and black curves.
]]
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def pointOfIntersection(y,a,b,quadrant) :
    '''
pointE, status = pointOfIntersection(y,a,b)
y is Y coordinate of point A.
'''
#    print('\npointOfIntersection()')
    t1,status = two_points (y,a,b,quadrant)
    ptA,ptB = t1
    if status :
        # Distance between ptA and ptB is very small.
        # ptA is considered equivalent to the complex cube root.
        return ptA,status

    t2,status = two_points (ptB[1],a,b,quadrant)
    ptC,ptD = t2
    if status :
        # Distance between ptC and ptD is very small.
        # ptC is considered equivalent to the complex cube root.
        return ptC,status

    lineAC = line_mc (ptA,ptC)
    lineBD = line_mc (ptB,ptD)
    pointE = intersectionOf2Lines (lineAC, lineBD)
    return pointE,False
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Execution===
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y) :
    '''
p,q = CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)
p = x and q = y.
p,q are checked as valid within tolerance, and are reformatted slightly to improve appearance.
'''
#    print ('\nCheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)')
#    s1 = '(a,b)' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
#    s1 = '   x'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
#    s1 = '   y'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    P = x**2 ; Q = y**2 ; p=q=-1
    for p in (x,) :
        # a = ppp - 3pqq; a + 3pqq should equal ppp.
        if not almostEqual (P*p, a + 3*p*Q, Tolerance*100) : continue
        for q in  (y,) :
            # b = 3ppq - qqq; b + qqq should equal 3ppq
            if not almostEqual (3*P*q, b + q*Q) : continue
            # Following 2 lines improve appearance of p,q
            if useDecimal :
                # 293.00000000000000000000000000000000000000034 becomes 293
                p,q = [ decimal.Context(prec=precision-3).create_decimal(s).normalize()
                        for s in (p,q) ]
            else :
                # 123.99999999999923 becomes 124.0
                p,q = [ float(decimal.Context(prec=14).create_decimal(s)) for s in (p,q) ]
            return p,q
    # If code gets to here there is internal error.
    s1 = '   p'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = '   q'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = 'P*p, a + 3*p*Q' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = '3*P*q, b + q*Q' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    1/0


def ComplexCubeRoot (a,b, y = 100, count_ = 20) :
    '''
p,q = ComplexCubeRoot (a,b, y, count_)
(p+qi)**3 = (a+bi)
'''
    print ('\nComplexCubeRoot(): a,b,y,count_ =',a,b,y,count_)

    if useDecimal : y,a,b = [ D(str(v)) for v in (y,a,b) ]

    if a == 0 :
        if b == 0 : return 0,0
        if useDecimal : cubeRoot = abs(b) ** (D(1)/3)
        else : cubeRoot = abs(b) ** (1/3)
        if b &gt; 0 : return 0,-cubeRoot
        return 0,cubeRoot
    if b == 0 :
        if useDecimal : cubeRoot = abs(a) ** (D(1)/3)
        else : cubeRoot = abs(a) ** (1/3)
        if a &gt; 0 : return cubeRoot,0
        return -cubeRoot,0

    # Select most appropriate quadrant.
    if a &gt; 0: setx = {2,3}
    else: setx = {1,4}

    if b &gt; 0: sety = {1,2}
    else: sety = {3,4}

    quadrant, = setx &amp; sety
    # Make sign of y appropriate for this quadrant.
    if quadrant in (1,2) : y = abs(y)
    else : y = -abs(y)

    s1 = '    quadrant' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))

    for count in range (0,count_) :
        pointE,status = pointOfIntersection(y,a,b,quadrant)
        s1 = 'count,status' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
        s1 = '    pointE[0]' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))
        s1 = '    pointE[1]' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))
        x,y = pointE
        if status : break

    p,q = CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)

    return p,q
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==An Example==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
p,q = 18,-29
w0 = p + q*1j
W = w0**3
a,b = W.real, W.imag
s1 = '\na,b' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
print ('Calculate one cube root of W =', W)

p,q = ComplexCubeRoot (a, b, -18)
s1 = '\np,q' ; print (s1, eval(s1))

sign = ' + '
if q &lt; 0 : sign = ' - '
print ('w0 = ', str(p) ,sign, str(abs(q)),'i',sep='')
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
a,b (-39582.0, -3799.0)
Calculate one cube root of W = (-39582-3799j)

ComplexCubeRoot(): a,b,y,count_ = -39582.0 -3799.0 -18 20
    quadrant 4
count,status (0, False)
    pointE[0] 18.29530595866769796981147594954794157453427770441979517949705190002312860122683512802090262517713985
    pointE[1] -29.17605851188829785804056660826030733025475591125914094664311767722817017040959484906193571713185723
count,status (1, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00005338608833140244623119091867294731079673210031643698475740639013316464725974710029414039192178
    pointE[1] -29.00004871113589733281025047965490410760310240487028781197782902118493613318468122514940700337153822
count,status (2, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000411724901243622639913339568271402799883998577879934397861645683113192688877413853607310
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000374389488957142528693701977412078931714190614174861872117809632376941851192785888688849
count,status (3, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000002432197332441306371168312765664226520285586754485200564671348858119116700
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000002211642401405406173668734741733917293863102998696594080783163691859719835
count,status (4, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000084875301166228708732099292145747224660296019
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000077178694502906372553368739653233322951192943
count,status (5, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
count,status (6, True)
    pointE[0] 18
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

p,q (Decimal('18'), Decimal('-29'))
w0 = 18 - 29i
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
=Method #3 (Algebraic)=

==Introduction==
Let complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then &lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = (p + qi)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)i.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then:

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is desired,
&lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated from the solutions of 2 simultaneous equations
&lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(2),&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;a,b&lt;/math&gt; are
known values, and &lt;math&gt;p,q&lt;/math&gt; are desired.

==Implementation==

&lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; squared: &lt;math&gt;a^2 = p^6 - 6p^4q^2\ + 9p^2q^4\dots\ (1a)&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2):\ 3p^2q = b + q^3\ \dots\ (2a)&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;(1a) * 27q^3:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = 27q^3p^6 - 27q^3(6)p^4q^2\ + 27q^3(9)p^2q^4&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = 27(p^2q)^3 - 27(6)p^4q^5\ + 27(9)p^2q^7&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 27(6)p^4q^2q^3\ + 27(9)p^2qq^6&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)(9p^4q^2)q^3\ + 27(3)(3p^2q)q^6&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)((3p^2q)^2)q^3\ + 27(3)(3p^2q)q^6&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;Q = q^3:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27Qa^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)((3p^2q)^2)Q + 27(3)(3p^2q)Q^2\ \dots\ (1b)&lt;/math&gt;


For &lt;math&gt;(3p^2q)&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;(1b)&lt;/math&gt; substitute &lt;math&gt; ( b + Q ) : &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27Qa^2 = (b+Q)^3 - 3(6)((b+Q)^2)Q + 27(3)(b+Q)Q^2\ \dots\ (1c)&lt;/math&gt;


Expand &lt;math&gt;(1c),&lt;/math&gt; simplify, gather like terms and result is:

&lt;math&gt;f(Q) = sQ^3 + tQ^2 + uQ + v\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt; where:

&lt;math&gt; Q  =  q ^ 3 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;s = 64&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;t = 48b&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;u = -(15b^2 + 27a^2)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;v = b^3&lt;/math&gt;


Calculate one real root of &lt;math&gt;(3):\ Q_1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;q_1 = \sqrt [3] {Q_1} &lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2a):\ p_1 = \sqrt{\frac{b + Q_1}{3q_1}}&lt;/math&gt;


Check &lt;math&gt;p_1&lt;/math&gt; against &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; to resolve ambiguity of sign of &lt;math&gt;p_1.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;p_1 + q_1 i&lt;/math&gt; is one cube root of &lt;math&gt;W.&lt;/math&gt;

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated without ambiguity as follows:


&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(1):\ p^3 - 3q^2p - a = 0\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2):\ 3qp^2 - (Q + b) = 0\ \dots\ (4)&lt;/math&gt;


Let:

&lt;math&gt;A = -3q^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = -a&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C = 3q&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;D = -(Q + b)&lt;/math&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| From &lt;math&gt;(3):&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;p^3&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;+Ap&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+B&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (5)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| From &lt;math&gt;(4):&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;Cp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+D&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (6)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(5)*D&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;Dp^3&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;+DAp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+DB&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (7)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(6)*B&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;BCp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+BD&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (8)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(7)-(8)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;Dp^3&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;-BCp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;+DAp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (9)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplify &lt;math&gt;(9)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;Dp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BCp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+DA&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (10)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(6)*A&lt;/math&gt; || || &lt;math&gt;ACp^2&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;+AD&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (11)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;(10)-(11)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;||&lt;math&gt;Dp^2-ACp^2&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BCp&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (12)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplify &lt;math&gt;(12)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;|| || &lt;math&gt;Dp-ACp&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-BC&lt;/math&gt;  || &lt;math&gt;= 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\dots (13)&lt;/math&gt;
|}

From &lt;math&gt;(13):\ p = \frac{BC}{D - AC} = \frac{aC}{AC - D} = \frac{-aC}{9Q + D} = \frac{aC}{b - 8Q}&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==An Example==

Calculate cube roots of complex number &lt;math&gt;W = 39582 + 3799i.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:1219cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of &lt;math&gt;f(Q)&lt;/math&gt; shown as graph of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and showing three values of &lt;math&gt;Q: Q_1, Q_2, Q_3&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis compressed for clarity.
]]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

a,b = 39582,3799

s = 64
t = 48*b
u = -(15*b**2 + 27*a**2)
v = b**3

s,t,u,v
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(64, 182352, -42518323563, 54828691399)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate roots of cubic function:
&lt;math&gt;y = f (x) &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = 64 x^3 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 182352 x^2 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; - 42518323563 x &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 54828691399 .&lt;/math&gt;

Three roots are: &lt;math&gt;Q_1, Q_2, Q_3 = -27239.53953801976, 1.2895380197588122, 24389&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

values_of_Q = Q1,Q2,Q3 = -27239.53953801976, 1.2895380197588122, 24389
values_of_q = [ q
             for Q in values_of_Q
             for r in [ abs(Q) ** (1/3) ]
             for q in [ (r,-r)[Q&lt;0] ]
            ]
s1 = 'values_of_q' ; print(s1, eval(s1))

for q,Q in zip(values_of_q, values_of_Q) :
    C = 3*q
    p = a*C/(b - 8*Q)
    w = p + q*1j
    s1 = 'w, w**3' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
values_of_q (-30.08845726811989, 1.0884572681198943, 29)
w, w**3 ((-16.114736709748723 - 30.08845726811989j  ), (39582+3799j))
w, w**3 (( 34.11473670974874  +  1.0884572681198943j), (39582+3799j))
w, w**3 ((-18.0               + 29.0j               ), (39582+3799j))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Three cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W = 39582 + 3799i&lt;/math&gt; are:

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = (-16.114736709748723 - 30.08845726811989i  )&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = ( 34.11473670974874  +  1.0884572681198943i)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_3 = (-18.0               + 29.0i               )&lt;/math&gt;
=Method #4 (Vieta Reversed)=

See [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cubic_function#Vieta's_substitution Vieta's Substitution.]

The depressed cubic function is : &lt;math&gt;f(t) = t^3 + At + B = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;A = -3C&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;t = w + \frac{C}{w} = \frac{w^2 + C}{w}.&lt;/math&gt;

Substitute for &lt;math&gt;A, t&lt;/math&gt; in the depressed function and result is:

&lt;math&gt;f(w) = w^6 + Bw^3 + C^3&lt;/math&gt; or

&lt;math&gt;f(W) = W^2 + BW + C^3&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;W = w^3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w = \sqrt[3]{W}&lt;/math&gt;.

From the quadratic formula: &lt;math&gt;W = \frac{-B \pm \sqrt{B^2 - 4C^3}}{2} = \frac{-B \pm \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2}\sqrt{-1}   }{2}&lt;/math&gt;

However, &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;a = \frac{-B}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b = \frac{ \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2} }{2}.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = -2a&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;2b = \sqrt{4C^3 - B^2} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;4b^2 = 4C^3 - B^2 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;4C^3 = 4b^2 + B^2 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C^3 = b^2 + \frac{B^2}{4} = b^2 + a^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C = \sqrt[3]{C^3} &lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;A = -3C. &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;A,B &lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; have been defined with &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; positive and &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; negative.

Because &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; has three complex roots, &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; must have three real roots.

Calculate one of the roots of &lt;math&gt;f(t).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;t = \frac{w^2 + C}{w}.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore &lt;math&gt;wt = w^2 + C&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;w^2 - tw + C = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

From the quadratic formula : 

&lt;math&gt;w = \frac{t \pm \sqrt{t^2 - 4C}}{2} = \frac{t \pm \sqrt{4C - t^2}\sqrt{-1}   }{2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w = p + qi&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;p = \frac{t}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Q = \frac{4C - t^2  }{4} = \frac{4C - 4P  }{4} = C - \frac{t^2}{4} = C - P&lt;/math&gt;
where &lt;math&gt;P = p^2,\ Q = q^2.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;q = \sqrt{Q}&lt;/math&gt; but sign of this calculation of &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; is ambiguous.

&lt;math&gt;q = \frac{b}{(3P - Q)}&lt;/math&gt;

and &lt;math&gt;(p + qi)^3 = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

==An Example==

Calculate cube roots of complex number &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 + 3799i.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:1215depressed cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of &lt;math&gt;f(t)&lt;/math&gt; shown as graph of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and showing three values of &lt;math&gt;t: t_1, t_2, t_3&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis compressed for clarity.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;A,B = -3495.0, 79164.0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;t_1 = -68.229473419497441512295943903670298\dots&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;t_2 = 32.229473419497441512295943903670298\dots&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\ t_3 = 36&lt;/math&gt;
]]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

import decimal
dD = decimal.Decimal
decimal.getcontext().prec = 22

ab = -39582,3799
a,b = [ dD(v) for v in ab ]
B = -2*a
C = (b**2 + a**2) ** (dD(1)/3)
A = -3*C

a,b,A,B,C = [ dD(str(float(v))) for v in (a,b,A,B,C) ]
print ( 'a,b = {}, {}'.format(a,b) )
print ( 'A,B,C = {}, {}, {}'.format(A,B,C) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
a,b = -39582.0, 3799.0
A,B,C = -3495.0, 79164.0, 1165.0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate roots of cubic function:

&lt;math&gt;y = f (t) &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = t^3 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; - 3495 t &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 79164 .&lt;/math&gt;

Three roots are: &lt;math&gt;t_1,\ t_2,\ t_3 = -68.22947341949744\dots,\ 32.22947341949744\dots,\ 36.0&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:
t1, t2, t3 = ('-68.229473419497441512295943903670298',
               '32.229473419497441512295943903670298', 36 )
values_of_t = [ dD(v) for v in (t1,t2,t3) ]

for t in values_of_t :
    p = t/2 ; P = p**2
    Q = C - P ; q = b/(3*P - Q)
    # Check results:
    print ()
    sx = 't' ; print (sx,'=', eval(sx))
    print ( 'p,q = {}, {}'.format(p,q) )
    ab = [ p*P - 3*p*Q, 3*P*q - q*Q ]
    a_,b_ = [ float(v) for v in ab ]
    sx = 'a_,b_' ; print (sx,'=', eval(sx))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
t = -68.229473419497441512295943903670298
p,q = -34.11473670974872075615, 1.088457268119895641747
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
    
t = 32.229473419497441512295943903670298
p,q = 16.11473670974872075615, -30.08845726811989564176
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
    
t = 36
p,q = 18, 29
a_,b_ = (-39582.0, 3799.0)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Three cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 + 3799i&lt;/math&gt; are:

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = -34.11473670974872075615 + 1.088457268119895641747i&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = 16.11473670974872075615 - 30.08845726811989564176i&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_3 = 18 + 29i&lt;/math&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jgeyc5r0r1ye1ualm2vwlolzgbid308</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>C language in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>285380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811272</id>
      <parentid>2811047</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T14:00:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Applications */</comment>
      <origin>2811272</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9878" sha1="3jq95k2qzh30csmm2ap9atolg2jsptu" xml:space="preserve">=== Introduction ===
* Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]])

=== Handling Repetition ===
* Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling a Big Work ===
* Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling Series of Data ===

==== Background ==== 
* Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]])
 
==== Basics ====
* Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Examples ==== 
* Spreadsheet Example Programs
:: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]])

==== Applications ==== 
* Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20260523.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]])

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
* Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling Low Level Operations ===
* Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Declarations ===
* Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]])
* Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]])
* Scope 


=== Class Notes ===

* TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]])
* Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library
* Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements
* Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers
* Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts
* Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops
* Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control
* Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions
* Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope
* Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion
* Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions
* Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications
* Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions
* Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications
* Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) 
* Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2)
* Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO
* Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions
* Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications
* Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum
* Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List 
* Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing
* Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/

== '''Old Materials '''==

until 201201
* Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]])
* Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]])
* Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]])
* Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]])
 
&lt;br&gt;

until 201107
* Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]])
* Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]])
* Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ]

[[Category:C programming language]]

&lt;/br&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pro-Capitalist Film</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>301633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811330</id>
      <parentid>2588460</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T16:46:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>project box(es)</comment>
      <origin>2811330</origin>
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      <text bytes="7647" sha1="tsv5emjttocw8qsr9zbdjg13ipjtywf" xml:space="preserve">{{film}}

==Summary==
During the Cold War era, the United States produced films that both functioned as a reflection of the political climate and propaganda to influence public opinion &lt;ref&gt;https://www.jstor.org/stable/3815230&lt;/ref&gt;. These films often depicted “The West” as a land of freedom, individuality, and wealth thanks to capitalism. During this same time, the Soviet Union produced anti-capitalist films that showed communism as the ideal way of life and critiqued capitalism. Films during this time were heavily influenced by the political climate of tension between the U.S. and Soviet Union, but films that promote political ideologies such as capitalism and communism are not unique to this time period. 

Pro-Capitalist film was very prominent during the Cold War era, but the U.S. continues to produce them to this day, even if the messages are more subtle than before. The legacy of films such as Silk Stockings and The Green Berets lives on through the culture it influenced–film influences culture, which influences film again, and so on. However, an opposition to pro-capitalist film even in the U.S. has grown as well, as [[Anti-Capitalist Film|anti-capitalist films]] become more prominent.

==History/Philosphy==
[[The Cold War|The Cold War]] was an intense rivalry and tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that began in 1947 and lasted until 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed &lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War&lt;/ref&gt;. At the heart of this ideological “war” was the rivalry between capitalism and [[Communism|communism.]]
 
==Case Study: Silk Stockings==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk%20Stockings%20(1957%20film) Silk Stockings] is a 1957 musical film which is based on a stage musical, which was adapted from a film called Ninotchka (1939). &lt;ref&gt;https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/52366&lt;/ref&gt; The film is about a Soviet agent named Ninotchka whose mission is to retrieve three Soviet commissars from Paris. Once there, she is charmed by a man who shows her the perceived freedom, luxury, and fun of capitalist Paris &lt;ref&gt;https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1055/silk-stockings#synopsis&lt;/ref&gt;. Neither Ninotchka or the commissars ultimately want to go back to their former lifestyle under communism, and they stay in Paris instead, embracing capitalism.

[[File:Cyd Charisse Silk Stockings 1957.jpg|Cyd_Charisse_Silk_Stockings_1957|thumb|Cyd Charisse in Silk Stockings]]
===Aesthetic Strategies===
The film depicts Western life under capitalism as one of freedom, pleasure, wealth, and joy. One strategy that the film uses is the dance sequences. When the film is in Paris, there are joyful, celebratory songs that depict the characters enjoying material pleasures; when the film is in Moscow, the songs have a different [[Mood &amp; Tone in Cinema|tone]]; for example ‘The Red Blues’ which depicts comrades dancing in a self-pitying manner, wishing they weren’t living a communist life and reminiscing on the joys of the West. Another example of a musical number with an explicitly pro-capitalist message is ‘We Can’t Go Back to Moscow’ in which three Soviets discover how wonderful capitalism is and don’t want to go back to life in communism.

The mise-en-scene of the film is also a significant part of the pro-capitalist appeal. In the West, the men are seen drinking champagne and being surrounded by beautiful women, and the women are seen dressing up in fancy attire and becoming “the object of male desire” &lt;ref&gt;Hollywood's Cold War / Tony Shaw. p30&lt;/ref&gt;. Their outfits are brightly colored, including a bright red dress and a gold one as well. These choices build the setting and atmosphere in a way that tells the audience that the Western world is full of color, comfort, and wealth. In contrast, the mise-en-scene in Moscow is full of more dull colors, uniformity in costumes, and a lack of luxury goods. 

Another strategy the film uses is physical movement to represent freedom and individuality. In ‘We Can’t Go Back to Moscow’, the dance emphasizes individual movement of characters as well as camera movement to follow the characters. They seem to be “casting off repressive constraints” &lt;ref&gt;Hollywood's Cold War / Tony Shaw. 
 p30&lt;/ref&gt; through their dance movements that showcase their individuality. In contrast, the song ‘The Red Blues’ uses the lack of movement as a tool. The characters dance and move around, but whenever a communist enters the room, they stop moving, associating the intrusion of communism with restriction of movement and freedom &lt;ref&gt;Hollywood's Cold War / Tony Shaw. p30 &lt;/ref&gt;. 

===Reception/Influence===
Silk Stockings had mixed reception from critics, some of which compared it to Ninotchka and claimed it fell short of the original film. Other critics loved the film and praised its critique of communism as well as its entertaining musical numbers. It has a 100% score on Rotten Tomatoes &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/silk_stockings&lt;/ref&gt; U.S. government officials also enjoyed the film as it coincided with their political campaigns to portray the U.S. as a nation of material wealth that benefitted all people (Hollywood's Cold War / Tony Shaw. p32).

==Case Study: The Green Berets (1968)==
A very different example of Pro-Capitalist film is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Green%20Berets%20(film) The Green Berets], a 1968 film starring [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wayne John Wayne] about a reporter who is assigned to follow a group of Green Berets in the Vietnam War. Throughout the film, the reporter comes to appreciate America’s role in the war and see them as heroes and the communists as villains. 

===Aesthetic Strategies===
A major strategy of Pro-Capitalist film is to show off technology from the capitalist country as superior to others’. This is done in The Green Berets through impressive images of helicopters and weapons from the United States military, contrasted by the depiction of the South Vietnamese as primitive, poor, and not having great technology. This creates the idea that they need the U.S. to help fight back against the communists. The spatial positioning of the helicopters as above Vietnam also reinforces this idea of the U.S. being ‘above’ other nations.

[[File:UH-1D helicopters in Vietnam 1966.jpg|UH-1D_helicopters_in_Vietnam_1966|thumb|Helicopters in Vietnam]]

Another strategy is elevating the image of the capitalist country (the U.S.) through the symbol of a foreign child. The film uses an orphaned Vietnamese boy who loses his family in the war and is terrorized by VietCong military. The Green Berets take the child in and take care of him, protecting him. He is a symbol for all of Vietnam, which the film infantilizes and portrays as childlike and needing guidance and saving. In the end, the soldiers give the child the beret of a fallen soldier and say “You’re what this is all about.” 

===Reception/Influence===
The Green Berets had mixed reception, as the United States at the time was very divided over the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%20War Vietnam War]. Many critics disliked the film and many people did find it one-sided and propagandistic &lt;ref&gt;Hollywood's Cold War / Tony Shaw. p223&lt;/ref&gt;. However, it made money at the box office, grossing $21.7 million &lt;ref&gt;https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Green-Berets-The#tab=summary&lt;/ref&gt;. So, it was not unpopular, possibly due to John Wayne’s star appeal, but also because of the strategies that made Americans feel like heroes at a time of political and moral strife.

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Cinema Aesthetics]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives/22</title>
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      <id>2811251</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-23T12:59:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Enhancing Web Browser Security through Cookie Encryption */ archive from [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="123431" sha1="p1jsqo8e7kvlog6mvoygdstn59sihz4" xml:space="preserve">{{archive|Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion}}

== [[Enhancing Web Browser Security through Cookie Encryption]] ==
{{archive top|'''Kept'''. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:28, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
To avoid further conflict with the user who entered this text into Wikiversity, I am opening a RFD request.

I am not sure about how to proceed, although I am inclined to move it out of mainspace = quasi-delete. I am looking forward to get input from others, especially curators and custodians. Some considerations:

1) There is perhaps no more appearance/suspicion of copyright violation, now that the ResearchGate (RG) article (of which this is a copy, perhaps an incomplete copy?) carries a license.

2) The article is not a complete replica from RG: at a minimum, it lacks images. The inserter could have continued editing the page in his user space before he uploads images, that is, before he finalizes the page for consumption, but that did not happen. I did not check whether the text is an exact one-to-one match; the article does not indicate anything in that regard.

3) The principle implied seems to be this: users should feel free to duplicate non-peer-reviewed articles from RG in English Wikiversity, perhaps to increase the Google search and LLM yield. I find this problematic, in part for the duplication. I would say: choose a venue and publish it there. If RG is not good enough for you as a publishing venue, choose Wikiversity instead, but not both?

4) There are some features that appear unduly promotional. There is a link to a dot com home page of the inserter of the article. I dot not know how we handle or should handle this, whether prohibit such a link, etc. This is perhaps not so much a call to quasi-deletion but a call to make it less promotional.

5) I cannot determine the value of such an article. It seems to be a pseudo-article describing someone's browser extension. Can someone do a better analysis?

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:48, 8 October 2025 (UTC)

:2) Images for Wikicommons are being created, it will take a lot of time. and the text is not an exact one-to-one match
:3) I also mentioned that It was being created so that it is more accessible from mobile phone, which is not possible in RG or in Zenodo
:Let me clarify the purpose of uploading it to different platforms
:Zenodo - registration and to link DOI
:RG - Self Archiving 
:Wikiversity - Accessible by anyone from any device. LLMs may get trained on Wikiversity data or use these data for indexing 
:5) The paper is a result of a research project which involved a browser extension which was built to test the theory.  [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 01:34, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I find the practice here of publishing non-identical but similar text (&quot;the text is not an exact one-to-one match&quot;) with almost the same title to be problematic. I cannot imagine this is a recommended practice in academic publishing. At a minimum, somewhere near the top, the page should say something like the following: &quot;This text is based on article ___ published at ___ but is not identical. The author of the differences/changes is ___.&quot; Everything else leads to an undesirable confusion. In academic publishing, the title of an article serves as key part of identification of the artifact.
:: As I said before, I seen nothing particularly academic article-like about the page except for external/superficial signs. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:30, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::That Article has been published under CC BY SA 4.0
:::And I am one of the author of the article. That gives me right to modify text and publish it under a similar name. However, I will add the disclaimer text that you have suggested. I hope that helps.  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 06:07, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::: It may give you that right from the ''copyright'' perspective, but perhaps not from ''academic publishing integrity'' perspective. Unfortunately, I do not have any guideline handy; I am merely following my common (or not so common) sense. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:32, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I would like to ask: was this article guided by someone from an academic institution, such as a university? Is it reviewed at least in some weak sense? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:39, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::Yes, This article has been reviewed by two academic professors, their names are also listed as co authors.
:::First, a project guide would help us with selecting a topic and with the document 
:::Second, an Internal examiner would go through our experiment and approve it
:::Finally, External Examiner would examine the documentation and verify it. 
:::We were required by these professors to put their name under contributions [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 05:48, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: Let me explicate the promotional potential of such a page a bit: one can go to the page of the article in Wikiversity --&gt; https://tomjoejames.com/ --&gt; HitMyTarget (a commercial, profit-making entity?) Why would the link be to a commercial web site rather than an academic page, or perhaps a LinkedIn account, which I think the person has? There could also be no link at all; a search for the name would turn out something in Google as well. But providing a direct link would drive users/viewers toward that website much stronger since otherwise the viewer of the page would have to open a new Google search window or the like. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:45, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::It is evident that the website is not even close to being complete. 
:::I will be creating a separate page under the same domain name specifically for people to contact me.
:::The url would probably be defined as tomjoejames.com/contact-me/
:::I haven't decided yet. But that is my personal website.
:::If the community requires me to remove it, I will. But personally I think people who are from here most likely to click the link to know more about me or to contact me. Either way I think my personal website serves the purpose. 
:::As for the HitMyTarget, it can be traced from any of my links. From my research gate profile, linkedin page or even my own userpage.
:::On the article I did not add any promotional content about myself, I hyperlinked only my own name. I do not know how that is promotional. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 06:04, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::: I am pausing any further responses from me to see whether anyone else has any input. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:30, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:What does it mean &quot;There is perhaps no more appearance/suspicion of copyright violation&quot;? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:57, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:I have accepted VRT permission per [[ticket:2025100410001149]] FYI. [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Matrix|contribs]]) 11:00, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you Matrix [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 12:43, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
:I would '''delete''' it. 1) it states its a learning resource. It could not be a learning resource as not rewieved original research. 2) It is not an ongoing research, nor the research was performed on Wikiversity - wv is not a preprint or article database. Maybe it could be moved elsewhere withn Wikimedia domain, but I dont know where. So I would delete it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:56, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::I would '''keep it.''' Like Dan had pointed out,  we do have article-like pages in Wikiversity, and this is not just a random pseudo science article but an article that is a report of an final year project, it has been reviewed by 3 professors whose name has been mentioned at the very beginning.   [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 14:50, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::I think it is not good to rate pages by appearance. It can be done on other Wikimedia projects, but it cannot be done on Wikiversity, because Wikiversity does not create a static format for presenting information, but is focused on the goal and process. Unfortunately, the goal and process do not have a uniform format. While a target article on Wikipedia or an entry on Wiktionary have some standard target format, Wikiversity does not. That is why I personally rate pages according to the goals and their assessment. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:05, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

Further reading for this nomination: [[S: Wikisource:Proposed_deletions/Archives/2025#Index:Cookie_Encryption.pdf]]; EncycloPetey handled the matter. Let me quote his wisdom on Zenodo (which I lack): &quot;This is tied to a PDF on Commons that was uploaded as &quot;own work&quot; with a CC license and a doi link to Zenodo, with no indication of where this paper was published or if it was published. Zenodo is not a publisher; it is a site for storing research and sharing papers. If Zenodo is the only place this was &quot;published&quot; then it was effectively self-published. --EncycloPetey (talk) 16:14, 15 September 2025 (UTC)&quot;

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:55, 9 October 2025 (UTC)

:Can you clarify what point are you trying to state? Didn't I already state that the article is published by me? 
:I first created the article in wikisource which I thought would be the perfect place, unfortunately they do not allow self published articles that are not notable. Then I discovered Wikiversity where they allow self published articles. That is why I created the article here. 
:Unlike in wikisource, I did follow guidelines.
:Ever since you deleted the first article, I spent time reading Wikiversity guidelines and I do think that I am following it perfectly.
:I would like to get your suggestions on how should I improve the page,  10 points would be sufficient. 
:Because your goals or intentions are confusing me very much. At first you told me that the article is exactly the same as the preprint in RG and therefore there is no use to it here. And then when I continued to optimize it for Wikiversity, you went ahead and said it is problematic according to recommended academic publishing. 
:Atleast just respond to the points that I have made whether you agree or disagree. So that I clarify and proceed to discuss points that are important and relevant 
:Have you published an research article? If yes, could you send it to me so that I can see the format you have done it [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 10:45, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I am giving a chance/time to other curators/custodians to look at the matter and respond to my inputs. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:14, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: Incidentally, above I counted 4 questions (or more), 1 request (or more?) and 1 command (or more?). That is a behavior of a commanding entity. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:24, 9 October 2025 (UTC)

I would '''delete it''''. It's more like an academic communication than a learning resource or research.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:32, 26 October 2025 (UTC)
:: In the above post, I do not see any valid rationale for deletion: we do have article-like pages, in Wikijournals and also e.g. in [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Stellar Stefan–Boltzmann constant]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:59, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
:::But I do, see above. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:56, 20 November 2025 (UTC)

:it is a '''student research paper''' forming part of a learning resource on web security and encryption.
:The project was conducted as part of a final-year university course and documented as a practical study on cookie encryption and it has been reviewed by three professors. However, I will be creating a sub page for the article to elaborately describe the experiment that we have conducted and the results we got.    [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 15:57, 26 October 2025 (UTC)
::And why should w host research papers? Wikiversity is not an academic Journal nor repository. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:06, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:::I do not wish to go through this same argument once again, I've already answered to this question several times in Dan's talk page, Colloquium. you can refer them. I am not hosting the research paper here, I have already hosted the pdf in the ResearchGate, I have published a text version in the wikiversity so that it may be useful for others. Unless you can show me how that article is totally useless, I would like to '''keep''' the article in the wikiversity.    [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 10:13, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::::And thats the point I am having. Wikiversity is not paper repository. The only way is to publish it via WikiJournal, but they want it for Wikipedia usually. Why wikiversity should be a duplication of ResearchGate, Academia or Zenodo?
::::What I can read on [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?]] policy is, that Wikiversity research &quot;...includes interpreting primary sources, forming ideas, or taking observations.&quot; The article doent look to fall into this. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:43, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::Well, then how come you missed the term &quot;Learning Projects&quot;? As Jtneill had pointed out, this is a legitimate learning project. And also, I do have the VRT permission to host this article on Wikiversity.  [[ticket:2025100410001149]] . besides ResearchGate is an self-archiving platform. the document version in it is not accessibly to screen readers (usually disable people use them), Translators, and also for the mobile readers. therefore I do have valid reasons to publish this article on wikiversity. 
:::::# It is a learning project, therefore according to WIkiversity Policy, It qualifies. 
:::::# I have an explicit VRT permission to host this article on Wikiversity
:::::# Versions that are published in RG, Zenodo are documents, and they are not accessible by screen readers or mobile users. Therefore it is imperative that an article version of this paper exist on here. 
:::::Therefore this article qualifies to stay here on Wikiversity.  [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 11:22, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Keep'''. This is a legitimate student learning project that may be of use to others. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:51, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Ninefold Resonance Theory]] ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:31, 28 November 2025 (UTC)}}
This page is rank pseudoscience. Wikiversity seems prone to attracting cranks and charlatans to advertise their pseudoscholarship since they cannot do this kind of promotion on other Wikimedia projects. We have had this discussion before when it came to [[parapsycholoy]] and [[cold fusion]]. Seems the nosense is creeping back in. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 14:19, 1 October 2025 (UTC)

:So what would you suggest? Move to my own namespace? Because I do find it interesting to name this philosophical theory. I think it's important to pursue freedom of ideas, even if supporters of positivist, materialist philosophy disagree. My theory, which relies on idealism, but attempts to provide an explanation, from idealism, for materialistic philosophy, is meant very seriously. I do not see it as a fake, made-up theory on purpose. [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 14:37, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::I think these ideas probably do not have a place at WMF-sponsored websites. You can always set up a private blog or forum discussion. Kids these days speak highly of discord servers. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 15:25, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::What about all those other ideas and theories on Wikiversity that come from original research? Why are those allowed and a metaphysical theory not? Why is {{w|Plato}} allowed to talk about four basic elements (fire, air, water and earth), but I am not allowed to talk about nine (basic) vibrations, while my theory may even be closer to the truth than Plato's theory? I thought Wikiversity was about learning, gaining new ideas, reflecting on them, critiquing them, refining them, and thus arriving at new knowledge? Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 15:31, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::Plato is recognized as an academic subject worthy of study. Your original research is not equivalent. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:01, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[User:ජපස|ජපස]]: Can you clarify which Wikiversity policies you have consulted and thus form the basis of your nomination? (I am not yet making any substantive comment on the nomination itself.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:41, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]]. Note the principle that research here must be up to standard. This obviously is not it. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 15:55, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]] is not a policy, from what I can see. It is a page where two decisions about excluding particular fringe research were made. Which specific passage of a policy (can you quote it) would then lead to deletion of [[Ninefold Resonance Theory]]? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:57, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::It references the relevant policy and sets the precedents I outlined above. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:00, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::: Good; can you now name the relevant policy and identify the relevant passage ideally by quoting the passage or its part? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:05, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::Do you not see it on the page? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:06, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::: On the question of what the precedent cases in the domain of philosophy are: I moved to user space this article: [[User:MarsSterlingTurner/Ontology]]. That was utter and overt nonsense, and it was pretty easy to articulate what makes it nonsense (rather than merely ''claiming'' it is nonsense). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:45, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::: The precent cases of [[Parapsychology]] and [[Cold fusion]] are a tad more remote since they deal with ''pseudoscience'' rather than ''pseudophilosophy''. That makes quite a bit of a difference since, to my mind, a lot of what officially counts as philosophy ''is pseudophilosphy'', but I struggle to see that if a Hegelian pops up in the English Wikiversity, I should be able to move his Hegelian articles to user space. That is not to say that no bad philosophy can ever be moved to user space, merely that the detection is quite different from pseudoscience. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:50, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::There is pseudoscience implicitly and explicitly included in this page. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 15:56, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::: I do not see your having providing any substantiation, even a minimal one, of your claims. By contrast, I engaged with the content of the page here: [[Talk:Ninefold Resonance Theory]]. If all that is required is an unproven assessment by a Wikiversity non-contributor that a page is pseudoscience, that opens Wikiversity to a possible disruption. Your nomination is per se not likely to be a disruption, but your failure to substantiate or articulate could create a problematic precedent. But maybe I am being too pedantic or risk-averse; I don't really know. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:02, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::&quot;expressions of deeper, ninefold vibrations&quot; is absolute blatherskite masquerading as a testable claim. It is pratically a textbook pseudoscientific proclamation. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:04, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::: How is it ''pseudoscientific'' when it is put forward as a piece of ''philosophy'', not empirically testable/falsifiable science? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:07, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::Just because you sweep your claim into a different closet doesn't insulate it from being nonsense in the context of the other closet. If I just say, &quot;my idea is only philosophy, but perpetual motion still does work,&quot; the claim is still pseudoscientific. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:08, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::: From what I can tell, you have quite a couple of concepts mixed up. Giving up here for now; perhaps someone else will chime in. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:10, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::::I think I see perhaps where your motivation to be combative in this conversation is coming from and I have initiated a discussion on your user talkpage. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:12, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::I realize that my philosophy could be seen as pseudoscience. But I think, and this is philosophy, that every way of looking at the truth is also based on a philosophy. I personally think that positivist science should not claim to have a monopoly on {{w|matter}}, which I feel it does. If you're talking about how time would work, then it's okay. If you're talking about how God would work, then it's also okay. But if you're talking about how matter would work, then you have to be careful. It feels as if the nature and functioning of matter has been 'hijacked' by a physicalist, materialist, and perhaps even atheistic philosophy. It is true that all elementary particles have been discovered by microcopes, but why should you not be allowed to philosophize about what these particles are and where they come from? Furthermore, I believe that every philosophy is a 'pseudo-philosophy', except for Socrates' philosophy, namely: &quot;The only thing I know is that I know nothing.&quot; We can come up with all kinds of ideas about how the universe works, but we will never fully understand it. But we can try to develop a theory that is as close to the truth as possible. God will not enable man to become God himself. But again, that's my philosophy. [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 16:01, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::That this is passing for &quot;education&quot; is a problem. In the past, I had suggested that Wikiversity ought to be shut down because it didn't have the immune system to deal with pseudoscholarship. I thought there was some positive efforts in that regard, but it appears pseudoscholarship of this sort has crept back in. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:06, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::Do you mean that people should only receive education according to the positivist paradigm of the 21st century? I always say: don't teach people ''what'' to think, but ''how'' to think. By the way, I found the message of ''{{w|The Structure of Scientific Revolutions}}'' very interesting. I believe that science is not a fluid development (i.e., one thing follows another in the form of an addition), but rather a step-by-step change (i.e., an old paradigm gives way to a new paradigm). It could well be that a groundbreaking development will suddenly cause us to view the universe in a completely different way and regard all other ideas as pseudoscience! [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 16:39, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::I mean people should receive education that is up to the highest standards. The page I nominated for deletion is not up to those standards as it contains blatant misrepresentations, falsehoods, pseudoscience, and parochial ideas that have never been properly vetted by scholars. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:47, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::Could you explain exactly what makes it pseudoscience? Which of the things I speculate and philosophize about do you think are truly impossible? [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 17:15, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::Your first mention of &quot;vibrations&quot; is classic pseudophysics. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:00, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::::By &quot;vibrations&quot;, I mean a kind of oscillation from a higher-dimensional sphere that we cannot observe or measure. I don't know how else to put it or formulate it. [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 19:12, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::You are free to formulate it any way you want.... but what you are writing right now is classic pseudophysics... especially when it comes to the stuff you cannot observe or measure. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:28, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::::::Why does it seem like such a strange idea that not everything can be observed or measured? Is it possible to observe or measure love? But love is just as real as a table or a chair, isn't it? They are all experiences. Or do you see it differently? [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 19:41, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Please go sealion elsewhere. The point that this resource is pseudoscience has been made clearly and asking questions in response does not address the problem at all. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 12:04, 3 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::::: 1) I don't think the above conversation is productive. It is perhaps good that it ended. 2) Throwing the word &quot;sealion&quot; around like that is perhaps not a good idea. 3) From what I understand, string theory is currently not empirically testable/falsifiable (hence the label Popperazzi for some of its opponents), so the matter is perhaps not as simple as stating that science only deals with observable/measurable entities. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:06, 3 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::String theory does have observable consequences that's the entire reason it exists. On the other hand, this &quot;Ninefold Resonance Theory&quot; is total bollocks. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 13:46, 3 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::I would chip in over ONE sentence: &quot;God will not enable man to become God himself.&quot; 
:::::Just how can you know that? I have heard many people say words like this. Mainly from both sides of  countries at war. Where both armies where blessed. I have no opinion whatsoever about this article, but i strongly oppose to these words put down as a fact. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 21:05, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: Disclaimer: I am ''not'' saying this should stay in mainspace; moving to user space is quite possibly the appropriate action. What I now have to calmly deliberate on (there is no hurry; and there are other editors around) is whether the arguments I presented at [[Talk:Ninefold Resonance Theory]] suffice for my official support for moving the page to user space as too bad a philosophy. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:45, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::Perhaps it would be a good idea to create a template called {{tl|Original philosophy}}, alongside {{tl|Original research}}? That new template could state that the article concerns a new philosophy and that it may be viewed as pseudo-philosophy by some people who do not support this philosophy? Then it can remain in the main namespace, but it will be clear that it is a philosophy that is not necessarily based on truth (just like all other philosophies, anyway). [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 17:26, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::Trying to pretend that there is a &quot;on the one hand/on the other hand&quot; approach to this is very disingenuous. You have received ''absolutely no notice of this idea'' from anyone of any academic stature. What you are arguing for is basically making Wikiversity a safe haven for &quot;teaching&quot; &quot;stuff I thought up one day&quot;. That can't ''possibly'' be what this website is for. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 17:30, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:What about to tag it as pseudoscience and keep it. Wikiversity is a free lerning environment and if someone want to learn here how to meditate, why not. What I would propose here to use or create a template for it, which would indicate its a pseudoscience or its an Original research. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:55, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
::Are you serious? Pseudoscience promotion would be an automatic disqualification in a university class. Academic freedom and tenure do not save you from educational malpractice which is what you seem to be advocating that we keep. What if someone wanted to learn why the Earth was flat or how to channel aliens from Arcturus? You think that this is a legitimate usecase of this website? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 17:14, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:ජපස|ජපස]] If you could prove any of those points that would make it legit. But, as it comes to religion, who is able to proof what? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 17:50, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
::::&lt;s&gt;What are you talking about?&lt;/s&gt; This is not WikiReligiousIndoctrination. It's Wikiversity. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:09, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Note that I cannot tell whether you are asking ''me'' to prove these ideas or whether you are pointing out the impossibility of proving such things therefore, I guess(?), agreeing with my premise that we should only be working with vetted material in the context of the &quot;-versity&quot; suffix. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:12, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I agree [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 19:25, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Wikiversity is not an advertising platform, nor an institution. Comparing Wikiversity to academia is not correct. Why do we have articles such as [[W:Geopathology|Geopathology]] or [[W:Ley line|Ley line]] on the English Wikipedia? Isn't it promoting these concepts? Does academia recognize them?
:::We do not understand Wikimedia projects as promotional or academic spaces, but as spaces of free access to information. In the case of Wikipedia, it is all the information that has been published, even the so-called pseudoscientific ones that science denies. It could be similar on Wikiversity. On Wikiversity, which declares itself to be open in terms of how we learn and educate. I understand that it must have its limits, because a normal free society of the Western type also has certain things prohibited for various reasons.
:::On Wikipedia, for articles that are not recognized by science, it is simply written that science does not recognize them and that they are, for example, subjects from the esoteric world. Here on Wikiversity, it could be done the same. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:52, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: Move to user space because there is no evidence of citation, academic research, or educational objective. This is a personal philosophy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:45, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] Does your proposal mean that Wikiversity is open to its own POVs, and divides sources into namespaces according to where the claim comes from? That is, if it is existing recognized knowledge (even the author doesnt know it), then it can be in the main NS, if it is own POV, then it is moved to the personal NS? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:59, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Juandev}} Evidence-based POVs seem reasonable. Or creative work could be fine. But if its presented as science/fact etc. then I think it should be verifiable. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:16, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
I have just moved all my articles with personal views and philosophies to my user space. Could this request be processed? Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 02:45, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:31, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Please restore my templates ==
{{archive top|Unused templates can be created in user space}}
The 61 templates linked below were deleted by {{u|Koavf}}, because they were not used as templates.&lt;br&gt;
I sometimes create content as a template, but then I just link to it (treating it like as short article, that also ''could'' be included, if necessary).
* Tiara pair .../wave: [[Template:Tiara pair Ruby/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Slate/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Onyx/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Opal/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair NonOpal/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair NonRuby/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Jade/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Garnet/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Diamond/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Clay/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Flint/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Amethyst/wave|◼]]&lt;br&gt;
* Studies of Euler diagrams/... NP table: [[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/verona NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/totoro NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/veneto NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tatami NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tamino NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/subaru NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tabita NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/sakura NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/salomo NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/selene NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/romana NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/sabina NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/ruteve NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/pisano NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/rafisa NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/patina NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/petula NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/pesano NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/padita NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/panama NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nigiri NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nitako NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nisuke NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/neralo NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nagini NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/naruto NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/mariko NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/milano NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/modena NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/levana NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/lugape NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/kukobo NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/legato NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/kisago NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/karola NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/ketibi NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/kimuri NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/fetugi NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/garuda NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/gepofu NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/fatima NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dotami NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dotore NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/domino NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dosori NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dobare NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/bamako NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/burito NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dakota NP table|◼]]&lt;br&gt;
I was not aware, that unused templates can be deleted without any notice. I think nothing (except obvious spam and vandalism) should be deleted without warning and time to respond. [[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 14:57, 7 October 2025 (UTC)

:Unused templates are sometimes deleted as routine general housekeeping. If a template is actually in use, of course it shouldn't be deleted without some more consideration. As an aside, I have no clue how/why you are linking the templates the way you are. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:03, 7 October 2025 (UTC)
:If you have material that is not going to be used in the main namespace anytime soon, you should probably make it in your own userspace, at places like [[User:Watchduck/foo]]. Making templates that you have no particular intention on having in any article is not best practice. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:12, 7 October 2025 (UTC)

::{{reply|Koavf}} On [[Studies of Euler diagrams/clans|this page]] you can see such links (&quot;See table&quot;).
::On your talk page you asked: &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: lightgray; {{Text color default}};&quot;&gt;[...] but one of them is [[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tamino NP table]], which is just unused. Why do these need to be here?&lt;/span&gt;
::Why do you care? Just because they are in the template namespace? I need these tables, and at some point I will want to include some of them somewhere.
::To me this is like images on Commons. They can serve a purpose, even if they are not used in articles.
::Anyway, thanks for restoring. Probably I will just have to create overview pages for templates (currently) not used as templates. (May be nice to have anyway.) --[[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 15:37, 7 October 2025 (UTC)
:::&quot;Why do you care? Just because they are in the template namespace? I need these tables, and at some point I will want to include some of them somewhere.&quot;
:::Yes, exactly. Just make [[User:Watchduck/Template:foo]] and then move it to Template:foo once it's needed in the main namespace. This is why there are different namespaces. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:45, 7 October 2025 (UTC)
::: I agree with Koavf/Justin above: if you do not need the template yet, why not place it to your user space? User space seems extremely unregulated, from what I have seen; you can do a wide variety of things there, bar copyright violation, inciting violence, etc. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:24, 8 October 2025 (UTC)
::::That would be one way. Another way is to just use the templates on a page (which may be in user space). --[[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:25, 8 October 2025 (UTC)
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== [[U3254978]] ==
{{archive top|This could've easily been '''speedy deleted'''. Use the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{delete}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; template next time. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:46, 18 November 2025 (UTC)}}
Only one letter and nonsense. This page has no meaningful content, nor a meaningful page, thus '''delete''' as nonsense page.

The page at [[U3254978]] has only one letter? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29645-98|&amp;#126;2025-29645-98]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-29645-98|talk]]) 20:16, 21 October 2025 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:43, 25 October 2025 (UTC)
::This page was already speedily deleted because it contains only one letter. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29978-26|&amp;#126;2025-29978-26]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-29978-26|talk]]) 02:51, 25 October 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Science talks]] ==
{{archive top|'''Done''' as author request. No reason for this discussion to be opened any longer. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:40, 18 November 2025 (UTC)}}
This is useless (learning outcomes are scarce) and has been so since 2007 (author: [[User:Juandev]]). '''Move to user space''' (or delete if the author prefers so). I would use proposed deletion but since I expect resistance, I go for RFD. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:13, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

The page serves no purpose, it probably won't develop, so I would delete it.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:03, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

:{{done}} as author request. No reason for this discussion to be opened any longer. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:39, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Wikiversity:Ignore all rules]] ==
{{archive top|{{not done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:19, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
I propose to delete this since the exhortation &quot;ignore all rules&quot; is nonsense. People who ignore all rules, even if they do so in good faith that they are improving the project, usually get into trouble. It is fundamentally dishonest/Orwellian to first encourage people to ignore all rules and then punish them for doing so. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:30, 26 March 2025 (UTC)

:It's a rejected proposal. Why do we need to delete it? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:12, 26 March 2025 (UTC)
:: Since although it was rejected as a policy at [[Wikiversity talk:Ignore all rules]] in 2006, I saw some discussion somewhere (in some Wikipedia?) that it should not be a policy but nonetheless be somehow important. On the linked talk page, one comment says: &quot;One of the most important pages, but wasn't designed to be policy (it's neither policy nor guideline on Wikipedia, but it's listed as an important page).&quot; A page that is deleted is a page that one cannot use/refer to as a quasi-policy, as happens e.g. to [[Wikipedia: WP:BLUDGEON]]. I support keeping the talk page, especially as track record of the past vote. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 18:27, 26 March 2025 (UTC)
:::{{vote delete}} [[User:Fourmidable|Fourmidable]] ([[User talk:Fourmidable|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fourmidable|contribs]]) 15:14, 20 May 2025 (UTC)
: I boldly went ahead and '''moved the page''' to [[User:JWSchmidt/Wikiversity:Ignore all rules]], although what we have here is more of a proto-consensus that a real consensus given the low participation. It is more of an unopposed proposal than a properly supported proposal. Let us see whether opposition to this manner of closure develops. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:09, 29 July 2025 (UTC)
:: I've moved this rejected policy back to the Wikiversity name space where all other rejected policies are located. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 22:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:'''Keep in ns Wikiversity.''' We keep all rejected proposals, so lets keep also this one. Doesnt matter if we see a sence on it. One my think its nonsense, the other may think its otherwise. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:33, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== What to do with remaining Marshall Sumter pages ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:12, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
I created [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#What to do with remaining Marshall Sumter pages]] in Colloquium, especially since its concerns fairly many pages. But since it deals with quasi-deletion (by moving to user space), I am also posting a notification here (for case that someone is only monitoring requests for deletion, as unlikely as it seems). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:36, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
: I soft-redirected half of the dozen or so remaining main space pages created by Marshallsumter to Wikipedia and the other half seem suitable for main space. So, I think this is resolved. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:01, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Modern Chinese Proverbs and Sayings by Hé Xiǎojū / Kenny Ho]] ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:08, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since I expect opposition.)

Too little to learn from here, IMHO. The page mainly links to pages outside of Wikiversity written by the creater of the Wikiversity page. I find the title misleading as well; the page contains Chinese phrases coined by the page author and these cannot be properly called ''proverbs'' until the language users at large recognizes them as such. The material seems to fail to go beyond what would be a self-promotion (caveat: most content can be interpreted as self-promotion; one has to differentiate).

Moving to user space instead of outright deletion is fine by me. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:13, 1 August 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you for the feedback and the opportunity to clarify.
:My intention with Modern Chinese Proverbs and Sayings by Hé Xiǎojū / Kenny Ho is not self-promotion but to document a long-term cultural and linguistic project in creating modern proverbs, so that they may be studied, critiqued, and preserved in a structured way. Wikiversity’s scope of allowing original research and educational resources seemed appropriate, as the project can serve as a reference point for language learners, cultural studies, and comparative literature.
:That said, I understand the concerns expressed. In the interest of avoiding conflict and respecting the community’s guidelines, I am comfortable with the page being moved into user space rather than being deleted outright. This way, the material remains available for anyone who wishes to study it, while addressing the concern of it not yet fitting mainspace standards.
:If the page is moved, I would be grateful if you could kindly point me to the new user-space link, so I may continue maintaining it properly.
:Thank you for your consideration.
:Ho Siew Khui [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 03:41, 19 September 2025 (UTC)
::Explained this way, I would keep the page and I would kindly ask @[[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] if they can add some [[Help:Project boxes|Project boxes]] to indicate other users how to deal with the content. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:44, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:::Thank you, Juandev, for the kind suggestion. I’ll go ahead and add the project boxes as you proposed. Much appreciated. [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 04:18, 17 October 2025 (UTC)
::::I’ve now implemented the project boxes as Juandev suggested. Thank you again for the helpful pointer.
::::I also appreciate the ongoing guidance from the community as I continue learning the ropes here. [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 04:46, 17 October 2025 (UTC)
----
@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]], [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]], [[User:Juandev|Juandev]]: I`m sorry I don`t know whether the request was closed or not. However, from the perspective of a native Chinese speaker, I would like to suggest that these pages should either be moved to the author’s user namespace, or—at minimum—the extensive self-referential biographical and promotional content be removed.

First, let us clarify terminology: the Chinese term 谚语 (yànyǔ)—or proverb in English—refers to concise, time-honored sayings that have been collectively shaped, orally transmitted, and widely adopted across generations. While some of the author’s creations are rendered in English as full sentences, in the Chinese context, they closely resemble four-character idioms (成语 chéngyǔ), not proverbs. Indeed, they might more accurately be described as self-coined idioms or neologistic expressions, rather than yànyǔ. The current title, therefore, is somewhat misleading.

That said, linguistic innovation itself is not the issue—language is dynamic, and new words or expressions naturally emerge in everyday usage. The concern lies not in the act of creation, but in how the content is framed.

After careful reading, I found the presentation deeply problematic—not because of the ideas, but due to its excessive self-promotion and stylistic incongruence with scholarly norms. For instance:

*The text reads more like AI-generated promotional copy ([[%3D_A_Brilliant_Strategy_That_Solves_a_Difficult_Problem_(📜_解难妙计_jiě_nàn_miào_jì)_%3D|e.g.]] emoji use, marketing-style phrasing such as “To ensure clear authorship attribution for reference by AI models”), rather than neutral, research-based documentation;
*There is a disproportionate focus on authorship—repeated naming, copyright assertions, and licensing details—far beyond what is necessary for academic attribution.

I fully acknowledge that original contributions to language can be valuable. But research should center on the phenomenon, not the person. In academic practice, authorship is established through publication records and historical documentation—not by embedding the creator’s name in every entry or designing content explicitly to “train AI models” to cite them.

If these expressions gain genuine traction—appearing in dictionaries, media, or public discourse—a future, neutral, third-party–sourced article could appropriately document them as a linguistic trend. Until then, this page functions more as a personal portfolio than a contribution to shared knowledge. [[User:ChasingAir|ChasingAir]] ([[User talk:ChasingAir|留言]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChasingAir|贡献]]) 11:19, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
: This is a well-thought-out, well-formulated and compelling presentation, if I may say so!
: To highlight one of the points: in [[Old shadows disturb the heart]], it say &quot;About the Author:&lt;br/&gt;Ho Siew Khui 何小驹 (Hé Xiǎojū) is a writer and creator of modern phrases, with a passion for the beauty, nuance, and elegance of Chinese language, culture, and tradition. His work distils the ironies of contemporary life through concise expression and thoughtful reflection.&quot; I find it self-promotional and inappropriate. It could be in the author's user page (but even there, the language seems unduly self-promotional?), but not in the created pages. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Thank you, Dan, and to all who have contributed to this discussion.
::: I appreciate the time and thought given to reviewing my contributions. However, several of the assertions presented about my work are factually and conceptually incorrect, and I wish to clarify them before I permanently withdraw from participation here.
::: 
::: '''1. Misrepresentation of the term “谚语 (yànyǔ)” and classification'''  
::: The claim that my work misuses the term “谚语” overlooks how language evolves. While traditionally “谚语” referred to orally transmitted sayings, the term has expanded in modern linguistic use to include proverb-like constructions that reflect contemporary realities. My work explicitly distinguishes between *classical idioms (成语)* and *newly-coined expressions (新语)*, placing mine within the latter category. The label “modern proverbs” is therefore accurate and not misleading.
::: 
::: '''2. Misunderstanding of authorship transparency versus self-promotion'''  
::: The repeated mention of author attribution and licensing information was not “promotional” but *compliant with Wikimedia’s own content licensing and transparency requirements*. Each proverb was released under a CC-BY-4.0 licence to ensure open reuse with clear provenance. Calling this “self-promotion” confuses transparency with vanity. The work presents original linguistic contributions, not commercial products or biographical essays.
::: 
::: '''3. Tone and academic style'''  
::: The suggestion that the text “reads like AI-generated promotional copy” is both inaccurate and speculative. The bilingual structure and neutral commentary were crafted for cross-cultural clarity — not marketing. Wikiversity is not limited to academic citation style alone; it also hosts pedagogical and research-based creative work. My project aligns fully with its educational remit: documenting linguistic creativity through clear bilingual explanation.
::: 
::: '''4. Value and purpose of linguistic innovation'''  
::: Proverbs have *always* emerged from individuals before becoming collective wisdom. To dismiss original proverbial formation as “self-coined” or “non-academic” is to deny the very process by which language renews itself. Every idiom in history began as one person’s expression. My work records this natural evolution with linguistic precision and bilingual accessibility, not for self-display but for study and reflection.
::: 
::: '''5. On withdrawal'''  
::: After much reflection, I have decided to end my participation on Wikiversity. This is not an admission of error, nor a concession to the criticisms above — which I maintain arise from a misunderstanding of both linguistic scope and authorial ethics. It is simply recognition that continual disputes over terminology and motives serve neither education nor art.
::: 
::: I leave the community free to delete my contributions if it so chooses. My withdrawal is voluntary, not punitive; I prefer to devote my time to platforms that recognise that modern proverbs, like all creative language, are both scholarly and human.
::: 
::: Thank you to those who engaged in good faith. I trust this closes the matter.  
::: —[[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 06:08, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: As long as user space is non-indexed by Google, I think it preferable to move the material to your user space rather than delete it. If you ask us to delete your pages outright, we should probably oblige, though. Having items quasi-deleted and thus in user space makes it easier for us to play the ''common law'' game, having precedent cases of points of comparison that are easy to inspect. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:26, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
I think this page and its sub-pages should be moved out of main space and into user space because:
* This is an archive of personal, creative writing rather than a topic with educational or research goals
* The content is predominantly non-English
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:18, 21 November 2025 (UTC)

:Dear Jtneill,
:Thank you for reviewing the page and for sharing your thoughts.
:I appreciate the suggestion to move the material into User Space. However I prefer that all of my contributions related to this project be fully deleted rather than moved.
:I am no longer continuing this line of work on Wikiversity and a clean removal would help avoid any future misunderstandings about scope or intention. I have already migrated the material to external platforms that are more suitable for this type of content.
:Therefore may I kindly request that the page and its sub-pages be deleted in full.
:Thank you again for your time and consideration.
:Warm regards  
:Ho Siew Khui [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 10:04, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::{{ping|KennyHoProverbs}} Thanks for letting us know. The main space pages and redirects you created have been deleted. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:08, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
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==[[Cosmic Influx Theory]]==
{{archive top|'''Moved to userspace''' where the page will no longer be indexed on Google nor will it be regarded as acceptable for Wikiversity mainspace. Rationale is that the &quot;theory&quot; is mainly supported via ChatGPT prompts and the author's own findings, and many of the claims are not supported by mainstream physics. Additionally, redirects have been deleted. Since this page serves no educational purpose, there is no reason for redirects to take place of the original content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:07, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
More pseudoscience masquerading as &quot;original research&quot;. This is ''embarrassing''. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 13:45, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
: This is quite possible but unless you provide at least a modicum of substantiation, I do not see how this can get deleted or rather moved to user space. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:36, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
::I'm curious as to how pseudoscience meets [[Wikiversity:Learning|Wikiversity's learning objectives]]. What is the learning objective in someone's own ideas which are not scientifically credible? For example, &quot;CIT introduces the concept of a ''universal energy influx'', hypothesized as a stream of neutrino-like particles interacting with atomic nuclei, driving incremental mass increases in alignment with the Lorentz Transformation of Mass-Energy&quot; - is this something that can be scientifically supported? (though admittedly I'm not well-versed in physics).
::I would propose moving this to userspace as opposed to deletion, but I agree with the original proposer that having content like this hurts our image rather than bolsters it. Perhaps we may need to create a guideline regarding pseudoscience vs. original research and what is allowed in the mainspace. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:46, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::There was such a thing. [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]]. It looks like y'all lost institutional memory about the last time pseudoscientists infiltrated this wiki. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:38, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Assuming that I have &quot;forgotten&quot; about a discussion that I never participated in nor was even remotely related to is an erroneous assumption. Despite the inappropriate comment, I have added it to my watchlist for future reviewing. My stance is that the page in queston should be removed from the mainspace, but I will allow discourse to take place (including Ruud's defense of the page) before a final decision is set. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:46, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::My apologies: I intended on making no judgement ''against'' you ''personally'' in spite of the implied collective second person. The lack of institutional knowledge about what came before about this is my ''general'' complaint with what is going on here. I wish you nothing but the best in reviving a commitment for Wikiversity to not promote pseudoscience. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:03, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
::What are you talking about &quot;modicum of substantiation&quot;? Do you think this is not pseudoscience? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:31, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Response from Ruud Loeffen (author of the resource)'''
This page is clearly identified as original research and is presented as a learning resource, not as established science. Its purpose is to document the development of a theoretical framework in a transparent way, allowing readers to study, critique, and evaluate its reasoning. '''Chapter 8 provides extensive references''' to the scientific literature and external sources used throughout the work, ensuring traceability and openness.

The resource has been publicly accessible for many months and has been viewed by '''many researchers and interested readers'''. During this period, '''no formal objections or disputes''' have been raised about its presence or purpose. This suggests that the page has not caused disruption and has served as a stable educational resource.

Wikiversity’s research guidelines explicitly support original research when it serves clear educational goals. This resource meets that expectation by enabling inquiry, comparison, and critical examination.

For these reasons, I respectfully request that the page be '''kept in mainspace''' as an example of documented, transparent original research intended for learning.
[[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 01:03, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

:I am sorry, but this entire &quot;original research&quot; is nothing but utter nonsense. It belongs in your own private blog, not hosted at this website. It is so ridiculous as to be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_even_wrong ''not even wrong'']. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:34, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
:There is no &quot;educational goal&quot; to be found in this any more than there would be an educational goal if someone had written a treatise about their fantasies or superstitions. What are we doing here? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:35, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Move''' to user space. Highly speculative theory. Based on a single author's perspective. Relies on self-citation. Not based on evidence. Lacks [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiability]] and research. No peer-review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:26, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you for your comment, Jtneill. I appreciate your clear explanation of the concerns about original research in mainspace. I understand the points you raise, and I am following the discussion carefully. At this stage, I am awaiting the community’s consensus and will respect whichever outcome is considered most appropriate.
:My main goal is simply to preserve the material in an accessible and educational form, whether in mainspace or another suitable location. If changes become necessary, I am fully willing to cooperate and help ensure continuity for readers.
:Thank you for contributing to the discussion. [[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 05:31, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
:Thank you for your comment. I understand the concern about speculative work and the preference to host such materials in user space.
:If the consensus is to move the Cosmic Influx Theory pages to my userspace, I have no objection. In that case '''redirects would be useful so that existing external references continue to lead readers to the correct pages.'''
:The Cosmic Influx Theory has been referenced in articles, videos, and academic discussion threads, so preserving link continuity would help avoid reader confusion.
:For context, the CIT chapters on Wikiversity have accumulated over '''20,510 page views''' in total. The material is also referenced externally in several public posts, articles, and the ''Influx Song'' video (which has received more than 100,150 views), where readers follow links back to Wikiversity for educational comparison.
:I appreciate the time and consideration of the community.
:— '''Ruud Loeffen'''&lt;nowiki&gt; ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 08:40, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
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==[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories]]==
{{archive top|'''Moved to userspace''', pseudoscience; see rationale below. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:11, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
{{Collapse box|1=Sub-pages|2=
{{Special:Prefixindex/AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories}}
}}
Related to the above, but worse. What are y'all doing here? You are hosting absolute nonsense that is basically frontloading a chatbot's hallucinations about cosmology. This is the kind of thing that would get most people ''kicked out'' of a university for promoting. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:43, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

:+ [[Unified Field Continuity]]. A final decision will be made in a week or two's time if no objections are placed since these articles violate Wikiversity policies regarding [[WV:Original research|original research]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:42, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
:: Which parts of the policies do they violate? (I am not saying this material should be kept.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:36, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I made a proposal [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#General ban on direct use of GenAI output with exceptions]] that has not yet gained sufficient support. However, that proposal would not lead to removal of this set of pages since it acknowledges that it is &quot;AI-Assisted&quot;. There are many other GenAI-produced pages in the mainspace that have been left unchallenged for months or years now. A recent example is [[Deductive Logic/Categorical Sentence Schemata/Example Modus Bocardo (OAO-3) syllogisms]], generated by GenAI per introductory foot note; this one would be deleted/moved to user space per my proposal since GenAI does not seem to be part of the topic being examined. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:42, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose you usually file separate RFDs for items: it greatly simplifies analysis and comment. Anyway, [[Unified Field Continuity]] would be quasi-deleted (moved to user space) per my proposal [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#General ban on direct use of GenAI output with exceptions]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:54, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Same reasoning as above. Pseudoscience that does not meet the [[WV:original research|original research]] guidelines and provides no educational/research benefit to the readers. There's no tag indicating it as original research, it is masquerading itself as established science, and fails to adhere to research ethics. It should be moved to userspace, and only deleted (imo) if it crosses the line to promotional/offensive. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:40, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:It would be an interesting theoretical research, but I am afraid that it is poorly conceived. Today it is known that AI hallucinates a lot, so it is not certain that the studies sought actually exist. This means that the hypotheses and theories created from these studies may be literally useless.
:I could imagine some format for developing new theories and hypotheses through LLM (ChatGPT 5 is good at hypothesizing), but the main part of the work, i.e. adding known things or verifying the correctness of the robotic reasoning, would have to be done by a human. Moreover, it would probably be conceived differently, with different goals and a clear indication of what it is about.
:So I am not surprised that my colleagues do not trust such a project and would like to delete it. This leads me to the thought that if the community decided to allow AI, it would perhaps be useful to create a namespace for it that would serve as a quarantine - i.e. so that texts and ideas created by AI do not mix with those created by humans.
:So I would keep these pages, provided that they are revised to ensure a minimum of hallucinated sources (i.e. completely non-existent sources, or poorly named and explained). [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:42, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you, Juandev, for your constructive and well-reasoned feedback. I fully agree that any AI-assisted work must avoid hallucinated sources, and I appreciate your emphasis on that point. In developing the AI-Assisted Evaluation pages, I took deliberate steps to ensure accuracy: every theory included in the evaluation list is a real proposal created by a real author. Each entry is based on reading the author’s own publications, and in many cases supported through direct email correspondence with the researcher to verify correctness and intent.
::The goal of the project is not to generate new theories through AI, but to explore whether a transparent and structured evaluation framework can help compare existing, real cosmological proposals in an educational context. I am fully willing to revise any sections that may require clearer sourcing or additional citations.
::If the community prefers an AI-designated namespace or another structural solution, I would also welcome that, as long as it maintains accessibility for readers who wish to explore or compare alternative theories.
::Thank you again for helping to guide the discussion in a constructive direction.
::[[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 05:08, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:  '''Move''' to user page. Original research that lacks peer review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for your comment, Jtneill. I appreciate your clear explanation of the concerns about original research in mainspace. I understand the points you raise, and I am following the discussion carefully. At this stage, I am awaiting the community’s consensus and will respect whichever outcome is considered most appropriate.
::My main goal is to preserve the material in an accessible and educational form, whether in mainspace or another suitable location. If changes become necessary, I am fully willing to cooperate and help ensure continuity for readers.
::Thank you for contributing to the discussion. [[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 05:32, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;hr&gt;
[[#Unified Field Continuity]] should be discussed separately -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt;
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==[[Unified Field Continuity]]==
{{archive top|'''Moved to userspace''', pseudoscience; see rationale below. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:12, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
'''Move''' to user sub-page. Insufficient citation or peer review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:16, 22 November 2025 (UTC) 

:&quot;Same reasoning as above. Pseudoscience that does not meet the original research guidelines and provides no educational/research benefit to the readers. There's no tag indicating it as original research, it is masquerading itself as established science, and fails to adhere to research ethics. It should be moved to userspace, and only deleted (imo) if it crosses the line to promotional/offensive.&quot; My comment from above for this page. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:28, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''': not marked as original research, has signs of being in part GenAI-slop, etc. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:31, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[:Category:Ideas of S. Perquin]] ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:17, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
These pages are more suitable for userspace/blog and not suitable for Wikiversity mainspace, as they fail to meet the objectives for learning and interactive education. For example, [[Simulacrumism]] is not something anyone can actually learn from since it's just an unscientific idea that can't be replicated. Besides, &quot;S. Perquin&quot; is not a notable figure whose philosophy can be derived and studied from. Possibly a move to userspace would work. Thoughts? Pinging the author {{ping|S. Perquin}} for consultation as well. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:57, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

:If it is not allowed to be in the main namespace (which I would find disappointing), then it can of course be moved to my own namespace! Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 18:15, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] Is it a research or educational resource? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:28, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::The purpose of my writings is to inspire and motivate people to come up with their own ideas and theories. My hope is that some people will read this and think: I agree/disagree with this, and I am going to expand or enrich the theory myself. This leads us to new ideas that are even better than before. And based on the theories of others, even better theories will follow. That is how knowledge is created, in my belief. Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 08:10, 21 November 2025 (UTC)

: '''Move''' to user sub-pages. Collections of personal ideas/essays belong in user space. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:24, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
I have just moved all my articles with personal views and philosophies to my user space. This category can be deleted. Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 02:46, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Simulation hypothesis (Planck)]] &amp; other similar pages by [[User:Platos Cave (physics)]] ==
{{archive top|'''moved to userspace''' no peer-review/pseudoscientific (see comments below) and borderline promotional content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:17, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
It seems that a lot of these pages made by Platos Cave should be in this user's userspace and not in the mainspace:
* Firstly, the articles are not tagged with the original research template like they should be. 
* Secondly, the author potrays their research (centered around the &quot;Programmer God hypothesis&quot;) as factual, scientific literature when it is simply just the researcher's own theories that have no scientific backing, and the only backing is their own personal website.
* Thirdly, most of these &quot;articles&quot; are a way for this user to promote their website and they've recevied a warning regarding this [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Platos_Cave_(physics)#No_Solicitation by Dave in August 2019]. The reference for the &quot;Programmer God hypothesis&quot; is his own website. There are no scientific publications, afaik, that support this hypothesis.

I also understand that Wikiversity can be subjective in what it perceives as &quot;learning&quot;, so I'd rather see these pages in the user's userspace rather than being outright deleted. Additionally, a lot of other pages, such as [[Quantum gravity (Planck)]], are problematic. For example, the reference for &quot;The orbits generated by this dimensionless geometrical approach can be formulated, and despite not using Newtonian physics these formulas demonstrate consistency; for example the derived formulas for radius R, period T and (M + m) will reduce Kepler's formula to G&quot; is just a page from his own website which seems to be misleading anyhow (https://codingthecosmos.com/orbitals/maple-code-Kepler.html). 

See for reference: [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]].

Thoughts? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:00, 15 November 2025 (UTC)

:1. where is the original research template, to this I have no objection.
:2. 
:&gt;here are no scientific publications, afaik, that support this hypothesis.
:I invite you to start here
:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/i2018-12094-x
:You may continue here (these article are built around the main article and are works in progress). I recommend in this order.
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3333513
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3334282
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3444571
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3703266
:3. Pls do me the courtesy of notifying me before you delete the sites so that I may copy [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 00:51, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::Hi Platos Cave, thank you for your discussion. First off, the original research template is [[template:Original research|here]], though I'm afraid your articles don't align with [[Wikiversity:Original research|our original research policies]]. Secondly, I reviewed the first article and there are a number of issues with it, the most glaring issue [to me] would be this statement in the paper: &quot;The simulation hypothesis posits a mathematical universe that is in some sense programmed, thus implying an Intelligence (the Programmer).&quot;. Again, no scientific literature has postulated a &quot;Programmer God hypothesis&quot;, which is what my main statement about a lack of publications was referring to. When I search up anything related to &quot;the Programmer&quot;, I get sources from your website and not from a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Lastly, a lot of the references in that paper are problematic, including a reference ''for your own paper'' (https://vixra.org/pdf/1102.0032v9.pdf). Criticism for the rest of the articles are as follows:
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis; Planck unit scaffolding correlates with the Cosmic Microwave Background''' - self-published, not peer reviewed; no claims to support: &quot;The Spiral of Theodorus is used as the ‘rule’ set for measuring the universe expansion&quot;; References are problematic.
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis, relativity as the mathematics of perspective in a hyper-sphere universe''' - all references are from your own works.
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis, gravitational orbits emerge from n-body rotating particle-particle orbital pairs''' - same problem as above. In addition, no claims to support: &quot;mass is not a constant property… mass is the frequency of occurrence of Planck mass units.&quot;.
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis, Emergent Quantization from Geometric Dynamics: The Two-Photon Transition Model''' - references for the &quot;Programmer God&quot; hypothesis are once again self-references to earlier papers that are available only on your own personal website.
::Therefore, it's evident that these pages fall under fringe work and do not adhere to the scientific method. And as for your comment on #3, I am ok with moving these pages into your userspace as whatever goes on in your userspace (as long as it's obviously not defamatory or grossly problematic) is your business, but I believe these pages are unfit for Wikiversity mainspace as it is [[W:pseudoscience|psuedoscience]]. Others are welcomed to join in of course, thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:52, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
:::1. All references are mine so we can both agree that is it original research ... noone else has considered this problem might have a solution ... so it is fringe research under this definition
:::2. Your AI review of the above 4 articles mention that the references are mine (see #1) ... and that some claims are not supported ... unfortunately this defines original research ... perhaps you can query AI for mathematical errors that would render the model without merit (this would clarify whether it is psuedoscience)
:::3. The 4 listed articles are an attempt to build a framework around the peer reviewed article (see European Physics Journal link https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/i2018-12094-x). Perhaps your AI tool can review that too. Unfortunately original research sometimes takes time and all articles should eventually form 1 complete model. You can ask AI how successful I am so far from a review of ALL the 5 articles taken together.
:::4. There is the ancestor simulation but to my knowledge no category for the simulation created externally. Hence the title for it is correct by defintion (if the universe was programmed externally then the Programmer is the universe creator).
:::5. As this covers several wiki pages and these articles etc, I need a website to link everything together into a complete form. Using a website to do that is a standard practice as I understand
:::6. If the jury concludes to move me to the user page, then at least that would save the work (and history) from your deletion. [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 02:36, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Thanks for your response Platos Cave. I'm not sure why you keep referring my &quot;AI tool&quot;. The text that I responded you with was not generated with AI (even though I can understand why you would assume that), and I actually took the time to download each article you linked and it did not take me very long to find the issues that I found. Secondly, your work does not fit Wikiversity's original research guidelines as it does not fit [[Wikiversity:Research ethics]], thus your work may be more suitable for your userspace rather than the mainspace. Lastly, your website has been used as a reference to justify your claims, such as &quot;these MLTA objects may combine with each other Lego style, this can be represented by assigning to each attribute a unit number θ (i.e.: θ = 15 ⇔ kg). This unit number dictates the relationship between the objects&quot; with the reference being your personal website. This does not seem like &quot;linking everything together to a complete form&quot;. 
::::And once again, I don't have an issue with the pages being in your userspace. That's what I'm advocating for. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:53, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::Do you mind if I continue this debate as it still seems to me you have judged the work on 1 claim that is non standard physics and now you mention a mathematical reference ... by assigning to each attribute a unit number θ (i.e.: θ = 15 ⇔ kg). This unit number dictates the relationship between the objects, with the reference being your personal website. May I note that these problematic queries were peer reviewed and published by the European Physics Journal ... see link ... you can take up your arguments with them,  ... if you can find any mathematical errors in the other papers then I would be very happy to discuss them with you and make corrections if possible. Constructive criticism is always appreciated. [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 03:57, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::Platos Cave, I'm not interested in debating your works on whether it meets scientific validity, but if it is in accordance to Wikiversity's policies on [[WV:original research|original research]], and which content can remain on the WV mainspace. My issue is that a lot of the works revolve around a theory that you've created, which isn't supported my mainstream science and the only scientific backings for this theory are your own works &amp; websites. It seems more promotional than educational, hence my desire to move this out of the mainspace. It may even be up for deletion per Dan's point about the Amazon link, I'm afraid. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:55, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
: (I plan to take Sunday off for the most part and to post here on Monday. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:45, 16 November 2025 (UTC))
: Well, since I am quite active today because of other matter: '''Move to userspace''' for all the pages by [[User:Platos Cave (physics)]] as having an unduly tight relation to commercial/financial profit by the author, via prominent links to codingthecosmos.com, a commercial website. It is quite possibly also pseudo-physics or pseudo-philosophy. The simulation hypothesis is examined in serious academic philosophy, e.g. by Nick Bostrom, I think, but that alone does not establish that the material in these pages is scientific or academically sound. If I paid enough attention to the text, I could perhaps confirm the pseudo-scientific character despite my not being a university-trained physicist (I am a university-trained computer scientist, which includes a lot of logic but not physics). But as long as we have the for-financial-profit-pages charge, we can let the pseudo-science/pseudo-philosophy charge rest a little, I think. See also the notes I made here: [[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)#Link to an external web site]], including &quot;There does in fact seem to be commercial value: the Amazon link indicates the Kindle edition sells for 6.99 USD.&quot; The page titles themselves serve to unduly promote (catch Google searches) since they appear rather generic and misleading. For instance, &quot;Simulation hypothesis (Planck)&quot; sounds as if it was an exploration of the simulation hypothesis of the universe by Max Planck, but that is not what it is (similarly for other page titles). Moving to userspace addresses the issue since user space is not indexed by Google, etc.; otherwise, outright deletion would be in order (and moving to user space improves auditability as well as application of something like common law). The affected pages: [[Simulation hypothesis (Planck)]], [[Electron (mathematical)]], [[Planck units (geometrical)]], [[Physical constant (anomaly)]], [[Quantum gravity (Planck)]], [[Fine-structure constant (spiral)]], [[Relativity (Planck)]], [[Black-hole (Planck)]], [[Sqrt Planck momentum]]. As an aside, thank you to Atcovi for bringing this up. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:37, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::So the reason for moving to userspace is now because there is a book on Amazon. And if I remove this book? [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 09:25, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::: I think after this unacceptable self-promoting behavior, e.g. trying to create an association from &quot;Simulation hypothesis (Planck)&quot; item/headword to one's for-profit item by means of intermediate links, I think we should just move it to user space and not worry about whether some of the issues were addressed. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:28, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
::::{{ping|Dan Polansky}} I would believe that if there is self-promotion going on with these pages (which is evident), then it should be deleted. Solicitation is not allowed on Wikiversity, even in userspace. See [[Wikiversity:SD]] for a definition: &quot;Solicitation for products, services, companies, events, people or other things with no educational merit or which generate direct financial benefit to the contributor.&quot; Moving pages to userspace should only be done to content that is not fit for the mainspace, but doesn't go above non-educational content (copyvios, self-promotion, discriminatory content, etc.). This clearly does, IMO. What do you think? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:45, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
::::: That is a point worth considering: overt (for-profit) self-promo ==&gt; del. As an initial thought, I will point out that user space is not Google-indexed, so not deleting and userifying instead destroys the promotional motive/incentive while providing excellent auditability for anyone who comes along and wants to request an undeletion. Whether the auditability is worth it in this case I would need to figure out. I would need to figure out the adverse consequences of userfying self-promo like that. A copyvio, for instance, seems to be a much stronger case for deletion than for-profit self-promo. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:54, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

: '''Move''' to user space. Original theory by single author. Citations are circular/self-referential. Lacks consensus or peer-review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:54, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Hilbert Book Model Project]] ==
{{archive top|'''moved to userspace''' pseudoscience that fails Wikiversity's learning objectives (see comments below). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
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{{Special:Prefixindex/Hilbert Book Model Project}}
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Pseudoscience/fringe work that isn't scientifically supported nor supported by [[Wikiversity:original research|Wikiversity's original research guidelines]]. All research regarding this model goes back to the author, who has tried to promote this on [https://www.amazon.com/Hilbert-Book-Model-Hans-Leunen/dp/1470998769 Amazon via his own book]. All the &quot;scientific publications&quot; are only from the author and are on self-publicated websites. Lastly, &quot;The content of this project is not peer reviewed. The reader is responsible for checking the validity of what he/she reads. The peer review process cannot cope with the dynamics of revisions and extensions. Reviewers are always biased, and they are never omniscient. The peer review process is expensive and often poses barriers to renewal of science.&quot; is alarming and goes against Wikiversity's principles of learning. I propose moving this entire project into the original user's userspace. {{ping|HansVanLeunen}} notifying the user of this discussion via this ping, but the author has been inactive on the Wikimedia Projects since 2019. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:05, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
: I am inclined to support moving to user space, but I want to have a calmer look later. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:26, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] What's the point of labeling it with a template, saying that it's a POV and that someone contradicts the ideas presented in the research? I've seen such templates somewhere. The problem with the entire argument for deletion here is the unapproved original research policy. However, if you believe that Wikiversity is being abused to promote some hypothesis of the author, then I would be in favor of deleting it. What struck me was that it's translated into several languages ​​and that the translations are on en. It could be an attempt to debate multilingually, but also an attempt to promote it in various languages. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:13, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move''' to user page as per Atcovi's request. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:21, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Thick Description and Implicature]] &amp; other similar pages  ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - original user is currently indef'd from Wikiversity due to sockpuppetry and persistent disruptive editing. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:17, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Low quality, confusing rambles that have no verifiability nor educational substance behind them. I asked {{ping|KYPark}} personally on his page [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:KYPark#Disruptive_Page_Creations regarding these pages he's been creating], and has not offered a justification for the pages in accordance to Wikiversity's [[WV:Learning|guidelines on learning]]. Essentially the pages seem to rely on fallacies, erroneous causal claims, and the testimony of an AI bot to justify its existence. The user does not agree with moving them into their userspace and insists they are &quot;highly educational&quot;, so I'm seeking the community's opinion on the matter.

Other pages suffering from similar problems include:
*[[Why and Why Not Basic English]]
*[[The Meaning of Words]]
*[[Lambda World]]
*[[AI English]]
*[[Vital Vocabulary]]

I invite everyone's thoughts on the matter.
—[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:46, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: If we accept my proposal at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#General ban on direct use of GenAI output with exceptions]], some of these pages would be quasi-deleted (=moved to user space) on being largely GenAI-generated alone, regardless of whether the use of GenAI is properly attributed. To properly assess them as for meaningfulness, I would need to carefully handle them one by one; GenAI does often produces valid results, and identifying the parts that are wrong requires more than a cursory look by a non-expert.
: They also violate another principle: any page that is original research needs to be tagged with {{tl|Original research}}; they are not.
: I propose to block [[user:KYPark]] from creating new pages until we figure out what to do with them. Assuming KayYayPark is the same person as KYPark (KayYayPark confirmed this, but KYPark did not), I was dealing with problems created by this person before and I gave up since I did not have the blocking tools (I made a request at [[WV:Request custodian action]]). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:34, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
::After reviewing the request at [[WV:Request custodian action]] and seeing that the user is using two accounts to create low-quality, AI-slop, I've gone ahead and blocked the main account, KYPark, for 2 weeks from creating new pages. The disruption stemming from this user has been going on for a while, and this block is needed to figure out what we should do with the remaining pages. As per my conversation with this user on their talk page and evident by their talk page(s), they have been pretty combatant and unwilling to come to an agreement regarding their nonsensical &quot;thesis&quot; (which, once again, has no arguments to back it up except for causation and guesswork). A harsher block will take place if the user switches to their alternative account to continue their disruption.
::If you are willing to give your analysis on each page, Dan, I'd be grateful. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:21, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
::: I quote the utterly disingenuous take: 'It's beginning to get very exhausting trying to rid of the disruptive material and other garbage that has been growing on the English Wikiversity, and dealing with a user who still fails to see the problems with their contributions is taking the time away from developing resources. I originally believed Dan could be a positive asset to the community as a regular editor, but its obvious that this pattern of disruption is not going to change. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 01:11, 20 November 2025 (UTC)', from [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]]. I wonder whether any comment is needed or whether what is going on is self-explanatory. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:18, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
: Doesn't belong in main space:
:* [[Thick Description and Implicature]] - '''Delete'''. Dump of genAI conversation.
:* [[Why and Why Not Basic English]] - '''Delete'''. Dump of genAI conversation.
:* [[The Meaning of Words]] - '''Move''' to user space. Personal essay.
:* [[Lambda World]] - '''Move''' to user space. Personal notes. No obvious learning objective.
:* [[AI English]] - '''Delete'''. Dump of genAI conversation.
:* [[Vital Vocabulary]] - '''Move''' to user space. Personal notes. No obvious learning objective.
: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:55, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Minoan Civilization]] ==
{{archive top|'''moved to draft''' —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:21, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Resource that has not been developed since April 2023. The author, [[User:SecretlyHistoric|SecretlyHistoric]], has not been active on the Wikimedia Projects since then. I'm proposing that the page should be moved to the &quot;Draft&quot; namespace. I wasn't sure if I could just '''be bold''' and do it myself, but I guess it doesn't hurt to make sure the community is in line with my reasoning. Thoughts? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:50, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' (or Draft, as a 2nd best option); the subpages for weeks are basically empty, e.g. [[Minoan Civilization/Protopalatial Period]]. One could perhaps argue that the list of 4 books saves the page, but I find it unconvincing. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:25, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
::I don't really understand why to move pages to user own userspace. Wikiversity should be a source of educational pages for everyone. Moving pages to the user namespace can lead to everyone starting to natively place pages there, which we don't want and it's not Wikiversity's goal to provide users with a private web space (in the userspace, almost no one usually interferes without being asked). If there is a belief that someone will take care of it, it's worth moving it to draft, if that belief is not there, then delete it. I think that page creators should be notified about RFCs of their pages on their discussion page so that they can be informed that something is happening with their pages and maybe they can show up and say something about it, but that's for another discussion. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:01, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::: You can start a discussion on changing the long-term English Wikiversity tradition of moving pages to user space instead of deleting them in Colloquium. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:17, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move''' to draft namespace. Consists of a course homepage and empty weekly sub-pages. No development of learning resources or recent activity. However, it has a structure that could be built on. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:40, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Pi-Conjugated Materials]] ==
{{archive top|'''deleted''' —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 23:30, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Undeveloped resource that has not been improved on since creation. Original author, [[User:Jgutierrez]], has not been active on the project since 2009. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:24, 30 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:32, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''' per nomination above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:20, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[User:Dan Polansky/Problem reports (about Wikiversity problems)]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - clearly disruptive material with no benefit from a user with a long history of belligerent behavior. Material like this should be kept off-wiki. Similar to another page that was deleted, [[User:Dan Polansky/User Juandev]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:36, 18 December 2025 (UTC)}}
User Harold Foppele has nominated the page for speedy deletion on 6 December 2025, in [[Special:Diff/2778468]], the reason being &quot;pillorying&quot;. I have now turned this into a RfD so that editors (including myself) can determine what should be done with the page.

I propose to keep the page and remove any items that are determined to be unacceptable. I created the page to track problems and relieve my memory after my requests in [[WV:RCA]] were being ignored.

The page is in user space and therefore not indexed by Google. And thus, the exposure to public view is rather minimal; one can at best see changes to the page in ''Recent changes'' when changes are being made. By contrast, my posts at [[WV:RCA]] are high-visibility posts and become part of written record and history in Wikiversity namespace.

Multiple items listed on that page are now closed; thank you to the custodians who helped.

User Harold Foppele may specifically object to items about himself on the page he wants deleted. As regards his person, it is now two physicists from Wikipedia who support an action against him to protect the English Wikiversity: [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Request page creation block for Harold Foppele]], created on 6 December 2025. While one of the physicists has withdrawn the request, apparently after becoming frustrated with Wikiversity junkification of the mainspace, the request is valid on substance, by my assessment. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:05, 16 December 2025 (UTC)

As for ''pillorying'', I am not clear to what policy or principle it would refer. Surely unfair attacks on my person e.g. in [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Concern regarding curator conduct User:Dan Polansky]] and [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]] would also constitute ''pillorying''? And while the problem tracking page in my user space can be deleted later once the problems are addressed, these unfair attacks on me will remain as part of the historical record in Wikiversity namespace? I do not think this is a useful concept. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:07, 17 December 2025 (UTC)

:The discussion should take place at [[User talk:Dan Polansky/Problem reports (about Wikiversity problems)]] as clearly stated in the delete tag. 
:This user page may qualify for [[Wikiversity:Deletions|speedy deletion]] because: pillorying illegal reverted edit
:If you disagree or intend to fix it, and '''you have not contributed to it before''', you may remove this notice. If you have contributed before and disagree, please explain why on [[User talk:Dan Polansky/Problem reports (about Wikiversity problems)|the discussion page]], after adding {{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:Hangon|hangon]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}} to the top of the page. This will alert [[Wikiversity:Support staff|curators and custodians]] to your intention, and may permit you the time to write your explanation.&lt;br&gt;
:[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 16:33, 17 December 2025 (UTC)
:: I went through [[Wikiversity:Deletions#Speedy]] and did not find any item that would suggest that ''speedy applies''.
:: [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Indefinite block for Harold Foppele]] contains enough substantiation and support to, by my assessment, justify an indefinite block of Harold Foppele, to stop this embarassment of the English Wikiversity administration. More substantiation is at [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Request page creation block for Harold Foppele]]. Two physicists indicated his content is very bad; my assessment that his content is very bad can be dismissed. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Spanish/Spanish One/SO-Lesson 1]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - per community agreement. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:07, 11 March 2026 (UTC))}}
I would delete just this page as it is not completed, the tutor is not active, and it probably doesn't bring any good. The linked on-wv resources can be used elsewhere by other en.wv courses. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:17, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per nominator who is also the original creator. More complete Spanish lessons are available on en.wv. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:12, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per the above wish of the page creator, Juandev. The page  was created on 1 January 2008. Near the beginning, it says &quot;In this introductory lesson participants will download a version of the textbook and also install skype in order to communicate with an instructor.&quot; Thus, the participants would have communicated with Juandev, I suppose, using Skype; this will no longer happen as per Juandev's own statement above. The page does not seem to have much that would have to be saved; someone could perhaps want to use some of the links, http://wordreference.com/, http://dictionaries.reverso.net/ and http://www.altavista.babelfish.com/ (which I list here for anyone's convenience). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:42, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[:Category:Spanish:An Introduction]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - per community consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:39, 11 March 2026 (UTC)}}
I started the course [[Spanish: An Introduction]] a while ago and never completed it. I will not be able to resume it any time soon; it hasn't been resumed by someone else for a very long time, and we do have two complete Spanish courses ([[Spanish 1]] and [[Spanish 2]]). So I don't see the point in keeping this torso. The course includes the following pages:
*[[Spanish: An Introduction]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/About Spanish]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation/Conquista de América]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation/Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Teaching tools]]
*[[User:Juandev/Teacher availability]]

With related discussion pages. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:38, 20 November 2025 (UTC)

: '''Delete''' per nominator who is also the original creator. There is some potentially useful material that could be integrated into existing lessons, but more complete Spanish lessons are available on en.wv, so it would be tidier/easier if this incomplete course was removed. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:16, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' since the learning outcomes from these pages are scarce ([[WV:Deletions]]). Why not move to user space: this could be done, but since the author Juandev prefers deletion, deletion is perhaps preferable in this case. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:35, 12 December 2025 (UTC)

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== [[:Category:Pomology]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:37, 12 March 2026 (UTC)}}
I propose deleting this category, which contains only the course I also propose deleting. The course was never completed; it has been unfinished for a long time, and no one else appears willing to complete it. I will not have time in the near future to work on it. List of affected pages:
*[[Pomology]]
*[[Pomology/Teaching tools]]
*[[Banana production]]
*[[Pineapple production]]
*[[Pomology/Fruit and its importance]]
*[[Pomology/Tropical and subtropical pomology I]]
*[[Pomology/Tropical and subtropical pomology II]]

--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:09, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
: In a case like this, deletions are better done on a per subpages structure basis than on a per category basis. And Dave recommended using {{tl|proposed deletion}} when opposition is not expected, and RFD as a last resort. But I do not mind a RFD.
: 1) '''Move to user space''' or '''delete''' the page [[Pomology]] and its subpages: too underdeveloped, too little to learn from here.
: 2) As for [[Banana production]], '''move to user space''' or '''delete''': too little to learn from here. Created by [[User:Juandev]] in 2006.
: 3) As for [[Pineapple production]], '''move to user space''' or '''delete''' as per request of the page creator, [[User:Juandev]] (created in 2006). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:11, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::I'm sorry, but what kind of proposal is this to move a page created by multiple users to a single user's namespace. How do you choose which one? If it were me, how can I reverse this action? Last time, when I tried to reverse it, you reverted me. Can I then propose the page to be deleted from my userspaec again? Will you then propose moving it again, perhaps to another userspace or something? In my opinion, this procedure is very bad and does not have wider support. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:58, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
::: For instance, from https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Banana_production&amp;action=history, the page has pretty much a single content inserter, the creator: &quot;13 December 2006 Juandev discuss contribs 2,010 bytes&quot;. It is therefore quite meaningful to move this to userspace. However, I don't object to deletion, especially since this is the wish of the creator Juandev, as per above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:26, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' category and project pages per nominator who is also the original creator. Incomplete course with no activity for a long time. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:22, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Information system modelling]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:36, 15 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Not much sustenance. 
*[[Information system modelling/Lesson 1:Activity diagrams]] barely has anything useful above the introduction sentence.
*[[Information system modelling/Introductory lesson]] seems to be a stub.
The course has not been developed further since 2008, and the author, [[User:Grovermj|Grovermj]], has been inactive on the project since 2008. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:33, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
—[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:33, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:17, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a 2nd best option, '''delete''' per nom: too underdeveloped to be any use. Guideline: [[WV:Deletions]], &quot; learning outcomes are scarce&quot;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:22, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Graham School of Science and Mathematics]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:39, 15 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Seems to read more like a Wikipedia page than a Wikiversity page. I don't see any parts of this page that encourages active learning. The author, [[User:Wnateg|Wnateg]], created the page in 2014 and has not returned to the project since then. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:43, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:49, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a 2nd best option, '''delete''' per nom: almost nothing to learn from here. Guideline: [[WV:Deletions]], &quot;learning outcomes are scarce&quot;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:23, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Portal:Danish]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:32, 15 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Extremely underdeveloped. No improvements made since 2013. The author, [[User:Cuchifrito1216|Cuchifrito1216]], created the page in 2013 and has been inactive on the project since then. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:11, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:50, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''' per nomination above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:18, 12 December 2025 (UTC)


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== [[Pragmatics/History]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted. Other related resources have been deleted. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:24, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Another KYPark page and subpages with unclear organization scheme. Contains fairly many redlinked items. See also [[User:KYPark/Literature]], perhaps a similar concept. Unlikely to be really useful for others but KYPark. '''Move to user space'''.

As an alternative, moving to [[History of Pragmatics (KYPark)]] would make sense to me: the topic is identified using a natural-language phrase (instead of the relatively unnatural slash) and the responsible editor is indicated so that the reader knows whether to look or not. And for those who oppose the brackets (which I like): [[History of Pragmatics/KYPark]]. Or also: [[KYPark/History of Pragmatics]]. But then, searches in mainspace will see that content and the question is whether that is good. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:21, 15 October 2025 (UTC)

:What about to propose the user to write some guidelines, how other can participate instead of deleting it? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:03, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I plan to move the pages to userspace as I proposed. If someone wants to ask KYPark to address the problems, they should feel free. There will be plenty of time for KYPark to address the problems while the material is in user space. After the problems are addressed, the material can be moved back to mainspace. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:38, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:So I would '''delete''' it. In the blocked user space its useless. The user cannot improve it and Wikiversity is not free hosting service for personal pages. My believe is, that there should be just a few working pages in the users spaces. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:30, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

'''Move'''. Insufficient statement of learning objective or connection to related learning resources with insufficient current activity to stay in main space. The page was originally [[History of pragmatics]] but was moved by Dave B. Therefore, I suggest moving to [[User:KYPark/History of pragmatics]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Enhancing Web Browser Security through Cookie Encryption]] ==
{{archive top|'''Kept'''. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:28, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
To avoid further conflict with the user who entered this text into Wikiversity, I am opening a RFD request.

I am not sure about how to proceed, although I am inclined to move it out of mainspace = quasi-delete. I am looking forward to get input from others, especially curators and custodians. Some considerations:

1) There is perhaps no more appearance/suspicion of copyright violation, now that the ResearchGate (RG) article (of which this is a copy, perhaps an incomplete copy?) carries a license.

2) The article is not a complete replica from RG: at a minimum, it lacks images. The inserter could have continued editing the page in his user space before he uploads images, that is, before he finalizes the page for consumption, but that did not happen. I did not check whether the text is an exact one-to-one match; the article does not indicate anything in that regard.

3) The principle implied seems to be this: users should feel free to duplicate non-peer-reviewed articles from RG in English Wikiversity, perhaps to increase the Google search and LLM yield. I find this problematic, in part for the duplication. I would say: choose a venue and publish it there. If RG is not good enough for you as a publishing venue, choose Wikiversity instead, but not both?

4) There are some features that appear unduly promotional. There is a link to a dot com home page of the inserter of the article. I dot not know how we handle or should handle this, whether prohibit such a link, etc. This is perhaps not so much a call to quasi-deletion but a call to make it less promotional.

5) I cannot determine the value of such an article. It seems to be a pseudo-article describing someone's browser extension. Can someone do a better analysis?

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:48, 8 October 2025 (UTC)

:2) Images for Wikicommons are being created, it will take a lot of time. and the text is not an exact one-to-one match
:3) I also mentioned that It was being created so that it is more accessible from mobile phone, which is not possible in RG or in Zenodo
:Let me clarify the purpose of uploading it to different platforms
:Zenodo - registration and to link DOI
:RG - Self Archiving 
:Wikiversity - Accessible by anyone from any device. LLMs may get trained on Wikiversity data or use these data for indexing 
:5) The paper is a result of a research project which involved a browser extension which was built to test the theory.  [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 01:34, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I find the practice here of publishing non-identical but similar text (&quot;the text is not an exact one-to-one match&quot;) with almost the same title to be problematic. I cannot imagine this is a recommended practice in academic publishing. At a minimum, somewhere near the top, the page should say something like the following: &quot;This text is based on article ___ published at ___ but is not identical. The author of the differences/changes is ___.&quot; Everything else leads to an undesirable confusion. In academic publishing, the title of an article serves as key part of identification of the artifact.
:: As I said before, I seen nothing particularly academic article-like about the page except for external/superficial signs. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:30, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::That Article has been published under CC BY SA 4.0
:::And I am one of the author of the article. That gives me right to modify text and publish it under a similar name. However, I will add the disclaimer text that you have suggested. I hope that helps.  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 06:07, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::: It may give you that right from the ''copyright'' perspective, but perhaps not from ''academic publishing integrity'' perspective. Unfortunately, I do not have any guideline handy; I am merely following my common (or not so common) sense. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:32, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I would like to ask: was this article guided by someone from an academic institution, such as a university? Is it reviewed at least in some weak sense? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:39, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::Yes, This article has been reviewed by two academic professors, their names are also listed as co authors.
:::First, a project guide would help us with selecting a topic and with the document 
:::Second, an Internal examiner would go through our experiment and approve it
:::Finally, External Examiner would examine the documentation and verify it. 
:::We were required by these professors to put their name under contributions [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 05:48, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: Let me explicate the promotional potential of such a page a bit: one can go to the page of the article in Wikiversity --&gt; https://tomjoejames.com/ --&gt; HitMyTarget (a commercial, profit-making entity?) Why would the link be to a commercial web site rather than an academic page, or perhaps a LinkedIn account, which I think the person has? There could also be no link at all; a search for the name would turn out something in Google as well. But providing a direct link would drive users/viewers toward that website much stronger since otherwise the viewer of the page would have to open a new Google search window or the like. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:45, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::It is evident that the website is not even close to being complete. 
:::I will be creating a separate page under the same domain name specifically for people to contact me.
:::The url would probably be defined as tomjoejames.com/contact-me/
:::I haven't decided yet. But that is my personal website.
:::If the community requires me to remove it, I will. But personally I think people who are from here most likely to click the link to know more about me or to contact me. Either way I think my personal website serves the purpose. 
:::As for the HitMyTarget, it can be traced from any of my links. From my research gate profile, linkedin page or even my own userpage.
:::On the article I did not add any promotional content about myself, I hyperlinked only my own name. I do not know how that is promotional. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 06:04, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::: I am pausing any further responses from me to see whether anyone else has any input. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:30, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:What does it mean &quot;There is perhaps no more appearance/suspicion of copyright violation&quot;? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:57, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:I have accepted VRT permission per [[ticket:2025100410001149]] FYI. [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Matrix|contribs]]) 11:00, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you Matrix [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 12:43, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
:I would '''delete''' it. 1) it states its a learning resource. It could not be a learning resource as not rewieved original research. 2) It is not an ongoing research, nor the research was performed on Wikiversity - wv is not a preprint or article database. Maybe it could be moved elsewhere withn Wikimedia domain, but I dont know where. So I would delete it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:56, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::I would '''keep it.''' Like Dan had pointed out,  we do have article-like pages in Wikiversity, and this is not just a random pseudo science article but an article that is a report of an final year project, it has been reviewed by 3 professors whose name has been mentioned at the very beginning.   [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 14:50, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::I think it is not good to rate pages by appearance. It can be done on other Wikimedia projects, but it cannot be done on Wikiversity, because Wikiversity does not create a static format for presenting information, but is focused on the goal and process. Unfortunately, the goal and process do not have a uniform format. While a target article on Wikipedia or an entry on Wiktionary have some standard target format, Wikiversity does not. That is why I personally rate pages according to the goals and their assessment. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:05, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

Further reading for this nomination: [[S: Wikisource:Proposed_deletions/Archives/2025#Index:Cookie_Encryption.pdf]]; EncycloPetey handled the matter. Let me quote his wisdom on Zenodo (which I lack): &quot;This is tied to a PDF on Commons that was uploaded as &quot;own work&quot; with a CC license and a doi link to Zenodo, with no indication of where this paper was published or if it was published. Zenodo is not a publisher; it is a site for storing research and sharing papers. If Zenodo is the only place this was &quot;published&quot; then it was effectively self-published. --EncycloPetey (talk) 16:14, 15 September 2025 (UTC)&quot;

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:55, 9 October 2025 (UTC)

:Can you clarify what point are you trying to state? Didn't I already state that the article is published by me? 
:I first created the article in wikisource which I thought would be the perfect place, unfortunately they do not allow self published articles that are not notable. Then I discovered Wikiversity where they allow self published articles. That is why I created the article here. 
:Unlike in wikisource, I did follow guidelines.
:Ever since you deleted the first article, I spent time reading Wikiversity guidelines and I do think that I am following it perfectly.
:I would like to get your suggestions on how should I improve the page,  10 points would be sufficient. 
:Because your goals or intentions are confusing me very much. At first you told me that the article is exactly the same as the preprint in RG and therefore there is no use to it here. And then when I continued to optimize it for Wikiversity, you went ahead and said it is problematic according to recommended academic publishing. 
:Atleast just respond to the points that I have made whether you agree or disagree. So that I clarify and proceed to discuss points that are important and relevant 
:Have you published an research article? If yes, could you send it to me so that I can see the format you have done it [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 10:45, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I am giving a chance/time to other curators/custodians to look at the matter and respond to my inputs. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:14, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: Incidentally, above I counted 4 questions (or more), 1 request (or more?) and 1 command (or more?). That is a behavior of a commanding entity. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:24, 9 October 2025 (UTC)

I would '''delete it''''. It's more like an academic communication than a learning resource or research.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:32, 26 October 2025 (UTC)
:: In the above post, I do not see any valid rationale for deletion: we do have article-like pages, in Wikijournals and also e.g. in [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Stellar Stefan–Boltzmann constant]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:59, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
:::But I do, see above. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:56, 20 November 2025 (UTC)

:it is a '''student research paper''' forming part of a learning resource on web security and encryption.
:The project was conducted as part of a final-year university course and documented as a practical study on cookie encryption and it has been reviewed by three professors. However, I will be creating a sub page for the article to elaborately describe the experiment that we have conducted and the results we got.    [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 15:57, 26 October 2025 (UTC)
::And why should w host research papers? Wikiversity is not an academic Journal nor repository. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:06, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:::I do not wish to go through this same argument once again, I've already answered to this question several times in Dan's talk page, Colloquium. you can refer them. I am not hosting the research paper here, I have already hosted the pdf in the ResearchGate, I have published a text version in the wikiversity so that it may be useful for others. Unless you can show me how that article is totally useless, I would like to '''keep''' the article in the wikiversity.    [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 10:13, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::::And thats the point I am having. Wikiversity is not paper repository. The only way is to publish it via WikiJournal, but they want it for Wikipedia usually. Why wikiversity should be a duplication of ResearchGate, Academia or Zenodo?
::::What I can read on [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?]] policy is, that Wikiversity research &quot;...includes interpreting primary sources, forming ideas, or taking observations.&quot; The article doent look to fall into this. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:43, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::Well, then how come you missed the term &quot;Learning Projects&quot;? As Jtneill had pointed out, this is a legitimate learning project. And also, I do have the VRT permission to host this article on Wikiversity.  [[ticket:2025100410001149]] . besides ResearchGate is an self-archiving platform. the document version in it is not accessibly to screen readers (usually disable people use them), Translators, and also for the mobile readers. therefore I do have valid reasons to publish this article on wikiversity. 
:::::# It is a learning project, therefore according to WIkiversity Policy, It qualifies. 
:::::# I have an explicit VRT permission to host this article on Wikiversity
:::::# Versions that are published in RG, Zenodo are documents, and they are not accessible by screen readers or mobile users. Therefore it is imperative that an article version of this paper exist on here. 
:::::Therefore this article qualifies to stay here on Wikiversity.  [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 11:22, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Keep'''. This is a legitimate student learning project that may be of use to others. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:51, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Ninefold Resonance Theory]] ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:31, 28 November 2025 (UTC)}}
This page is rank pseudoscience. Wikiversity seems prone to attracting cranks and charlatans to advertise their pseudoscholarship since they cannot do this kind of promotion on other Wikimedia projects. We have had this discussion before when it came to [[parapsycholoy]] and [[cold fusion]]. Seems the nosense is creeping back in. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 14:19, 1 October 2025 (UTC)

:So what would you suggest? Move to my own namespace? Because I do find it interesting to name this philosophical theory. I think it's important to pursue freedom of ideas, even if supporters of positivist, materialist philosophy disagree. My theory, which relies on idealism, but attempts to provide an explanation, from idealism, for materialistic philosophy, is meant very seriously. I do not see it as a fake, made-up theory on purpose. [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 14:37, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::I think these ideas probably do not have a place at WMF-sponsored websites. You can always set up a private blog or forum discussion. Kids these days speak highly of discord servers. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 15:25, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::What about all those other ideas and theories on Wikiversity that come from original research? Why are those allowed and a metaphysical theory not? Why is {{w|Plato}} allowed to talk about four basic elements (fire, air, water and earth), but I am not allowed to talk about nine (basic) vibrations, while my theory may even be closer to the truth than Plato's theory? I thought Wikiversity was about learning, gaining new ideas, reflecting on them, critiquing them, refining them, and thus arriving at new knowledge? Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 15:31, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::Plato is recognized as an academic subject worthy of study. Your original research is not equivalent. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:01, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[User:ජපස|ජපස]]: Can you clarify which Wikiversity policies you have consulted and thus form the basis of your nomination? (I am not yet making any substantive comment on the nomination itself.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:41, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]]. Note the principle that research here must be up to standard. This obviously is not it. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 15:55, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]] is not a policy, from what I can see. It is a page where two decisions about excluding particular fringe research were made. Which specific passage of a policy (can you quote it) would then lead to deletion of [[Ninefold Resonance Theory]]? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:57, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::It references the relevant policy and sets the precedents I outlined above. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:00, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::: Good; can you now name the relevant policy and identify the relevant passage ideally by quoting the passage or its part? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:05, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::Do you not see it on the page? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:06, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::: On the question of what the precedent cases in the domain of philosophy are: I moved to user space this article: [[User:MarsSterlingTurner/Ontology]]. That was utter and overt nonsense, and it was pretty easy to articulate what makes it nonsense (rather than merely ''claiming'' it is nonsense). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:45, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::: The precent cases of [[Parapsychology]] and [[Cold fusion]] are a tad more remote since they deal with ''pseudoscience'' rather than ''pseudophilosophy''. That makes quite a bit of a difference since, to my mind, a lot of what officially counts as philosophy ''is pseudophilosphy'', but I struggle to see that if a Hegelian pops up in the English Wikiversity, I should be able to move his Hegelian articles to user space. That is not to say that no bad philosophy can ever be moved to user space, merely that the detection is quite different from pseudoscience. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:50, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::There is pseudoscience implicitly and explicitly included in this page. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 15:56, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::: I do not see your having providing any substantiation, even a minimal one, of your claims. By contrast, I engaged with the content of the page here: [[Talk:Ninefold Resonance Theory]]. If all that is required is an unproven assessment by a Wikiversity non-contributor that a page is pseudoscience, that opens Wikiversity to a possible disruption. Your nomination is per se not likely to be a disruption, but your failure to substantiate or articulate could create a problematic precedent. But maybe I am being too pedantic or risk-averse; I don't really know. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:02, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::&quot;expressions of deeper, ninefold vibrations&quot; is absolute blatherskite masquerading as a testable claim. It is pratically a textbook pseudoscientific proclamation. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:04, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::: How is it ''pseudoscientific'' when it is put forward as a piece of ''philosophy'', not empirically testable/falsifiable science? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:07, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::Just because you sweep your claim into a different closet doesn't insulate it from being nonsense in the context of the other closet. If I just say, &quot;my idea is only philosophy, but perpetual motion still does work,&quot; the claim is still pseudoscientific. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:08, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::: From what I can tell, you have quite a couple of concepts mixed up. Giving up here for now; perhaps someone else will chime in. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:10, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::::I think I see perhaps where your motivation to be combative in this conversation is coming from and I have initiated a discussion on your user talkpage. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:12, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::I realize that my philosophy could be seen as pseudoscience. But I think, and this is philosophy, that every way of looking at the truth is also based on a philosophy. I personally think that positivist science should not claim to have a monopoly on {{w|matter}}, which I feel it does. If you're talking about how time would work, then it's okay. If you're talking about how God would work, then it's also okay. But if you're talking about how matter would work, then you have to be careful. It feels as if the nature and functioning of matter has been 'hijacked' by a physicalist, materialist, and perhaps even atheistic philosophy. It is true that all elementary particles have been discovered by microcopes, but why should you not be allowed to philosophize about what these particles are and where they come from? Furthermore, I believe that every philosophy is a 'pseudo-philosophy', except for Socrates' philosophy, namely: &quot;The only thing I know is that I know nothing.&quot; We can come up with all kinds of ideas about how the universe works, but we will never fully understand it. But we can try to develop a theory that is as close to the truth as possible. God will not enable man to become God himself. But again, that's my philosophy. [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 16:01, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::That this is passing for &quot;education&quot; is a problem. In the past, I had suggested that Wikiversity ought to be shut down because it didn't have the immune system to deal with pseudoscholarship. I thought there was some positive efforts in that regard, but it appears pseudoscholarship of this sort has crept back in. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:06, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::Do you mean that people should only receive education according to the positivist paradigm of the 21st century? I always say: don't teach people ''what'' to think, but ''how'' to think. By the way, I found the message of ''{{w|The Structure of Scientific Revolutions}}'' very interesting. I believe that science is not a fluid development (i.e., one thing follows another in the form of an addition), but rather a step-by-step change (i.e., an old paradigm gives way to a new paradigm). It could well be that a groundbreaking development will suddenly cause us to view the universe in a completely different way and regard all other ideas as pseudoscience! [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 16:39, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::I mean people should receive education that is up to the highest standards. The page I nominated for deletion is not up to those standards as it contains blatant misrepresentations, falsehoods, pseudoscience, and parochial ideas that have never been properly vetted by scholars. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:47, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::Could you explain exactly what makes it pseudoscience? Which of the things I speculate and philosophize about do you think are truly impossible? [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 17:15, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::Your first mention of &quot;vibrations&quot; is classic pseudophysics. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:00, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::::By &quot;vibrations&quot;, I mean a kind of oscillation from a higher-dimensional sphere that we cannot observe or measure. I don't know how else to put it or formulate it. [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 19:12, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::You are free to formulate it any way you want.... but what you are writing right now is classic pseudophysics... especially when it comes to the stuff you cannot observe or measure. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:28, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::::::Why does it seem like such a strange idea that not everything can be observed or measured? Is it possible to observe or measure love? But love is just as real as a table or a chair, isn't it? They are all experiences. Or do you see it differently? [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 19:41, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Please go sealion elsewhere. The point that this resource is pseudoscience has been made clearly and asking questions in response does not address the problem at all. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 12:04, 3 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::::: 1) I don't think the above conversation is productive. It is perhaps good that it ended. 2) Throwing the word &quot;sealion&quot; around like that is perhaps not a good idea. 3) From what I understand, string theory is currently not empirically testable/falsifiable (hence the label Popperazzi for some of its opponents), so the matter is perhaps not as simple as stating that science only deals with observable/measurable entities. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:06, 3 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::String theory does have observable consequences that's the entire reason it exists. On the other hand, this &quot;Ninefold Resonance Theory&quot; is total bollocks. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 13:46, 3 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::I would chip in over ONE sentence: &quot;God will not enable man to become God himself.&quot; 
:::::Just how can you know that? I have heard many people say words like this. Mainly from both sides of  countries at war. Where both armies where blessed. I have no opinion whatsoever about this article, but i strongly oppose to these words put down as a fact. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 21:05, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: Disclaimer: I am ''not'' saying this should stay in mainspace; moving to user space is quite possibly the appropriate action. What I now have to calmly deliberate on (there is no hurry; and there are other editors around) is whether the arguments I presented at [[Talk:Ninefold Resonance Theory]] suffice for my official support for moving the page to user space as too bad a philosophy. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:45, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::Perhaps it would be a good idea to create a template called {{tl|Original philosophy}}, alongside {{tl|Original research}}? That new template could state that the article concerns a new philosophy and that it may be viewed as pseudo-philosophy by some people who do not support this philosophy? Then it can remain in the main namespace, but it will be clear that it is a philosophy that is not necessarily based on truth (just like all other philosophies, anyway). [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 17:26, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::Trying to pretend that there is a &quot;on the one hand/on the other hand&quot; approach to this is very disingenuous. You have received ''absolutely no notice of this idea'' from anyone of any academic stature. What you are arguing for is basically making Wikiversity a safe haven for &quot;teaching&quot; &quot;stuff I thought up one day&quot;. That can't ''possibly'' be what this website is for. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 17:30, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:What about to tag it as pseudoscience and keep it. Wikiversity is a free lerning environment and if someone want to learn here how to meditate, why not. What I would propose here to use or create a template for it, which would indicate its a pseudoscience or its an Original research. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:55, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
::Are you serious? Pseudoscience promotion would be an automatic disqualification in a university class. Academic freedom and tenure do not save you from educational malpractice which is what you seem to be advocating that we keep. What if someone wanted to learn why the Earth was flat or how to channel aliens from Arcturus? You think that this is a legitimate usecase of this website? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 17:14, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:ජපස|ජපස]] If you could prove any of those points that would make it legit. But, as it comes to religion, who is able to proof what? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 17:50, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
::::&lt;s&gt;What are you talking about?&lt;/s&gt; This is not WikiReligiousIndoctrination. It's Wikiversity. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:09, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Note that I cannot tell whether you are asking ''me'' to prove these ideas or whether you are pointing out the impossibility of proving such things therefore, I guess(?), agreeing with my premise that we should only be working with vetted material in the context of the &quot;-versity&quot; suffix. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:12, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I agree [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 19:25, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Wikiversity is not an advertising platform, nor an institution. Comparing Wikiversity to academia is not correct. Why do we have articles such as [[W:Geopathology|Geopathology]] or [[W:Ley line|Ley line]] on the English Wikipedia? Isn't it promoting these concepts? Does academia recognize them?
:::We do not understand Wikimedia projects as promotional or academic spaces, but as spaces of free access to information. In the case of Wikipedia, it is all the information that has been published, even the so-called pseudoscientific ones that science denies. It could be similar on Wikiversity. On Wikiversity, which declares itself to be open in terms of how we learn and educate. I understand that it must have its limits, because a normal free society of the Western type also has certain things prohibited for various reasons.
:::On Wikipedia, for articles that are not recognized by science, it is simply written that science does not recognize them and that they are, for example, subjects from the esoteric world. Here on Wikiversity, it could be done the same. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:52, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: Move to user space because there is no evidence of citation, academic research, or educational objective. This is a personal philosophy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:45, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] Does your proposal mean that Wikiversity is open to its own POVs, and divides sources into namespaces according to where the claim comes from? That is, if it is existing recognized knowledge (even the author doesnt know it), then it can be in the main NS, if it is own POV, then it is moved to the personal NS? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:59, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Juandev}} Evidence-based POVs seem reasonable. Or creative work could be fine. But if its presented as science/fact etc. then I think it should be verifiable. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:16, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
I have just moved all my articles with personal views and philosophies to my user space. Could this request be processed? Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 02:45, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:31, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}


== Please restore my templates ==
{{archive top|Unused templates can be created in user space}}
The 61 templates linked below were deleted by {{u|Koavf}}, because they were not used as templates.&lt;br&gt;
I sometimes create content as a template, but then I just link to it (treating it like as short article, that also ''could'' be included, if necessary).
* Tiara pair .../wave: [[Template:Tiara pair Ruby/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Slate/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Onyx/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Opal/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair NonOpal/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair NonRuby/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Jade/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Garnet/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Diamond/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Clay/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Flint/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Amethyst/wave|◼]]&lt;br&gt;
* Studies of Euler diagrams/... NP table: [[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/verona NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/totoro NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/veneto NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tatami NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tamino NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/subaru NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tabita NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/sakura NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/salomo NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/selene NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/romana NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/sabina NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/ruteve NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/pisano NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/rafisa NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/patina NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/petula NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/pesano NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/padita NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/panama NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nigiri NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nitako NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nisuke NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/neralo NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nagini NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/naruto NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/mariko NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/milano NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/modena NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/levana NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/lugape NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/kukobo NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/legato NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/kisago NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/karola NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/ketibi NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/kimuri NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/fetugi NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/garuda NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/gepofu NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/fatima NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dotami NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dotore NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/domino NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dosori NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dobare NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/bamako NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/burito NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dakota NP table|◼]]&lt;br&gt;
I was not aware, that unused templates can be deleted without any notice. I think nothing (except obvious spam and vandalism) should be deleted without warning and time to respond. [[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 14:57, 7 October 2025 (UTC)

:Unused templates are sometimes deleted as routine general housekeeping. If a template is actually in use, of course it shouldn't be deleted without some more consideration. As an aside, I have no clue how/why you are linking the templates the way you are. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:03, 7 October 2025 (UTC)
:If you have material that is not going to be used in the main namespace anytime soon, you should probably make it in your own userspace, at places like [[User:Watchduck/foo]]. Making templates that you have no particular intention on having in any article is not best practice. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:12, 7 October 2025 (UTC)

::{{reply|Koavf}} On [[Studies of Euler diagrams/clans|this page]] you can see such links (&quot;See table&quot;).
::On your talk page you asked: &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: lightgray; {{Text color default}};&quot;&gt;[...] but one of them is [[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tamino NP table]], which is just unused. Why do these need to be here?&lt;/span&gt;
::Why do you care? Just because they are in the template namespace? I need these tables, and at some point I will want to include some of them somewhere.
::To me this is like images on Commons. They can serve a purpose, even if they are not used in articles.
::Anyway, thanks for restoring. Probably I will just have to create overview pages for templates (currently) not used as templates. (May be nice to have anyway.) --[[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 15:37, 7 October 2025 (UTC)
:::&quot;Why do you care? Just because they are in the template namespace? I need these tables, and at some point I will want to include some of them somewhere.&quot;
:::Yes, exactly. Just make [[User:Watchduck/Template:foo]] and then move it to Template:foo once it's needed in the main namespace. This is why there are different namespaces. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:45, 7 October 2025 (UTC)
::: I agree with Koavf/Justin above: if you do not need the template yet, why not place it to your user space? User space seems extremely unregulated, from what I have seen; you can do a wide variety of things there, bar copyright violation, inciting violence, etc. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:24, 8 October 2025 (UTC)
::::That would be one way. Another way is to just use the templates on a page (which may be in user space). --[[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:25, 8 October 2025 (UTC)
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== [[U3254978]] ==
{{archive top|This could've easily been '''speedy deleted'''. Use the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{delete}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; template next time. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:46, 18 November 2025 (UTC)}}
Only one letter and nonsense. This page has no meaningful content, nor a meaningful page, thus '''delete''' as nonsense page.

The page at [[U3254978]] has only one letter? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29645-98|&amp;#126;2025-29645-98]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-29645-98|talk]]) 20:16, 21 October 2025 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:43, 25 October 2025 (UTC)
::This page was already speedily deleted because it contains only one letter. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29978-26|&amp;#126;2025-29978-26]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-29978-26|talk]]) 02:51, 25 October 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Science talks]] ==
{{archive top|'''Done''' as author request. No reason for this discussion to be opened any longer. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:40, 18 November 2025 (UTC)}}
This is useless (learning outcomes are scarce) and has been so since 2007 (author: [[User:Juandev]]). '''Move to user space''' (or delete if the author prefers so). I would use proposed deletion but since I expect resistance, I go for RFD. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:13, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

The page serves no purpose, it probably won't develop, so I would delete it.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:03, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

:{{done}} as author request. No reason for this discussion to be opened any longer. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:39, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Wikiversity:Ignore all rules]] ==
{{archive top|{{not done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:19, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
I propose to delete this since the exhortation &quot;ignore all rules&quot; is nonsense. People who ignore all rules, even if they do so in good faith that they are improving the project, usually get into trouble. It is fundamentally dishonest/Orwellian to first encourage people to ignore all rules and then punish them for doing so. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:30, 26 March 2025 (UTC)

:It's a rejected proposal. Why do we need to delete it? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:12, 26 March 2025 (UTC)
:: Since although it was rejected as a policy at [[Wikiversity talk:Ignore all rules]] in 2006, I saw some discussion somewhere (in some Wikipedia?) that it should not be a policy but nonetheless be somehow important. On the linked talk page, one comment says: &quot;One of the most important pages, but wasn't designed to be policy (it's neither policy nor guideline on Wikipedia, but it's listed as an important page).&quot; A page that is deleted is a page that one cannot use/refer to as a quasi-policy, as happens e.g. to [[Wikipedia: WP:BLUDGEON]]. I support keeping the talk page, especially as track record of the past vote. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 18:27, 26 March 2025 (UTC)
:::{{vote delete}} [[User:Fourmidable|Fourmidable]] ([[User talk:Fourmidable|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fourmidable|contribs]]) 15:14, 20 May 2025 (UTC)
: I boldly went ahead and '''moved the page''' to [[User:JWSchmidt/Wikiversity:Ignore all rules]], although what we have here is more of a proto-consensus that a real consensus given the low participation. It is more of an unopposed proposal than a properly supported proposal. Let us see whether opposition to this manner of closure develops. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:09, 29 July 2025 (UTC)
:: I've moved this rejected policy back to the Wikiversity name space where all other rejected policies are located. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 22:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:'''Keep in ns Wikiversity.''' We keep all rejected proposals, so lets keep also this one. Doesnt matter if we see a sence on it. One my think its nonsense, the other may think its otherwise. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:33, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== What to do with remaining Marshall Sumter pages ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:12, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
I created [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#What to do with remaining Marshall Sumter pages]] in Colloquium, especially since its concerns fairly many pages. But since it deals with quasi-deletion (by moving to user space), I am also posting a notification here (for case that someone is only monitoring requests for deletion, as unlikely as it seems). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:36, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
: I soft-redirected half of the dozen or so remaining main space pages created by Marshallsumter to Wikipedia and the other half seem suitable for main space. So, I think this is resolved. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:01, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Modern Chinese Proverbs and Sayings by Hé Xiǎojū / Kenny Ho]] ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:08, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since I expect opposition.)

Too little to learn from here, IMHO. The page mainly links to pages outside of Wikiversity written by the creater of the Wikiversity page. I find the title misleading as well; the page contains Chinese phrases coined by the page author and these cannot be properly called ''proverbs'' until the language users at large recognizes them as such. The material seems to fail to go beyond what would be a self-promotion (caveat: most content can be interpreted as self-promotion; one has to differentiate).

Moving to user space instead of outright deletion is fine by me. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:13, 1 August 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you for the feedback and the opportunity to clarify.
:My intention with Modern Chinese Proverbs and Sayings by Hé Xiǎojū / Kenny Ho is not self-promotion but to document a long-term cultural and linguistic project in creating modern proverbs, so that they may be studied, critiqued, and preserved in a structured way. Wikiversity’s scope of allowing original research and educational resources seemed appropriate, as the project can serve as a reference point for language learners, cultural studies, and comparative literature.
:That said, I understand the concerns expressed. In the interest of avoiding conflict and respecting the community’s guidelines, I am comfortable with the page being moved into user space rather than being deleted outright. This way, the material remains available for anyone who wishes to study it, while addressing the concern of it not yet fitting mainspace standards.
:If the page is moved, I would be grateful if you could kindly point me to the new user-space link, so I may continue maintaining it properly.
:Thank you for your consideration.
:Ho Siew Khui [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 03:41, 19 September 2025 (UTC)
::Explained this way, I would keep the page and I would kindly ask @[[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] if they can add some [[Help:Project boxes|Project boxes]] to indicate other users how to deal with the content. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:44, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:::Thank you, Juandev, for the kind suggestion. I’ll go ahead and add the project boxes as you proposed. Much appreciated. [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 04:18, 17 October 2025 (UTC)
::::I’ve now implemented the project boxes as Juandev suggested. Thank you again for the helpful pointer.
::::I also appreciate the ongoing guidance from the community as I continue learning the ropes here. [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 04:46, 17 October 2025 (UTC)
----
@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]], [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]], [[User:Juandev|Juandev]]: I`m sorry I don`t know whether the request was closed or not. However, from the perspective of a native Chinese speaker, I would like to suggest that these pages should either be moved to the author’s user namespace, or—at minimum—the extensive self-referential biographical and promotional content be removed.

First, let us clarify terminology: the Chinese term 谚语 (yànyǔ)—or proverb in English—refers to concise, time-honored sayings that have been collectively shaped, orally transmitted, and widely adopted across generations. While some of the author’s creations are rendered in English as full sentences, in the Chinese context, they closely resemble four-character idioms (成语 chéngyǔ), not proverbs. Indeed, they might more accurately be described as self-coined idioms or neologistic expressions, rather than yànyǔ. The current title, therefore, is somewhat misleading.

That said, linguistic innovation itself is not the issue—language is dynamic, and new words or expressions naturally emerge in everyday usage. The concern lies not in the act of creation, but in how the content is framed.

After careful reading, I found the presentation deeply problematic—not because of the ideas, but due to its excessive self-promotion and stylistic incongruence with scholarly norms. For instance:

*The text reads more like AI-generated promotional copy ([[%3D_A_Brilliant_Strategy_That_Solves_a_Difficult_Problem_(📜_解难妙计_jiě_nàn_miào_jì)_%3D|e.g.]] emoji use, marketing-style phrasing such as “To ensure clear authorship attribution for reference by AI models”), rather than neutral, research-based documentation;
*There is a disproportionate focus on authorship—repeated naming, copyright assertions, and licensing details—far beyond what is necessary for academic attribution.

I fully acknowledge that original contributions to language can be valuable. But research should center on the phenomenon, not the person. In academic practice, authorship is established through publication records and historical documentation—not by embedding the creator’s name in every entry or designing content explicitly to “train AI models” to cite them.

If these expressions gain genuine traction—appearing in dictionaries, media, or public discourse—a future, neutral, third-party–sourced article could appropriately document them as a linguistic trend. Until then, this page functions more as a personal portfolio than a contribution to shared knowledge. [[User:ChasingAir|ChasingAir]] ([[User talk:ChasingAir|留言]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChasingAir|贡献]]) 11:19, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
: This is a well-thought-out, well-formulated and compelling presentation, if I may say so!
: To highlight one of the points: in [[Old shadows disturb the heart]], it say &quot;About the Author:&lt;br/&gt;Ho Siew Khui 何小驹 (Hé Xiǎojū) is a writer and creator of modern phrases, with a passion for the beauty, nuance, and elegance of Chinese language, culture, and tradition. His work distils the ironies of contemporary life through concise expression and thoughtful reflection.&quot; I find it self-promotional and inappropriate. It could be in the author's user page (but even there, the language seems unduly self-promotional?), but not in the created pages. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Thank you, Dan, and to all who have contributed to this discussion.
::: I appreciate the time and thought given to reviewing my contributions. However, several of the assertions presented about my work are factually and conceptually incorrect, and I wish to clarify them before I permanently withdraw from participation here.
::: 
::: '''1. Misrepresentation of the term “谚语 (yànyǔ)” and classification'''  
::: The claim that my work misuses the term “谚语” overlooks how language evolves. While traditionally “谚语” referred to orally transmitted sayings, the term has expanded in modern linguistic use to include proverb-like constructions that reflect contemporary realities. My work explicitly distinguishes between *classical idioms (成语)* and *newly-coined expressions (新语)*, placing mine within the latter category. The label “modern proverbs” is therefore accurate and not misleading.
::: 
::: '''2. Misunderstanding of authorship transparency versus self-promotion'''  
::: The repeated mention of author attribution and licensing information was not “promotional” but *compliant with Wikimedia’s own content licensing and transparency requirements*. Each proverb was released under a CC-BY-4.0 licence to ensure open reuse with clear provenance. Calling this “self-promotion” confuses transparency with vanity. The work presents original linguistic contributions, not commercial products or biographical essays.
::: 
::: '''3. Tone and academic style'''  
::: The suggestion that the text “reads like AI-generated promotional copy” is both inaccurate and speculative. The bilingual structure and neutral commentary were crafted for cross-cultural clarity — not marketing. Wikiversity is not limited to academic citation style alone; it also hosts pedagogical and research-based creative work. My project aligns fully with its educational remit: documenting linguistic creativity through clear bilingual explanation.
::: 
::: '''4. Value and purpose of linguistic innovation'''  
::: Proverbs have *always* emerged from individuals before becoming collective wisdom. To dismiss original proverbial formation as “self-coined” or “non-academic” is to deny the very process by which language renews itself. Every idiom in history began as one person’s expression. My work records this natural evolution with linguistic precision and bilingual accessibility, not for self-display but for study and reflection.
::: 
::: '''5. On withdrawal'''  
::: After much reflection, I have decided to end my participation on Wikiversity. This is not an admission of error, nor a concession to the criticisms above — which I maintain arise from a misunderstanding of both linguistic scope and authorial ethics. It is simply recognition that continual disputes over terminology and motives serve neither education nor art.
::: 
::: I leave the community free to delete my contributions if it so chooses. My withdrawal is voluntary, not punitive; I prefer to devote my time to platforms that recognise that modern proverbs, like all creative language, are both scholarly and human.
::: 
::: Thank you to those who engaged in good faith. I trust this closes the matter.  
::: —[[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 06:08, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: As long as user space is non-indexed by Google, I think it preferable to move the material to your user space rather than delete it. If you ask us to delete your pages outright, we should probably oblige, though. Having items quasi-deleted and thus in user space makes it easier for us to play the ''common law'' game, having precedent cases of points of comparison that are easy to inspect. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:26, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
I think this page and its sub-pages should be moved out of main space and into user space because:
* This is an archive of personal, creative writing rather than a topic with educational or research goals
* The content is predominantly non-English
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:18, 21 November 2025 (UTC)

:Dear Jtneill,
:Thank you for reviewing the page and for sharing your thoughts.
:I appreciate the suggestion to move the material into User Space. However I prefer that all of my contributions related to this project be fully deleted rather than moved.
:I am no longer continuing this line of work on Wikiversity and a clean removal would help avoid any future misunderstandings about scope or intention. I have already migrated the material to external platforms that are more suitable for this type of content.
:Therefore may I kindly request that the page and its sub-pages be deleted in full.
:Thank you again for your time and consideration.
:Warm regards  
:Ho Siew Khui [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 10:04, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::{{ping|KennyHoProverbs}} Thanks for letting us know. The main space pages and redirects you created have been deleted. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:08, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
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==[[Cosmic Influx Theory]]==
{{archive top|'''Moved to userspace''' where the page will no longer be indexed on Google nor will it be regarded as acceptable for Wikiversity mainspace. Rationale is that the &quot;theory&quot; is mainly supported via ChatGPT prompts and the author's own findings, and many of the claims are not supported by mainstream physics. Additionally, redirects have been deleted. Since this page serves no educational purpose, there is no reason for redirects to take place of the original content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:07, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
More pseudoscience masquerading as &quot;original research&quot;. This is ''embarrassing''. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 13:45, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
: This is quite possible but unless you provide at least a modicum of substantiation, I do not see how this can get deleted or rather moved to user space. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:36, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
::I'm curious as to how pseudoscience meets [[Wikiversity:Learning|Wikiversity's learning objectives]]. What is the learning objective in someone's own ideas which are not scientifically credible? For example, &quot;CIT introduces the concept of a ''universal energy influx'', hypothesized as a stream of neutrino-like particles interacting with atomic nuclei, driving incremental mass increases in alignment with the Lorentz Transformation of Mass-Energy&quot; - is this something that can be scientifically supported? (though admittedly I'm not well-versed in physics).
::I would propose moving this to userspace as opposed to deletion, but I agree with the original proposer that having content like this hurts our image rather than bolsters it. Perhaps we may need to create a guideline regarding pseudoscience vs. original research and what is allowed in the mainspace. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:46, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::There was such a thing. [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]]. It looks like y'all lost institutional memory about the last time pseudoscientists infiltrated this wiki. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:38, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Assuming that I have &quot;forgotten&quot; about a discussion that I never participated in nor was even remotely related to is an erroneous assumption. Despite the inappropriate comment, I have added it to my watchlist for future reviewing. My stance is that the page in queston should be removed from the mainspace, but I will allow discourse to take place (including Ruud's defense of the page) before a final decision is set. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:46, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::My apologies: I intended on making no judgement ''against'' you ''personally'' in spite of the implied collective second person. The lack of institutional knowledge about what came before about this is my ''general'' complaint with what is going on here. I wish you nothing but the best in reviving a commitment for Wikiversity to not promote pseudoscience. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:03, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
::What are you talking about &quot;modicum of substantiation&quot;? Do you think this is not pseudoscience? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:31, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Response from Ruud Loeffen (author of the resource)'''
This page is clearly identified as original research and is presented as a learning resource, not as established science. Its purpose is to document the development of a theoretical framework in a transparent way, allowing readers to study, critique, and evaluate its reasoning. '''Chapter 8 provides extensive references''' to the scientific literature and external sources used throughout the work, ensuring traceability and openness.

The resource has been publicly accessible for many months and has been viewed by '''many researchers and interested readers'''. During this period, '''no formal objections or disputes''' have been raised about its presence or purpose. This suggests that the page has not caused disruption and has served as a stable educational resource.

Wikiversity’s research guidelines explicitly support original research when it serves clear educational goals. This resource meets that expectation by enabling inquiry, comparison, and critical examination.

For these reasons, I respectfully request that the page be '''kept in mainspace''' as an example of documented, transparent original research intended for learning.
[[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 01:03, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

:I am sorry, but this entire &quot;original research&quot; is nothing but utter nonsense. It belongs in your own private blog, not hosted at this website. It is so ridiculous as to be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_even_wrong ''not even wrong'']. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:34, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
:There is no &quot;educational goal&quot; to be found in this any more than there would be an educational goal if someone had written a treatise about their fantasies or superstitions. What are we doing here? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:35, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Move''' to user space. Highly speculative theory. Based on a single author's perspective. Relies on self-citation. Not based on evidence. Lacks [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiability]] and research. No peer-review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:26, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you for your comment, Jtneill. I appreciate your clear explanation of the concerns about original research in mainspace. I understand the points you raise, and I am following the discussion carefully. At this stage, I am awaiting the community’s consensus and will respect whichever outcome is considered most appropriate.
:My main goal is simply to preserve the material in an accessible and educational form, whether in mainspace or another suitable location. If changes become necessary, I am fully willing to cooperate and help ensure continuity for readers.
:Thank you for contributing to the discussion. [[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 05:31, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
:Thank you for your comment. I understand the concern about speculative work and the preference to host such materials in user space.
:If the consensus is to move the Cosmic Influx Theory pages to my userspace, I have no objection. In that case '''redirects would be useful so that existing external references continue to lead readers to the correct pages.'''
:The Cosmic Influx Theory has been referenced in articles, videos, and academic discussion threads, so preserving link continuity would help avoid reader confusion.
:For context, the CIT chapters on Wikiversity have accumulated over '''20,510 page views''' in total. The material is also referenced externally in several public posts, articles, and the ''Influx Song'' video (which has received more than 100,150 views), where readers follow links back to Wikiversity for educational comparison.
:I appreciate the time and consideration of the community.
:— '''Ruud Loeffen'''&lt;nowiki&gt; ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 08:40, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
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==[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories]]==
{{archive top|'''Moved to userspace''', pseudoscience; see rationale below. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:11, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
{{Collapse box|1=Sub-pages|2=
{{Special:Prefixindex/AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories}}
}}
Related to the above, but worse. What are y'all doing here? You are hosting absolute nonsense that is basically frontloading a chatbot's hallucinations about cosmology. This is the kind of thing that would get most people ''kicked out'' of a university for promoting. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:43, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

:+ [[Unified Field Continuity]]. A final decision will be made in a week or two's time if no objections are placed since these articles violate Wikiversity policies regarding [[WV:Original research|original research]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:42, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
:: Which parts of the policies do they violate? (I am not saying this material should be kept.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:36, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I made a proposal [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#General ban on direct use of GenAI output with exceptions]] that has not yet gained sufficient support. However, that proposal would not lead to removal of this set of pages since it acknowledges that it is &quot;AI-Assisted&quot;. There are many other GenAI-produced pages in the mainspace that have been left unchallenged for months or years now. A recent example is [[Deductive Logic/Categorical Sentence Schemata/Example Modus Bocardo (OAO-3) syllogisms]], generated by GenAI per introductory foot note; this one would be deleted/moved to user space per my proposal since GenAI does not seem to be part of the topic being examined. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:42, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose you usually file separate RFDs for items: it greatly simplifies analysis and comment. Anyway, [[Unified Field Continuity]] would be quasi-deleted (moved to user space) per my proposal [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#General ban on direct use of GenAI output with exceptions]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:54, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Same reasoning as above. Pseudoscience that does not meet the [[WV:original research|original research]] guidelines and provides no educational/research benefit to the readers. There's no tag indicating it as original research, it is masquerading itself as established science, and fails to adhere to research ethics. It should be moved to userspace, and only deleted (imo) if it crosses the line to promotional/offensive. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:40, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:It would be an interesting theoretical research, but I am afraid that it is poorly conceived. Today it is known that AI hallucinates a lot, so it is not certain that the studies sought actually exist. This means that the hypotheses and theories created from these studies may be literally useless.
:I could imagine some format for developing new theories and hypotheses through LLM (ChatGPT 5 is good at hypothesizing), but the main part of the work, i.e. adding known things or verifying the correctness of the robotic reasoning, would have to be done by a human. Moreover, it would probably be conceived differently, with different goals and a clear indication of what it is about.
:So I am not surprised that my colleagues do not trust such a project and would like to delete it. This leads me to the thought that if the community decided to allow AI, it would perhaps be useful to create a namespace for it that would serve as a quarantine - i.e. so that texts and ideas created by AI do not mix with those created by humans.
:So I would keep these pages, provided that they are revised to ensure a minimum of hallucinated sources (i.e. completely non-existent sources, or poorly named and explained). [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:42, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you, Juandev, for your constructive and well-reasoned feedback. I fully agree that any AI-assisted work must avoid hallucinated sources, and I appreciate your emphasis on that point. In developing the AI-Assisted Evaluation pages, I took deliberate steps to ensure accuracy: every theory included in the evaluation list is a real proposal created by a real author. Each entry is based on reading the author’s own publications, and in many cases supported through direct email correspondence with the researcher to verify correctness and intent.
::The goal of the project is not to generate new theories through AI, but to explore whether a transparent and structured evaluation framework can help compare existing, real cosmological proposals in an educational context. I am fully willing to revise any sections that may require clearer sourcing or additional citations.
::If the community prefers an AI-designated namespace or another structural solution, I would also welcome that, as long as it maintains accessibility for readers who wish to explore or compare alternative theories.
::Thank you again for helping to guide the discussion in a constructive direction.
::[[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 05:08, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:  '''Move''' to user page. Original research that lacks peer review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for your comment, Jtneill. I appreciate your clear explanation of the concerns about original research in mainspace. I understand the points you raise, and I am following the discussion carefully. At this stage, I am awaiting the community’s consensus and will respect whichever outcome is considered most appropriate.
::My main goal is to preserve the material in an accessible and educational form, whether in mainspace or another suitable location. If changes become necessary, I am fully willing to cooperate and help ensure continuity for readers.
::Thank you for contributing to the discussion. [[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 05:32, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;hr&gt;
[[#Unified Field Continuity]] should be discussed separately -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt;
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==[[Unified Field Continuity]]==
{{archive top|'''Moved to userspace''', pseudoscience; see rationale below. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:12, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
'''Move''' to user sub-page. Insufficient citation or peer review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:16, 22 November 2025 (UTC) 

:&quot;Same reasoning as above. Pseudoscience that does not meet the original research guidelines and provides no educational/research benefit to the readers. There's no tag indicating it as original research, it is masquerading itself as established science, and fails to adhere to research ethics. It should be moved to userspace, and only deleted (imo) if it crosses the line to promotional/offensive.&quot; My comment from above for this page. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:28, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''': not marked as original research, has signs of being in part GenAI-slop, etc. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:31, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[:Category:Ideas of S. Perquin]] ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:17, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
These pages are more suitable for userspace/blog and not suitable for Wikiversity mainspace, as they fail to meet the objectives for learning and interactive education. For example, [[Simulacrumism]] is not something anyone can actually learn from since it's just an unscientific idea that can't be replicated. Besides, &quot;S. Perquin&quot; is not a notable figure whose philosophy can be derived and studied from. Possibly a move to userspace would work. Thoughts? Pinging the author {{ping|S. Perquin}} for consultation as well. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:57, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

:If it is not allowed to be in the main namespace (which I would find disappointing), then it can of course be moved to my own namespace! Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 18:15, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] Is it a research or educational resource? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:28, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::The purpose of my writings is to inspire and motivate people to come up with their own ideas and theories. My hope is that some people will read this and think: I agree/disagree with this, and I am going to expand or enrich the theory myself. This leads us to new ideas that are even better than before. And based on the theories of others, even better theories will follow. That is how knowledge is created, in my belief. Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 08:10, 21 November 2025 (UTC)

: '''Move''' to user sub-pages. Collections of personal ideas/essays belong in user space. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:24, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
I have just moved all my articles with personal views and philosophies to my user space. This category can be deleted. Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 02:46, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Simulation hypothesis (Planck)]] &amp; other similar pages by [[User:Platos Cave (physics)]] ==
{{archive top|'''moved to userspace''' no peer-review/pseudoscientific (see comments below) and borderline promotional content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:17, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
It seems that a lot of these pages made by Platos Cave should be in this user's userspace and not in the mainspace:
* Firstly, the articles are not tagged with the original research template like they should be. 
* Secondly, the author potrays their research (centered around the &quot;Programmer God hypothesis&quot;) as factual, scientific literature when it is simply just the researcher's own theories that have no scientific backing, and the only backing is their own personal website.
* Thirdly, most of these &quot;articles&quot; are a way for this user to promote their website and they've recevied a warning regarding this [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Platos_Cave_(physics)#No_Solicitation by Dave in August 2019]. The reference for the &quot;Programmer God hypothesis&quot; is his own website. There are no scientific publications, afaik, that support this hypothesis.

I also understand that Wikiversity can be subjective in what it perceives as &quot;learning&quot;, so I'd rather see these pages in the user's userspace rather than being outright deleted. Additionally, a lot of other pages, such as [[Quantum gravity (Planck)]], are problematic. For example, the reference for &quot;The orbits generated by this dimensionless geometrical approach can be formulated, and despite not using Newtonian physics these formulas demonstrate consistency; for example the derived formulas for radius R, period T and (M + m) will reduce Kepler's formula to G&quot; is just a page from his own website which seems to be misleading anyhow (https://codingthecosmos.com/orbitals/maple-code-Kepler.html). 

See for reference: [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]].

Thoughts? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:00, 15 November 2025 (UTC)

:1. where is the original research template, to this I have no objection.
:2. 
:&gt;here are no scientific publications, afaik, that support this hypothesis.
:I invite you to start here
:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/i2018-12094-x
:You may continue here (these article are built around the main article and are works in progress). I recommend in this order.
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3333513
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3334282
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3444571
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3703266
:3. Pls do me the courtesy of notifying me before you delete the sites so that I may copy [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 00:51, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::Hi Platos Cave, thank you for your discussion. First off, the original research template is [[template:Original research|here]], though I'm afraid your articles don't align with [[Wikiversity:Original research|our original research policies]]. Secondly, I reviewed the first article and there are a number of issues with it, the most glaring issue [to me] would be this statement in the paper: &quot;The simulation hypothesis posits a mathematical universe that is in some sense programmed, thus implying an Intelligence (the Programmer).&quot;. Again, no scientific literature has postulated a &quot;Programmer God hypothesis&quot;, which is what my main statement about a lack of publications was referring to. When I search up anything related to &quot;the Programmer&quot;, I get sources from your website and not from a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Lastly, a lot of the references in that paper are problematic, including a reference ''for your own paper'' (https://vixra.org/pdf/1102.0032v9.pdf). Criticism for the rest of the articles are as follows:
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis; Planck unit scaffolding correlates with the Cosmic Microwave Background''' - self-published, not peer reviewed; no claims to support: &quot;The Spiral of Theodorus is used as the ‘rule’ set for measuring the universe expansion&quot;; References are problematic.
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis, relativity as the mathematics of perspective in a hyper-sphere universe''' - all references are from your own works.
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis, gravitational orbits emerge from n-body rotating particle-particle orbital pairs''' - same problem as above. In addition, no claims to support: &quot;mass is not a constant property… mass is the frequency of occurrence of Planck mass units.&quot;.
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis, Emergent Quantization from Geometric Dynamics: The Two-Photon Transition Model''' - references for the &quot;Programmer God&quot; hypothesis are once again self-references to earlier papers that are available only on your own personal website.
::Therefore, it's evident that these pages fall under fringe work and do not adhere to the scientific method. And as for your comment on #3, I am ok with moving these pages into your userspace as whatever goes on in your userspace (as long as it's obviously not defamatory or grossly problematic) is your business, but I believe these pages are unfit for Wikiversity mainspace as it is [[W:pseudoscience|psuedoscience]]. Others are welcomed to join in of course, thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:52, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
:::1. All references are mine so we can both agree that is it original research ... noone else has considered this problem might have a solution ... so it is fringe research under this definition
:::2. Your AI review of the above 4 articles mention that the references are mine (see #1) ... and that some claims are not supported ... unfortunately this defines original research ... perhaps you can query AI for mathematical errors that would render the model without merit (this would clarify whether it is psuedoscience)
:::3. The 4 listed articles are an attempt to build a framework around the peer reviewed article (see European Physics Journal link https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/i2018-12094-x). Perhaps your AI tool can review that too. Unfortunately original research sometimes takes time and all articles should eventually form 1 complete model. You can ask AI how successful I am so far from a review of ALL the 5 articles taken together.
:::4. There is the ancestor simulation but to my knowledge no category for the simulation created externally. Hence the title for it is correct by defintion (if the universe was programmed externally then the Programmer is the universe creator).
:::5. As this covers several wiki pages and these articles etc, I need a website to link everything together into a complete form. Using a website to do that is a standard practice as I understand
:::6. If the jury concludes to move me to the user page, then at least that would save the work (and history) from your deletion. [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 02:36, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Thanks for your response Platos Cave. I'm not sure why you keep referring my &quot;AI tool&quot;. The text that I responded you with was not generated with AI (even though I can understand why you would assume that), and I actually took the time to download each article you linked and it did not take me very long to find the issues that I found. Secondly, your work does not fit Wikiversity's original research guidelines as it does not fit [[Wikiversity:Research ethics]], thus your work may be more suitable for your userspace rather than the mainspace. Lastly, your website has been used as a reference to justify your claims, such as &quot;these MLTA objects may combine with each other Lego style, this can be represented by assigning to each attribute a unit number θ (i.e.: θ = 15 ⇔ kg). This unit number dictates the relationship between the objects&quot; with the reference being your personal website. This does not seem like &quot;linking everything together to a complete form&quot;. 
::::And once again, I don't have an issue with the pages being in your userspace. That's what I'm advocating for. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:53, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::Do you mind if I continue this debate as it still seems to me you have judged the work on 1 claim that is non standard physics and now you mention a mathematical reference ... by assigning to each attribute a unit number θ (i.e.: θ = 15 ⇔ kg). This unit number dictates the relationship between the objects, with the reference being your personal website. May I note that these problematic queries were peer reviewed and published by the European Physics Journal ... see link ... you can take up your arguments with them,  ... if you can find any mathematical errors in the other papers then I would be very happy to discuss them with you and make corrections if possible. Constructive criticism is always appreciated. [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 03:57, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::Platos Cave, I'm not interested in debating your works on whether it meets scientific validity, but if it is in accordance to Wikiversity's policies on [[WV:original research|original research]], and which content can remain on the WV mainspace. My issue is that a lot of the works revolve around a theory that you've created, which isn't supported my mainstream science and the only scientific backings for this theory are your own works &amp; websites. It seems more promotional than educational, hence my desire to move this out of the mainspace. It may even be up for deletion per Dan's point about the Amazon link, I'm afraid. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:55, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
: (I plan to take Sunday off for the most part and to post here on Monday. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:45, 16 November 2025 (UTC))
: Well, since I am quite active today because of other matter: '''Move to userspace''' for all the pages by [[User:Platos Cave (physics)]] as having an unduly tight relation to commercial/financial profit by the author, via prominent links to codingthecosmos.com, a commercial website. It is quite possibly also pseudo-physics or pseudo-philosophy. The simulation hypothesis is examined in serious academic philosophy, e.g. by Nick Bostrom, I think, but that alone does not establish that the material in these pages is scientific or academically sound. If I paid enough attention to the text, I could perhaps confirm the pseudo-scientific character despite my not being a university-trained physicist (I am a university-trained computer scientist, which includes a lot of logic but not physics). But as long as we have the for-financial-profit-pages charge, we can let the pseudo-science/pseudo-philosophy charge rest a little, I think. See also the notes I made here: [[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)#Link to an external web site]], including &quot;There does in fact seem to be commercial value: the Amazon link indicates the Kindle edition sells for 6.99 USD.&quot; The page titles themselves serve to unduly promote (catch Google searches) since they appear rather generic and misleading. For instance, &quot;Simulation hypothesis (Planck)&quot; sounds as if it was an exploration of the simulation hypothesis of the universe by Max Planck, but that is not what it is (similarly for other page titles). Moving to userspace addresses the issue since user space is not indexed by Google, etc.; otherwise, outright deletion would be in order (and moving to user space improves auditability as well as application of something like common law). The affected pages: [[Simulation hypothesis (Planck)]], [[Electron (mathematical)]], [[Planck units (geometrical)]], [[Physical constant (anomaly)]], [[Quantum gravity (Planck)]], [[Fine-structure constant (spiral)]], [[Relativity (Planck)]], [[Black-hole (Planck)]], [[Sqrt Planck momentum]]. As an aside, thank you to Atcovi for bringing this up. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:37, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::So the reason for moving to userspace is now because there is a book on Amazon. And if I remove this book? [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 09:25, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::: I think after this unacceptable self-promoting behavior, e.g. trying to create an association from &quot;Simulation hypothesis (Planck)&quot; item/headword to one's for-profit item by means of intermediate links, I think we should just move it to user space and not worry about whether some of the issues were addressed. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:28, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
::::{{ping|Dan Polansky}} I would believe that if there is self-promotion going on with these pages (which is evident), then it should be deleted. Solicitation is not allowed on Wikiversity, even in userspace. See [[Wikiversity:SD]] for a definition: &quot;Solicitation for products, services, companies, events, people or other things with no educational merit or which generate direct financial benefit to the contributor.&quot; Moving pages to userspace should only be done to content that is not fit for the mainspace, but doesn't go above non-educational content (copyvios, self-promotion, discriminatory content, etc.). This clearly does, IMO. What do you think? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:45, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
::::: That is a point worth considering: overt (for-profit) self-promo ==&gt; del. As an initial thought, I will point out that user space is not Google-indexed, so not deleting and userifying instead destroys the promotional motive/incentive while providing excellent auditability for anyone who comes along and wants to request an undeletion. Whether the auditability is worth it in this case I would need to figure out. I would need to figure out the adverse consequences of userfying self-promo like that. A copyvio, for instance, seems to be a much stronger case for deletion than for-profit self-promo. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:54, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

: '''Move''' to user space. Original theory by single author. Citations are circular/self-referential. Lacks consensus or peer-review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:54, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Hilbert Book Model Project]] ==
{{archive top|'''moved to userspace''' pseudoscience that fails Wikiversity's learning objectives (see comments below). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
{{Collapse box|1=Sub-pages|2=
{{Special:Prefixindex/Hilbert Book Model Project}}
}}
Pseudoscience/fringe work that isn't scientifically supported nor supported by [[Wikiversity:original research|Wikiversity's original research guidelines]]. All research regarding this model goes back to the author, who has tried to promote this on [https://www.amazon.com/Hilbert-Book-Model-Hans-Leunen/dp/1470998769 Amazon via his own book]. All the &quot;scientific publications&quot; are only from the author and are on self-publicated websites. Lastly, &quot;The content of this project is not peer reviewed. The reader is responsible for checking the validity of what he/she reads. The peer review process cannot cope with the dynamics of revisions and extensions. Reviewers are always biased, and they are never omniscient. The peer review process is expensive and often poses barriers to renewal of science.&quot; is alarming and goes against Wikiversity's principles of learning. I propose moving this entire project into the original user's userspace. {{ping|HansVanLeunen}} notifying the user of this discussion via this ping, but the author has been inactive on the Wikimedia Projects since 2019. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:05, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
: I am inclined to support moving to user space, but I want to have a calmer look later. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:26, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] What's the point of labeling it with a template, saying that it's a POV and that someone contradicts the ideas presented in the research? I've seen such templates somewhere. The problem with the entire argument for deletion here is the unapproved original research policy. However, if you believe that Wikiversity is being abused to promote some hypothesis of the author, then I would be in favor of deleting it. What struck me was that it's translated into several languages ​​and that the translations are on en. It could be an attempt to debate multilingually, but also an attempt to promote it in various languages. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:13, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move''' to user page as per Atcovi's request. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:21, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Thick Description and Implicature]] &amp; other similar pages  ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - original user is currently indef'd from Wikiversity due to sockpuppetry and persistent disruptive editing. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:17, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Low quality, confusing rambles that have no verifiability nor educational substance behind them. I asked {{ping|KYPark}} personally on his page [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:KYPark#Disruptive_Page_Creations regarding these pages he's been creating], and has not offered a justification for the pages in accordance to Wikiversity's [[WV:Learning|guidelines on learning]]. Essentially the pages seem to rely on fallacies, erroneous causal claims, and the testimony of an AI bot to justify its existence. The user does not agree with moving them into their userspace and insists they are &quot;highly educational&quot;, so I'm seeking the community's opinion on the matter.

Other pages suffering from similar problems include:
*[[Why and Why Not Basic English]]
*[[The Meaning of Words]]
*[[Lambda World]]
*[[AI English]]
*[[Vital Vocabulary]]

I invite everyone's thoughts on the matter.
—[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:46, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: If we accept my proposal at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#General ban on direct use of GenAI output with exceptions]], some of these pages would be quasi-deleted (=moved to user space) on being largely GenAI-generated alone, regardless of whether the use of GenAI is properly attributed. To properly assess them as for meaningfulness, I would need to carefully handle them one by one; GenAI does often produces valid results, and identifying the parts that are wrong requires more than a cursory look by a non-expert.
: They also violate another principle: any page that is original research needs to be tagged with {{tl|Original research}}; they are not.
: I propose to block [[user:KYPark]] from creating new pages until we figure out what to do with them. Assuming KayYayPark is the same person as KYPark (KayYayPark confirmed this, but KYPark did not), I was dealing with problems created by this person before and I gave up since I did not have the blocking tools (I made a request at [[WV:Request custodian action]]). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:34, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
::After reviewing the request at [[WV:Request custodian action]] and seeing that the user is using two accounts to create low-quality, AI-slop, I've gone ahead and blocked the main account, KYPark, for 2 weeks from creating new pages. The disruption stemming from this user has been going on for a while, and this block is needed to figure out what we should do with the remaining pages. As per my conversation with this user on their talk page and evident by their talk page(s), they have been pretty combatant and unwilling to come to an agreement regarding their nonsensical &quot;thesis&quot; (which, once again, has no arguments to back it up except for causation and guesswork). A harsher block will take place if the user switches to their alternative account to continue their disruption.
::If you are willing to give your analysis on each page, Dan, I'd be grateful. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:21, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
::: I quote the utterly disingenuous take: 'It's beginning to get very exhausting trying to rid of the disruptive material and other garbage that has been growing on the English Wikiversity, and dealing with a user who still fails to see the problems with their contributions is taking the time away from developing resources. I originally believed Dan could be a positive asset to the community as a regular editor, but its obvious that this pattern of disruption is not going to change. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 01:11, 20 November 2025 (UTC)', from [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]]. I wonder whether any comment is needed or whether what is going on is self-explanatory. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:18, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
: Doesn't belong in main space:
:* [[Thick Description and Implicature]] - '''Delete'''. Dump of genAI conversation.
:* [[Why and Why Not Basic English]] - '''Delete'''. Dump of genAI conversation.
:* [[The Meaning of Words]] - '''Move''' to user space. Personal essay.
:* [[Lambda World]] - '''Move''' to user space. Personal notes. No obvious learning objective.
:* [[AI English]] - '''Delete'''. Dump of genAI conversation.
:* [[Vital Vocabulary]] - '''Move''' to user space. Personal notes. No obvious learning objective.
: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:55, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Minoan Civilization]] ==
{{archive top|'''moved to draft''' —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:21, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Resource that has not been developed since April 2023. The author, [[User:SecretlyHistoric|SecretlyHistoric]], has not been active on the Wikimedia Projects since then. I'm proposing that the page should be moved to the &quot;Draft&quot; namespace. I wasn't sure if I could just '''be bold''' and do it myself, but I guess it doesn't hurt to make sure the community is in line with my reasoning. Thoughts? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:50, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' (or Draft, as a 2nd best option); the subpages for weeks are basically empty, e.g. [[Minoan Civilization/Protopalatial Period]]. One could perhaps argue that the list of 4 books saves the page, but I find it unconvincing. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:25, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
::I don't really understand why to move pages to user own userspace. Wikiversity should be a source of educational pages for everyone. Moving pages to the user namespace can lead to everyone starting to natively place pages there, which we don't want and it's not Wikiversity's goal to provide users with a private web space (in the userspace, almost no one usually interferes without being asked). If there is a belief that someone will take care of it, it's worth moving it to draft, if that belief is not there, then delete it. I think that page creators should be notified about RFCs of their pages on their discussion page so that they can be informed that something is happening with their pages and maybe they can show up and say something about it, but that's for another discussion. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:01, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::: You can start a discussion on changing the long-term English Wikiversity tradition of moving pages to user space instead of deleting them in Colloquium. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:17, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move''' to draft namespace. Consists of a course homepage and empty weekly sub-pages. No development of learning resources or recent activity. However, it has a structure that could be built on. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:40, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Pi-Conjugated Materials]] ==
{{archive top|'''deleted''' —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 23:30, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Undeveloped resource that has not been improved on since creation. Original author, [[User:Jgutierrez]], has not been active on the project since 2009. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:24, 30 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:32, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''' per nomination above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:20, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[User:Dan Polansky/Problem reports (about Wikiversity problems)]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - clearly disruptive material with no benefit from a user with a long history of belligerent behavior. Material like this should be kept off-wiki. Similar to another page that was deleted, [[User:Dan Polansky/User Juandev]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:36, 18 December 2025 (UTC)}}
User Harold Foppele has nominated the page for speedy deletion on 6 December 2025, in [[Special:Diff/2778468]], the reason being &quot;pillorying&quot;. I have now turned this into a RfD so that editors (including myself) can determine what should be done with the page.

I propose to keep the page and remove any items that are determined to be unacceptable. I created the page to track problems and relieve my memory after my requests in [[WV:RCA]] were being ignored.

The page is in user space and therefore not indexed by Google. And thus, the exposure to public view is rather minimal; one can at best see changes to the page in ''Recent changes'' when changes are being made. By contrast, my posts at [[WV:RCA]] are high-visibility posts and become part of written record and history in Wikiversity namespace.

Multiple items listed on that page are now closed; thank you to the custodians who helped.

User Harold Foppele may specifically object to items about himself on the page he wants deleted. As regards his person, it is now two physicists from Wikipedia who support an action against him to protect the English Wikiversity: [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Request page creation block for Harold Foppele]], created on 6 December 2025. While one of the physicists has withdrawn the request, apparently after becoming frustrated with Wikiversity junkification of the mainspace, the request is valid on substance, by my assessment. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:05, 16 December 2025 (UTC)

As for ''pillorying'', I am not clear to what policy or principle it would refer. Surely unfair attacks on my person e.g. in [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Concern regarding curator conduct User:Dan Polansky]] and [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]] would also constitute ''pillorying''? And while the problem tracking page in my user space can be deleted later once the problems are addressed, these unfair attacks on me will remain as part of the historical record in Wikiversity namespace? I do not think this is a useful concept. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:07, 17 December 2025 (UTC)

:The discussion should take place at [[User talk:Dan Polansky/Problem reports (about Wikiversity problems)]] as clearly stated in the delete tag. 
:This user page may qualify for [[Wikiversity:Deletions|speedy deletion]] because: pillorying illegal reverted edit
:If you disagree or intend to fix it, and '''you have not contributed to it before''', you may remove this notice. If you have contributed before and disagree, please explain why on [[User talk:Dan Polansky/Problem reports (about Wikiversity problems)|the discussion page]], after adding {{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:Hangon|hangon]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}} to the top of the page. This will alert [[Wikiversity:Support staff|curators and custodians]] to your intention, and may permit you the time to write your explanation.&lt;br&gt;
:[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 16:33, 17 December 2025 (UTC)
:: I went through [[Wikiversity:Deletions#Speedy]] and did not find any item that would suggest that ''speedy applies''.
:: [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Indefinite block for Harold Foppele]] contains enough substantiation and support to, by my assessment, justify an indefinite block of Harold Foppele, to stop this embarassment of the English Wikiversity administration. More substantiation is at [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Request page creation block for Harold Foppele]]. Two physicists indicated his content is very bad; my assessment that his content is very bad can be dismissed. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Spanish/Spanish One/SO-Lesson 1]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - per community agreement. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:07, 11 March 2026 (UTC))}}
I would delete just this page as it is not completed, the tutor is not active, and it probably doesn't bring any good. The linked on-wv resources can be used elsewhere by other en.wv courses. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:17, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per nominator who is also the original creator. More complete Spanish lessons are available on en.wv. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:12, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per the above wish of the page creator, Juandev. The page  was created on 1 January 2008. Near the beginning, it says &quot;In this introductory lesson participants will download a version of the textbook and also install skype in order to communicate with an instructor.&quot; Thus, the participants would have communicated with Juandev, I suppose, using Skype; this will no longer happen as per Juandev's own statement above. The page does not seem to have much that would have to be saved; someone could perhaps want to use some of the links, http://wordreference.com/, http://dictionaries.reverso.net/ and http://www.altavista.babelfish.com/ (which I list here for anyone's convenience). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:42, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[:Category:Spanish:An Introduction]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - per community consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:39, 11 March 2026 (UTC)}}
I started the course [[Spanish: An Introduction]] a while ago and never completed it. I will not be able to resume it any time soon; it hasn't been resumed by someone else for a very long time, and we do have two complete Spanish courses ([[Spanish 1]] and [[Spanish 2]]). So I don't see the point in keeping this torso. The course includes the following pages:
*[[Spanish: An Introduction]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/About Spanish]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation/Conquista de América]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation/Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Teaching tools]]
*[[User:Juandev/Teacher availability]]

With related discussion pages. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:38, 20 November 2025 (UTC)

: '''Delete''' per nominator who is also the original creator. There is some potentially useful material that could be integrated into existing lessons, but more complete Spanish lessons are available on en.wv, so it would be tidier/easier if this incomplete course was removed. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:16, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' since the learning outcomes from these pages are scarce ([[WV:Deletions]]). Why not move to user space: this could be done, but since the author Juandev prefers deletion, deletion is perhaps preferable in this case. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:35, 12 December 2025 (UTC)

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== [[:Category:Pomology]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:37, 12 March 2026 (UTC)}}
I propose deleting this category, which contains only the course I also propose deleting. The course was never completed; it has been unfinished for a long time, and no one else appears willing to complete it. I will not have time in the near future to work on it. List of affected pages:
*[[Pomology]]
*[[Pomology/Teaching tools]]
*[[Banana production]]
*[[Pineapple production]]
*[[Pomology/Fruit and its importance]]
*[[Pomology/Tropical and subtropical pomology I]]
*[[Pomology/Tropical and subtropical pomology II]]

--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:09, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
: In a case like this, deletions are better done on a per subpages structure basis than on a per category basis. And Dave recommended using {{tl|proposed deletion}} when opposition is not expected, and RFD as a last resort. But I do not mind a RFD.
: 1) '''Move to user space''' or '''delete''' the page [[Pomology]] and its subpages: too underdeveloped, too little to learn from here.
: 2) As for [[Banana production]], '''move to user space''' or '''delete''': too little to learn from here. Created by [[User:Juandev]] in 2006.
: 3) As for [[Pineapple production]], '''move to user space''' or '''delete''' as per request of the page creator, [[User:Juandev]] (created in 2006). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:11, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::I'm sorry, but what kind of proposal is this to move a page created by multiple users to a single user's namespace. How do you choose which one? If it were me, how can I reverse this action? Last time, when I tried to reverse it, you reverted me. Can I then propose the page to be deleted from my userspaec again? Will you then propose moving it again, perhaps to another userspace or something? In my opinion, this procedure is very bad and does not have wider support. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:58, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
::: For instance, from https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Banana_production&amp;action=history, the page has pretty much a single content inserter, the creator: &quot;13 December 2006 Juandev discuss contribs 2,010 bytes&quot;. It is therefore quite meaningful to move this to userspace. However, I don't object to deletion, especially since this is the wish of the creator Juandev, as per above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:26, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' category and project pages per nominator who is also the original creator. Incomplete course with no activity for a long time. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:22, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Information system modelling]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:36, 15 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Not much sustenance. 
*[[Information system modelling/Lesson 1:Activity diagrams]] barely has anything useful above the introduction sentence.
*[[Information system modelling/Introductory lesson]] seems to be a stub.
The course has not been developed further since 2008, and the author, [[User:Grovermj|Grovermj]], has been inactive on the project since 2008. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:33, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
—[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:33, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:17, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a 2nd best option, '''delete''' per nom: too underdeveloped to be any use. Guideline: [[WV:Deletions]], &quot; learning outcomes are scarce&quot;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:22, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Graham School of Science and Mathematics]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:39, 15 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Seems to read more like a Wikipedia page than a Wikiversity page. I don't see any parts of this page that encourages active learning. The author, [[User:Wnateg|Wnateg]], created the page in 2014 and has not returned to the project since then. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:43, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:49, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a 2nd best option, '''delete''' per nom: almost nothing to learn from here. Guideline: [[WV:Deletions]], &quot;learning outcomes are scarce&quot;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:23, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Portal:Danish]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:32, 15 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Extremely underdeveloped. No improvements made since 2013. The author, [[User:Cuchifrito1216|Cuchifrito1216]], created the page in 2013 and has been inactive on the project since then. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:11, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:50, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''' per nomination above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:18, 12 December 2025 (UTC)


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      <comment>/* Palliative medicine */ archive from [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
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== [[Pragmatics/History]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted. Other related resources have been deleted. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:24, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Another KYPark page and subpages with unclear organization scheme. Contains fairly many redlinked items. See also [[User:KYPark/Literature]], perhaps a similar concept. Unlikely to be really useful for others but KYPark. '''Move to user space'''.

As an alternative, moving to [[History of Pragmatics (KYPark)]] would make sense to me: the topic is identified using a natural-language phrase (instead of the relatively unnatural slash) and the responsible editor is indicated so that the reader knows whether to look or not. And for those who oppose the brackets (which I like): [[History of Pragmatics/KYPark]]. Or also: [[KYPark/History of Pragmatics]]. But then, searches in mainspace will see that content and the question is whether that is good. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:21, 15 October 2025 (UTC)

:What about to propose the user to write some guidelines, how other can participate instead of deleting it? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:03, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I plan to move the pages to userspace as I proposed. If someone wants to ask KYPark to address the problems, they should feel free. There will be plenty of time for KYPark to address the problems while the material is in user space. After the problems are addressed, the material can be moved back to mainspace. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:38, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
:So I would '''delete''' it. In the blocked user space its useless. The user cannot improve it and Wikiversity is not free hosting service for personal pages. My believe is, that there should be just a few working pages in the users spaces. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:30, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

'''Move'''. Insufficient statement of learning objective or connection to related learning resources with insufficient current activity to stay in main space. The page was originally [[History of pragmatics]] but was moved by Dave B. Therefore, I suggest moving to [[User:KYPark/History of pragmatics]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:57, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Enhancing Web Browser Security through Cookie Encryption]] ==
{{archive top|'''Kept'''. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:28, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
To avoid further conflict with the user who entered this text into Wikiversity, I am opening a RFD request.

I am not sure about how to proceed, although I am inclined to move it out of mainspace = quasi-delete. I am looking forward to get input from others, especially curators and custodians. Some considerations:

1) There is perhaps no more appearance/suspicion of copyright violation, now that the ResearchGate (RG) article (of which this is a copy, perhaps an incomplete copy?) carries a license.

2) The article is not a complete replica from RG: at a minimum, it lacks images. The inserter could have continued editing the page in his user space before he uploads images, that is, before he finalizes the page for consumption, but that did not happen. I did not check whether the text is an exact one-to-one match; the article does not indicate anything in that regard.

3) The principle implied seems to be this: users should feel free to duplicate non-peer-reviewed articles from RG in English Wikiversity, perhaps to increase the Google search and LLM yield. I find this problematic, in part for the duplication. I would say: choose a venue and publish it there. If RG is not good enough for you as a publishing venue, choose Wikiversity instead, but not both?

4) There are some features that appear unduly promotional. There is a link to a dot com home page of the inserter of the article. I dot not know how we handle or should handle this, whether prohibit such a link, etc. This is perhaps not so much a call to quasi-deletion but a call to make it less promotional.

5) I cannot determine the value of such an article. It seems to be a pseudo-article describing someone's browser extension. Can someone do a better analysis?

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:48, 8 October 2025 (UTC)

:2) Images for Wikicommons are being created, it will take a lot of time. and the text is not an exact one-to-one match
:3) I also mentioned that It was being created so that it is more accessible from mobile phone, which is not possible in RG or in Zenodo
:Let me clarify the purpose of uploading it to different platforms
:Zenodo - registration and to link DOI
:RG - Self Archiving 
:Wikiversity - Accessible by anyone from any device. LLMs may get trained on Wikiversity data or use these data for indexing 
:5) The paper is a result of a research project which involved a browser extension which was built to test the theory.  [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 01:34, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I find the practice here of publishing non-identical but similar text (&quot;the text is not an exact one-to-one match&quot;) with almost the same title to be problematic. I cannot imagine this is a recommended practice in academic publishing. At a minimum, somewhere near the top, the page should say something like the following: &quot;This text is based on article ___ published at ___ but is not identical. The author of the differences/changes is ___.&quot; Everything else leads to an undesirable confusion. In academic publishing, the title of an article serves as key part of identification of the artifact.
:: As I said before, I seen nothing particularly academic article-like about the page except for external/superficial signs. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:30, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::That Article has been published under CC BY SA 4.0
:::And I am one of the author of the article. That gives me right to modify text and publish it under a similar name. However, I will add the disclaimer text that you have suggested. I hope that helps.  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 06:07, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::: It may give you that right from the ''copyright'' perspective, but perhaps not from ''academic publishing integrity'' perspective. Unfortunately, I do not have any guideline handy; I am merely following my common (or not so common) sense. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:32, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I would like to ask: was this article guided by someone from an academic institution, such as a university? Is it reviewed at least in some weak sense? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:39, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::Yes, This article has been reviewed by two academic professors, their names are also listed as co authors.
:::First, a project guide would help us with selecting a topic and with the document 
:::Second, an Internal examiner would go through our experiment and approve it
:::Finally, External Examiner would examine the documentation and verify it. 
:::We were required by these professors to put their name under contributions [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 05:48, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: Let me explicate the promotional potential of such a page a bit: one can go to the page of the article in Wikiversity --&gt; https://tomjoejames.com/ --&gt; HitMyTarget (a commercial, profit-making entity?) Why would the link be to a commercial web site rather than an academic page, or perhaps a LinkedIn account, which I think the person has? There could also be no link at all; a search for the name would turn out something in Google as well. But providing a direct link would drive users/viewers toward that website much stronger since otherwise the viewer of the page would have to open a new Google search window or the like. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:45, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::It is evident that the website is not even close to being complete. 
:::I will be creating a separate page under the same domain name specifically for people to contact me.
:::The url would probably be defined as tomjoejames.com/contact-me/
:::I haven't decided yet. But that is my personal website.
:::If the community requires me to remove it, I will. But personally I think people who are from here most likely to click the link to know more about me or to contact me. Either way I think my personal website serves the purpose. 
:::As for the HitMyTarget, it can be traced from any of my links. From my research gate profile, linkedin page or even my own userpage.
:::On the article I did not add any promotional content about myself, I hyperlinked only my own name. I do not know how that is promotional. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 06:04, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:::: I am pausing any further responses from me to see whether anyone else has any input. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:30, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:What does it mean &quot;There is perhaps no more appearance/suspicion of copyright violation&quot;? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:57, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:I have accepted VRT permission per [[ticket:2025100410001149]] FYI. [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Matrix|contribs]]) 11:00, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you Matrix [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 12:43, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
:I would '''delete''' it. 1) it states its a learning resource. It could not be a learning resource as not rewieved original research. 2) It is not an ongoing research, nor the research was performed on Wikiversity - wv is not a preprint or article database. Maybe it could be moved elsewhere withn Wikimedia domain, but I dont know where. So I would delete it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:56, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::I would '''keep it.''' Like Dan had pointed out,  we do have article-like pages in Wikiversity, and this is not just a random pseudo science article but an article that is a report of an final year project, it has been reviewed by 3 professors whose name has been mentioned at the very beginning.   [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 14:50, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:::I think it is not good to rate pages by appearance. It can be done on other Wikimedia projects, but it cannot be done on Wikiversity, because Wikiversity does not create a static format for presenting information, but is focused on the goal and process. Unfortunately, the goal and process do not have a uniform format. While a target article on Wikipedia or an entry on Wiktionary have some standard target format, Wikiversity does not. That is why I personally rate pages according to the goals and their assessment. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:05, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

Further reading for this nomination: [[S: Wikisource:Proposed_deletions/Archives/2025#Index:Cookie_Encryption.pdf]]; EncycloPetey handled the matter. Let me quote his wisdom on Zenodo (which I lack): &quot;This is tied to a PDF on Commons that was uploaded as &quot;own work&quot; with a CC license and a doi link to Zenodo, with no indication of where this paper was published or if it was published. Zenodo is not a publisher; it is a site for storing research and sharing papers. If Zenodo is the only place this was &quot;published&quot; then it was effectively self-published. --EncycloPetey (talk) 16:14, 15 September 2025 (UTC)&quot;

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:55, 9 October 2025 (UTC)

:Can you clarify what point are you trying to state? Didn't I already state that the article is published by me? 
:I first created the article in wikisource which I thought would be the perfect place, unfortunately they do not allow self published articles that are not notable. Then I discovered Wikiversity where they allow self published articles. That is why I created the article here. 
:Unlike in wikisource, I did follow guidelines.
:Ever since you deleted the first article, I spent time reading Wikiversity guidelines and I do think that I am following it perfectly.
:I would like to get your suggestions on how should I improve the page,  10 points would be sufficient. 
:Because your goals or intentions are confusing me very much. At first you told me that the article is exactly the same as the preprint in RG and therefore there is no use to it here. And then when I continued to optimize it for Wikiversity, you went ahead and said it is problematic according to recommended academic publishing. 
:Atleast just respond to the points that I have made whether you agree or disagree. So that I clarify and proceed to discuss points that are important and relevant 
:Have you published an research article? If yes, could you send it to me so that I can see the format you have done it [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|&amp;#126;2025-27520-79]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27520-79|talk]]) 10:45, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: I am giving a chance/time to other curators/custodians to look at the matter and respond to my inputs. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:14, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
:: Incidentally, above I counted 4 questions (or more), 1 request (or more?) and 1 command (or more?). That is a behavior of a commanding entity. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:24, 9 October 2025 (UTC)

I would '''delete it''''. It's more like an academic communication than a learning resource or research.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:32, 26 October 2025 (UTC)
:: In the above post, I do not see any valid rationale for deletion: we do have article-like pages, in Wikijournals and also e.g. in [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Stellar Stefan–Boltzmann constant]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:59, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
:::But I do, see above. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:56, 20 November 2025 (UTC)

:it is a '''student research paper''' forming part of a learning resource on web security and encryption.
:The project was conducted as part of a final-year university course and documented as a practical study on cookie encryption and it has been reviewed by three professors. However, I will be creating a sub page for the article to elaborately describe the experiment that we have conducted and the results we got.    [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 15:57, 26 October 2025 (UTC)
::And why should w host research papers? Wikiversity is not an academic Journal nor repository. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:06, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:::I do not wish to go through this same argument once again, I've already answered to this question several times in Dan's talk page, Colloquium. you can refer them. I am not hosting the research paper here, I have already hosted the pdf in the ResearchGate, I have published a text version in the wikiversity so that it may be useful for others. Unless you can show me how that article is totally useless, I would like to '''keep''' the article in the wikiversity.    [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 10:13, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::::And thats the point I am having. Wikiversity is not paper repository. The only way is to publish it via WikiJournal, but they want it for Wikipedia usually. Why wikiversity should be a duplication of ResearchGate, Academia or Zenodo?
::::What I can read on [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?]] policy is, that Wikiversity research &quot;...includes interpreting primary sources, forming ideas, or taking observations.&quot; The article doent look to fall into this. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:43, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::Well, then how come you missed the term &quot;Learning Projects&quot;? As Jtneill had pointed out, this is a legitimate learning project. And also, I do have the VRT permission to host this article on Wikiversity.  [[ticket:2025100410001149]] . besides ResearchGate is an self-archiving platform. the document version in it is not accessibly to screen readers (usually disable people use them), Translators, and also for the mobile readers. therefore I do have valid reasons to publish this article on wikiversity. 
:::::# It is a learning project, therefore according to WIkiversity Policy, It qualifies. 
:::::# I have an explicit VRT permission to host this article on Wikiversity
:::::# Versions that are published in RG, Zenodo are documents, and they are not accessible by screen readers or mobile users. Therefore it is imperative that an article version of this paper exist on here. 
:::::Therefore this article qualifies to stay here on Wikiversity.  [[User:Tomlovesfar|Tomlovesfar]] ([[User talk:Tomlovesfar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tomlovesfar|contribs]]) 11:22, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Keep'''. This is a legitimate student learning project that may be of use to others. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:51, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Ninefold Resonance Theory]] ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:31, 28 November 2025 (UTC)}}
This page is rank pseudoscience. Wikiversity seems prone to attracting cranks and charlatans to advertise their pseudoscholarship since they cannot do this kind of promotion on other Wikimedia projects. We have had this discussion before when it came to [[parapsycholoy]] and [[cold fusion]]. Seems the nosense is creeping back in. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 14:19, 1 October 2025 (UTC)

:So what would you suggest? Move to my own namespace? Because I do find it interesting to name this philosophical theory. I think it's important to pursue freedom of ideas, even if supporters of positivist, materialist philosophy disagree. My theory, which relies on idealism, but attempts to provide an explanation, from idealism, for materialistic philosophy, is meant very seriously. I do not see it as a fake, made-up theory on purpose. [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 14:37, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::I think these ideas probably do not have a place at WMF-sponsored websites. You can always set up a private blog or forum discussion. Kids these days speak highly of discord servers. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 15:25, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::What about all those other ideas and theories on Wikiversity that come from original research? Why are those allowed and a metaphysical theory not? Why is {{w|Plato}} allowed to talk about four basic elements (fire, air, water and earth), but I am not allowed to talk about nine (basic) vibrations, while my theory may even be closer to the truth than Plato's theory? I thought Wikiversity was about learning, gaining new ideas, reflecting on them, critiquing them, refining them, and thus arriving at new knowledge? Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 15:31, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::Plato is recognized as an academic subject worthy of study. Your original research is not equivalent. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:01, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[User:ජපස|ජපස]]: Can you clarify which Wikiversity policies you have consulted and thus form the basis of your nomination? (I am not yet making any substantive comment on the nomination itself.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:41, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]]. Note the principle that research here must be up to standard. This obviously is not it. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 15:55, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]] is not a policy, from what I can see. It is a page where two decisions about excluding particular fringe research were made. Which specific passage of a policy (can you quote it) would then lead to deletion of [[Ninefold Resonance Theory]]? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:57, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::It references the relevant policy and sets the precedents I outlined above. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:00, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::: Good; can you now name the relevant policy and identify the relevant passage ideally by quoting the passage or its part? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:05, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::Do you not see it on the page? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:06, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::: On the question of what the precedent cases in the domain of philosophy are: I moved to user space this article: [[User:MarsSterlingTurner/Ontology]]. That was utter and overt nonsense, and it was pretty easy to articulate what makes it nonsense (rather than merely ''claiming'' it is nonsense). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:45, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::: The precent cases of [[Parapsychology]] and [[Cold fusion]] are a tad more remote since they deal with ''pseudoscience'' rather than ''pseudophilosophy''. That makes quite a bit of a difference since, to my mind, a lot of what officially counts as philosophy ''is pseudophilosphy'', but I struggle to see that if a Hegelian pops up in the English Wikiversity, I should be able to move his Hegelian articles to user space. That is not to say that no bad philosophy can ever be moved to user space, merely that the detection is quite different from pseudoscience. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:50, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::There is pseudoscience implicitly and explicitly included in this page. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 15:56, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::: I do not see your having providing any substantiation, even a minimal one, of your claims. By contrast, I engaged with the content of the page here: [[Talk:Ninefold Resonance Theory]]. If all that is required is an unproven assessment by a Wikiversity non-contributor that a page is pseudoscience, that opens Wikiversity to a possible disruption. Your nomination is per se not likely to be a disruption, but your failure to substantiate or articulate could create a problematic precedent. But maybe I am being too pedantic or risk-averse; I don't really know. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:02, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::&quot;expressions of deeper, ninefold vibrations&quot; is absolute blatherskite masquerading as a testable claim. It is pratically a textbook pseudoscientific proclamation. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:04, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::: How is it ''pseudoscientific'' when it is put forward as a piece of ''philosophy'', not empirically testable/falsifiable science? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:07, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::Just because you sweep your claim into a different closet doesn't insulate it from being nonsense in the context of the other closet. If I just say, &quot;my idea is only philosophy, but perpetual motion still does work,&quot; the claim is still pseudoscientific. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:08, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::: From what I can tell, you have quite a couple of concepts mixed up. Giving up here for now; perhaps someone else will chime in. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:10, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::::I think I see perhaps where your motivation to be combative in this conversation is coming from and I have initiated a discussion on your user talkpage. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:12, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::I realize that my philosophy could be seen as pseudoscience. But I think, and this is philosophy, that every way of looking at the truth is also based on a philosophy. I personally think that positivist science should not claim to have a monopoly on {{w|matter}}, which I feel it does. If you're talking about how time would work, then it's okay. If you're talking about how God would work, then it's also okay. But if you're talking about how matter would work, then you have to be careful. It feels as if the nature and functioning of matter has been 'hijacked' by a physicalist, materialist, and perhaps even atheistic philosophy. It is true that all elementary particles have been discovered by microcopes, but why should you not be allowed to philosophize about what these particles are and where they come from? Furthermore, I believe that every philosophy is a 'pseudo-philosophy', except for Socrates' philosophy, namely: &quot;The only thing I know is that I know nothing.&quot; We can come up with all kinds of ideas about how the universe works, but we will never fully understand it. But we can try to develop a theory that is as close to the truth as possible. God will not enable man to become God himself. But again, that's my philosophy. [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 16:01, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::That this is passing for &quot;education&quot; is a problem. In the past, I had suggested that Wikiversity ought to be shut down because it didn't have the immune system to deal with pseudoscholarship. I thought there was some positive efforts in that regard, but it appears pseudoscholarship of this sort has crept back in. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:06, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::Do you mean that people should only receive education according to the positivist paradigm of the 21st century? I always say: don't teach people ''what'' to think, but ''how'' to think. By the way, I found the message of ''{{w|The Structure of Scientific Revolutions}}'' very interesting. I believe that science is not a fluid development (i.e., one thing follows another in the form of an addition), but rather a step-by-step change (i.e., an old paradigm gives way to a new paradigm). It could well be that a groundbreaking development will suddenly cause us to view the universe in a completely different way and regard all other ideas as pseudoscience! [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 16:39, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::I mean people should receive education that is up to the highest standards. The page I nominated for deletion is not up to those standards as it contains blatant misrepresentations, falsehoods, pseudoscience, and parochial ideas that have never been properly vetted by scholars. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:47, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::Could you explain exactly what makes it pseudoscience? Which of the things I speculate and philosophize about do you think are truly impossible? [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 17:15, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::Your first mention of &quot;vibrations&quot; is classic pseudophysics. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:00, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::::By &quot;vibrations&quot;, I mean a kind of oscillation from a higher-dimensional sphere that we cannot observe or measure. I don't know how else to put it or formulate it. [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 19:12, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::You are free to formulate it any way you want.... but what you are writing right now is classic pseudophysics... especially when it comes to the stuff you cannot observe or measure. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:28, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::::::::::::Why does it seem like such a strange idea that not everything can be observed or measured? Is it possible to observe or measure love? But love is just as real as a table or a chair, isn't it? They are all experiences. Or do you see it differently? [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 19:41, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Please go sealion elsewhere. The point that this resource is pseudoscience has been made clearly and asking questions in response does not address the problem at all. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 12:04, 3 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::::: 1) I don't think the above conversation is productive. It is perhaps good that it ended. 2) Throwing the word &quot;sealion&quot; around like that is perhaps not a good idea. 3) From what I understand, string theory is currently not empirically testable/falsifiable (hence the label Popperazzi for some of its opponents), so the matter is perhaps not as simple as stating that science only deals with observable/measurable entities. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:06, 3 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::String theory does have observable consequences that's the entire reason it exists. On the other hand, this &quot;Ninefold Resonance Theory&quot; is total bollocks. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 13:46, 3 October 2025 (UTC)
:::::I would chip in over ONE sentence: &quot;God will not enable man to become God himself.&quot; 
:::::Just how can you know that? I have heard many people say words like this. Mainly from both sides of  countries at war. Where both armies where blessed. I have no opinion whatsoever about this article, but i strongly oppose to these words put down as a fact. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 21:05, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: Disclaimer: I am ''not'' saying this should stay in mainspace; moving to user space is quite possibly the appropriate action. What I now have to calmly deliberate on (there is no hurry; and there are other editors around) is whether the arguments I presented at [[Talk:Ninefold Resonance Theory]] suffice for my official support for moving the page to user space as too bad a philosophy. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:45, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
::Perhaps it would be a good idea to create a template called {{tl|Original philosophy}}, alongside {{tl|Original research}}? That new template could state that the article concerns a new philosophy and that it may be viewed as pseudo-philosophy by some people who do not support this philosophy? Then it can remain in the main namespace, but it will be clear that it is a philosophy that is not necessarily based on truth (just like all other philosophies, anyway). [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 17:26, 1 October 2025 (UTC)
:::Trying to pretend that there is a &quot;on the one hand/on the other hand&quot; approach to this is very disingenuous. You have received ''absolutely no notice of this idea'' from anyone of any academic stature. What you are arguing for is basically making Wikiversity a safe haven for &quot;teaching&quot; &quot;stuff I thought up one day&quot;. That can't ''possibly'' be what this website is for. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 17:30, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:What about to tag it as pseudoscience and keep it. Wikiversity is a free lerning environment and if someone want to learn here how to meditate, why not. What I would propose here to use or create a template for it, which would indicate its a pseudoscience or its an Original research. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:55, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
::Are you serious? Pseudoscience promotion would be an automatic disqualification in a university class. Academic freedom and tenure do not save you from educational malpractice which is what you seem to be advocating that we keep. What if someone wanted to learn why the Earth was flat or how to channel aliens from Arcturus? You think that this is a legitimate usecase of this website? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 17:14, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:ජපස|ජපස]] If you could prove any of those points that would make it legit. But, as it comes to religion, who is able to proof what? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 17:50, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
::::&lt;s&gt;What are you talking about?&lt;/s&gt; This is not WikiReligiousIndoctrination. It's Wikiversity. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:09, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Note that I cannot tell whether you are asking ''me'' to prove these ideas or whether you are pointing out the impossibility of proving such things therefore, I guess(?), agreeing with my premise that we should only be working with vetted material in the context of the &quot;-versity&quot; suffix. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 19:12, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::I agree [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 19:25, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Wikiversity is not an advertising platform, nor an institution. Comparing Wikiversity to academia is not correct. Why do we have articles such as [[W:Geopathology|Geopathology]] or [[W:Ley line|Ley line]] on the English Wikipedia? Isn't it promoting these concepts? Does academia recognize them?
:::We do not understand Wikimedia projects as promotional or academic spaces, but as spaces of free access to information. In the case of Wikipedia, it is all the information that has been published, even the so-called pseudoscientific ones that science denies. It could be similar on Wikiversity. On Wikiversity, which declares itself to be open in terms of how we learn and educate. I understand that it must have its limits, because a normal free society of the Western type also has certain things prohibited for various reasons.
:::On Wikipedia, for articles that are not recognized by science, it is simply written that science does not recognize them and that they are, for example, subjects from the esoteric world. Here on Wikiversity, it could be done the same. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:52, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: Move to user space because there is no evidence of citation, academic research, or educational objective. This is a personal philosophy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:45, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] Does your proposal mean that Wikiversity is open to its own POVs, and divides sources into namespaces according to where the claim comes from? That is, if it is existing recognized knowledge (even the author doesnt know it), then it can be in the main NS, if it is own POV, then it is moved to the personal NS? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:59, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Juandev}} Evidence-based POVs seem reasonable. Or creative work could be fine. But if its presented as science/fact etc. then I think it should be verifiable. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:16, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
I have just moved all my articles with personal views and philosophies to my user space. Could this request be processed? Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 02:45, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:31, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Please restore my templates ==
{{archive top|Unused templates can be created in user space}}
The 61 templates linked below were deleted by {{u|Koavf}}, because they were not used as templates.&lt;br&gt;
I sometimes create content as a template, but then I just link to it (treating it like as short article, that also ''could'' be included, if necessary).
* Tiara pair .../wave: [[Template:Tiara pair Ruby/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Slate/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Onyx/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Opal/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair NonOpal/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair NonRuby/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Jade/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Garnet/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Diamond/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Clay/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Flint/wave|◼]][[Template:Tiara pair Amethyst/wave|◼]]&lt;br&gt;
* Studies of Euler diagrams/... NP table: [[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/verona NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/totoro NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/veneto NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tatami NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tamino NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/subaru NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tabita NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/sakura NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/salomo NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/selene NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/romana NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/sabina NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/ruteve NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/pisano NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/rafisa NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/patina NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/petula NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/pesano NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/padita NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/panama NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nigiri NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nitako NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nisuke NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/neralo NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/nagini NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/naruto NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/mariko NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/milano NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/modena NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/levana NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/lugape NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/kukobo NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/legato NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/kisago NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/karola NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/ketibi NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/kimuri NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/fetugi NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/garuda NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/gepofu NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/fatima NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dotami NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dotore NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/domino NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dosori NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dobare NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/bamako NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/burito NP table|◼]][[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/dakota NP table|◼]]&lt;br&gt;
I was not aware, that unused templates can be deleted without any notice. I think nothing (except obvious spam and vandalism) should be deleted without warning and time to respond. [[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 14:57, 7 October 2025 (UTC)

:Unused templates are sometimes deleted as routine general housekeeping. If a template is actually in use, of course it shouldn't be deleted without some more consideration. As an aside, I have no clue how/why you are linking the templates the way you are. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:03, 7 October 2025 (UTC)
:If you have material that is not going to be used in the main namespace anytime soon, you should probably make it in your own userspace, at places like [[User:Watchduck/foo]]. Making templates that you have no particular intention on having in any article is not best practice. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:12, 7 October 2025 (UTC)

::{{reply|Koavf}} On [[Studies of Euler diagrams/clans|this page]] you can see such links (&quot;See table&quot;).
::On your talk page you asked: &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: lightgray; {{Text color default}};&quot;&gt;[...] but one of them is [[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tamino NP table]], which is just unused. Why do these need to be here?&lt;/span&gt;
::Why do you care? Just because they are in the template namespace? I need these tables, and at some point I will want to include some of them somewhere.
::To me this is like images on Commons. They can serve a purpose, even if they are not used in articles.
::Anyway, thanks for restoring. Probably I will just have to create overview pages for templates (currently) not used as templates. (May be nice to have anyway.) --[[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 15:37, 7 October 2025 (UTC)
:::&quot;Why do you care? Just because they are in the template namespace? I need these tables, and at some point I will want to include some of them somewhere.&quot;
:::Yes, exactly. Just make [[User:Watchduck/Template:foo]] and then move it to Template:foo once it's needed in the main namespace. This is why there are different namespaces. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:45, 7 October 2025 (UTC)
::: I agree with Koavf/Justin above: if you do not need the template yet, why not place it to your user space? User space seems extremely unregulated, from what I have seen; you can do a wide variety of things there, bar copyright violation, inciting violence, etc. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:24, 8 October 2025 (UTC)
::::That would be one way. Another way is to just use the templates on a page (which may be in user space). --[[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:25, 8 October 2025 (UTC)
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== [[U3254978]] ==
{{archive top|This could've easily been '''speedy deleted'''. Use the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{delete}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; template next time. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:46, 18 November 2025 (UTC)}}
Only one letter and nonsense. This page has no meaningful content, nor a meaningful page, thus '''delete''' as nonsense page.

The page at [[U3254978]] has only one letter? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29645-98|&amp;#126;2025-29645-98]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-29645-98|talk]]) 20:16, 21 October 2025 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:43, 25 October 2025 (UTC)
::This page was already speedily deleted because it contains only one letter. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29978-26|&amp;#126;2025-29978-26]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-29978-26|talk]]) 02:51, 25 October 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Science talks]] ==
{{archive top|'''Done''' as author request. No reason for this discussion to be opened any longer. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:40, 18 November 2025 (UTC)}}
This is useless (learning outcomes are scarce) and has been so since 2007 (author: [[User:Juandev]]). '''Move to user space''' (or delete if the author prefers so). I would use proposed deletion but since I expect resistance, I go for RFD. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:13, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

The page serves no purpose, it probably won't develop, so I would delete it.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:03, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

:{{done}} as author request. No reason for this discussion to be opened any longer. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:39, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Wikiversity:Ignore all rules]] ==
{{archive top|{{not done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:19, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
I propose to delete this since the exhortation &quot;ignore all rules&quot; is nonsense. People who ignore all rules, even if they do so in good faith that they are improving the project, usually get into trouble. It is fundamentally dishonest/Orwellian to first encourage people to ignore all rules and then punish them for doing so. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:30, 26 March 2025 (UTC)

:It's a rejected proposal. Why do we need to delete it? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:12, 26 March 2025 (UTC)
:: Since although it was rejected as a policy at [[Wikiversity talk:Ignore all rules]] in 2006, I saw some discussion somewhere (in some Wikipedia?) that it should not be a policy but nonetheless be somehow important. On the linked talk page, one comment says: &quot;One of the most important pages, but wasn't designed to be policy (it's neither policy nor guideline on Wikipedia, but it's listed as an important page).&quot; A page that is deleted is a page that one cannot use/refer to as a quasi-policy, as happens e.g. to [[Wikipedia: WP:BLUDGEON]]. I support keeping the talk page, especially as track record of the past vote. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 18:27, 26 March 2025 (UTC)
:::{{vote delete}} [[User:Fourmidable|Fourmidable]] ([[User talk:Fourmidable|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fourmidable|contribs]]) 15:14, 20 May 2025 (UTC)
: I boldly went ahead and '''moved the page''' to [[User:JWSchmidt/Wikiversity:Ignore all rules]], although what we have here is more of a proto-consensus that a real consensus given the low participation. It is more of an unopposed proposal than a properly supported proposal. Let us see whether opposition to this manner of closure develops. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:09, 29 July 2025 (UTC)
:: I've moved this rejected policy back to the Wikiversity name space where all other rejected policies are located. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 22:58, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:'''Keep in ns Wikiversity.''' We keep all rejected proposals, so lets keep also this one. Doesnt matter if we see a sence on it. One my think its nonsense, the other may think its otherwise. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:33, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== What to do with remaining Marshall Sumter pages ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:12, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
I created [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#What to do with remaining Marshall Sumter pages]] in Colloquium, especially since its concerns fairly many pages. But since it deals with quasi-deletion (by moving to user space), I am also posting a notification here (for case that someone is only monitoring requests for deletion, as unlikely as it seems). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:36, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
: I soft-redirected half of the dozen or so remaining main space pages created by Marshallsumter to Wikipedia and the other half seem suitable for main space. So, I think this is resolved. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:01, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Modern Chinese Proverbs and Sayings by Hé Xiǎojū / Kenny Ho]] ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:08, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
(I go to RfD instead of ''proposed deletion'' since I expect opposition.)

Too little to learn from here, IMHO. The page mainly links to pages outside of Wikiversity written by the creater of the Wikiversity page. I find the title misleading as well; the page contains Chinese phrases coined by the page author and these cannot be properly called ''proverbs'' until the language users at large recognizes them as such. The material seems to fail to go beyond what would be a self-promotion (caveat: most content can be interpreted as self-promotion; one has to differentiate).

Moving to user space instead of outright deletion is fine by me. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:13, 1 August 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you for the feedback and the opportunity to clarify.
:My intention with Modern Chinese Proverbs and Sayings by Hé Xiǎojū / Kenny Ho is not self-promotion but to document a long-term cultural and linguistic project in creating modern proverbs, so that they may be studied, critiqued, and preserved in a structured way. Wikiversity’s scope of allowing original research and educational resources seemed appropriate, as the project can serve as a reference point for language learners, cultural studies, and comparative literature.
:That said, I understand the concerns expressed. In the interest of avoiding conflict and respecting the community’s guidelines, I am comfortable with the page being moved into user space rather than being deleted outright. This way, the material remains available for anyone who wishes to study it, while addressing the concern of it not yet fitting mainspace standards.
:If the page is moved, I would be grateful if you could kindly point me to the new user-space link, so I may continue maintaining it properly.
:Thank you for your consideration.
:Ho Siew Khui [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 03:41, 19 September 2025 (UTC)
::Explained this way, I would keep the page and I would kindly ask @[[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] if they can add some [[Help:Project boxes|Project boxes]] to indicate other users how to deal with the content. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:44, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:::Thank you, Juandev, for the kind suggestion. I’ll go ahead and add the project boxes as you proposed. Much appreciated. [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 04:18, 17 October 2025 (UTC)
::::I’ve now implemented the project boxes as Juandev suggested. Thank you again for the helpful pointer.
::::I also appreciate the ongoing guidance from the community as I continue learning the ropes here. [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 04:46, 17 October 2025 (UTC)
----
@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]], [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]], [[User:Juandev|Juandev]]: I`m sorry I don`t know whether the request was closed or not. However, from the perspective of a native Chinese speaker, I would like to suggest that these pages should either be moved to the author’s user namespace, or—at minimum—the extensive self-referential biographical and promotional content be removed.

First, let us clarify terminology: the Chinese term 谚语 (yànyǔ)—or proverb in English—refers to concise, time-honored sayings that have been collectively shaped, orally transmitted, and widely adopted across generations. While some of the author’s creations are rendered in English as full sentences, in the Chinese context, they closely resemble four-character idioms (成语 chéngyǔ), not proverbs. Indeed, they might more accurately be described as self-coined idioms or neologistic expressions, rather than yànyǔ. The current title, therefore, is somewhat misleading.

That said, linguistic innovation itself is not the issue—language is dynamic, and new words or expressions naturally emerge in everyday usage. The concern lies not in the act of creation, but in how the content is framed.

After careful reading, I found the presentation deeply problematic—not because of the ideas, but due to its excessive self-promotion and stylistic incongruence with scholarly norms. For instance:

*The text reads more like AI-generated promotional copy ([[%3D_A_Brilliant_Strategy_That_Solves_a_Difficult_Problem_(📜_解难妙计_jiě_nàn_miào_jì)_%3D|e.g.]] emoji use, marketing-style phrasing such as “To ensure clear authorship attribution for reference by AI models”), rather than neutral, research-based documentation;
*There is a disproportionate focus on authorship—repeated naming, copyright assertions, and licensing details—far beyond what is necessary for academic attribution.

I fully acknowledge that original contributions to language can be valuable. But research should center on the phenomenon, not the person. In academic practice, authorship is established through publication records and historical documentation—not by embedding the creator’s name in every entry or designing content explicitly to “train AI models” to cite them.

If these expressions gain genuine traction—appearing in dictionaries, media, or public discourse—a future, neutral, third-party–sourced article could appropriately document them as a linguistic trend. Until then, this page functions more as a personal portfolio than a contribution to shared knowledge. [[User:ChasingAir|ChasingAir]] ([[User talk:ChasingAir|留言]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChasingAir|贡献]]) 11:19, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
: This is a well-thought-out, well-formulated and compelling presentation, if I may say so!
: To highlight one of the points: in [[Old shadows disturb the heart]], it say &quot;About the Author:&lt;br/&gt;Ho Siew Khui 何小驹 (Hé Xiǎojū) is a writer and creator of modern phrases, with a passion for the beauty, nuance, and elegance of Chinese language, culture, and tradition. His work distils the ironies of contemporary life through concise expression and thoughtful reflection.&quot; I find it self-promotional and inappropriate. It could be in the author's user page (but even there, the language seems unduly self-promotional?), but not in the created pages. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:27, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Thank you, Dan, and to all who have contributed to this discussion.
::: I appreciate the time and thought given to reviewing my contributions. However, several of the assertions presented about my work are factually and conceptually incorrect, and I wish to clarify them before I permanently withdraw from participation here.
::: 
::: '''1. Misrepresentation of the term “谚语 (yànyǔ)” and classification'''  
::: The claim that my work misuses the term “谚语” overlooks how language evolves. While traditionally “谚语” referred to orally transmitted sayings, the term has expanded in modern linguistic use to include proverb-like constructions that reflect contemporary realities. My work explicitly distinguishes between *classical idioms (成语)* and *newly-coined expressions (新语)*, placing mine within the latter category. The label “modern proverbs” is therefore accurate and not misleading.
::: 
::: '''2. Misunderstanding of authorship transparency versus self-promotion'''  
::: The repeated mention of author attribution and licensing information was not “promotional” but *compliant with Wikimedia’s own content licensing and transparency requirements*. Each proverb was released under a CC-BY-4.0 licence to ensure open reuse with clear provenance. Calling this “self-promotion” confuses transparency with vanity. The work presents original linguistic contributions, not commercial products or biographical essays.
::: 
::: '''3. Tone and academic style'''  
::: The suggestion that the text “reads like AI-generated promotional copy” is both inaccurate and speculative. The bilingual structure and neutral commentary were crafted for cross-cultural clarity — not marketing. Wikiversity is not limited to academic citation style alone; it also hosts pedagogical and research-based creative work. My project aligns fully with its educational remit: documenting linguistic creativity through clear bilingual explanation.
::: 
::: '''4. Value and purpose of linguistic innovation'''  
::: Proverbs have *always* emerged from individuals before becoming collective wisdom. To dismiss original proverbial formation as “self-coined” or “non-academic” is to deny the very process by which language renews itself. Every idiom in history began as one person’s expression. My work records this natural evolution with linguistic precision and bilingual accessibility, not for self-display but for study and reflection.
::: 
::: '''5. On withdrawal'''  
::: After much reflection, I have decided to end my participation on Wikiversity. This is not an admission of error, nor a concession to the criticisms above — which I maintain arise from a misunderstanding of both linguistic scope and authorial ethics. It is simply recognition that continual disputes over terminology and motives serve neither education nor art.
::: 
::: I leave the community free to delete my contributions if it so chooses. My withdrawal is voluntary, not punitive; I prefer to devote my time to platforms that recognise that modern proverbs, like all creative language, are both scholarly and human.
::: 
::: Thank you to those who engaged in good faith. I trust this closes the matter.  
::: —[[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 06:08, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
:::: As long as user space is non-indexed by Google, I think it preferable to move the material to your user space rather than delete it. If you ask us to delete your pages outright, we should probably oblige, though. Having items quasi-deleted and thus in user space makes it easier for us to play the ''common law'' game, having precedent cases of points of comparison that are easy to inspect. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:26, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
I think this page and its sub-pages should be moved out of main space and into user space because:
* This is an archive of personal, creative writing rather than a topic with educational or research goals
* The content is predominantly non-English
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:18, 21 November 2025 (UTC)

:Dear Jtneill,
:Thank you for reviewing the page and for sharing your thoughts.
:I appreciate the suggestion to move the material into User Space. However I prefer that all of my contributions related to this project be fully deleted rather than moved.
:I am no longer continuing this line of work on Wikiversity and a clean removal would help avoid any future misunderstandings about scope or intention. I have already migrated the material to external platforms that are more suitable for this type of content.
:Therefore may I kindly request that the page and its sub-pages be deleted in full.
:Thank you again for your time and consideration.
:Warm regards  
:Ho Siew Khui [[User:KennyHoProverbs|KennyHoProverbs]] ([[User talk:KennyHoProverbs|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/KennyHoProverbs|contribs]]) 10:04, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::{{ping|KennyHoProverbs}} Thanks for letting us know. The main space pages and redirects you created have been deleted. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:08, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
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==[[Cosmic Influx Theory]]==
{{archive top|'''Moved to userspace''' where the page will no longer be indexed on Google nor will it be regarded as acceptable for Wikiversity mainspace. Rationale is that the &quot;theory&quot; is mainly supported via ChatGPT prompts and the author's own findings, and many of the claims are not supported by mainstream physics. Additionally, redirects have been deleted. Since this page serves no educational purpose, there is no reason for redirects to take place of the original content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:07, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
More pseudoscience masquerading as &quot;original research&quot;. This is ''embarrassing''. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 13:45, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
: This is quite possible but unless you provide at least a modicum of substantiation, I do not see how this can get deleted or rather moved to user space. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:36, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
::I'm curious as to how pseudoscience meets [[Wikiversity:Learning|Wikiversity's learning objectives]]. What is the learning objective in someone's own ideas which are not scientifically credible? For example, &quot;CIT introduces the concept of a ''universal energy influx'', hypothesized as a stream of neutrino-like particles interacting with atomic nuclei, driving incremental mass increases in alignment with the Lorentz Transformation of Mass-Energy&quot; - is this something that can be scientifically supported? (though admittedly I'm not well-versed in physics).
::I would propose moving this to userspace as opposed to deletion, but I agree with the original proposer that having content like this hurts our image rather than bolsters it. Perhaps we may need to create a guideline regarding pseudoscience vs. original research and what is allowed in the mainspace. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:46, 12 November 2025 (UTC)
:::There was such a thing. [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]]. It looks like y'all lost institutional memory about the last time pseudoscientists infiltrated this wiki. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:38, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Assuming that I have &quot;forgotten&quot; about a discussion that I never participated in nor was even remotely related to is an erroneous assumption. Despite the inappropriate comment, I have added it to my watchlist for future reviewing. My stance is that the page in queston should be removed from the mainspace, but I will allow discourse to take place (including Ruud's defense of the page) before a final decision is set. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:46, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::My apologies: I intended on making no judgement ''against'' you ''personally'' in spite of the implied collective second person. The lack of institutional knowledge about what came before about this is my ''general'' complaint with what is going on here. I wish you nothing but the best in reviving a commitment for Wikiversity to not promote pseudoscience. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 16:03, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
::What are you talking about &quot;modicum of substantiation&quot;? Do you think this is not pseudoscience? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:31, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Response from Ruud Loeffen (author of the resource)'''
This page is clearly identified as original research and is presented as a learning resource, not as established science. Its purpose is to document the development of a theoretical framework in a transparent way, allowing readers to study, critique, and evaluate its reasoning. '''Chapter 8 provides extensive references''' to the scientific literature and external sources used throughout the work, ensuring traceability and openness.

The resource has been publicly accessible for many months and has been viewed by '''many researchers and interested readers'''. During this period, '''no formal objections or disputes''' have been raised about its presence or purpose. This suggests that the page has not caused disruption and has served as a stable educational resource.

Wikiversity’s research guidelines explicitly support original research when it serves clear educational goals. This resource meets that expectation by enabling inquiry, comparison, and critical examination.

For these reasons, I respectfully request that the page be '''kept in mainspace''' as an example of documented, transparent original research intended for learning.
[[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 01:03, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

:I am sorry, but this entire &quot;original research&quot; is nothing but utter nonsense. It belongs in your own private blog, not hosted at this website. It is so ridiculous as to be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_even_wrong ''not even wrong'']. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:34, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
:There is no &quot;educational goal&quot; to be found in this any more than there would be an educational goal if someone had written a treatise about their fantasies or superstitions. What are we doing here? [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:35, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Move''' to user space. Highly speculative theory. Based on a single author's perspective. Relies on self-citation. Not based on evidence. Lacks [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiability]] and research. No peer-review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:26, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you for your comment, Jtneill. I appreciate your clear explanation of the concerns about original research in mainspace. I understand the points you raise, and I am following the discussion carefully. At this stage, I am awaiting the community’s consensus and will respect whichever outcome is considered most appropriate.
:My main goal is simply to preserve the material in an accessible and educational form, whether in mainspace or another suitable location. If changes become necessary, I am fully willing to cooperate and help ensure continuity for readers.
:Thank you for contributing to the discussion. [[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 05:31, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
:Thank you for your comment. I understand the concern about speculative work and the preference to host such materials in user space.
:If the consensus is to move the Cosmic Influx Theory pages to my userspace, I have no objection. In that case '''redirects would be useful so that existing external references continue to lead readers to the correct pages.'''
:The Cosmic Influx Theory has been referenced in articles, videos, and academic discussion threads, so preserving link continuity would help avoid reader confusion.
:For context, the CIT chapters on Wikiversity have accumulated over '''20,510 page views''' in total. The material is also referenced externally in several public posts, articles, and the ''Influx Song'' video (which has received more than 100,150 views), where readers follow links back to Wikiversity for educational comparison.
:I appreciate the time and consideration of the community.
:— '''Ruud Loeffen'''&lt;nowiki&gt; ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 08:40, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
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==[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories]]==
{{archive top|'''Moved to userspace''', pseudoscience; see rationale below. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:11, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
{{Collapse box|1=Sub-pages|2=
{{Special:Prefixindex/AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories}}
}}
Related to the above, but worse. What are y'all doing here? You are hosting absolute nonsense that is basically frontloading a chatbot's hallucinations about cosmology. This is the kind of thing that would get most people ''kicked out'' of a university for promoting. [[User:ජපස|ජපස]] ([[User talk:ජපස|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ජපස|contribs]]) 01:43, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

:+ [[Unified Field Continuity]]. A final decision will be made in a week or two's time if no objections are placed since these articles violate Wikiversity policies regarding [[WV:Original research|original research]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:42, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
:: Which parts of the policies do they violate? (I am not saying this material should be kept.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:36, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I made a proposal [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#General ban on direct use of GenAI output with exceptions]] that has not yet gained sufficient support. However, that proposal would not lead to removal of this set of pages since it acknowledges that it is &quot;AI-Assisted&quot;. There are many other GenAI-produced pages in the mainspace that have been left unchallenged for months or years now. A recent example is [[Deductive Logic/Categorical Sentence Schemata/Example Modus Bocardo (OAO-3) syllogisms]], generated by GenAI per introductory foot note; this one would be deleted/moved to user space per my proposal since GenAI does not seem to be part of the topic being examined. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:42, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I propose you usually file separate RFDs for items: it greatly simplifies analysis and comment. Anyway, [[Unified Field Continuity]] would be quasi-deleted (moved to user space) per my proposal [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#General ban on direct use of GenAI output with exceptions]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:54, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Same reasoning as above. Pseudoscience that does not meet the [[WV:original research|original research]] guidelines and provides no educational/research benefit to the readers. There's no tag indicating it as original research, it is masquerading itself as established science, and fails to adhere to research ethics. It should be moved to userspace, and only deleted (imo) if it crosses the line to promotional/offensive. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:40, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:It would be an interesting theoretical research, but I am afraid that it is poorly conceived. Today it is known that AI hallucinates a lot, so it is not certain that the studies sought actually exist. This means that the hypotheses and theories created from these studies may be literally useless.
:I could imagine some format for developing new theories and hypotheses through LLM (ChatGPT 5 is good at hypothesizing), but the main part of the work, i.e. adding known things or verifying the correctness of the robotic reasoning, would have to be done by a human. Moreover, it would probably be conceived differently, with different goals and a clear indication of what it is about.
:So I am not surprised that my colleagues do not trust such a project and would like to delete it. This leads me to the thought that if the community decided to allow AI, it would perhaps be useful to create a namespace for it that would serve as a quarantine - i.e. so that texts and ideas created by AI do not mix with those created by humans.
:So I would keep these pages, provided that they are revised to ensure a minimum of hallucinated sources (i.e. completely non-existent sources, or poorly named and explained). [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:42, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you, Juandev, for your constructive and well-reasoned feedback. I fully agree that any AI-assisted work must avoid hallucinated sources, and I appreciate your emphasis on that point. In developing the AI-Assisted Evaluation pages, I took deliberate steps to ensure accuracy: every theory included in the evaluation list is a real proposal created by a real author. Each entry is based on reading the author’s own publications, and in many cases supported through direct email correspondence with the researcher to verify correctness and intent.
::The goal of the project is not to generate new theories through AI, but to explore whether a transparent and structured evaluation framework can help compare existing, real cosmological proposals in an educational context. I am fully willing to revise any sections that may require clearer sourcing or additional citations.
::If the community prefers an AI-designated namespace or another structural solution, I would also welcome that, as long as it maintains accessibility for readers who wish to explore or compare alternative theories.
::Thank you again for helping to guide the discussion in a constructive direction.
::[[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 05:08, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
:  '''Move''' to user page. Original research that lacks peer review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:31, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for your comment, Jtneill. I appreciate your clear explanation of the concerns about original research in mainspace. I understand the points you raise, and I am following the discussion carefully. At this stage, I am awaiting the community’s consensus and will respect whichever outcome is considered most appropriate.
::My main goal is to preserve the material in an accessible and educational form, whether in mainspace or another suitable location. If changes become necessary, I am fully willing to cooperate and help ensure continuity for readers.
::Thank you for contributing to the discussion. [[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 05:32, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;hr&gt;
[[#Unified Field Continuity]] should be discussed separately -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt;
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==[[Unified Field Continuity]]==
{{archive top|'''Moved to userspace''', pseudoscience; see rationale below. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:12, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
'''Move''' to user sub-page. Insufficient citation or peer review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:16, 22 November 2025 (UTC) 

:&quot;Same reasoning as above. Pseudoscience that does not meet the original research guidelines and provides no educational/research benefit to the readers. There's no tag indicating it as original research, it is masquerading itself as established science, and fails to adhere to research ethics. It should be moved to userspace, and only deleted (imo) if it crosses the line to promotional/offensive.&quot; My comment from above for this page. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:28, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''': not marked as original research, has signs of being in part GenAI-slop, etc. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:31, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[:Category:Ideas of S. Perquin]] ==
{{archive top|{{done}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:17, 2 December 2025 (UTC)}}
These pages are more suitable for userspace/blog and not suitable for Wikiversity mainspace, as they fail to meet the objectives for learning and interactive education. For example, [[Simulacrumism]] is not something anyone can actually learn from since it's just an unscientific idea that can't be replicated. Besides, &quot;S. Perquin&quot; is not a notable figure whose philosophy can be derived and studied from. Possibly a move to userspace would work. Thoughts? Pinging the author {{ping|S. Perquin}} for consultation as well. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:57, 13 November 2025 (UTC)

:If it is not allowed to be in the main namespace (which I would find disappointing), then it can of course be moved to my own namespace! Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 18:15, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] Is it a research or educational resource? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:28, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
:::The purpose of my writings is to inspire and motivate people to come up with their own ideas and theories. My hope is that some people will read this and think: I agree/disagree with this, and I am going to expand or enrich the theory myself. This leads us to new ideas that are even better than before. And based on the theories of others, even better theories will follow. That is how knowledge is created, in my belief. Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 08:10, 21 November 2025 (UTC)

: '''Move''' to user sub-pages. Collections of personal ideas/essays belong in user space. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:24, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
I have just moved all my articles with personal views and philosophies to my user space. This category can be deleted. Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|overleg]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|bijdragen]]) 02:46, 28 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Simulation hypothesis (Planck)]] &amp; other similar pages by [[User:Platos Cave (physics)]] ==
{{archive top|'''moved to userspace''' no peer-review/pseudoscientific (see comments below) and borderline promotional content. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:17, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
It seems that a lot of these pages made by Platos Cave should be in this user's userspace and not in the mainspace:
* Firstly, the articles are not tagged with the original research template like they should be. 
* Secondly, the author potrays their research (centered around the &quot;Programmer God hypothesis&quot;) as factual, scientific literature when it is simply just the researcher's own theories that have no scientific backing, and the only backing is their own personal website.
* Thirdly, most of these &quot;articles&quot; are a way for this user to promote their website and they've recevied a warning regarding this [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Platos_Cave_(physics)#No_Solicitation by Dave in August 2019]. The reference for the &quot;Programmer God hypothesis&quot; is his own website. There are no scientific publications, afaik, that support this hypothesis.

I also understand that Wikiversity can be subjective in what it perceives as &quot;learning&quot;, so I'd rather see these pages in the user's userspace rather than being outright deleted. Additionally, a lot of other pages, such as [[Quantum gravity (Planck)]], are problematic. For example, the reference for &quot;The orbits generated by this dimensionless geometrical approach can be formulated, and despite not using Newtonian physics these formulas demonstrate consistency; for example the derived formulas for radius R, period T and (M + m) will reduce Kepler's formula to G&quot; is just a page from his own website which seems to be misleading anyhow (https://codingthecosmos.com/orbitals/maple-code-Kepler.html). 

See for reference: [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Fringe research]].

Thoughts? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:00, 15 November 2025 (UTC)

:1. where is the original research template, to this I have no objection.
:2. 
:&gt;here are no scientific publications, afaik, that support this hypothesis.
:I invite you to start here
:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/i2018-12094-x
:You may continue here (these article are built around the main article and are works in progress). I recommend in this order.
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3333513
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3334282
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3444571
:doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3703266
:3. Pls do me the courtesy of notifying me before you delete the sites so that I may copy [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 00:51, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::Hi Platos Cave, thank you for your discussion. First off, the original research template is [[template:Original research|here]], though I'm afraid your articles don't align with [[Wikiversity:Original research|our original research policies]]. Secondly, I reviewed the first article and there are a number of issues with it, the most glaring issue [to me] would be this statement in the paper: &quot;The simulation hypothesis posits a mathematical universe that is in some sense programmed, thus implying an Intelligence (the Programmer).&quot;. Again, no scientific literature has postulated a &quot;Programmer God hypothesis&quot;, which is what my main statement about a lack of publications was referring to. When I search up anything related to &quot;the Programmer&quot;, I get sources from your website and not from a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Lastly, a lot of the references in that paper are problematic, including a reference ''for your own paper'' (https://vixra.org/pdf/1102.0032v9.pdf). Criticism for the rest of the articles are as follows:
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis; Planck unit scaffolding correlates with the Cosmic Microwave Background''' - self-published, not peer reviewed; no claims to support: &quot;The Spiral of Theodorus is used as the ‘rule’ set for measuring the universe expansion&quot;; References are problematic.
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis, relativity as the mathematics of perspective in a hyper-sphere universe''' - all references are from your own works.
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis, gravitational orbits emerge from n-body rotating particle-particle orbital pairs''' - same problem as above. In addition, no claims to support: &quot;mass is not a constant property… mass is the frequency of occurrence of Planck mass units.&quot;.
::#'''A Simulation Hypothesis, Emergent Quantization from Geometric Dynamics: The Two-Photon Transition Model''' - references for the &quot;Programmer God&quot; hypothesis are once again self-references to earlier papers that are available only on your own personal website.
::Therefore, it's evident that these pages fall under fringe work and do not adhere to the scientific method. And as for your comment on #3, I am ok with moving these pages into your userspace as whatever goes on in your userspace (as long as it's obviously not defamatory or grossly problematic) is your business, but I believe these pages are unfit for Wikiversity mainspace as it is [[W:pseudoscience|psuedoscience]]. Others are welcomed to join in of course, thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:52, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
:::1. All references are mine so we can both agree that is it original research ... noone else has considered this problem might have a solution ... so it is fringe research under this definition
:::2. Your AI review of the above 4 articles mention that the references are mine (see #1) ... and that some claims are not supported ... unfortunately this defines original research ... perhaps you can query AI for mathematical errors that would render the model without merit (this would clarify whether it is psuedoscience)
:::3. The 4 listed articles are an attempt to build a framework around the peer reviewed article (see European Physics Journal link https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/i2018-12094-x). Perhaps your AI tool can review that too. Unfortunately original research sometimes takes time and all articles should eventually form 1 complete model. You can ask AI how successful I am so far from a review of ALL the 5 articles taken together.
:::4. There is the ancestor simulation but to my knowledge no category for the simulation created externally. Hence the title for it is correct by defintion (if the universe was programmed externally then the Programmer is the universe creator).
:::5. As this covers several wiki pages and these articles etc, I need a website to link everything together into a complete form. Using a website to do that is a standard practice as I understand
:::6. If the jury concludes to move me to the user page, then at least that would save the work (and history) from your deletion. [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 02:36, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Thanks for your response Platos Cave. I'm not sure why you keep referring my &quot;AI tool&quot;. The text that I responded you with was not generated with AI (even though I can understand why you would assume that), and I actually took the time to download each article you linked and it did not take me very long to find the issues that I found. Secondly, your work does not fit Wikiversity's original research guidelines as it does not fit [[Wikiversity:Research ethics]], thus your work may be more suitable for your userspace rather than the mainspace. Lastly, your website has been used as a reference to justify your claims, such as &quot;these MLTA objects may combine with each other Lego style, this can be represented by assigning to each attribute a unit number θ (i.e.: θ = 15 ⇔ kg). This unit number dictates the relationship between the objects&quot; with the reference being your personal website. This does not seem like &quot;linking everything together to a complete form&quot;. 
::::And once again, I don't have an issue with the pages being in your userspace. That's what I'm advocating for. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:53, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::Do you mind if I continue this debate as it still seems to me you have judged the work on 1 claim that is non standard physics and now you mention a mathematical reference ... by assigning to each attribute a unit number θ (i.e.: θ = 15 ⇔ kg). This unit number dictates the relationship between the objects, with the reference being your personal website. May I note that these problematic queries were peer reviewed and published by the European Physics Journal ... see link ... you can take up your arguments with them,  ... if you can find any mathematical errors in the other papers then I would be very happy to discuss them with you and make corrections if possible. Constructive criticism is always appreciated. [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 03:57, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::Platos Cave, I'm not interested in debating your works on whether it meets scientific validity, but if it is in accordance to Wikiversity's policies on [[WV:original research|original research]], and which content can remain on the WV mainspace. My issue is that a lot of the works revolve around a theory that you've created, which isn't supported my mainstream science and the only scientific backings for this theory are your own works &amp; websites. It seems more promotional than educational, hence my desire to move this out of the mainspace. It may even be up for deletion per Dan's point about the Amazon link, I'm afraid. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:55, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
: (I plan to take Sunday off for the most part and to post here on Monday. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:45, 16 November 2025 (UTC))
: Well, since I am quite active today because of other matter: '''Move to userspace''' for all the pages by [[User:Platos Cave (physics)]] as having an unduly tight relation to commercial/financial profit by the author, via prominent links to codingthecosmos.com, a commercial website. It is quite possibly also pseudo-physics or pseudo-philosophy. The simulation hypothesis is examined in serious academic philosophy, e.g. by Nick Bostrom, I think, but that alone does not establish that the material in these pages is scientific or academically sound. If I paid enough attention to the text, I could perhaps confirm the pseudo-scientific character despite my not being a university-trained physicist (I am a university-trained computer scientist, which includes a lot of logic but not physics). But as long as we have the for-financial-profit-pages charge, we can let the pseudo-science/pseudo-philosophy charge rest a little, I think. See also the notes I made here: [[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)#Link to an external web site]], including &quot;There does in fact seem to be commercial value: the Amazon link indicates the Kindle edition sells for 6.99 USD.&quot; The page titles themselves serve to unduly promote (catch Google searches) since they appear rather generic and misleading. For instance, &quot;Simulation hypothesis (Planck)&quot; sounds as if it was an exploration of the simulation hypothesis of the universe by Max Planck, but that is not what it is (similarly for other page titles). Moving to userspace addresses the issue since user space is not indexed by Google, etc.; otherwise, outright deletion would be in order (and moving to user space improves auditability as well as application of something like common law). The affected pages: [[Simulation hypothesis (Planck)]], [[Electron (mathematical)]], [[Planck units (geometrical)]], [[Physical constant (anomaly)]], [[Quantum gravity (Planck)]], [[Fine-structure constant (spiral)]], [[Relativity (Planck)]], [[Black-hole (Planck)]], [[Sqrt Planck momentum]]. As an aside, thank you to Atcovi for bringing this up. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:37, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::So the reason for moving to userspace is now because there is a book on Amazon. And if I remove this book? [[User:Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|contribs]]) 09:25, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
::: I think after this unacceptable self-promoting behavior, e.g. trying to create an association from &quot;Simulation hypothesis (Planck)&quot; item/headword to one's for-profit item by means of intermediate links, I think we should just move it to user space and not worry about whether some of the issues were addressed. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:28, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
::::{{ping|Dan Polansky}} I would believe that if there is self-promotion going on with these pages (which is evident), then it should be deleted. Solicitation is not allowed on Wikiversity, even in userspace. See [[Wikiversity:SD]] for a definition: &quot;Solicitation for products, services, companies, events, people or other things with no educational merit or which generate direct financial benefit to the contributor.&quot; Moving pages to userspace should only be done to content that is not fit for the mainspace, but doesn't go above non-educational content (copyvios, self-promotion, discriminatory content, etc.). This clearly does, IMO. What do you think? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:45, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
::::: That is a point worth considering: overt (for-profit) self-promo ==&gt; del. As an initial thought, I will point out that user space is not Google-indexed, so not deleting and userifying instead destroys the promotional motive/incentive while providing excellent auditability for anyone who comes along and wants to request an undeletion. Whether the auditability is worth it in this case I would need to figure out. I would need to figure out the adverse consequences of userfying self-promo like that. A copyvio, for instance, seems to be a much stronger case for deletion than for-profit self-promo. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:54, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

: '''Move''' to user space. Original theory by single author. Citations are circular/self-referential. Lacks consensus or peer-review. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:54, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Hilbert Book Model Project]] ==
{{archive top|'''moved to userspace''' pseudoscience that fails Wikiversity's learning objectives (see comments below). —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
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{{Special:Prefixindex/Hilbert Book Model Project}}
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Pseudoscience/fringe work that isn't scientifically supported nor supported by [[Wikiversity:original research|Wikiversity's original research guidelines]]. All research regarding this model goes back to the author, who has tried to promote this on [https://www.amazon.com/Hilbert-Book-Model-Hans-Leunen/dp/1470998769 Amazon via his own book]. All the &quot;scientific publications&quot; are only from the author and are on self-publicated websites. Lastly, &quot;The content of this project is not peer reviewed. The reader is responsible for checking the validity of what he/she reads. The peer review process cannot cope with the dynamics of revisions and extensions. Reviewers are always biased, and they are never omniscient. The peer review process is expensive and often poses barriers to renewal of science.&quot; is alarming and goes against Wikiversity's principles of learning. I propose moving this entire project into the original user's userspace. {{ping|HansVanLeunen}} notifying the user of this discussion via this ping, but the author has been inactive on the Wikimedia Projects since 2019. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:05, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
: I am inclined to support moving to user space, but I want to have a calmer look later. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:26, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] What's the point of labeling it with a template, saying that it's a POV and that someone contradicts the ideas presented in the research? I've seen such templates somewhere. The problem with the entire argument for deletion here is the unapproved original research policy. However, if you believe that Wikiversity is being abused to promote some hypothesis of the author, then I would be in favor of deleting it. What struck me was that it's translated into several languages ​​and that the translations are on en. It could be an attempt to debate multilingually, but also an attempt to promote it in various languages. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:13, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move''' to user page as per Atcovi's request. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:21, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Thick Description and Implicature]] &amp; other similar pages  ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - original user is currently indef'd from Wikiversity due to sockpuppetry and persistent disruptive editing. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:17, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Low quality, confusing rambles that have no verifiability nor educational substance behind them. I asked {{ping|KYPark}} personally on his page [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:KYPark#Disruptive_Page_Creations regarding these pages he's been creating], and has not offered a justification for the pages in accordance to Wikiversity's [[WV:Learning|guidelines on learning]]. Essentially the pages seem to rely on fallacies, erroneous causal claims, and the testimony of an AI bot to justify its existence. The user does not agree with moving them into their userspace and insists they are &quot;highly educational&quot;, so I'm seeking the community's opinion on the matter.

Other pages suffering from similar problems include:
*[[Why and Why Not Basic English]]
*[[The Meaning of Words]]
*[[Lambda World]]
*[[AI English]]
*[[Vital Vocabulary]]

I invite everyone's thoughts on the matter.
—[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:46, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: If we accept my proposal at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#General ban on direct use of GenAI output with exceptions]], some of these pages would be quasi-deleted (=moved to user space) on being largely GenAI-generated alone, regardless of whether the use of GenAI is properly attributed. To properly assess them as for meaningfulness, I would need to carefully handle them one by one; GenAI does often produces valid results, and identifying the parts that are wrong requires more than a cursory look by a non-expert.
: They also violate another principle: any page that is original research needs to be tagged with {{tl|Original research}}; they are not.
: I propose to block [[user:KYPark]] from creating new pages until we figure out what to do with them. Assuming KayYayPark is the same person as KYPark (KayYayPark confirmed this, but KYPark did not), I was dealing with problems created by this person before and I gave up since I did not have the blocking tools (I made a request at [[WV:Request custodian action]]). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:34, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
::After reviewing the request at [[WV:Request custodian action]] and seeing that the user is using two accounts to create low-quality, AI-slop, I've gone ahead and blocked the main account, KYPark, for 2 weeks from creating new pages. The disruption stemming from this user has been going on for a while, and this block is needed to figure out what we should do with the remaining pages. As per my conversation with this user on their talk page and evident by their talk page(s), they have been pretty combatant and unwilling to come to an agreement regarding their nonsensical &quot;thesis&quot; (which, once again, has no arguments to back it up except for causation and guesswork). A harsher block will take place if the user switches to their alternative account to continue their disruption.
::If you are willing to give your analysis on each page, Dan, I'd be grateful. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:21, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
::: I quote the utterly disingenuous take: 'It's beginning to get very exhausting trying to rid of the disruptive material and other garbage that has been growing on the English Wikiversity, and dealing with a user who still fails to see the problems with their contributions is taking the time away from developing resources. I originally believed Dan could be a positive asset to the community as a regular editor, but its obvious that this pattern of disruption is not going to change. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 01:11, 20 November 2025 (UTC)', from [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]]. I wonder whether any comment is needed or whether what is going on is self-explanatory. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:18, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
: Doesn't belong in main space:
:* [[Thick Description and Implicature]] - '''Delete'''. Dump of genAI conversation.
:* [[Why and Why Not Basic English]] - '''Delete'''. Dump of genAI conversation.
:* [[The Meaning of Words]] - '''Move''' to user space. Personal essay.
:* [[Lambda World]] - '''Move''' to user space. Personal notes. No obvious learning objective.
:* [[AI English]] - '''Delete'''. Dump of genAI conversation.
:* [[Vital Vocabulary]] - '''Move''' to user space. Personal notes. No obvious learning objective.
: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:55, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Minoan Civilization]] ==
{{archive top|'''moved to draft''' —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:21, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Resource that has not been developed since April 2023. The author, [[User:SecretlyHistoric|SecretlyHistoric]], has not been active on the Wikimedia Projects since then. I'm proposing that the page should be moved to the &quot;Draft&quot; namespace. I wasn't sure if I could just '''be bold''' and do it myself, but I guess it doesn't hurt to make sure the community is in line with my reasoning. Thoughts? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:50, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' (or Draft, as a 2nd best option); the subpages for weeks are basically empty, e.g. [[Minoan Civilization/Protopalatial Period]]. One could perhaps argue that the list of 4 books saves the page, but I find it unconvincing. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:25, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
::I don't really understand why to move pages to user own userspace. Wikiversity should be a source of educational pages for everyone. Moving pages to the user namespace can lead to everyone starting to natively place pages there, which we don't want and it's not Wikiversity's goal to provide users with a private web space (in the userspace, almost no one usually interferes without being asked). If there is a belief that someone will take care of it, it's worth moving it to draft, if that belief is not there, then delete it. I think that page creators should be notified about RFCs of their pages on their discussion page so that they can be informed that something is happening with their pages and maybe they can show up and say something about it, but that's for another discussion. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:01, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
::: You can start a discussion on changing the long-term English Wikiversity tradition of moving pages to user space instead of deleting them in Colloquium. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:17, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move''' to draft namespace. Consists of a course homepage and empty weekly sub-pages. No development of learning resources or recent activity. However, it has a structure that could be built on. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:40, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Pi-Conjugated Materials]] ==
{{archive top|'''deleted''' —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 23:30, 14 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Undeveloped resource that has not been improved on since creation. Original author, [[User:Jgutierrez]], has not been active on the project since 2009. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:24, 30 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:32, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''' per nomination above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:20, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[User:Dan Polansky/Problem reports (about Wikiversity problems)]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - clearly disruptive material with no benefit from a user with a long history of belligerent behavior. Material like this should be kept off-wiki. Similar to another page that was deleted, [[User:Dan Polansky/User Juandev]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:36, 18 December 2025 (UTC)}}
User Harold Foppele has nominated the page for speedy deletion on 6 December 2025, in [[Special:Diff/2778468]], the reason being &quot;pillorying&quot;. I have now turned this into a RfD so that editors (including myself) can determine what should be done with the page.

I propose to keep the page and remove any items that are determined to be unacceptable. I created the page to track problems and relieve my memory after my requests in [[WV:RCA]] were being ignored.

The page is in user space and therefore not indexed by Google. And thus, the exposure to public view is rather minimal; one can at best see changes to the page in ''Recent changes'' when changes are being made. By contrast, my posts at [[WV:RCA]] are high-visibility posts and become part of written record and history in Wikiversity namespace.

Multiple items listed on that page are now closed; thank you to the custodians who helped.

User Harold Foppele may specifically object to items about himself on the page he wants deleted. As regards his person, it is now two physicists from Wikipedia who support an action against him to protect the English Wikiversity: [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Request page creation block for Harold Foppele]], created on 6 December 2025. While one of the physicists has withdrawn the request, apparently after becoming frustrated with Wikiversity junkification of the mainspace, the request is valid on substance, by my assessment. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:05, 16 December 2025 (UTC)

As for ''pillorying'', I am not clear to what policy or principle it would refer. Surely unfair attacks on my person e.g. in [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Concern regarding curator conduct User:Dan Polansky]] and [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]] would also constitute ''pillorying''? And while the problem tracking page in my user space can be deleted later once the problems are addressed, these unfair attacks on me will remain as part of the historical record in Wikiversity namespace? I do not think this is a useful concept. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:07, 17 December 2025 (UTC)

:The discussion should take place at [[User talk:Dan Polansky/Problem reports (about Wikiversity problems)]] as clearly stated in the delete tag. 
:This user page may qualify for [[Wikiversity:Deletions|speedy deletion]] because: pillorying illegal reverted edit
:If you disagree or intend to fix it, and '''you have not contributed to it before''', you may remove this notice. If you have contributed before and disagree, please explain why on [[User talk:Dan Polansky/Problem reports (about Wikiversity problems)|the discussion page]], after adding {{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:Hangon|hangon]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}} to the top of the page. This will alert [[Wikiversity:Support staff|curators and custodians]] to your intention, and may permit you the time to write your explanation.&lt;br&gt;
:[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 16:33, 17 December 2025 (UTC)
:: I went through [[Wikiversity:Deletions#Speedy]] and did not find any item that would suggest that ''speedy applies''.
:: [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Indefinite block for Harold Foppele]] contains enough substantiation and support to, by my assessment, justify an indefinite block of Harold Foppele, to stop this embarassment of the English Wikiversity administration. More substantiation is at [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Request page creation block for Harold Foppele]]. Two physicists indicated his content is very bad; my assessment that his content is very bad can be dismissed. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Spanish/Spanish One/SO-Lesson 1]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - per community agreement. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:07, 11 March 2026 (UTC))}}
I would delete just this page as it is not completed, the tutor is not active, and it probably doesn't bring any good. The linked on-wv resources can be used elsewhere by other en.wv courses. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:17, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per nominator who is also the original creator. More complete Spanish lessons are available on en.wv. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:12, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per the above wish of the page creator, Juandev. The page  was created on 1 January 2008. Near the beginning, it says &quot;In this introductory lesson participants will download a version of the textbook and also install skype in order to communicate with an instructor.&quot; Thus, the participants would have communicated with Juandev, I suppose, using Skype; this will no longer happen as per Juandev's own statement above. The page does not seem to have much that would have to be saved; someone could perhaps want to use some of the links, http://wordreference.com/, http://dictionaries.reverso.net/ and http://www.altavista.babelfish.com/ (which I list here for anyone's convenience). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:42, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[:Category:Spanish:An Introduction]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - per community consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:39, 11 March 2026 (UTC)}}
I started the course [[Spanish: An Introduction]] a while ago and never completed it. I will not be able to resume it any time soon; it hasn't been resumed by someone else for a very long time, and we do have two complete Spanish courses ([[Spanish 1]] and [[Spanish 2]]). So I don't see the point in keeping this torso. The course includes the following pages:
*[[Spanish: An Introduction]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/About Spanish]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation/Conquista de América]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation/Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
*[[Spanish: An Introduction/Teaching tools]]
*[[User:Juandev/Teacher availability]]

With related discussion pages. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:38, 20 November 2025 (UTC)

: '''Delete''' per nominator who is also the original creator. There is some potentially useful material that could be integrated into existing lessons, but more complete Spanish lessons are available on en.wv, so it would be tidier/easier if this incomplete course was removed. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:16, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' since the learning outcomes from these pages are scarce ([[WV:Deletions]]). Why not move to user space: this could be done, but since the author Juandev prefers deletion, deletion is perhaps preferable in this case. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:35, 12 December 2025 (UTC)

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== [[:Category:Pomology]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:37, 12 March 2026 (UTC)}}
I propose deleting this category, which contains only the course I also propose deleting. The course was never completed; it has been unfinished for a long time, and no one else appears willing to complete it. I will not have time in the near future to work on it. List of affected pages:
*[[Pomology]]
*[[Pomology/Teaching tools]]
*[[Banana production]]
*[[Pineapple production]]
*[[Pomology/Fruit and its importance]]
*[[Pomology/Tropical and subtropical pomology I]]
*[[Pomology/Tropical and subtropical pomology II]]

--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:09, 20 November 2025 (UTC)
: In a case like this, deletions are better done on a per subpages structure basis than on a per category basis. And Dave recommended using {{tl|proposed deletion}} when opposition is not expected, and RFD as a last resort. But I do not mind a RFD.
: 1) '''Move to user space''' or '''delete''' the page [[Pomology]] and its subpages: too underdeveloped, too little to learn from here.
: 2) As for [[Banana production]], '''move to user space''' or '''delete''': too little to learn from here. Created by [[User:Juandev]] in 2006.
: 3) As for [[Pineapple production]], '''move to user space''' or '''delete''' as per request of the page creator, [[User:Juandev]] (created in 2006). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:11, 21 November 2025 (UTC)
::I'm sorry, but what kind of proposal is this to move a page created by multiple users to a single user's namespace. How do you choose which one? If it were me, how can I reverse this action? Last time, when I tried to reverse it, you reverted me. Can I then propose the page to be deleted from my userspaec again? Will you then propose moving it again, perhaps to another userspace or something? In my opinion, this procedure is very bad and does not have wider support. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:58, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
::: For instance, from https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Banana_production&amp;action=history, the page has pretty much a single content inserter, the creator: &quot;13 December 2006 Juandev discuss contribs 2,010 bytes&quot;. It is therefore quite meaningful to move this to userspace. However, I don't object to deletion, especially since this is the wish of the creator Juandev, as per above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:26, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' category and project pages per nominator who is also the original creator. Incomplete course with no activity for a long time. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:22, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Information system modelling]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:36, 15 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Not much sustenance. 
*[[Information system modelling/Lesson 1:Activity diagrams]] barely has anything useful above the introduction sentence.
*[[Information system modelling/Introductory lesson]] seems to be a stub.
The course has not been developed further since 2008, and the author, [[User:Grovermj|Grovermj]], has been inactive on the project since 2008. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:33, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
—[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:33, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:17, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a 2nd best option, '''delete''' per nom: too underdeveloped to be any use. Guideline: [[WV:Deletions]], &quot; learning outcomes are scarce&quot;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:22, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Graham School of Science and Mathematics]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:39, 15 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Seems to read more like a Wikipedia page than a Wikiversity page. I don't see any parts of this page that encourages active learning. The author, [[User:Wnateg|Wnateg]], created the page in 2014 and has not returned to the project since then. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:43, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:49, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a 2nd best option, '''delete''' per nom: almost nothing to learn from here. Guideline: [[WV:Deletions]], &quot;learning outcomes are scarce&quot;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:23, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Portal:Danish]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:32, 15 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Extremely underdeveloped. No improvements made since 2013. The author, [[User:Cuchifrito1216|Cuchifrito1216]], created the page in 2013 and has been inactive on the project since then. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:11, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' per nom -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:50, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''' per nomination above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:18, 12 December 2025 (UTC)


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== [[Palliative medicine]] ==
{{archive top|'''Kept'''. Page has been improved. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:38, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}

Underdeveloped and has not been improved on since 2007. Author inactive. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:42, 14 December 2025 (UTC)

:Delete, per nominator [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:16, 22 January 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, I would also expect there to be more and especially that someone would write how to use it. However, it still seems to me to be a useful thing in the sense of a syllabus, so that someone who is interested in the topic knows what information to obtain in order to get a complete picture of the topic. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:55, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
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|-
 | {{Original research}}
 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Earth_Gravity_Calculator.html Earth Gravity Calculator (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

The '''Bully Timestamp System''' provides a streamlined method for expressing decontextualized elapsed time. The passage of time is measured using 12-digit hexadecimal numbers called Bully timestamps, with a new Bully timestamp being realized every 3,055 SI seconds (TAI).

Bully Timestamps can be divided into three distinct sets covering three distinct time ranges.  Timestamps between {{mono|0000 0000 0000}} and {{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}} are the first set and measure the age of the universe beginning at the Big Bang and continuing for roughly 3 billion years after the Big Bang. The second set of timestamps, those between {{mono|2000 0000 0000}} and {{mono|8209 2800 0000}}, measure look-back time, beginning approximately 10.5 billion years before present and continuing until 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. The third set of timestamps, those between {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} and {{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}} begin on 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progress forward for approximately 13.8 billion years.

== Why do we need Bully timestamps? ==

All the timestamps in '''Figure 1''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Figure 1: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps.
|-
! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps]
|-
| rowspan = 3 |
[[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0|
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 pm (JST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  7:59:29 pm (CST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  2:59:29 pm (EEST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 am (BRT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  4:59:29 am (PDT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  1:59:29 am (HST)&lt;/br&gt;
]]
||
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS)
]]
|-
! Bully Timestamp
|-
||
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]]
|}

==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ====

The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 1''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain &quot;cluttered&quot; by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several &quot;leap&quot; seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time.

For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains &quot;tethered&quot; to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome &quot;hybrids&quot; that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation.

==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ====

The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 1''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time.

Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format:

[http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com]

[https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com]

[http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com]

== Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time ==

Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is &quot;contextual&quot; because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic &quot;leaps&quot; (seconds and years). In '''Figure 2''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted to track UT1.

In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to &quot;true time&quot; at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 2''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures.

[[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 2: Modern Time Keeping]]

The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively &quot;frozen&quot; in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds.

The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 2''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this &quot;legacy offset&quot; confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret.

[[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Examples of contextualized vs decontextualized time]]

== The Bully Timestamp System ==

The Bully Timestamp System is an original research project designed to:

# '''Augment''' existing timekeeping by providing an option that does not require &quot;leap&quot; seconds, &quot;leap&quot; years, or time zones.
# '''Standardize''' a fundamentally binary temporal structure that is natively compatible with computer architecture.
# '''Establish''' a universal scale—incorporating [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Great Weeks]], Great Years, and Galactic Years—capable of uniquely identifying any moment from the Big Bang into the far future.
# '''Promote''' intuitive understanding and education through a built-in [[Bully Mnemonic|mnemonic device]].

Unlike traditional standards, Bully timestamps are entirely independent of planetary motion, removing the need for &quot;leaps&quot; or regional offsets. By discarding traditional unit names—such as &quot;year,&quot; &quot;month,&quot; or &quot;hour&quot;—the system eliminates any possible confusion with contextualized solar time. While it utilizes SI seconds as its fundamental building block, it does so strictly as a unit of duration rather than a fraction of an Earth day. This ensures the Bully system remains a consistent, unambiguous, and mathematically &quot;clean&quot; alternative to historical timekeeping.

== Time span covered by Bully timestamps ==

With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a massive address space for time. Given that a new timestamp is realized every 3,055 SI seconds, the total capacity of the system is:

:&lt;math&gt;16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ seconds} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion Julian years}&lt;/math&gt;

Because the universe is estimated to be approximately 13.8 billion years old, the Bully Timestamp System provides enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future.

== The Foundations of Bully Metric ==

The Bully Timestamp System is derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to &lt;math&gt;10,330 \times 3,055&lt;/math&gt; SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the larger [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Great Weeks and Great Years]].

The name &quot;Bully&quot; is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, &quot;bully&quot; means '''&quot;beautiful&quot; or &quot;excellent,&quot;''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of &quot;bullies&quot; like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system.

* [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|The Foundations of Bully Metric]]
* [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Bully Metric Coordinate System]]

== The Metonic Cycle and Bully Timestamps ==

The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. This historical cycle has a remarkably simple relationship with the Bully Timestamp System: the Metonic cycle completes in almost exactly the time it takes for the last four hexadecimal digits of a Bully timestamp to cycle three times.

In the Bully system, the last four digits represent an interval of &lt;math&gt;16^{4}&lt;/math&gt; units. Since each unit is 3,055 seconds, one full cycle of the last four digits equals:
:&lt;math&gt;65,536 \times 3,055 \text{ seconds} \approx 6.34 \text{ Julian years}&lt;/math&gt;

Three such cycles equal approximately '''19.03 Julian years''', aligning closely with the '''19.00 solar years''' of the traditional Metonic cycle. This relationship allows the Bully system to track complex lunar-solar patterns using simple hexadecimal increments.

=== Metonic Alignment Example ===

The following table demonstrates the Metonic relationship. Every 19 years, the December Equinox and a New Moon occur at nearly the same position within the Bully hexadecimal cycle (the last four digits). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;

|+ style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot; | Table 1: Metonic Alignment (19-Year Intervals)
|- style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text default color}}; font-weight: bold;&quot;
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Year
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Bully Timestamp &lt;br/&gt; December Equinox (New Moon)
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Delta

|-
| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #f8f9fa;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 1995
| {{mono|8209 27FF 9B3A (9B33)}}
| style=&quot;color: #d33; font-weight: bold;&quot; | −7
|-

| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #ffffff;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 2014
| {{mono|8209 2802 99E1 (99E4)}}
| style=&quot;color: #00af89; font-weight: bold;&quot; | +3
|-

| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #f8f9fa;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 2033
| {{mono|8209 2805 9888 (988E)}}
| style=&quot;color: #00af89; font-weight: bold;&quot; | +6
|}

As shown, despite a 38-year span, the &quot;drift&quot; between the solar equinox and the lunar phase is only a few Bully units. This precision demonstrates how the system’s 12-digit structure naturally captures ancient astronomical cycles.

* [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|The Metonic Cycle in Bully Metric]]

== The Bully Mnemonic ==

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;


The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps.

[[Bully Mnemonic |The Bully Mnemonic]]

[[Bully Mnemonic Extension |The Bully Mnemonic Extension]]

= Realized vs. Estimated Bully timestamps =

Each Bully timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one.  However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an estimate of how elapsed time might have transpired on Earth in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Bully time should only be considered &quot;realized&quot; when time is measured with an accuracy of &lt;math&gt;{10}^{-10}&lt;/math&gt;.

== Realized Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Realized Bully Timestamps]]

== Estimated Bully Time ==

== Future Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| CMB Stabilized Bully Timestamps]]</text>
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|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Earth_Gravity_Calculator.html Earth Gravity Calculator (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

The '''Bully Timestamp System''' provides a streamlined method for expressing decontextualized elapsed time. Time is measured using 12-digit hexadecimal &quot;Bully timestamps,&quot; with a new timestamp realized every 3,055 SI seconds (TAI).

The system's total range is divided into three distinct sets:
* '''First Set''' ({{mono|0000 0000 0000}} to {{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}): Measures the early universe, spanning roughly 3 billion years following the Big Bang.
* '''Second Set''' ({{mono|2000 0000 0000}} to {{mono|8209 2800 0000}}): Measures cosmic look-back time, starting approximately 10.5 billion years ago and ending at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998.
* '''Third Set''' ({{mono|8209 2800 0000}} to {{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}): Begins at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.8 billion years.

== Why do we need Bully timestamps? ==

All the timestamps in '''Figure 1''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Figure 1: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps.
|-
! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps]
|-
| rowspan = 3 |
[[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0|
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 pm (JST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  7:59:29 pm (CST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  2:59:29 pm (EEST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 am (BRT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  4:59:29 am (PDT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  1:59:29 am (HST)&lt;/br&gt;
]]
||
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS)
]]
|-
! Bully Timestamp
|-
||
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]]
|}

==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ====

The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 1''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain &quot;cluttered&quot; by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several &quot;leap&quot; seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time.

For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains &quot;tethered&quot; to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome &quot;hybrids&quot; that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation.

==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ====

The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 1''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time.

Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format:

[http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com]

[https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com]

[http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com]

== Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time ==

Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is &quot;contextual&quot; because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic &quot;leaps&quot; (seconds and years). In '''Figure 2''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted to track UT1.

In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to &quot;true time&quot; at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 2''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures.

[[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 2: Modern Time Keeping]]

The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively &quot;frozen&quot; in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds.

The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 2''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this &quot;legacy offset&quot; confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret.

[[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Examples of contextualized vs decontextualized time]]

== The Bully Timestamp System ==

The Bully Timestamp System is an original research project designed to:

# '''Augment''' existing timekeeping by providing an option that does not require &quot;leap&quot; seconds, &quot;leap&quot; years, or time zones.
# '''Standardize''' a fundamentally binary temporal structure that is natively compatible with computer architecture.
# '''Establish''' a universal scale—incorporating [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Great Weeks]], Great Years, and Galactic Years—capable of uniquely identifying any moment from the Big Bang into the far future.
# '''Promote''' intuitive understanding and education through a built-in [[Bully Mnemonic|mnemonic device]].

Unlike traditional standards, Bully timestamps are entirely independent of planetary motion, removing the need for &quot;leaps&quot; or regional offsets. By discarding traditional unit names—such as &quot;year,&quot; &quot;month,&quot; or &quot;hour&quot;—the system eliminates any possible confusion with contextualized solar time. While it utilizes SI seconds as its fundamental building block, it does so strictly as a unit of duration rather than a fraction of an Earth day. This ensures the Bully system remains a consistent, unambiguous, and mathematically &quot;clean&quot; alternative to historical timekeeping.

== Time span covered by Bully timestamps ==

With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a massive address space for time. Given that a new timestamp is realized every 3,055 SI seconds, the total capacity of the system is:

:&lt;math&gt;16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ seconds} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion Julian years}&lt;/math&gt;

Because the universe is estimated to be approximately 13.8 billion years old, the Bully Timestamp System provides enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future.

== The Foundations of Bully Metric ==

The Bully Timestamp System is derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to &lt;math&gt;10,330 \times 3,055&lt;/math&gt; SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the larger [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Great Weeks and Great Years]].

The name &quot;Bully&quot; is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, &quot;bully&quot; means '''&quot;beautiful&quot; or &quot;excellent,&quot;''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of &quot;bullies&quot; like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system.

* [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|The Foundations of Bully Metric]]
* [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Bully Metric Coordinate System]]

== The Metonic Cycle and Bully Timestamps ==

The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. This historical cycle has a remarkably simple relationship with the Bully Timestamp System: the Metonic cycle completes in almost exactly the time it takes for the last four hexadecimal digits of a Bully timestamp to cycle three times.

In the Bully system, the last four digits represent an interval of &lt;math&gt;16^{4}&lt;/math&gt; units. Since each unit is 3,055 seconds, one full cycle of the last four digits equals:
:&lt;math&gt;65,536 \times 3,055 \text{ seconds} \approx 6.34 \text{ Julian years}&lt;/math&gt;

Three such cycles equal approximately '''19.03 Julian years''', aligning closely with the '''19.00 solar years''' of the traditional Metonic cycle. This relationship allows the Bully system to track complex lunar-solar patterns using simple hexadecimal increments.

=== Metonic Alignment Example ===

The following table demonstrates the Metonic relationship. Every 19 years, the December Equinox and a New Moon occur at nearly the same position within the Bully hexadecimal cycle (the last four digits). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;

|+ style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot; | Table 1: Metonic Alignment (19-Year Intervals)
|- style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text default color}}; font-weight: bold;&quot;
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Year
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Bully Timestamp &lt;br/&gt; December Equinox (New Moon)
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Delta

|-
| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #f8f9fa;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 1995
| {{mono|8209 27FF 9B3A (9B33)}}
| style=&quot;color: #d33; font-weight: bold;&quot; | −7
|-

| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #ffffff;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 2014
| {{mono|8209 2802 99E1 (99E4)}}
| style=&quot;color: #00af89; font-weight: bold;&quot; | +3
|-

| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #f8f9fa;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 2033
| {{mono|8209 2805 9888 (988E)}}
| style=&quot;color: #00af89; font-weight: bold;&quot; | +6
|}

As shown, despite a 38-year span, the &quot;drift&quot; between the solar equinox and the lunar phase is only a few Bully units. This precision demonstrates how the system’s 12-digit structure naturally captures ancient astronomical cycles.

* [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|The Metonic Cycle in Bully Metric]]

== The Bully Mnemonic ==

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;


The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps.

[[Bully Mnemonic |The Bully Mnemonic]]

[[Bully Mnemonic Extension |The Bully Mnemonic Extension]]

= Realized vs. Estimated Bully timestamps =

Each Bully timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one.  However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an estimate of how elapsed time might have transpired on Earth in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Bully time should only be considered &quot;realized&quot; when time is measured with an accuracy of &lt;math&gt;{10}^{-10}&lt;/math&gt;.

== Realized Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Realized Bully Timestamps]]

== Estimated Bully Time ==

== Future Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| CMB Stabilized Bully Timestamps]]</text>
      <sha1>pa5luzjyq3fizus9n6mrbmf8k53rwfb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811349</id>
      <parentid>2811346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T19:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>2811349</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14939" sha1="e1ph964aowr8rq34rc75u7uxlln20ie" xml:space="preserve">{| class=table style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|-
 | {{Original research}}
 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Earth_Gravity_Calculator.html Earth Gravity Calculator (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

The '''Bully Timestamp System''' provides a streamlined method for expressing decontextualized elapsed time. Time is measured using 12-digit hexadecimal &quot;Bully timestamps,&quot; with a new timestamp realized every 3,055 SI seconds (TAI).

The system's total range is divided into three distinct sets:
* '''First Set''' ({{mono|0000 0000 0000}} to {{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}): Measures the early universe, spanning roughly 3 billion years following the Big Bang.
* '''Second Set''' ({{mono|2000 0000 0000}} to {{mono|8209 2800 0000}}): Measures cosmic look-back time, starting approximately 10.5 billion years ago and ending at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998.
* '''Third Set''' ({{mono|8209 2800 0000}} to {{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}): Begins at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years.

== Why do we need Bully timestamps? ==

All the timestamps in '''Figure 1''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Figure 1: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps.
|-
! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps]
|-
| rowspan = 3 |
[[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0|
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 pm (JST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  7:59:29 pm (CST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  2:59:29 pm (EEST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 am (BRT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  4:59:29 am (PDT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  1:59:29 am (HST)&lt;/br&gt;
]]
||
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS)
]]
|-
! Bully Timestamp
|-
||
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]]
|}

==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ====

The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 1''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain &quot;cluttered&quot; by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several &quot;leap&quot; seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time.

For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains &quot;tethered&quot; to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome &quot;hybrids&quot; that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation.

==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ====

The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 1''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time.

Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format:

[http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com]

[https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com]

[http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com]

== Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time ==

Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is &quot;contextual&quot; because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic &quot;leaps&quot; (seconds and years). In '''Figure 2''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted to track UT1.

In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to &quot;true time&quot; at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 2''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures.

[[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 2: Modern Time Keeping]]

The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively &quot;frozen&quot; in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds.

The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 2''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this &quot;legacy offset&quot; confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret.

[[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Examples of contextualized vs decontextualized time]]

== The Bully Timestamp System ==

The Bully Timestamp System is an original research project designed to:

# '''Augment''' existing timekeeping by providing an option that does not require &quot;leap&quot; seconds, &quot;leap&quot; years, or time zones.
# '''Standardize''' a fundamentally binary temporal structure that is natively compatible with computer architecture.
# '''Establish''' a universal scale—incorporating [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Great Weeks]], Great Years, and Galactic Years—capable of uniquely identifying any moment from the Big Bang into the far future.
# '''Promote''' intuitive understanding and education through a built-in [[Bully Mnemonic|mnemonic device]].

Unlike traditional standards, Bully timestamps are entirely independent of planetary motion, removing the need for &quot;leaps&quot; or regional offsets. By discarding traditional unit names—such as &quot;year,&quot; &quot;month,&quot; or &quot;hour&quot;—the system eliminates any possible confusion with contextualized solar time. While it utilizes SI seconds as its fundamental building block, it does so strictly as a unit of duration rather than a fraction of an Earth day. This ensures the Bully system remains a consistent, unambiguous, and mathematically &quot;clean&quot; alternative to historical timekeeping.

== Time span covered by Bully timestamps ==

With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a massive address space for time. Given that a new timestamp is realized every 3,055 SI seconds, the total capacity of the system is:

:&lt;math&gt;16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ seconds} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion Julian years}&lt;/math&gt;

Because the universe is estimated to be approximately 13.8 billion years old, the Bully Timestamp System provides enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future.

== The Foundations of Bully Metric ==

The Bully Timestamp System is derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to &lt;math&gt;10,330 \times 3,055&lt;/math&gt; SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the larger [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Great Weeks and Great Years]].

The name &quot;Bully&quot; is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, &quot;bully&quot; means '''&quot;beautiful&quot; or &quot;excellent,&quot;''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of &quot;bullies&quot; like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system.

* [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|The Foundations of Bully Metric]]
* [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Bully Metric Coordinate System]]

== The Metonic Cycle and Bully Timestamps ==

The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. This historical cycle has a remarkably simple relationship with the Bully Timestamp System: the Metonic cycle completes in almost exactly the time it takes for the last four hexadecimal digits of a Bully timestamp to cycle three times.

In the Bully system, the last four digits represent an interval of &lt;math&gt;16^{4}&lt;/math&gt; units. Since each unit is 3,055 seconds, one full cycle of the last four digits equals:
:&lt;math&gt;65,536 \times 3,055 \text{ seconds} \approx 6.34 \text{ Julian years}&lt;/math&gt;

Three such cycles equal approximately '''19.03 Julian years''', aligning closely with the '''19.00 solar years''' of the traditional Metonic cycle. This relationship allows the Bully system to track complex lunar-solar patterns using simple hexadecimal increments.

=== Metonic Alignment Example ===

The following table demonstrates the Metonic relationship. Every 19 years, the December Equinox and a New Moon occur at nearly the same position within the Bully hexadecimal cycle (the last four digits). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;

|+ style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot; | Table 1: Metonic Alignment (19-Year Intervals)
|- style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text default color}}; font-weight: bold;&quot;
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Year
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Bully Timestamp &lt;br/&gt; December Equinox (New Moon)
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Delta

|-
| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #f8f9fa;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 1995
| {{mono|8209 27FF 9B3A (9B33)}}
| style=&quot;color: #d33; font-weight: bold;&quot; | −7
|-

| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #ffffff;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 2014
| {{mono|8209 2802 99E1 (99E4)}}
| style=&quot;color: #00af89; font-weight: bold;&quot; | +3
|-

| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #f8f9fa;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 2033
| {{mono|8209 2805 9888 (988E)}}
| style=&quot;color: #00af89; font-weight: bold;&quot; | +6
|}

As shown, despite a 38-year span, the &quot;drift&quot; between the solar equinox and the lunar phase is only a few Bully units. This precision demonstrates how the system’s 12-digit structure naturally captures ancient astronomical cycles.

* [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|The Metonic Cycle in Bully Metric]]

== The Bully Mnemonic ==

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;


The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps.

[[Bully Mnemonic |The Bully Mnemonic]]

[[Bully Mnemonic Extension |The Bully Mnemonic Extension]]

= Realized vs. Estimated Bully timestamps =

Each Bully timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one.  However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an estimate of how elapsed time might have transpired on Earth in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Bully time should only be considered &quot;realized&quot; when time is measured with an accuracy of &lt;math&gt;{10}^{-10}&lt;/math&gt;.

== Realized Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Realized Bully Timestamps]]

== Estimated Bully Time ==

== Future Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| CMB Stabilized Bully Timestamps]]</text>
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 | {{Original research}}
 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Earth_Gravity_Calculator.html Earth Gravity Calculator (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

The '''Bully Timestamp System''' provides a streamlined method for expressing decontextualized elapsed time. Time is measured using 12-digit hexadecimal &quot;Bully timestamps,&quot; with a new timestamp realized every 3,055 SI seconds (TAI).

The system's total range is divided into three distinct sets:
* '''First Set''' ({{mono|0000 0000 0000}} to {{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}): Measures the early universe, spanning roughly 3 billion years following the Big Bang.
* '''Second Set''' ({{mono|2000 0000 0000}} to {{mono|8209 2800 0000}}): Measures cosmic look-back time, starting approximately 10.4 billion years ago and ending at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998.
* '''Third Set''' ({{mono|8209 2800 0000}} to {{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}): Begins at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years.

== Why do we need Bully timestamps? ==

All the timestamps in '''Figure 1''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Figure 1: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps.
|-
! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps]
|-
| rowspan = 3 |
[[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0|
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 pm (JST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  7:59:29 pm (CST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  2:59:29 pm (EEST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 am (BRT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  4:59:29 am (PDT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  1:59:29 am (HST)&lt;/br&gt;
]]
||
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS)
]]
|-
! Bully Timestamp
|-
||
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]]
|}

==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ====

The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 1''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain &quot;cluttered&quot; by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several &quot;leap&quot; seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time.

For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains &quot;tethered&quot; to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome &quot;hybrids&quot; that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation.

==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ====

The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 1''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time.

Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format:

[http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com]

[https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com]

[http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com]

== Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time ==

Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is &quot;contextual&quot; because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic &quot;leaps&quot; (seconds and years). In '''Figure 2''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted to track UT1.

In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to &quot;true time&quot; at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 2''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures.

[[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 2: Modern Time Keeping]]

The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively &quot;frozen&quot; in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds.

The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 2''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this &quot;legacy offset&quot; confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret.

[[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Examples of contextualized vs decontextualized time]]

== The Bully Timestamp System ==

The Bully Timestamp System is an original research project designed to:

# '''Augment''' existing timekeeping by providing an option that does not require &quot;leap&quot; seconds, &quot;leap&quot; years, or time zones.
# '''Standardize''' a fundamentally binary temporal structure that is natively compatible with computer architecture.
# '''Establish''' a universal scale—incorporating [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Great Weeks]], Great Years, and Galactic Years—capable of uniquely identifying any moment from the Big Bang into the far future.
# '''Promote''' intuitive understanding and education through a built-in [[Bully Mnemonic|mnemonic device]].

Unlike traditional standards, Bully timestamps are entirely independent of planetary motion, removing the need for &quot;leaps&quot; or regional offsets. By discarding traditional unit names—such as &quot;year,&quot; &quot;month,&quot; or &quot;hour&quot;—the system eliminates any possible confusion with contextualized solar time. While it utilizes SI seconds as its fundamental building block, it does so strictly as a unit of duration rather than a fraction of an Earth day. This ensures the Bully system remains a consistent, unambiguous, and mathematically &quot;clean&quot; alternative to historical timekeeping.

== Time span covered by Bully timestamps ==

With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a massive address space for time. Given that a new timestamp is realized every 3,055 SI seconds, the total capacity of the system is:

:&lt;math&gt;16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ seconds} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion Julian years}&lt;/math&gt;

Because the universe is estimated to be approximately 13.8 billion years old, the Bully Timestamp System provides enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future.

== The Foundations of Bully Metric ==

The Bully Timestamp System is derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to &lt;math&gt;10,330 \times 3,055&lt;/math&gt; SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the larger [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Great Weeks and Great Years]].

The name &quot;Bully&quot; is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, &quot;bully&quot; means '''&quot;beautiful&quot; or &quot;excellent,&quot;''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of &quot;bullies&quot; like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system.

* [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|The Foundations of Bully Metric]]
* [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Bully Metric Coordinate System]]

== The Metonic Cycle and Bully Timestamps ==

The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. This historical cycle has a remarkably simple relationship with the Bully Timestamp System: the Metonic cycle completes in almost exactly the time it takes for the last four hexadecimal digits of a Bully timestamp to cycle three times.

In the Bully system, the last four digits represent an interval of &lt;math&gt;16^{4}&lt;/math&gt; units. Since each unit is 3,055 seconds, one full cycle of the last four digits equals:
:&lt;math&gt;65,536 \times 3,055 \text{ seconds} \approx 6.34 \text{ Julian years}&lt;/math&gt;

Three such cycles equal approximately '''19.03 Julian years''', aligning closely with the '''19.00 solar years''' of the traditional Metonic cycle. This relationship allows the Bully system to track complex lunar-solar patterns using simple hexadecimal increments.

=== Metonic Alignment Example ===

The following table demonstrates the Metonic relationship. Every 19 years, the December Equinox and a New Moon occur at nearly the same position within the Bully hexadecimal cycle (the last four digits). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;

|+ style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot; | Table 1: Metonic Alignment (19-Year Intervals)
|- style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text default color}}; font-weight: bold;&quot;
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Year
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Bully Timestamp &lt;br/&gt; December Equinox (New Moon)
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Delta

|-
| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #f8f9fa;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 1995
| {{mono|8209 27FF 9B3A (9B33)}}
| style=&quot;color: #d33; font-weight: bold;&quot; | −7
|-

| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #ffffff;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 2014
| {{mono|8209 2802 99E1 (99E4)}}
| style=&quot;color: #00af89; font-weight: bold;&quot; | +3
|-

| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #f8f9fa;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 2033
| {{mono|8209 2805 9888 (988E)}}
| style=&quot;color: #00af89; font-weight: bold;&quot; | +6
|}

As shown, despite a 38-year span, the &quot;drift&quot; between the solar equinox and the lunar phase is only a few Bully units. This precision demonstrates how the system’s 12-digit structure naturally captures ancient astronomical cycles.

* [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|The Metonic Cycle in Bully Metric]]

== The Bully Mnemonic ==

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;


The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps.

[[Bully Mnemonic |The Bully Mnemonic]]

[[Bully Mnemonic Extension |The Bully Mnemonic Extension]]

= Realized vs. Estimated Bully timestamps =

Each Bully timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one.  However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an estimate of how elapsed time might have transpired on Earth in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Bully time should only be considered &quot;realized&quot; when time is measured with an accuracy of &lt;math&gt;{10}^{-10}&lt;/math&gt;.

== Realized Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Realized Bully Timestamps]]

== Estimated Bully Time ==

== Future Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| CMB Stabilized Bully Timestamps]]</text>
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    <title>Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says</title>
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      <text bytes="7238" sha1="ps3vrp4lzuzps7c7fsx2ypm0agmlmzc" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of an interview recorded 2024-08-19 with [[w:2021 Facebook leak|Facebook whistleblower]] [[w:Frances Haugen|Frances Haugen]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Frances Haugen--&gt;{{cite Q|Q108793477}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the interview, at most 29 minutes from it will be broadcasted the following day as Radio Active Magazine&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Radio Active Magazine--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57451712}}&lt;/ref&gt; on [[w:KKFI|KKFI]]. And a video of it will be posted here followed a few days later by a 29:00 mm:ss audio file, prepared for distribution as the &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref&gt;
&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:Facebook Whistleblower Frances Haugen discusses her concerns.webm|thumb|Facebook Whistleblower Frances Haugen discusses her concerns with how Facebook executives seemed to have prioritized profits over the public good.]]
[[File:Facebook Whistleblower Frances Haugen discusses her concerns with how Facebook executives seemed to have prioritized profits over the public good.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from interview with Frances Haugen on how Facebook executives prioritized profits while knowingly contributing to increased teen suicides and political polarization and violence, including the genocide of Rohingyan Muslims in Myanmar.]]

[[w:Frances Haugen|Frances Haugen]] summarizes the tens of thousands of internal Facebook documents that she released to the [[w:Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] and ''[[w:The Wall Street Journal|The Wall Street Journal]]'' in 2021. These documents, called &quot;[[w:2021 Facebook leak|The Facebook Files]]&quot;, describe how Facebook executives have ''knowingly'' contributed to major problems, because they did not know how to deliver the good quality services that make people’s lives better while suppressing the negative effects — and because doing otherwise would likely have reduced their profits. These problems include increasing teen suicides and political polarization and violence in many countries, including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|genocide of Rohingyan Muslims in Myanmar]]. 

Haugen says this works, &quot;because the shortest path to a click is anger or hate.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;At 7:52 m:ss in the accompanying video.&lt;/ref&gt; This is a problem, because Internet companies want to maximize their profits, which rely on clicks. 

Facebook (and many other Internet companies) go to great lengths to screen out people who would intentionally do evil; Google famously says, “Don’t do evil.” She insists that the major problems attributed to social media (and other Internet companies) are more due to negligence than intent. 

She also suggests changes in governmental policies that could force social media companies to be less antisocial, thereby improving the health and educational experiences of children while reducing the suicide rate. She notes that social media executives have so far largely refused to adopt such policies, because they believe that doing so would likely reduce their profit. 

She has supported the [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] adopted by the [[w:European Union|European Union]] but says it does not go far enough. She thinks academic and civil society researchers should have near total access to data held by Internet companies with appropriate privacy guarantees. This would support better documentation of the need for better policies and analyses of alternative policies. This better documentation could in turn help concerned citizens and activist organizations work effectively for positive change, sometimes enforced by appropriate legislation. 

Haugen compares the current situation with social media with that of automobile safety in 1965 when Ralph Nader published ''[[w:Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile|Unsafe at Any Speed]]'', with a subtitle, The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile.&lt;ref&gt;Nader (1965).&lt;/ref&gt; At that time, there were [[w:Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year|5.3 motor vehicle fatalities per 100 million vehicle miles traveled]]. Since 2007 this number has fluctuated between 1.08 and 1.37, roughly a fifth of what it was in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikipedia:Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year]], accessed 2024-08-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Haugen attributes this in large part to how Nader's book helped groups like [[w:Mothers Against Drunk Driving|Mothers Against Drunk Driving]] lobby more effectively for reforms, e.g., mandating seat belts, collapsible steering columns, and air bags. Similar citizen activism, she insists, can lead to dramatic improvements in how social media impacts users and society more generally. However, they need access to data, which social media companies rarely provide to outsiders. 

More is available in her 2023 autobiography, ''The Power of One: How I Found the Strength to Tell the Truth and Why I Blew the Whistle on Facebook''.&lt;ref&gt;Haugen (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

Ms. Haugen is interviewed Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography == 

* &lt;!--Frances Haugen (2023) The Power of One: How I Found the Strength to Tell the Truth and Why I Blew the Whistle on Facebook (Little, Brown and Company).--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128839326}}
* &lt;!--Ralph Nader (1965) Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2027386}}

[[Category:Social media]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6808" sha1="kgbf4jecpxabvjjmcy0qv8fif7prku3" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of an interview on 2024-08-22 with Heidi Beirich,&lt;ref name=Beirich&gt;&lt;!-- Heidi Beirich--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128844587}}&lt;/ref&gt; a co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism (GPAHE).&lt;ref name=GPAHE&gt;&lt;!-- GPAHE--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125952435}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the interview, at most 29 minutes from it was broadcasted the following Tuesday as Radio Active Magazine&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Radio Active Magazine--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57451712}}&lt;/ref&gt; on [[w:KKFI|KKFI]], followed a few days later by a 29:00 mm:ss audio file prepared for distribution as the &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 
[[File:Heidi Beirich discusses the Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism.webm|thumb|Heidi Beirich discusses the Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism (GPAHE).]]
[[File:Heidi Beirich discusses the Global Project Against Hate and Extremism.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from an interview conducted 2021-08-22 with Heidi Beirich regarding the Global Project Against Hate and Extremism]]

Heidi Beirich,&lt;ref name=Beirich/&gt; co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism (GPAHE)&lt;ref name=GPAHE/&gt; discusses their work. This includes what they and others are doing to reduce political polarization and violence and what individuals and governments can do to combat these threats.

Beirich has authored multiple publications on issues related to hate and extremism. This includes co-editing (2008) ''Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction'' (University of Texas Press)&lt;ref&gt;Hague et al.(2008).&lt;/ref&gt; and testifying on &quot;Alarming Incidents of White Supremacy in the Military – How to Stop It?&quot; 2020-02-11 before the Military Personnel Subcommittee of the Armed Services Committee of the US House of Representatives.&lt;ref&gt;Beirich (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

She said that many teenagers, especially teenage males with difficult home lives, get recruited online into a violent extremist ideology. Some are encouraged to become a &quot;lone wolf&quot; extremist like [[w:Timothy McVeigh|Timothy McVeigh]], who committed the [[w:Oklahoma City bombing|Oklahoma City bombing]] 1995-04-19. She mentioned the neo-Nazi [[w:Atomwaffen Division|Atomwaffen Division]], which has been connected to multiple murders.

In addition to teenagers, many current military and law enforcement personnel are recruited into neo-Nazi groups. Veterans are often recruited as they are leaving the military; this is a particularly vulnerable time for many. 

She said the military should be doing more. [[w:Lloyd Austin|Lloyd Austin]], the current US Secretary of Defense, became aware of this as a Lt. Col. and wanted to do something about it at Secretary of Defense. However, Republicans in the US Congress have explicitly zeroed out his budget to prevent him from doing anything to minimize the problem with violent extremists in the US military.&lt;ref&gt;That Person Called Morgan (2024); Donnelly (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; 

When asked what concerned parents or community members should do to minimize the risks of teenagers in their community involving themselves in extremist violence, she recommended PERIL, the Polarization and Extremism Research &amp; Innovation Lab,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Polarization and Extremism Research &amp; Innovation Lab (PERIL)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129673094}}&lt;/ref&gt; headed by Professor Cynthia Miller-Idriss&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Cynthia Miller-Idriss--&gt;{{cite Q|Q110463618}}&lt;/ref&gt; at [[w:American University|American University]]: They are &quot;Equipping communities with tools for change&quot;, including resources for, parents &amp; caregivers, government and policymakers, faith leaders &amp; small businesses, educators &amp; mental health counselors, community members, and victims &amp; survivors. 

== Beirich == 

Heidi Beirich earned a doctorate in political science from [[w:Purdue University|Purdue]] and worked for the [[w:Southern Poverty Law Center|Southern Poverty Law Center]] from 1999 until she left to found the Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism&lt;ref name=GPAHE/&gt; in 2020.

She is interviewed by Karl Brooks&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Karl Brooks--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128214400}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography == 

* &lt;!-- Beirich (2020-02-11) &quot;Alarming Incidents of White Supremacy in the Military – How to Stop It?&quot;, testimony before the Military Personnel Subcommittee of the Armed Services Committee of the US House of Representatives.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129350693}}
* &lt;!--John M. Donnelly (2022-12-14) Final NDAA removes most House provisions on hate groups, Roll Call--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130545466}}
* &lt;!--Hague, Beirich and Sebasta, eds. (2008) Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction (University of Texas Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129348759|editor=Euan Hague, Heidi Beirich, and Edward H. Sebesta}}
* &lt;!--That person called Morgan (2024-01-30) Foreign Policy Analysis Paper: Countering Extremism Activity Working Group (CEAWG), Medium--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130545443}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>22nd Century Initiative</title>
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      <id>2811323</id>
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      <text bytes="3534" sha1="e2ibhyaq8u17ji9decob26c1xdb1tre" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of an interview 2024-09-11 with Jiva Manske of the 22nd Century Initiative.&lt;ref name=Jiva&gt;&lt;!--Jiva Manske--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130287696}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 29:00 mm:ss audio file, prepared for distribution as the &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; is available here.''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:Jiva Manske discusses the 22nd Century Initiative and HOPE-PV.webm|thumb|Jiva Manske discusses the 22nd Century Initiative and Harnessing Our Power to End Political Violence (HOPE-PV).]]

[[File:Jiva Manske discusses the 22nd Century Initiative and HOPE-PV.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from an interview conducted 2024-09-11 with Jiva Manske about the 22nd Century Initiative and the HOPE-PV project]]

Jiva Manske&lt;ref name=Jiva/&gt; of the 22nd Century Initiative&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--22nd CI--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129361855}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses their activities including their collaboration with the Horizons Project&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Horizons Project--&gt;{{cite Q|Q123142471}}&lt;/ref&gt; in &quot;Harnessing Our Power to End Political Violence&quot; (HOPE-PV).&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--HOPE-PV--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130287701}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 22nd Century Initiative is a national strategy and action hub, founded to coordinate efforts to combat authoritarianism and support a multiracial, inclusive, and pluralistic democracy in the U.S. in this century and the next. 

A primary activity is conferences. Their first was in 2023 — July 6-9 in Minneapolis.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--22nd CI 2023--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129546669}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second is scheduled for 2025 – June 19-22 in Atlanta.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--22nd CI 2025--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129546944}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

&lt;!--== Bibliography ==--&gt;

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Activism]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dis- and misinformation and their threats to democracy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>307615</id>
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      <text bytes="4085" sha1="iiuksv31xbwrbi20ejlw5uuudtn6csk" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of an interview 2024-09-13 with University of Kansas Journalism professor Patricia Weems Gaston.&lt;ref name=Gaston&gt;&lt;!--Patricia Weems Gaston--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130215888}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 29:00 mm:ss audio file, prepared for distribution as the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]]''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; will be posted here 2024-09-28. 

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:University of Kansas journalism professor Patricia Weems Gaston discusses dis- and misinformation and their threats to democracy.webm|thumb|University of Kansas journalism professor Patricia Weems Gaston is interviewed 2024-09-13 regarding dis- and misinformation and their threats to democracy]]
[[File:Dis- and misinformation and their threats to democracy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from an interview 2024-09-13 by Karl Brooks and Spencer Graves with University of Kansas journalism professor Patricia Weems Gaston on dis- and misinformation and their threats to democracy]]

University of Kansas Journalism professor Patricia Weems Gaston&lt;ref name=Gaston/&gt; discusses dis- and misinformation and their threats to democracy. Gaston won a Pulitzer prize in 1994 for a series for the Dallas Morning News on the universality of violence against women and served as a Pulitzer Prize juror in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;Riggs (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; She helped organize a virtual series of presentations in 2022 on &quot;Wellness in Our Democracy: The Threat of Disinformation and Misinformation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ryan (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Gaston has held the Lacy C. Haynes chair of Journalism at the [[w:University of Kansas|University of Kansas]] since 2018. She grew up in [[w:Kansas City metropolitan area|Kansas City]] and earned a B.A. in journalism from KU in 1981. Since then she has held multiple journalism and editorial positions with the Dallas Morning News and the Washington Post.&lt;ref name=Gaston/&gt; 

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!-- Evan Riggs (2024-05-06) Lacy C. Haynes Professor Patricia Weems Gaston served as 2024 Pulitzer Prize juror--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130215911}}
* &lt;!-- Emily Ryan (2022-09-22) New Series Will Explore Disinformation and How University Communities Can Respond--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130215970}}

[[Category:Information sciences]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jacob Ware on far-right terrorism in the US</title>
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      <text bytes="5271" sha1="ssqalccdfto9apzpqf784k31c74lng8" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of an interview 2024-10-01 with Jacob Ware.&lt;ref name=Ware&gt;&lt;!--Jacob Ware--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130315296}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the interview, a video of it will be posted here followed a few days later by a 29:00 mm:ss audio file, prepared for distribution as the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:Jacob Ware on far-right terrorism in the US.webm|thumb|Jacob Ware on far-right terrorism in the US]]
[[File:Jacob Ware on far-right terrorism in the US.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from interview recorded 2024-10-01 with Jacob Ware on far-right terrorism in the US.]]--&gt;

Jacob Ware&lt;ref name=Ware/&gt; discusses far-right extremism in the US with Doug Samuelson&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Douglas A. Samuelson--&gt;{{cite Q|Q89781201}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Spencer Graves&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480) }}&lt;/ref&gt; originally produced 2024-10-01 for Radio Active Magazine&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Radio Active Magazine--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57451712}}&lt;/ref&gt; on [[w:KKFI|KKFI]], Kansas City Community Radio. This is based in part on his new (2024) book with Bruce Hoffman, ''God, Guns, and Sedition: Far-Right Terrorism in America''.&lt;ref&gt;Hoffman and Ware (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

Ware co-authored an op end that appeared September 17 in the ''[[w:Los Angeles Times|Los Angeles Times]]'' claiming that, &quot;Trump assassination attempts are just the beginning. Imagine what is coming after the election&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ware and Clarke (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; They wrote, &quot;If Trump is elected, many expect a visceral reaction from segments of the far left, including some who may resort to violence. Trump’s election could also embolden any followers prone to violence ... against immigrants, people of color, women, LGBTQ+ people and others. If he continues to praise the Jan. 6 terrorists and even pardons those who were convicted, Trump would be inviting continued vigilantism.&quot; As President, Trump pardoned [[w:Hammond arson case|Dwight Hammond and his son, Steven]], two of the leaders of the 2016 [[w:Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge|Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge]], of arson on federal land for fires they had set in 2001 and 2006. Another of the leaders of that occupation, [[w:LaVoy Finicum|Robert LaVoy Finicum]], had been shot and killed by law enforcement after he reached for a handgun concealed in his pocket while vigorously trying to evade arrest. Many people living near there felt threatened by large numbers of outsiders, often dressed in military-style attire carrying firearms aggressively approaching them in local stores and asking their opinions about the Hammonds. Locals responded by calling public meetings and encouraging law enforcement to take appropriate action against the occupiers.

Ware is a research fellow at the [[w:Council on Foreign Relations|Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR) and an adjunct professor at [[w:Georgetown University|Georgetown University]]’s [[w:Walsh School of Foreign Service|Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]].

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!-- Hoffman and Ware (2024) God, Guns, and Sedition: Far-Right Terrorism in America (Columbia U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130315309}}
* &lt;!--Ware and Clarke (2024-09-17) &quot;Trump assassination attempts are just the beginning. Imagine what is coming after the election&quot;, LA Times--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130350666}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Terrorism]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Project 2025 per Professor Brooks</title>
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      <text bytes="12945" sha1="gqxmlirjbhrj60158ie1zbo91iph72f" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of an interview 2024-10-26 about [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] with Karl Brooks.&lt;ref name=Brooks&gt;&lt;!--Karl Boyd Brooks--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128214400}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the interview, a video of it will be posted here with a 29:00 mm:ss audio file, prepared for distribution as the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:Project 2025 per Professor Brooks.webm|thumb|interview recorded 2024-10-26 about Project 2025 with Professor Brooks]]
[[File:Project 2025 per Professor Brooks.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from interview recorded 2024-10-26 about [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] with Professor Brooks.]]

Karl Brooks&lt;ref name=Brooks/&gt; discusses [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] with Spencer Graves,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480) }}&lt;/ref&gt; originally produced for Radio Active Magazine&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Radio Active Magazine--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57451712}}&lt;/ref&gt; on [[w:KKFI|KKFI]], Kansas City Community Radio, and for the fortnightly Media &amp; Democracy series&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the Pacifica Radio Network of over 200 community radio stations.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Selected observations ==

=== Trump's knowledge of Project 2025 ===
Early in the interview, Graves asked Brooks his reaction to Trump's denials that he knew anything about Project 2025. Brooks responded, &quot;Trump's denials of any connection to project 2025 are, like most of the things he says he lies so frequently.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Approximate 3:11 m:ss in the accompanying video. A Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:False or misleading statements by Donald Trump|False or misleading statements by Donald Trump]]&quot; reported that, 'Commentators and fact-checkers have described the scale of Trump's mendacity as &quot;unprecedented&quot; in American politics, and the consistency of falsehoods a distinctive part of his business and political identities. Scholarly analysis of Trump's tweets found &quot;significant evidence&quot; of an intent to deceive.' Accessed 2024-10-27.&lt;/ref&gt; The Wikipedia article on [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] says that many contributors to Project 2025 &quot;are associated with Trump and his 2024 presidential campaign.&quot; [[w:The Heritage Foundation|The Heritage Foundation]] employs many people closely aligned with Trump including members of his 2017–2021 administration. Moreover, some Trump campaign officials had regular contact with the Project 2025 team but began to distance themselves from it as it started generating controversy. Much of Project 2025 is contained in Trump's official &quot;[[w:Agenda 47|Agenda 47]]&quot;. ([[w:List of presidents of the United States|The next president will be the 47th]] in US history.)

=== Biggest problems facing the US today ===

Graves asked how Project 2025 defines the biggest problems facing the US today. Brooks said it &quot;reads more like a lament for a lost America. They, I think, say that the biggest problems in America are too much freedom for women, too much equality for people of color, too much competence in the federal workforce, and too many protections for workers' rights and the natural systems that we all rely on to sustain life here on earth. ... [T]hey see the problems almost more cultural and political and legal than what you might call policy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Approximate 5:28 m:ss in the accompanying video.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Global warming ===

Asked how Project 2025 perceives global warming, Brooks said, &quot;Most of the authors of the segments about energy and climate change come from organizations that pretty expressly deny the reality.. ... Many of them have direct links to fossil fuel industries. ... Project 2025 endorses the promise that Trump made in the second year of his administration that the United States should ... dominate the world's energy markets&quot; with fossil fuels.&lt;ref&gt;Approximate 6:21 m:ss in the accompanying video.&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Pollution === 

Graves then asked what Project 2025 wants to do about water and air pollution. Brooks said that the parts of Project 2025 dealing with the environment had been appointed to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by Trump and said the &quot;EPA is probably twice as big as it needs to be&quot; and far more powerful. It should be cut in half and moved out of DC, e.g., to Texas or Florida.&lt;ref&gt;Approximate 8:01 m:ss in the accompanying video.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Personnel can be policy === 

A key point in Project 2025, Brooks said, &quot;is the recognition .... that in DC, personnel can be policy.&quot; Project 2025 has compiled a huge list of Trump loyalist whom they hope to install in key positions in the federal government. They've also identified &quot;blacklist members&quot;, people whom they believed were not sympathetic to Trump's goals or even tried to undermine them. Project 2025 believes, Brooks said, &quot;that the federal workforce needs to have a lot more political appointees directly responsible to the president and not independent, qualified, competent civil servants.&quot; It's similar to the 1890s when our economic inequality is as grotesque as it is today. Loyalty matters to Trump and to Project 2025 more than competence.&lt;ref&gt;Approximate 13:45 m:ss in the accompanying video.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The president can ignore the Supreme Court === 

Brooks continued, &quot;[[w:JD Vance|JD Vance]] has identified many federal workers as the enemy from within. During the summer Vance suggested that the president's first act, should he be elected, would be to fire about half or more of all the federal agency employees throughout the country to make way for people who are personally loyal to Donald Trump and JD Vance. ... Vance, who is also a lawyer, said to Donald Trump, if you fire all these people, of course you violate probably half a dozen different laws ... . And if the Supreme Court finds that you broke the law, tough: Disregard the Supreme Court.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;This discussion appears approximate 16:06 m:ss in the accompanying video. Documentation of Vance's comments in this regard appears in Carnahan (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:Andrew Jackson|Andrew Jackson]] did that when he was president of the US, 1829-1837. Recent decisions by the Supreme Court have made it much easier for the president to do that, e.g., in their decision in ''[[w:Trump v. United States (2024)|Trump v. United States]]'' (2024-07-01) that current and former presidents are immune from criminal prosecution for conduct alleged to involve official acts while in office. Also, ''[[w:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo|Loper Bright Enterprises]]'' decision (2024-06-28), which overturned the ''[[w:Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.|Chevron]]'' (1984) decision, makes it potentially impossible for governmental agencies to enforce the law as long as a major corporation can claim there is ambiguity in the statute.

== Karl Brooks == 

Brooks is an attorney with a PhD in history. He served three terms in the Idaho state senate and taught environmental history at the University of Kansas for a decade during which time he wrote two books on (2006) ''Public Power, Private Dams: The Hells Canyon High Dam Controversy'', (2009) ''Before Earth Day: The Origins of American Environmental Law, 1945-1970'', and edited a third, (2009) ''The Environmental Legacy of Harry S. Truman''. In 2010 he was appointed the Administrator for Region 7 of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), responsible for Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas including native American jurisdictions in those states. In 2015, he became the national operations manager for the EPA. He later became deputy director of the Administrative Office of the Courts in New Mexico. Then he served two years as senior staff executive for the multi-county judicial district based in Taos before rejoining the faculty at KU.

== Project 2025 == 

[[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] is a political initiative published online in 2023 by the conservative think tank [[w:The Heritage Foundation|The Heritage Foundation]] as ''[[w:Mandate for Leadership|Mandate for Leadership]]'': [[w:Mandate for Leadership#Mandate IX|''The Conservative Promise'']].&lt;ref&gt;Dans (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Kevin Roberts|Kevin Roberts]], President of The Heritage Foundation, introduced that book by noting that the Heritage Foundation had published an earlier ''Mandate for Leadership'' in January 1981, the same month that [[w:Ronald Reagan| Ronald Reagan]] was inaugurated as President, and “By the end of that year, more than 60 percent of its recommendations had become policy—and Reagan was on his way to ending stagflation, reviving American confidence and prosperity, and winning the Cold War.”

The Heritage Foundation has published new editions of ''Mandate for Leadership'' during 8 of the 11 presidential elections since 1981, with the current version being the ninth.&lt;ref&gt;They skipped 1992, 2008 and 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, The Heritage Foundation claimed that the Trump administration had embraced 64%, almost 2/3rds, of the 334 proposed policies in the seventh edition of their ''Mandate for Leadership''.

Other experts on US history and politics do not agree that Reagan ended stagflation, revived American confidence and prosperity, and won the Cold War. For example, Matthews (2022) claimed that [[w:Paul Volker|Paul Volker]], appointed to chair the [[Federal Reserve|US Federal Reserve system]] in 1979 by [[w:Jimmy Carter|President Carter]], had pushed the US into recession by 1980 and contributed to Reagan’s victory that November. And [[w:Ohio State University|Ohio State]] professor [[w:John Mueller|John Mueller]] insists that the [[w:Cold War|Cold War]] was ''not'' won by President Reagan but rather by the non-interventionist policies of President Carter, which encouraged the [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] to try to support economic basket cases like Nicaragua and Mozambique and to invade Afghanistan, where they essentially bled to death.&lt;ref&gt;Mueller (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Karl Boyd Brooks (2006) Public Power, Private Dams: The Hells Canyon High Dam Controversy (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130621895}}
* &lt;!--Karl Boyd Brooks (2009) Before Earth Day: The Origins of American Environmental Law, 1945-1970 (University Press of Kansas)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130622199}}
* &lt;!--Karl Boyd Brooks, ed. (2009) The Environmental Legacy of Harry S. Truman (Truman Legacy Series 5)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130622326|author = Karl Boyd Brooks, ed.}} 
* &lt;!--Ashley Carnahan (2024-02-04) &quot; ABC host abruptly ends interview with JD Vance over Supreme Court remarks: 'No, no George'&quot;, Fox News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130709054}}
* &lt;!--Paul Dans, ed. (2023)  Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise, Heritage Foundn--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122632674|author=Paul Dans, ed.}}
* &lt;!-- Dylan Matthews, “How the Fed ended the last great American inflation — and how much it hurt”, Vox.com, 2022-07-13--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130624117}}
* &lt;!--John Mueller (2021) The Stupidity of War: American Foreign Policy and the Case for Complacency (Cambridge U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q113702723}}

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    <title>Legal concerns of Wikimedia Europe</title>
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      <text bytes="8837" sha1="tsvhvpxuh2f9vgq9ihotb6yzfk7qf92" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of an interview 2024-10-25 about the legal concerns of [[meta:Wikimedia Europe|Wikimedia Europe]] with Dimi Dimitrov.&lt;ref name=Dimi&gt;&lt;!-- Dimi Dimitrov--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130719781}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video will be posted here after it is released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:Legal concerns of Wikimedia Europe.webm|thumb|Interview of Dimi Dimitrov on the legal concerns of Wikimedia Europe by Spencer Graves recorded 2024-10-25]]
&lt;!--[[File: ... .ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from interview recorded 2024-10-25 regarding the legal concerns of Wikimedia Europe.]]--&gt;

Dimi Dimitrov,&lt;ref name=Dimi/&gt; Policy Director for [[meta:Wikimedia Europe|Wikimedia Europe]], discusses their legal concerns with Radio Active Magazine regular Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480) }}&lt;/ref&gt; This interview was originally produced for Radio Active Magazine&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Radio Active Magazine--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57451712}}&lt;/ref&gt; on [[w:KKFI|KKFI]], Kansas City Community Radio, and for the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; series&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the Pacifica Radio Network of over 200 community radio stations.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; This conversation focuses especially on actions considered and enacted by the European parliament in Brussels. 

Dimi works to ensure that changes in European law protect and advance the ability of Wikimedians to support [[w:Wikipedia:prime objective|Wikipedia's Prime objective]] to build &quot;a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge.&quot;

A relatively recent major change in this area was the European &quot;[[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]]&quot; adopted in 2022. It addresses illegal content, transparent advertising and disinformation. The latter seems to be a major issue in contributing to the rise of political polarization and violence internationally as exemplified in the [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|attack on the US Capitol January 6, 2021]], and the similar [[w:2023 Brazilian Congress attack|attack on the  Brazilian Congress in 2023]]. 

Much of the rest of the world, including the US, might benefit from studying the Digital Services Act and its impact. One feature that act copied from US law was &quot;notice and takedown&quot; procedures of the US [[w:Digital Millennium Copyright Act|Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA): Web sites must (a) provide users with a way to complain about, e.g., copyright infringement and (b) are required to either take down the content that allegedly infringes or be prepared to defend in court that their content does not violate copyright law. 

Facebook whistleblower [[w:Frances Haugen|Frances Haugen]] notes that for-profit Internet companies tune their algorithms to maximize their profits. That increases political polarization and violence, [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|&quot;because the shortest path to a click is anger or hate.&quot;]] This is [[How psychological and interpersonal processes are influenced by human-computer interactions|a much bigger problem outside the US]], including in the [[w:Europe Union|Europe Union]], which has 24 official languages. By comparison, roughly [[w:United States#Language|three quarters of the US population speak only English at home]].

A key distinction for Dimi is whether the content that a platform shows you is the same for all users or is adjusted based on what it knows about you. What you see from companies like [[w:Google|Google]], [[w:Facebook|Facebook]], or [[w:Twitter|'''X''']] is curated based on what the company knows about you, e.g., your geographic location or history on the Internet. Few people realize that what others see is different. Those differences often drive conflict. 

The Wikimedia Foundation may be unique among major Internet organizations in that it shows the same content to everyone. Almost anyone can change almost anything on Wikipedia anonymously. What stays tends to be written from a neutral point of view citing credible sources. People may get angry, but they [[w:Reliability of Wikipedia#Articles on contentious issues|routinely collaborate to produce text that virtually all can more or less live with]].&lt;ref&gt;See also DiResta (2024, esp. pp. 331-332), who cites research claiming that veracity can be effectively crowdsourced.&lt;/ref&gt;  That's very different from companies like Google, Facebook or '''X''', where few people are aware that their opposition sees something different. That, in turn, can fuel political polarization and violence, with each side believing they are right and the others wrong.&lt;ref&gt;Problems with different people seeing different things are discussed in multiple articles on Wikiversity with “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]”.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dimi mentioned problems with content moderation in small Wikipedias like the Bulgarian language Wikipedia. He said someone from Poland helps without really understanding the Bulgarian language. This cannot work for everything. However, many edits are obvious vandalism, like replacing the photograph of a politician with that of a chicken: You don't need to be fluent in Bulgarian to identify that as likely vandalism and revert it.&lt;ref&gt;Approximately 30:00 - 31:16 in companion video to this article.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dimi said there are roughly 20 very large Internet organizations in the world today. The Wikimedia Foundation is unique in multiple ways. 

* It's non-profit. The others are all for profit. 
* It shows the same content to everyone. The others collect lots of data about users and tailors what they show to elicit the strongest response from users, because that's how they make money. Since anger and hate tend to be most profitable, that threatens world peace and democracy everywhere. 
* It collects as little data as possible on its users. Almost anyone can change almost anything on Wikipedia even without creating an account with Wikipedia. People can &quot;watch&quot; articles on Wikipedia. For that, they need to create an account and provide an email address. However, the user name can be fictitious. That protects users, because if someone, e.g., a government official wants the names of everyone who edited a Wikipedia article, they can get a list of all the IP addresses of anonymous users and user names of those who have accounts. However, they cannot get the real names of users who have created an account with a fictitious name. 

[[meta:User:Dimi z|Dimi]] is native Bulgarian and a graduate of the University of Vienna, Austria. He works today in Brussels, Belgium.  

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Renée DiResta (2024)  Invisible rulers (Public Affairs)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127420033}}

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    <title>Thom Hartmann on The Hidden History of the American Dream</title>
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      <text bytes="17138" sha1="04cvw7gbf07c2usfv45jxxkyw5x90id" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of an interview 2024-11-21 with [[w:Thom Hartmann|Thom Hartmann]] on his recent book on ''The Hidden History of the American Dream''. A 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video will be posted here after it is released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref name=Pacifica&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref name=Pacifica200&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:Thom Hartmann on The Hidden History of the American Dream.webm|thumb|[[w:Thom Hartmann|Thom Hartmann]] on ''The Hidden History of the American Dream: The demise of the middle class — and how to rescue our future'']]
[[File:Thom Hartmann on The Hidden History of the American Dream.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from interview recorded 2024-11-21 of [[w:Thom Hartmann]] by Spencer Graves about Hartmann’s new book on ''The Hidden History of the Middle Class''.]]

[[w:Thom Hartmann|Thom Hartmann]] discusses his recent book on ''The Hidden History of the American Dream'' with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480) }}&lt;/ref&gt; This interview was originally produced for Radio Active Magazine&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Radio Active Magazine--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57451712}}&lt;/ref&gt; on [[w:KKFI|KKFI]], Kansas City Community Radio, and for the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; series&lt;ref name=M&amp;D/&gt; syndicated for the Pacifica Radio Network of over 200 community radio stations.&lt;ref name=Pacifica200/&gt; This conversation focuses especially on Hartmann's recent book and the contributions of [[w:Overconfidence effect|overconfidence]] and media bias to the problems he describes. 

Hartmann is a ''New York Times'' bestselling author of over thirty-five books and a leading progressive talk radio show host for more than a twenty years. His ''Hidden History of the American Dream: The demise of the middle class — and how to rescue our future''&lt;ref name=H24&gt;Hartmann (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; appeared earlier this year. It’s the tenth book he has published in the six years since 2019, in addition to at least 25 others published earlier.

Hartman has had a varied career. Born in 1951, he campaigned with his father for Conservative Republican [[w:Barry Goldwater|Barry Goldwater]] for [[w:1964 United States presidential election|President in 1964]] at age 13. He was expelled from high school during tenth grade for starting a newspaper that protested against the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]]. He later earned a GED and studied electrical engineering at [[w:Lansing Community College|Lansing Community College]] and [[w:Michigan State University|Michigan State]]. He founded his own electrical repair business before taking a job as an engineer with [[w:RCA|RCA]]. He also co-founded an herbal products company, a travel company and an advertising agency while also working as a DJ and news director for radio stations.

In 2003 he started a talk radio show, which he has continued in various incarnations since while writing multiple books. In 2016 his talk show was carried by at least 80 radio stations, with at least one each in Africa and England. It is currently offered to the Pacifica Radio Network of over 200 community radio stations as a daily show in three one-hour segments plus a compressed one-hour version. More than half of his guests are Conservatives, who are treated with respect. Hartmann’s goal is an informative discussion of issues, unlike some Conservative talk show hosts, who excel in insults.

Hartman was a keynoter at this year’s [[w:Grassroots Radio Coalition|Grassroots Radio Conference]] in [[w:New Orleans|New Orleans]] in September.

Before his (2024) Hidden History of the American Dream,&lt;ref name=H24/&gt; his Hidden History series included:

* (2023) ''American democracy'',&lt;ref&gt;Hartman (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2022) ''big brother in America'',&lt;ref&gt;Hartmann (2022b).&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2022) ''neoliberalism'',&lt;ref&gt;Hartmann (2022a).&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2021) ''American healthcare'',&lt;ref&gt;Hartmann (2021b).&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2021) ''American oligarchy'',&lt;ref&gt;Hartmann (2021a).&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2020) ''Monopolies'',&lt;ref&gt;Hartmann (2020b).&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2020) ''war on voting'',&lt;ref&gt;Hartmann (2020a).&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2019) ''guns and the Second Amendment'',&lt;ref&gt;Hartmann (2019b).&lt;/ref&gt; and 
* ( 2019) ''Supreme Court''.&lt;ref&gt;Hartmann (2019a).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights == 

Hartmann said he thought [[w:Adam Smith|Adam Smith]]'s (1759) ''[[w:The Theory of Moral Sentiments|Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'' was more important than his better known (1776) ''[[w:The Wealth of Nations|Wealth of Nations]]''. Hartmann also noted that, &quot;[[w:Thomas Paine|Thomas Paine]] wrote a piece called ''[[w:Agrarian Justice|Agrarian Justice]]'', in which he proposed what we today call the [[w:Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] program and [[w:Universal basic income|minimum basic incomes]].&quot;

Hartmann claimed that Smith's ''Moral Sentiments''

&lt;blockquote&gt; 
argued that it would be possible that with an unregulated capitalist system, you will always end up with a very small number of very rich people, a very small middle class, and a very large class of the working poor. This is the world that [[w:Charles Dickens|Charles Dickens]] wrote all his novels about. We are all familiar with the ''[[w:A Christmas Carol|Christmas Carol]]''. [[w:Ebenezer Scrooge|Ebenezer Scrooge]] was actually the middle class. He was not the rich guy. He had a little, small business. ... He only had one employee. And [[w:Bob Cratchit|Bob Cratchit]], of course, was the bottom 95%. 

So what Smith's proposed was that government intervention in the marketplace could be done in a way that would produce a larger middle class, and that that might be a desirable thing, and that actually became a large part of the debate in the 1st couple decades of the brand new American nation. And then it kind of faded out until 1933, when [[w:Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] became president at the time that Franklin Roosevelt became President. In 1933, 15% of us were in the middle class. And that was kind of the peak for America. And no country had ever achieved 50%. 

So FDR said, we're going to create a middle class that's more than half of Americans. We're going to fulfill the American dream. And he did that through things like [[w:Social Security (United States)|Social Security]], [[w:Unemployment insurance in the United States|unemployment insurance]], the absolute right to unionize, [[w:Minimum wage in the United States|minimum wage]]. These were all market interventions per Adam Smith's theory of moral sentiments that produced a middle class, that when Reagan came into office in 1981 was two-thirds of us. 

It was something the world had never seen before. It was the fastest growing middle class in 7,000 years of modern history.

And what what ended up bringing that down is another fascinating story ... In 1951, a fellow by the name of [[w:Russell Kirk|Russell Kirk]] wrote a book called ''[[w:The Conservative Mind|The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot]]'', from [[w:Edmund Burke|Edmund Burke]] to [[w:T. S. Eliot|T. S. Eliot]].&lt;ref&gt;''The Conservative Mind'' was first published in 1953, but was likely written earlier, consistent with Hartmann's comments.&lt;/ref&gt; And ''The Conservative Mind'' is even today considered the bible of the modern conservative movement. Edmund Burke was an economist and philosopher at the time of the American Revolution. And probably his most famous quote, &quot;It does me no harm if a man is allowed to engage in a profession as servile as that of a candle maker or hairdresser. But it does society considerable violence if such a man is allowed to participate in democratic governance, in other words, to vote. ... And when he wrote this in 1951, we were not yet 50% of us in the middle class.

... What Kirk said was essentially that if the middle class in America gets too large ... it's going to create chaos., three specific chaoses. These aren't so much in Kirk's book as they are the writings around it. [[w:William F. Buckley Jr.|William F. Buckley]], mostly. 

# Young people will no longer respect their elders, and that'll produce societal chaos. 
# Women will no longer respect their place in the family, and that'll produce, family chaos. And 
# Minorities will demand instant equality with white men, and that will produce absolute social and economic chaos.

... And when Kirk wrote this book, and Buckley was writing pieces about how white people were genetically superior, and all that kind of stuff. He was largely considered a crank even by Republicans, I mean Barry Goldwater was in love with him, but that was about it.

... And so in 1951, when Kirk wrote this book, and Buckley was writing pieces about how white people were genetically superior, ... he was largely considered a crank even by Republicans. [[w:Barry Goldwater|Barry Goldwater]] was in love with him, but that was about it.

But then the sixties happened. In 1960, the [[w:Combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pill]] was legalized by the [[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]]. So by 1965 ... a large mass of women were able to control their reproductive capacity and were demanding equality in the workplace. ... The Vietnam war got kicked off in 66, 67, and you had young men saying, &quot;Hell, no, I'm not going to go!&quot; and burning their draft cards and protesting in the streets and on the campuses. And this was also the peak decade of the civil rights movement. ... .

And so at that point in the by the late sixties, Republicans looked around and said, &quot;Holy crap! Russell Kirk was right. And we've got to do something about this. This middle class has gotten too large. ... 

And so, when [[w:Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] took power in 1981, his explicit mission to save the country was to reduce the size of the middle class. It was two thirds of us at the time. It's 43% of us now. 

How do we get from two thirds down to 43%? The first thing Reagan did is he destroyed unions. Fully a third of us were in unions at that time, which which meant that two thirds of Americans had the equivalent of a good Union job, because the Union employers set the wage and benefit floor for everybody. ... We're down to now 11% union density in the United States instead of 33%. 

Second, he basically froze the minimum wage. The last time it was raised was about almost 20 years ago. Third he went after social security and changed the way that social security made it taxable and changed the way that the [[w:Cost of living#Cost-of-living adjustment (COLA)|COLAs]] are calculated, so social security would grow more slowly. You could actually retire and live on social security in 1981, you can't anymore.

And fourth Reagan dropped the tax rate on the morbidly rich, which caused an explosion, a 51 trillion dollars transfer of wealth from the American middle class to the top, 1% over a 43 year period. And then finally Reagan embraced free Trade neoliberalism and began the process of moving all of our factories from the United States to China and Mexico and whatnot. 

All of this succeeded in gutting the American middle class. And the real tragedy of it is, you know, this has been a Republican effort since the seventies, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama both signed on with all these things.

By and large, Joe Biden was the first president to actually push back on neoliberalism, and he got a lot done. He just never talked about it, which is frankly, I think, why Harris lost the election. ... 

But the bottom line is that the American middle class has been under assault. And now comes people like Donald Trump saying, &quot;Oh, yeah, you guys, you know, a third of you have lost your middle class status. And now it takes 2 paychecks to have the same status as you had in 1981 with a single paycheck. And you know who did that. It's those black people who want your job. It's those women in the workplace who want your job. It's those brown people coming from Mexico who want your job. That's who did it to you.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Hartmann also talked about Denmark, which  has been among the three &quot;happiest&quot; countries in the world in each of the annual [[w:World Happiness Report|World Happiness Report]]s between 2013 and 2024, and was the happiest in the first two of those reports. He and his wife, Louise, spent two weeks there roughly a decade ago and interviewed a leading Danish conservative. Hartmann noted that Denmark has free healthcare and asked if he wanted to privatize health care. The guy replied, &quot;Are you crazy?&quot; Hartmann then noted that Danish college students get 300 a month stipend in addition to free tuition and asked if the conservative wanted students to pay for college. The conservative replied, &quot;Are you nuts?&quot; Hartmann then asked, &quot;What makes you a Conservative?&quot; Answer: &quot;I don't want any more of these immigrants.&quot;

Hartmann noted that in the 34 richest countries in the world, the 34 members of the [[w:OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)]], last year &quot;a total of half a million people ... lost their homes and got wiped out, because somebody got sick in their family ... . Every single one was here in the United States. Among the 34 OECD countries, there's only one that has more than a couple of billion dollars in aggregate student debt, and that country has 2 trillion dollars in aggregate student debt, and that's the United States. ... Louise and I went to Costa Rica a couple of years ago ..., and the cab driver, who drove us from the airport to the place that we had rented, ... was telling us ... about his son, who had just graduated from medical school ... .&quot; Hartmann noted, &quot;That's really cool&quot;, and asked, &quot;How does a cab driver's son become a physician?&quot; The cab driver said, &quot;We have free college here. ... We also have free health care. Doctors make about the same as bankers and lawyers. Nobody's getting rich, but he's not going to be poor. He'll have a better life than I have.&quot;

Hartmann continued, &quot;Forty-three years of conservative policies of Reaganism have just gutted this country. Every effort to move us forward in the direction that FDR put us on, they've reversed ... . Right wing conservatives on the Supreme Court and our legislature just blocked any serious effort to do anything.&quot;

All this has been facilitated by the ultra wealthy buying more media, shifting editorial policies to the right. And [[w:Section 230|Section 230]] gives Internet companies a license to make money from increasing political polarization and violence.

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Thom Hartmann (2024) The hidden history of the American Dream : the demise of the middle class - and how to rescue our future--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131016053}}
* &lt;!--(2023) American democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131011141}}
* &lt;!--(2022) big brother in America--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131011790|date=2022b}}
* &lt;!--(2022) neoliberalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131013865|date=2022a}}
* &lt;!--(2021) American healthcare--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131011157|date=2021b}}
* &lt;!--(2021) American oligarchy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131011437|date=2021a}}
* &lt;!--(2020) Monopolies--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131013576|date=2020b}}
* &lt;!--(2020) war on voting--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131017302|date=2020a}}
* &lt;!--(2019) guns and the Second Amendment--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131012323|date=2019b}}
* &lt;!--( 2019) Supreme Court--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131016701|date=2019a}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Media literacy for the Arab World per Ahmed Al-Rawi</title>
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      <id>2811317</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
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      <text bytes="11466" sha1="ld40atkkf5c1zax9on4gurnunydc768" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of an interview 2024-11-21 with Simon Fraser University professor Ahmed Al-Rawi&lt;ref name=AlRawiSFU&gt;&lt;!--SFU homepage of Ahmed Al-Rawi--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131349551}}&lt;/ref&gt; about his research into how to understand and counter the rise in political polarization and violence worldwide. This includes a video of that interview and a 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted therefrom, released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:Media literacy to counter political polarization per Ahmed Al-Rawi.webm|thumb|Media literacy to counter political polarization: Interview with [[w:Simon Fraser University|Simon Fraser University]] professor Ahmed Al-Rawi about media and conflict.]]
&lt;!--[[File: ... .ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from interview recorded 2024-10-25 regarding the legal concerns of Wikimedia Europe.]]--&gt;

[[w:Simon Fraser University|Simon Fraser University]] professor Ahmed Al-Rawi&lt;ref name=AlRawiSFU/&gt; discusses the media literacy laboratory he co-founded at the Lebanese American University in Beiruit&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Author archives: Ahmed Al-Rawi, LLRX--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131349668}}&lt;/ref&gt; and his research into how to understand and counter the rise in political polarization and violence worldwide. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.

Al-Rawi is the author or co-author of a dozen books in the last dozen years plus co-editor of three others and author of dozens of articles.&lt;ref name=AlRawiCV&gt;&lt;!--Curriculum Vitae: Ahmed Al-Rawi--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131349693}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of his publications describe the increase in political polarization and violence worldwide in recent decades and what might be done to counter it. His research has focused primarily on the Arab World and on Canada. At Simon Fraser and elsewhere he has taught classes on media, communications, democracy and power.

Al-Rawi is currently an Associate Professor of News, Social Media &amp; Public Communication in the School of Communication, Faculty of Communication, Art &amp; Technology at Simon Fraser University in [[w:Vancouver|Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada and a scientist with the [[w:International Panel on the Information Environment|International Panel on the Information Environment]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Ahmed Al-Rawi, IPIE--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131349735}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has previously taught at other universities in Canada as well as in the [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] and in [[w:Oman|Oman]]. Twenty years ago he worked as a freelance radio journalist for the Pacifica Radio Network and before that as a translator for Iraq National Television, [[w:Baghdad|Baghdad]], Iraq.

== Cognitive dissonance == 

Al-Rawi mentioned, &quot;[[w:cognitive dissonance|cognitive dissonance]], which means people tend to avoid any kind of information that would cause them headache, cause them disruption. They would tend to seek information from sources that would align with their own ways of thinking, with their own values.&lt;ref&gt;Starting around 11:27 mm:ss [[:File:Media literacy to counter political polarization per Ahmed Al-Rawi.webm|in the companion video.]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

That's a theory, a well-known theory and social psychology. So it makes a lot of sense that we see this kind of polarization happening in the media sphere as well.&quot; 

== External pluralism ==

He also discussed [[w:Media pluralism|media theory called &quot;external pluralism]], where you have separate media outlets that are distinctively different from each other.&quot; The US has ''[[w:Breitbart News|Breitbart]]'', ''[[w:Fox News|Fox News]]'', ''[[w:American one|America One]]'' Network, and other networks that are deemed to be more liberal. This is also happening in Canada, Europe and everywhere in the Middle East. 

Iraq has a very pluralistic media scene situated along the political positions of political and religious parties. 

Al-Rawi insists this is why &quot;we need more religious and political literacy that could be embedded into media literacy, education, so that people will become more aware about the goals of politicians, messages: What is behind that message?&quot; Greater public awareness of these issues could avoid escalation of tensions. 

Graves asked about the role of the media [[w:Yemen civil war|in the war in Yemen]]. Al-Rawi noted that the different parties to that conflict including Saudi Arabia and Iran each have their own media outlets promoting their own agendas exacerbating the conflict and eliminating possible solutions. 

Graves asked about the [[Winning the War on Terror|role of the media in the war on terror]]. Al-Rawi had earlier mentioned the role of the major media in the US in parroting what the administration was saying. Graves suggested that any responsible journalist should have known at the time that the official justification for the invasion of Iraq in 2003 was at best questionable and likely fraudulent, as it turned out to be. 

Al-Rawi replied that this was one of the most &quot;significant turning points in the lives of Muslim Americans, even Muslim Canadians&quot; and Muslims living in Europe, with many forced to leave even though they had done nothing wrong.

== Declaring war on bathtubs == 

Graves noted that Obama as president commented that more Americans have died in the average year [except for 2001] drowning in bathtubs, hot tubs and spas than have succumbed to terrorism.&lt;ref&gt;As noted in the section on [[Winning the War on Terror#2.11. US foreign interventions in opposition to democracy|&quot;US foreign interventions in opposition to democracy&quot;]] in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Winning the War on Terror]]&quot;, 'On May 23, 2013, then-US President Obama noted that terrorism caused fewer American deaths than car accidents or falls in the bathtub.  He occasionally ''had to be badgered by advisors into choices commensurate with popular fear.'' He worried, too, that counterterrorist priorities “swamped” his other foreign policy aspirations.' (Per &lt;!-- Humane: How the United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War --&gt;{{cite Q|Q108896140}}, pp. 268, 299-300.)&lt;/ref&gt; 
 
Al-Rawi agreed: &quot;A lot of people lost their lives, and it's not their fault.&quot; In &quot;the war that happened after 2003, the number of people dying every month is like we have a 9-11 every 2 or 3 weeks. ... These were mostly innocent civilians. ... We have the same thing happening, for example, in Gaza and elsewhere.&quot;

== The relative effectiveness of law enforcement vs. military in combatting terrorism == 

Graves noted that, &quot;Jones and Libicki found 268 terrorist groups that ended between 1968 and 2,006, 43% ended with negotiations like the Good Friday agreement in Northern Ireland, 40% were taken out by law enforcement. 10% won. 3% were defeated militarily. Yet the United States is promoting the absolute, least effective approach to terrorism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Jones and Libicki (2008).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Al-Rawi agreed: &quot;Force is not the answer to ending terrorism. Terrorism is an idea. If you want to kill the idea, you have to use another idea.&quot;

== Talking politics == 

Al-Rawi noted that, &quot;if you are talking to someone who is trying to enhance political polarization, it's really important to understand where their concerns come from, whether these are imagined or real, because that's where you can actually find a common ground or an alternative identity, whereby you can have a mutual discussion and probably reach some kind of consensus harmony, ... that would at least lessen this kind of polarization.&quot;

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

== Media effect theory == 

Al-Rawi also discussed &quot;[[w:Influence of mass media|media effect theory]]&quot;, which describes how the media influence the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of individuals in their audience. It sets the agenda for what many people think about. This effect could be both negative, increasing political polarization and the risk of violence, but also positive by focussing on shared identities.&lt;ref&gt;Starting around 15:47 mm:ss in [[:File:Media literacy to counter political polarization per Ahmed Al-Rawi.webm|the accompanying video]].&lt;/ref&gt;

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Ahmed Al-Rawi (2025, forthcoming) Mediated Racism and democracy in Canada: Interrogating the news industry, political systems, and public discourses, Routledge--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131349901|date=2025b}}
* &lt;!-- Ahmed Al-Rawi (2025, forthcoming) Disruptive Information in Canada, Bloomsbury--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131349920|date=2025a}}
* &lt;!-- Ahmed Al-Rawi et al. (2025) The Canadian Far-Right and Conspiracy Theories, Routledge--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131349937}}
* &lt;!-- Ahmed Al-Rawi (2024) The Iraqi Spring: Social Media and Political Activism, Amsterdam U. Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131350073}}
* &lt;!-- Ahmed Al-Rawi (2024) Online hate on social media, Palgrave Macmillan--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131350104}}
* &lt;!-- Ahmed Al-Rawi (2024) ISIS' propaganda machine : global mediated terrorism, Routledge--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131350154}}
* &lt;!-- Ahmed Al-Rawi (2023) Supernatural Creatures in Arabic Literary Tradition, Routledge--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131350208}}
* &lt;!-- Ahmed Al-Rawi (2021) Cyberwars in the Middle East, Routledge--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131350317}}
* &lt;!-- Ahmed Al-Rawi (2020) News 2.0: Journalists, Audiences and News on Social Media, Wiley-Blackwell--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131350446}}
* &lt;!-- Ahmed Al-Rawi (2020) Women's Activism and New Media in the Arab World, SUNY Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131350555}}
* &lt;!-- Ahmed Al-Rawi (2017) Islam on YouTube : Online Debates, Protests, and Extremism, Palgrave Macmillan--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131350577}}
* &lt;!-- Ahmed Al-Rawi (2012) Media Practice in Iraq, Springer--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131350656}}
* {{cite Q|Q57515305}}&lt;!-- Jones and Libicki (2008) How terrorist groups end--&gt;

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>317041</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811316</id>
      <parentid>2807082</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T15:09:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Discussion */ typo</comment>
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      <text bytes="11855" sha1="jxx3epe524tihhcs531e272mqvb8s21" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview to be recorded 2024-12-13 with communications professor [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] about his research discussing how information is a public good and the public policy implications of that claim. A 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video will be posted here after it is released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show''&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard.webm|thumb|Interview claiming that information is a public good and discussing market failures in for-profit media according to [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]], communications professor in the [[w:Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania|Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania]]]]
[[File:Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from Interview conducted 2024-12-13 regarding professor Pickard's claim that information is a public good and public policy implications of that claim.]]

Professor [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] in the [[w:Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania|Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania]] discusses how information is a public good and public policy implications of that claim. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Primary concerns == 

It is in your best interests and mine to help supporters of our worst enemies get information they want, because doing so will make it harder for their leaders and ours to convince us to support policies that may threaten our lives and futures to please those who control most of the money for the media. Research suggests that better media reduces political corruption and improves the quality of life for the vast majority. News deserts, ghost newspapers, and major media conglomerates have the opposite effect, encouraging public officials to focus less on protecting the interests of voters and often clandestinely reward campaign contributors to the detriment of the electorate. 

Commercial media are not likely to expose this corruption, because they make money selling advertising to the beneficiaries of that political corruption and from increasing political polarization and violence.&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2020, 2023). See also [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]].&lt;/ref&gt; If we look at how the major media in the US are generally funded, &quot;Their business model ... at least for about 125 years or so has been advertising. ... This really developed somewhere in the mid to late 1800s&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;This interview also briefly mentioned John and Silberstein-Loeb, ed (2015). ''Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet'', cited by Pickard (2020), which places these changes in a much broader context. McChesney and Nichols have suggested that that most people alive today benefit from subsidies for newspapers in the US in the early 1800s, even though they've never read those newspapers. This follows, because those newspapers encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which helped the new US stay together and grow both in land area and economically, while contemporary New Spain / Mexico fractured, shrank, and stagnated economically. For more on this, see [[The Great American Paradox]]. People in other countries benefit from scientific advances that would not have occurred without that diverse media environment in the US before media consolidation began in the late 1800s.&lt;/ref&gt; The newspaper industry, &quot;even in its beleaguered state, is still the source of most of our original reporting, original news and information that gets disseminated. So newspapers have historically been sort of the information feeders for our entire media ecosystem. ... But actually, media subsidies are as American as apple pie. Going back to our first major communication system, which was the postal system, and our newspapers  were tremendously subsidized.&quot; 

&quot;Then there was this transformation of the logic driving our newspaper industry, ... this primary business model was to deliver audiences to advertisers. ... That began to come apart in the early 2000s, when readers and advertisers migrated to the web ... . There is no viable economic model to support the level of journalism that democracy requires. We have to start thinking about other models ... .&quot; 

Earlier this year, Pickard published an article with Neff, which compared newspapers in 33 different countries.&lt;ref&gt;Neff and Pickard (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;In a kind of comparative framework ... we are literally off the chart for how little we fund our public media. ... At a national level it comes to ... a little bit over a $1.50 per person per year that we pay at the Federal level towards our public media. If you throw in local and regional and state subsidies, it gets up to a little bit over $3 per person per year. Now compare that to the Brits, who spend about $100 per person per year for the BBC. Or look at northern European countries where they're spending far more than that.&quot; 

Conservative organizations that evaluate the level of democracy have found that &quot;the strongest democracies on the planet ... also happen to have the strongest public media systems on the planet. ... These same institutions have qualified the US as being a flawed democracy. We've been considered a flawed democracy for a number of years now. And, of course, we have a very weakly funded public broadcasting system. So what this shows at the very least, is that if you publicly subsidize your media systems, your public media systems, if you make those public investments in the news and information that democracy requires, these countries are not sliding into totalitarianism. They're not becoming fascist countries overnight. Quite the contrary. They're they're very strong. There are shining exemplars of democratic countries. This doesn't mean that we shouldn't also be concerned about state capture of public media systems, and we can point to some cautionary tales like in Turkey and Hungary and Poland, you know, that can happen. But those are the exceptions. Most of these strong democracies have strong public broadcasting systems, public media systems. So I would argue that that should also be part of our redemocratization project here in the United States is to actually fund our public media so that they don't have to rely on private funders. NPR gets more than a third of its money from corporate funding, which sort of defeats the purpose.. It's a misnomer even to call it public broadcasting if they're taking in all this corporate money, and any casual listener or viewer of NPR and PBS will have to sit through what's uphemistically called enhanced underwriting. ... That's kind of absurd for a public media system. So we need to change that. But I do think that that's something we need to focus on more. We need to really build out our public media systems so that it can serve local information needs.&quot;

McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022) recommend distributing 0.15% of national income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP) to local news nonprofits on the basis of local elections. Pickard likes their model but prefers other alternatives, like local news bureaus or multimedia centers managed by local elected individuals or selected at random, similar to jury duty. The main point is to provide public funding with a firewall to prevent interference in the content by other government bureaucrats or corporate interests. 

Pickard continues, &quot;We basically want a system that allows journalists to be journalists, to do the work that originally drew them to the craft ... . Profit a driven media is always going to privilege profits over democracy.&quot;

== About Pickard == 

Pickard is a media studies scholar and a professor at the [[w:Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania|Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania]]. He works on the intersections of US and global media activism and politics and the role of the media in political economy.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]].&lt;/ref&gt; He is also the Chair of the Board of Free Press. He has written or edited six books,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Free Press Board--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398406}}&lt;/ref&gt; including (2015) ''America's Battle for Media Democracy'',&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2015)&lt;/ref&gt; and (2020) ''Democracy Without Journalism? Confronting the Misinformation Society''.&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet, Oxford U. Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Neff and Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2023) Another Media System is Possible: Ripping Open the Overton Window, from Platforms to Public Broadcasting, Janost--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398460}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2020) Democracy without journalism? : confronting the misinformation society, Oxford U. Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398359}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2015) America's Battle for Media Democracy, Cambridge U. Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398237}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:News]]
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    <title>HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick</title>
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        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
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      <comment>/* Discussion */ typo</comment>
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      <text bytes="22245" sha1="rj1kltwb6ttt47ncmzor9do0hfeqadr" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick, former interim general manager for KPFK, the second station in the Pacifica Radio Network, about HR 9495, which has been called the &quot;nonprofit-killer bill, by its opponents with a 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[File:HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick.webm|thumb|Interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick regarding HR 9495, called the nonprofit-killer bill, because it is allegedly designed to suppress dissent in the US.]]
[[File:HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from Interview conducted 2024-12-20 of Michael Novick by Spencer Graves about HR 9495, called the nonprofit-killer bill by its opponents.]]

Michael Novick discussed HR 9495, the “Stop Terror Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act”, which passed the House November 21. Its opponents have called it the “nonprofit-killer” bill, because it would give the Secretary of Treasury the authority to designate any nonprofit as a suspected “Terrorist Supporting Organization&quot; and remove their tax-exempt status unless they convince the Secretary of Treasury that they do not support terrorists.&lt;ref name=HR9495&gt;US House (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Mother Jones reported, 'In the bill’s original iteration, it was popular among both Republicans and Democrats, who saw it as an appealing way to police Palestinian rights organizations after protests last year. An earlier version, in April, passed the House easily, with only 11 votes against the bill. It didn’t make it through the Senate ... One of those early no votes was Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.), who said on the House floor [November 21], “... This is a dangerous and an unconstitutional bill that would allow unchecked power to target nonprofit organizations as political enemies and shut them down without due process.”'&lt;ref&gt;Hurwitz (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Beth Gazley, Professor of Nonprofit Management and Policy at Indiana University,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Beth Gazley--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131542978}}&lt;/ref&gt; said, &quot;I believe that this is part of a strategy to preempt opposition to Republican policies and encourage self-censorship. It’s a way for the GOP to try to restrict what activists and nonprofit organizations can say or do. And, essentially, it’s a threat to political opponents of President-elect Donald Trump.&quot; On November 21, only 15 Democrats supported it and one Republican opposed it. Rep. [[w:Jamie Raskin|Jamie Raskin]] (D-MD) called the bill “a werewolf in sheep’s clothing.&quot; ... An earlier version of this legislation was introduced in December 2023 and passed in the House in April 2024. Based on the timing, it was widely interpreted as an attempt to quell widespread protests by students and other people who were expressing their solidarity with Palestinians and their objections to Israel’s military operations in Gaza. But this legislation could easily do far more than that, because it does not distinguish between foreign and domestic terrorism – whether it’s real or imagined.&lt;ref name=Gazley&gt;Gazley (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Raskin further noted that “rendering support to terrorists is already a felony”,&lt;ref&gt;Raskin was quoted in Gazley (2024). In fact, &quot;[[w:Providing material support for terrorism|Providing material support for terrorism]]&quot; is a felony under the USA Patriot Act of 2001 punishable by fines and imprisonment of up to 15 years or 20 years if human(s) convicted ''know(s)'' they were aiding an organization so classified by the US State Department and life in prison if the &quot;death of a person&quot; has resulted, and 'the term “person” means any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property'. In ''[[w:Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project]]'' (2010), the US Supreme Court ruled that teaching nonviolence to someone designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was &quot;providing material support for terrorism&quot;. [[w:David D. Cole|David D. Cole]], attorney for the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]], said that under that ruling, even asking the State Department to explain why some individual or group was designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was similarly &quot;providing material support&quot;, a major felony with penalties as just described.&lt;/ref&gt; and this bill could end all rights to due process.&lt;ref name=Gazley/&gt; 

== Michael Novick == 

Novick has described himself as antiracist, antisexist, anti-imperialist, and anti-authoritarian. Between 2022 and November 2024, he was the interim general manager of [[w:KPFK|KPFK]],&lt;ref&gt;Novick (2022) noted that he began as interim general manager of KKFK in 2022. In this interview, he said he was no longer in that position.&lt;/ref&gt; the second [[w:Pacifica Foundation|station in the Pacifica Radio Network]].&lt;ref&gt;The Pacifica Radio Network includes stations owned by the Pacifica Foundation plus over 200 that are &quot;affiliates&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Novick can be reached at antiracistaction_LA@yahoo.com or changelinks2@gmail.com. The latter is for the Change Links community calendar.&lt;ref name=Change-Links&gt;&lt;!-- Change-Links--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544553}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;antiracist.org&quot; is the website for ''Turning the Tide'',&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Turning the Tide--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544806}}&lt;/ref&gt; which Novick has been publishing since 1988.

== HR 9495 == 

HR 9495 says that &quot;the term ‘terrorist supporting organization’ means any organization which is designated by the Secretary [of Treasury] as having provided, during the 3-year period ending on the date of such designation, material support or resources&quot; to a designated terrorist organization. Before an organization can be so designated, the Secretary is required to mail a written notice of such impending designation and giving them 90 days to &quot;demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such organization did not provide the material support or resources&quot;.&lt;ref name=HR9495/&gt; 

== Selected comments == 

Novik noted that 9495 is not likely to pass the Senate this year,

{{blockquote|
but they are going to bring it back immediately when the new Congress is seated, which is even prior to the inauguration of the new president. ... It's also related to a separate initiative of [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] that Trump, of course, said he never read ... but he's been appointing all sorts of people involved in that Project 2025 to his administration. And he has already said he'll be appointing the person who wrote the section of 2025 on media, who is a current member of the [[w:Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], ... [[w:Brendan Carr (lawyer)|Brendan Carr]]. In that document they say, &quot;Stripping public funding would, of course, mean that [[w:NPR|NPR]], [[w:PBS|PBS]], [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]], and the other leftist broadcasters would be shorn of the presumption that they act in the public interest ... . They should no longer, for example, be qualified as noncommercial education stations (NCE stations), which they clearly no longer are.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (pp. 246-251).&lt;/ref&gt; 

So we're expecting a lot of attacks of this nature to come down the pike. Because ... nonprofits and non-commercial media have been an important avenue for exposing some of the ills of the society and whistleblowing ... . They want to really contain and control the philanthropic sector and the public media sector to carry out some of their other goals ... that have been spelled out pretty clearly in the campaign of mass deportations, ... privatization ... . They want to try to force everything into the commercial enterprises, ... the billionaire owned media.&quot;
}} 

Regarding Trump suing [[w:American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and ''[[w:The Des Moines Register|The Des Moines Register]]'',&lt;ref&gt;Gold (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick said, &quot;I think it's part and parcel of this whole attack on on freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the whole thing about fake news. ... [T]his effort internationally and nationally to really control the free flow of information because they understand that an informed public is less likely to sit still for its own rights being violated. And certainly the other end of the freedom of speech is freedom of discourse and freedom of listening. If you can't hear any contrary views to those being expressed by the great leader, that's a violation of your rights, not just the rights of the speakers. And so I think ... that it is an attack on human rights and on people's ability to understand what's going on in the world and do something about it.&quot; 

Graves asked Novick about Trump saying that Liz Cheney, a Republican who represented Wyoming in the US House, should be prosecuted and jailed for her role in a Trump impeachment proceeding during Trump's first term.&lt;ref&gt;Mascaro (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
I think it's a much deeper problem. It it started before him. ... The Biden administration ... prosecuted [[w:Julian Assange|Julian Assange]] and actually won a conviction. They got him to plead guilty to a violation of the Espionage act for releasing data that was not espionage at all. It was whistleblowing about a war crime by the United States killing of reporters in Iraq. 

And similarly the Biden Administration is the one that pursued the case of the [[w:Uhuru Movement|Uhuru 3]] ... from the [[w:African People's Socialist Party|African People's Socialist party]] ... accusing them of being foreign agents for opposing the war in Iraq and ... the genocide in Palestine. So I think that this is a bipartisan issue. In fact, there were votes on both sides of the aisle for 9495.

&quot;One of the first things that Richard Nixon did [as president of the US] was introduce the [[w: Tax Reform Act of 1969|Tax Reform Act of 1969]], as they were trying to dismantle the Great Society and some of those programs that were about empowering communities, particularly poor people, people of color. The Tax Reform Act of 1969 specifically ... said that any ... organization that wanted nonprofit status could not support voter registration drives or ... activities that ... affected legislation. ... This is a very similar effort, I think,&quot; though 9495 has a much more authoritarian stamp. ... 9495 is targeted directly at organizations that are engaged with international solidarity, particularly with the Palestinian cause. But ... the terrorism term has been used extensively as the so-called Communist threat faded ... . 

I think the head&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Mufid Abdulqader|Mufid Abdulqader]] was released 2024-12-12 after 16 years in federal prison. He was described as a &quot;top fundraiser&quot; and &quot;leader&quot; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation]]&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation ]] was just recently released from prison. ... This was a humanitarian project, ... based in, obviously, the Muslim community ... . [I]t was humanitarian aid, but it was criminalized. And I think that's what they're trying to do here is to really prevent people from any kind of person to person diplomacy outside the bounds of what the State Department is carrying out which is really militarized. The State Department, I think, follows the same dictates as the Department of Defense, so-called, and the CIA. They're basically involved in, you know, trying to identify forces within different societies that will follow the dictates of US Policy. And anybody that does not want to do that is identified as a potential targeted terrorist or someone supporting terrorism. ... 

I've been associated for many years with the Los Angeles Chapter of the [[w:Anti-Racist Action|Anti-Racist Action Network]] ... . The idea was, be part of the solution. 

But ... terror is, you know, very widespread in this world, and has mainly been used actually by the right and by State actors including the United States. You know when [[w:George W. Bush|Bush]] [[w:2003 invasion of Iraq|went into Iraq]], ... the second Bush and the second [[w:Iraq War|Iraq War]], they talked about &quot;[[w:Shock and awe|shock and awe]]&quot;. Well, it's just a polite name for terror. Right? You're bombing people into submission. You're trying to intimidate them through violence. ... it can be classified as terror as well as genocide. They're terrorizing the entire population.  

Historically, the [[w:Ku Klux Klan|Ku Klux Klan]], and a lot of other organizations have been terrorist organizations. But that's not what they're talking about. They're talking about resistance to white supremacy, resistance to colonialism. ... If there's some action against the German occupation, or in this case the Israeli occupation, they're going to punish people ... in the area where it happened without regard to who is responsible. ... The term is used is to justify that kind of actual terrorism by labelling any resistances as terrorism. ...

The case of the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]] ... went all the way to the Supreme Court ... [which] ruled that even providing nonviolence training was a form of material support. 

Lydia Brazon&lt;ref&gt;Pacifica in Exile (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; ... was with the Humanitarian Law Project for a long time. ... She was at one point the executive director of Pacifica. ...

Pacifica's mission is to identify the causes of conflict and try to resolve them without violence. ... It was created by a group of pacifists who actually resisted even World War 2. 

[[w:Lewis Hill (Pacifica Radio)|Lew Hill]] and a group of others ... formed the Pacifica Foundation and launched this project of listener sponsored non-commercial radio. But that's seen as a threat, trying to to solve things, because the State wants to reserve that power of the use of violence. And if you oppose violence by the state, then you're somehow a subversive. 

When 9495 passed, [[w:Mike Johnson|Mike Johnson]], who is the [[w:Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]], sent a tweet to a number of organizations, saying, &quot;We're thinking about you.&quot; That included, for example, a [[w:Jewish Voice for Peace|Jewish Voice for Peace]]; ... because they believe in supporting Palestinian rights, they're targeted. We have a program on our station [[w:KPFK|KPFK]], which is Middle Eastern Focus for many years, and the current co-host is the head of the LA chapter of a Jewish Voice for Peace, trying to bring about peace in the Middle East. But that's seen as a threat. I also work on a newspaper called ''Change-Links''.&lt;ref name=Change-Links/&gt; It's a community calendar for [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]. We publish every month with a list of activities that people might be interested in, cultural, political, and otherwise. ... It's not a nonprofit itself. But we have a fiscal sponsor which is the Alliance for Global Justice based in Tucson, Arizona.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Alliance for Global Justice--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129502246}}&lt;/ref&gt; They serve this purpose for a number of smaller projects around the country. Media and other community service organizations that are not full nonprofits themselves have a fiscal sponsor. The Alliance for Global Justice is also in Mike Johnson's Tweet. He tweeted out to 5 or 6 or maybe 8 organizations. This is something that's very clearly directed at not just the activities but the information. They want everything to be like the right wing echo chamber of right wing talk media. Anything that's outside those bounds becomes a fair target. 
}}

Graves noted that in August he had interviewed Heidi Beirich,&lt;ref name=Beirich&gt;&lt;!-- Heidi Beirich--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128844587}}&lt;/ref&gt; co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of the [[Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism (GPAHE)]].&lt;ref name=GPAHE&gt;&lt;!-- GPAHE--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125952435}}&lt;/ref&gt; She noted that recent [[w:National Defense Authorization Act|National Defense Authorization Act]]s have included provisions that explicitly prohibited the Secretary of Defense from attempting to root violent extremists out of the USA Military.&lt;ref&gt;Donnelly (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
It's not surprising. There is a big struggle in the military. Trump has come in saying he wants to get rid of &quot;[[w:woke|Woke]]&quot; generals.&lt;ref&gt;Axe (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; And there is a group that focuses on the question of religious freedom in the military, to be free, free from religion if you want. And there's a number of quite fundamentalist Christian people in high positions of authority in the military that are trying to enforce Christian nationalism. You see a lot of these right wing groups specifically targeting members of the military. We saw that both law enforcement and the military were overrepresented in the people involved in [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6 storming of the Capitol]]. 

It's a longstanding phenomenon. ... I was just reading a book called ''Morningside'' about the [[w:Greensboro massacre|1979 massacre of anti-clan activists in Greensboro, North Carolina]]. The people involved in that were included people in the so-called [[w:White Patriot Party|White Patriot Party]], which was based at a marine base in North Carolina, and law enforcement, ..., the Nazis and the Klan and the United Racist front.&lt;ref&gt;Shetterly (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;  
}}

Novick continued, 

{{blockquote|
The militia movement got its start from a couple of sources. One of them was a guy named [[w:John Singlaub|John Singlaub]], who was a general, removed, similar to what happened with [[w:Douglas MacArthur|MacArthur]] in [[w:Korean War|Korea]]. ... He formed something called the [[w:World League for Freedom and Democracy|World Anti-Communist League]] and then proceeded to use right wing Christian forces in the Philippines and Guatemala as a model for organizing similar forces in the United States. They collected money in the United States for these right wing militias in Guatemala and in the Philippines that were involved in terroristic activities of a supposedly anti-communist nature. And once they got that going, they started using it to build up militia groups in the United States on the same model. And you saw some of the repercussions of that with, you know, the [[w:Oklahoma City bombing|Federal Building in Oklahoma City]], and other actions that came out of that. 

So I think that people need to take the threat of terrorism seriously, but that we need to understand where it's coming from. It's not coming from nonprofit humanitarian aid for poor people around the world or poor people in this country. It is coming from very well established and well rooted right wing forces in this country. 
}}

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in other interviews regarding &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot;, available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--David Axe (2024-12-05) &quot;Trump is planning to rip the guts out of the US armed forces&quot;, The Telegraph--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545681}}
* &lt;!--John M. Donnelly (2022-12-14) Final NDAA removes most House provisions on hate groups, Roll Call--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130545466}}
* &lt;!--Beth Gazley (2024-11-22) &quot;US House passes measure that could punish nonprofits Treasury Department decides are ‘terrorist’&quot;, The Conversation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543053}}
* &lt;!--Hadas Gold (2024-12-16) &quot;Emboldened by ABC settlement, Trump threatens more lawsuits against the press&quot;, CNN--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545105}}
* &lt;!-- Sophie Hurwitz (2024-11-21) &quot;The House Passes Bill Allowing Trump Admin to Declare Nonprofits Terrorist Supporters&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540369}} 
* &lt;!-- Lisa Mascaro (2024-12-16) &quot; After investigating Jan. 6, House GOP sides with Trump and goes after Liz Cheney--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545154}}
* &lt;!--Michael Novick (2022-11-15) &quot;General Manager Report&quot;, KPFK--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543205}} 
* &lt;!--Pacifica in Exile (2015-09-14) &quot;Lydia Brazon, Executive Director&quot;, Pacifica in Exile Newsletter --&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545325|author=Pacifica in Exile}}
* &lt;!--  Project 2025--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122382481}} 
* &lt;!--Aran Shetterly (2024-10-15) Morningside: The 1979 Greensboro Massacre and the Struggle for an American City's Soul--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545762}}
* &lt;!--US House (2024-11-21) H.R.9495 - Stop Terror-Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540249|author = US House of Representatives}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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    <title>Defend free speech hybrid town hall</title>
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      <text bytes="11070" sha1="ql5b11wce1dmeodscjbw4lpbmvrm91c" xml:space="preserve">:''This summarizes a hybrid “Defend free speech” town hall 2025-01-25 co-hosted by Friends of Community Media,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Friends of Community Media--&gt;{{cite Q|Q100167560}}&lt;/ref&gt; PeaceWorks Kansas City,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--PeaceWorks Kansas City--&gt;{{cite Q|Q64287449}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pacifica Fightback,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Fightback--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132035380}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[w:African People’s Socialist Party|African People’s Socialist Party]] / Uhuru. A 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the event became the 2025-02-08 episode of the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[File:Defend free speech town hall.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from Interview conducted 2025-01-25 of Omali Yeshitela, Elisa Mejia, Gerald Horne by Spencer Graves about Attacks by Trump and supporters on free speech]]

This summarized a hybrid &quot;Defend free speech town hall&quot; held 2025-01-25. Roughly 100 attended via Zoom and another 25 joined together at Simpson House, Kansas City, Missouri.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--1909 Burnett Simpson House--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132035856}}&lt;/ref&gt; The event began with three keynoters:
* Omali Yeshitela, chair of the [[w:African People’s Socialist Party|African People’s Socialist Party]] / Uhuru,
* Elisa Mejia of ''Insurgencia Femenina'' (Feminine Insurgency),&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Radio Insurgencia Femenina--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132038409}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spanish-language program on [[w:KPFK|KPFK]], [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates#Pacifica stations|Pacifica radio]] station in [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles]], California.
* Dr. [[w:Gerald Horne|Gerald Horne]], history professor at the [[w:University of Houston|University of Houston]] and host of ''Freedom Now''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Freedom Now--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132041492}}&lt;/ref&gt;  on KPFK.

== Keynotes ==

Yeshitela described how he and two others with the [[w:African People’s Socialist Party#2023 federal indictment|African People’s Socialist Party]] had been brought to trial in a [[w:Federal judiciary of the United States|US federal court]] on criminal charges of acting as agents of Russia without filing as such and for conspiring to spread Russian propaganda and sow political discord in the US. He said the government expected them to accept a plea bargain. They refused and instead fought and won: They were found not guilty of acting as foreign agents. They were convicted of conspiring to spread Russian propaganda and sentenced to three years probation and community service, and the judge acknowledge that they do community service routinely.

Mejia spoke about the need to expand Spanish-language programming, especially at KPFK in Los Angeles, and about her program, ''Insurgencia femenina''. She said they organize community events that both build their audience and raise money. 

Prof. Horne had two recommendations: 
# A campaign to raise funds for a national and international news bureau at [[w:WPFW|WPFW]] in Washington, DC, to share content with the media organs from the [[w:BRICS|BRICS]] nations, Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and their allies, such as [[w:Telesur|Telesur]], [[w:Press TV|Press TV]], [[w:Radio Havana Cuba|Radio Havana]], etc. He said, &quot;the anti-Jim Crow, anti-racist movement accelerated with the founding of Pacifica radio about 75 years ago and the ascendancy of TV as a household appliance. ... [A] turning point in our movement arose in 1955 when a black teenager, [[w:Emmett Till|Emmett Till]] from Chicago, was lynched in Mississippi with his terribly disfigured body left in an open casket at his Illinois funeral with photos ... distributed globally, creating tremendous pressure on US imperialism. A particular target of the [[w:Red Scare#Increasing tension|post-1945 Red Scare]] were unions. ...[M]y book, ''Class struggle in hollywood'',&lt;ref&gt;Horne (2001).&lt;/ref&gt; ... deals with this fraught matter.&quot; ... [A] central thrust of the Red Scare was to weaken left-leaning unions, which largely succeeded. The [[w:National Maritime Union|National Maritime Union]], for example, ... was weakened severely to the point where US vessels have been equted with being floating slums.&quot;
# A new program for Pacifica with a name like &quot;Fascism Watch&quot; to fight back against Trumpism in joint with organizations like the [[w:National Lawyers' Guild|National Lawyers' Guild]], the [[w:Center for Constitutional Rights|Center for Constitutional Rights]], and the [[w:Southern Poverty Law Center|Southern Poverty Law Center]].

== Breakouts and report backs == 

The presentations were followed by questions for the speakers then breakout sessions with one session in Kansas City and the rest virtual. Most of the report backs from the breakouts focused on how to improve the [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates#Pacifica stations|five Pacifica-owned stations]] ([[w:KPFA|KPFA]] in Berkeley, CA; [[w:KPFK|KPFK]] in Los Angeles; [[w:WBAI|WBAI]], New York; [[w:WPFW|WPFW]] in Washington, DC: and [[w:KPFT|KPFT]], Houston, TX).

Spencer Graves, who led the Kansas City breakout group, said we need to improve local news and social media. Media scholars including [[w:Robert McChesney|Robert McChesney]] and [[w:Victor Pickard|Victor Pickard]] have recommended citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits. This would represent an Internet-savvy reincarnation of the postal subsidies provided by the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]], which helped give the US during the first half of the 1800s possibly more independent news publishers per capita or per million population than at any other time and place in human history. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which [[The Great American Paradox|helped the early US stay together and grow]] both in land area and economically while contemporary [[w:New Spain|New Spain]] / [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] fractured, shrank and stagnated economically.

Most people alive today benefit from newspapers published 200 years ago, which they have never read nor (in most cases) even heard of. Those newspapers helped build an open political environment that helped create demand for new products and services while also supporting research in basic science used by those new products and services. Public health measures adopted early in the US have yet to be adopted in some countries with less open media environments.

In the 1850s and 1860s, newspaper markets became increasingly dominated by publishers with expensive high speed presses.&lt;ref&gt;Nord (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; That trend combined with consolidation of ownership of media outlets gradually reduced the number of independent publishers. Today’s Internet allows anyone to become a publisher, but audience shares are still highly concentrated. This concentration of ownership includes commercial social media companies that make money through rates of market segmentation without precedents in human history, pushing people into echo chambers that reinforce and amplify their preconceptions.

This has increased political polarization and violence, while making billionaires out of Internet entrepreneurs like [[w:Mark Zuckerberg|Mark Zuckerberg]]. Facebook whistleblower [[w:Frances Haugen|Frances Haugen]] said, [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|“the shortest path to a click is anger or hate.”]] Anger and hate have helped attract audiences to different media market segments for centuries. Internet companies can do that more easily than before, because of all the data they collect on user behaviors.

Graves recommended [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government|three responses to this threat]].

# We have to talk politics with people with whom we may disagree, but calmly, with respect and humility, because the alternative is killing people over misunderstandings.
# Ask public officials, e.g., city council members, to match what they spend on accounting, advertising, media and public relations, with citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits, as suggested by McChesney and Pickard. Many cities that do this can have local media matching the world's leading democracies.&lt;ref&gt;Neff and Pickard (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Graves has recommended experiments in different ways of doing this in a Wikiversity article on “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]”; see also [[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|his interview with Prof. Pickard]].
# We need changes in Internet law to make it no longer profitable for Internet companies to make money amplifying political polarization and violence.

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!-- Gerald Horne (2001) Class Struggle in Hollywood, 1930–1950 : Moguls, Mobsters, Stars, Reds &amp; Trade Unionists (U Texas Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132068114}} 
* &lt;!-- Timothy Neff and Victor Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries&quot;, The International Journal of Press/Politics--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--David Paul Nord (2015) &quot;The Victorian City and the Urban Newspaper&quot;, ch. 4 in John and Silberstein-Loeb, eds. (2015) Making News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132041708}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Palast says Trump lost, vote suppression won the 2024 elections</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>318683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811312</id>
      <parentid>2803942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T15:07:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Discussion */ typo</comment>
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      <text bytes="11022" sha1="b8dedotfp9egglz85ufg3qw0at4dua5" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview recorded 2025-02-06 with [[w:Greg Palast|Greg Palast]] about his claim that &quot;Trump lost, vote suppression won&quot; the 2024 US presidential election.&lt;ref name=Palast2025&gt;Palast (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; with a 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:Palast says Trump lost, vote suppression won.webm|thumb|Investigative journalist [[w:Greg Palast|Greg Palast]] discusses his claim that &quot;Trump lost, vote suppression won&quot; the 2024 US presidential election.]]
[[File:Palast says Trump lost, vote suppression won.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast of the interview recorded 2025-02-06 with Investigative journalist [[w:Greg Palast|Greg Palast]] regarding his claim that &quot;Trump lost, vote suppression won&quot; the [[w:2024 United States presidential election|2024 US presidential election]].]]

Investigative journalist [[w:Greg Palast|Greg Palast]] claims that [[w:Kamala Harris| Kamala Harris]] would have won the 2024 US presidential election without massive vote suppression by Republicans in many different States. He was interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Greg Palast==

Palast is known for his investigative reports for ''[[w:The Guardian|The Guardian]]'' and his books including ''The Best Democracy Money Can Buy'' (2002);&lt;ref&gt;See also the documentary film with that title, Palast and Ambrose (2016).&lt;/ref&gt; ''Democracy and Regulation'' (2003); ''Armed Madhouse'' (2006, 2007), ''Vultures Picnic'' (2011); ''Billionaires and Ballot Bandits'' (2012); and ''How Trump Stole 2020'' (2020). He has also provided evidence for numerous lawsuits.&lt;ref&gt;The claim that Palast &quot;has also provided evidence for numerous lawsuits&quot; was confirmed by a search in  [https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/ &quot;RECAP archive&quot;] inside [https://www.courtlistener.com/ CourtListener.com] for &quot;Palast&quot; in &quot;all jurisdictions&quot;, following the procedure outlined in &quot;[[Researching US federal court documents]]&quot;. Such a search on 2025-02-10 returned 70 cases. The first was &quot;Palast v. Kemp (N.D. Ga. 2018) Docket Number: 1:18-cv-04809&quot;, which was filed by Greg Palast against [[w:Brian Kemp|Brian Kemp]] in his capacity as the 27th [[w:Georgia Secretary of State|Secretary of State of Georgia]]. Six more of the first ten cited investigations by Greg Palast; the remaining of the first ten seemed to cite others named &quot;Palast&quot;. Without reviewing all 70, this suggests that a large majority of those cases probably also involved Greg Palast either directly or indirectly. We also refined this search to the [[w:United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia|Northern federal district of Georgia]] by clicking on &quot;Select Jurisdictions&quot; below &quot;Refine Your Query&quot; in the upper left, then clicked, &quot;Clear All&quot;, then &quot;Federal District&quot;, and &quot;N.D. Georgia&quot;, then &quot;Apply&quot; in the lower right. This identified six cases. The first was ''Palast v. Kemp'', mentioned above. The remaining five of those six were filed by other parties, with Grep Palast mentioned in the summary.&lt;/ref&gt; Some of this is discussed in a recent movie ''Vigilantes, Inc., America's new vote suppression hitmen'', 1:20 h:mm, which can be watched for free from his website, gregpalast.com.&lt;ref&gt;Scheen et al. (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Claim that &quot;Trump lost, vote suppression won&quot; ==

A 2025-02-07 article by [[w:Thom Hartmann|Thom Hartmann]] on [https://www.gregpalast.com/ gregpalast.com]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Greg Palast Investigative Journalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132194439}}&lt;/ref&gt; claims, &quot;Greg Palast proved that Jim Crow tactics cost Vice President Harris 3.56 million votes, four states—and the presidency.&quot;:&lt;ref&gt;Hartmann (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;If all legal voters were allowed to vote, if all legal ballots were counted, Trump would have lost the states of Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Georgia. Vice-President Kamala Harris would have won the Presidency with 286 electoral votes.&quot;&lt;ref name=Palast2025/&gt;

His claims include the following numbers: 
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|'''number'''
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|'''cum'''
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|'''% of total'''
|'''what'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|4,776,706
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|4,776,706
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|40.01%
|voters wrongly purged from voter rolls according to US Elections Assistance Commission
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|2,121,000
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|6,897,706
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|17.77%
|mail-in ballots were disqualified for minor clerical errors (e.g. postage due)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|585,000
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|7,482,706
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|4.90%
|ballots cast in-precinct were also disqualified.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|1,216,000
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|8,698,706
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|10.19%
|“provisional” ballots were rejected, not counted.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|3,240,000
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|11,938,706
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|27.14%
|new registrations were rejected or not entered on the rolls in time to vote.
|}

Unfortunately, it's not obvious how Palast got from these and other claims to his final conclusions. We get close to his numbers by assuming that Harris got 65% of the 12 million suppressed votes and Trump got the rest: 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|'''Trump'''
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|'''Harris'''
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|'''Trump margin of victory'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|77,302,580
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|75,017,613
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|2,284,967
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | new vote totals
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |additional votes if all disfranchised votes had been cast and counted
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|Trump
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|Harris
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|Trump margin of victory
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|Trump
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|Harris
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|% for Harris
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|83,271,933
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|80,986,966
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|2,284,967
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|5,969,353
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|5,969,353
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|50%
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|82,078,062
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|82,180,837
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| -102,774
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|4,775,482
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|7,163,224
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|60%
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|81,481,127
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|82,777,772
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| -1,296,645
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|4,178,547
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|7,760,159
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|65%
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|80,884,192
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|83,374,707
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| -2,490,515
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|3,581,612
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|8,357,094
|style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|70%
|}
Sadly, it is not obvious where Palast got his numbers. [[w:David Pakman|David Pakman]] notes that Palast does not adequately document how he got his numbers, saying that Palast's conclusions do not hold if some sources are replaced by others that Pakman claims are more credible.&lt;ref&gt;Pakman (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; Unfortunately, it's not obvious where Pakman got his numbers, either.

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]], especially &quot;[[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says]]&quot;. 

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Thom Hartmann (2025) The Voting Trickery That Elected Trump--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132197019}}
* &lt;!--David Pakman (2025) &quot;CLAIM: MILLIONS of votes stolen by Trump, KAMALA WON&quot;, YouTube--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132200362}}
* &lt;!--Greg Palast (2002) The Best Democracy Money Can Buy (Pluto; 211 pgs)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q7716706}}  
* &lt;!--Greg Palast (2006) Armed madhouse : who's afraid of Osama Wolf?, China floats, Bush sinks, the scheme to steal '08, no child's behind left, and other dispatches from the front lines of the class war--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132171374}}
* &lt;!--Greg Palast (2007) Armed madhouse : from Baghdad to New Orleans : sordid secrets &amp; strange tales of a White House gone wild (Dutton; 402 pgs)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132171391}} 
* &lt;!--Greg Palast (2011) Vultures' Picnic (Dutton; 411 pgs)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132171420}}
* &lt;!--Greg Palast (2012) (2012) Billionaires and Ballot Bandits: How to Steal an Election in 9 Easy Steps (Seven Stories Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132194734}}
* &lt;!--Greg Palast (2020) How Trump Stole 2020--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132194786}} 
* &lt;!--Greg Palast (2025) &quot;Trump Lost. Vote Suppression Won&quot;, Greg Palast Investigative Journalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132194420}}
* &lt;!--Greg Palast and David Ambrose (2016) The Best Democracy Money Can Buy: A Tale of Billionaires &amp; Ballot Bandits (Seven Stories Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q26913633|author=Greg Palast and David Ambrose}}
* &lt;!-- Palast, Oppenheim and MacGregor (2003) Democracy and Regulation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132171022}}
* &lt;!-- Martin Scheen, Greg Palast, and Rosario Dawson (2025) Vigilantes Inc., America’s New Vote Suppression Hitmen--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132199026|author=Martin Scheen (Exec. Prod.), Greg Palast (text), and Rosario Dawson (narration)}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Local newspapers limit malfeasance</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>318906</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811311</id>
      <parentid>2727008</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T15:06:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Discussion */ typo</comment>
      <origin>2811311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11084" sha1="rswtqupvlbhbnslpfjbutb4mruhvv72" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview recorded 2025-02-25 with Arizona State University Accounting Professor Roger M. White&lt;ref name=White&gt;&lt;!--Roger M. White--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132460597}}&lt;/ref&gt; about research documenting the value of independent newspapers, especially local newspapers, in limiting malfeasance. A 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video is posed here as it is released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[File:Local newspapers limit malfeasance.webm|thumb|Arizona State U. Accounting Prof. Roger M. White discusses research documenting how local newspapers limit malfeasance in business, government, and nonprofits.]]
[[File:Local newspapers limit malfeasance.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast extracted from an interview conducted 2025-02-25 of [[w:Arizona State University|Arizona State University]] accounting professor Roger White by Spencer Graves about various ways in which local newspapers limit malfeasance in government, local businesses and nonprofits.]]

Arizona State University Accounting Professor Roger White&lt;ref name=White/&gt; is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; They discuss research documenting the value of independent newspapers, especially local newspapers, in limiting malfeasance. A 2021 research article White co-authored with Kim, Stice and Stice reported that after local newspapers die, the average dividends paid by locally concentrated, publicly traded companies on average increase. They say that's because investors demand higher dividends, because malfeasance is more likely after a watchdog newspaper dies.&lt;ref&gt;Kim et al. (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Related research on the value of news == 

White's research on the impact of local news on the cost of capital adds to a body of research documenting other problems associated with a decline in local news. For example, factories emit on average 10% more pollution,&lt;ref&gt;Jiang and Kong (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; insider trading decreases the [[w:Financial market efficiency|efficiency of financial markets]], nonprofit leaders take higher wages so less of donors' money goes to the advertised purposes of their generosity,&lt;ref&gt;Felix et al. (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; and workplace safety violations jump.&lt;ref&gt;Heese et al, (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Other problems include a decline in voter participation and split-ticket voting. On average, politicians spend less money to get elected and tend not to work as hard in office. Political corruption becomes more likely and costly. And bond ratings of local governmental bodies decline, thereby increasing the cost of capital.&lt;ref&gt;Wikiversity, &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;, accessed 2025-02-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Other problems with questionable accounting practices == 

White and Graves also discuss potential problems with firing inspectors general, as President Trump has done [[w:2025 dismissals of inspectors general|since taking office]] earlier this year and [[w:2020 dismissals of inspectors general|during his first term]]. This should be a red flag for anyone concerned about rule of law, given the substantial documentation that senior executives can find accountants and auditors willing to conspire to defraud investors and the public. [[w:William K. Black|William K. Black]] (2005, 2013) ''The Best Way to Rob a Bank is to Own One'' (U. of Texas Pr.) documented this during the [[w:Savings and loan crisis|Savings and loan crisis]] of the 1980s and 1990s. A recent example of this was publicized with the actions of the [[w:United States Securities and Exchange Commission|US Securities and Exchange Commission]] on 2024-05-03 to fine the accounting firm of [[w:BF Borgers|BF Borgers]] $12 million and ban them from further work. Reports of that action said that Borgers had filed 1,500 fraudulent filings involving 500 public companies. [[w:Trump Media &amp; Technology Group|Trump Media &amp; Technology Group]] was one of Borgers' clients. The magnitude of this fraud raises many questions. For example, how many people knew that a report they saw was fraudulent? How many looked the other way? How many were told to look the other way? How many were in the SEC vs. associated with a Borgers client? How many questionable actions by business executives would likely have been exposed or prevented by honest audits? How many customers lost how much money due to substandard products or services that would have been avoided with honest, quality audits? How many journalists suppressed this story before it finally came out?

== Other publications by White ==

White has other publications that relate to this topic including the following: 

* A 2020 paper with Ellis and Smith on &quot;Corruption and corporate innovation&quot; documents how political corruption is an obstacle to corporate innovation.&lt;ref&gt;Ellis et al. (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; Other work documents how political corruption tends to increase when newspapers die.&lt;ref&gt;A spectacular example of this is the &quot;[[w:City of Bell scandal|City of Bell scandal]]&quot;: Around 1999 the local newspaper died. In 2010 the ''[[w:Los Angeles Times|Los Angeles Times]]'' reported that the city was close to bankruptcy in spite of having atypically high property tax rates. The compensation for the City Manager was almost four times that of the President of the US, even though Bell, California, had a population of only approximately 38,000. Other city officials also had exceptionally high compensations. It was as if the City Manager had said in 1999, &quot;Wow: The watchdog is dead. Let's have a party.&quot; See also [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

* A 2021 paper with Deason, Rajgopal, and Waymire on &quot;The Role of Accounting in Ponzi Schemes&quot; notes that some Ponzi schemes use news outlets to attract customers, even though doing so increases the risks of being caught.&lt;ref&gt;Deason et al. (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

* A 2022 paper with Derrald and Han Stice on “The effect of individual auditor quality on audit outcomes: opening the black box of audit quality” discusses the relative roles of junior and senior members of an accounting firm in producing high quality audits.&lt;ref&gt;Stice et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

== The threat == 

All these effects seem likely to reduce the rate of economic growth as the quality and quantity of local news declines. As ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated, major media may more easily deflect the public's attention from the political corruption enabled by poor media. This can create other problems, by, e.g., [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI). This could in turn increase political polarization and violence including, as summarized in other interviews in this Media &amp; Democracy series, available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

Neff and Pickard (2024) analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capital on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focuses primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone, and public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--William K. Black (2005) The Best Way to Rob a Bank is to Own One--&gt;{{cite Q|Q16428866}}
* &lt;!--William K. Black (2013)  The Best Way to Rob a Bank is to Own One: How Corporate Executives and Politicians Looted the S&amp;L Industry--&gt;{{cite Q|Q117748831}} 
* &lt;!-- Stephen Deason, Shivaram Rajgopal, Gregory B. Waymire, and Roger M. White (2021-03) &quot; The Role of Accounting in Ponzi Schemes&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132720646}}
* &lt;!--Jesse A. Ellis, Jared D. Smith, and Roger M. White (2020) Corruption and corporate innovation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132719539}}
* &lt;!--Robert Felix, Joshua A. Khavis, and Mikhail Pevzner (2024) &quot;The effects of local newspaper closures on nonprofits’ executive compensation&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132730972}}
* &lt;!--Jonas Heese, Gerardo Pérez-Cavazos, Caspar David Peter, (2022) &quot;When the local newspaper leaves town: The effects of local newspaper closures on corporate misconduct&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132732230}}
* &lt;!--John Xuefeng Jiang and Jing Kong (2024) &quot;Green dies in darkness? environmental externalities of newspaper closures&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132730900}}
* &lt;!-- Min Kim, Derrald Stice, Han Stice, and Roger M. White (2021)  &quot;Stop the presses! Or wait, we might need them: Firm responses to local newspaper closures and layoffs&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132459373}}
* &lt;!--Hangsoo Kyung and Jonathan Sangwook Nam (2023) &quot; Insider Trading in News Deserts&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122897778}}
* &lt;!-- Timothy Neff and Victor W. Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Derrald Stice, Han Stice, and Roger M. White (2022) &quot;The effect of individual auditor quality on audit outcomes: opening the black box of audit quality&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132720426}}

[[Category:Accounting]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
[[Category:News]]</text>
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    <title>Vulture capitalists destroying newspapers</title>
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      <text bytes="14392" sha1="hv6bp5qe54kfkbl9mp5pmjqmtivo733" xml:space="preserve">:''This summarizes an interview 2025-03-06 with Rick Goldsmith,&lt;ref name=Goldsmith&gt;&lt;!--Rick Goldsmith--&gt;{{cite Q|Q1792246}}. Goldsmith was co-director of the 2009 documentary, &quot;[[w:The Most Dangerous Man in America|The Most Dangerous Man in America]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; director of the new documentary, &quot;Stripped for Parts: American Journalism on the Brink&quot;.&lt;ref name=Goldsmith24&gt;Goldsmith (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview are included. It will be released 2025-03-22 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
[[File:Vulture capitalists destroying newspapers.webm|thumb|Interview with producer Rick Goldsmith regarding his 2024 documentary &quot;Stripped for parts: American Journalism on the Brink.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Q|Q132826328}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Vulture capitalists destroying newspapers.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from Interview conducted 2025-03-06 of Rick Goldsmith by Spencer Graves about 
29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-03-06 interview with producer Rick Goldsmith regarding his 2024 documentary &quot;Stripped for parts: American Journalism on the Brink&quot; about how vulture capitalists are destroying newspapers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Q|Q132826328}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Rick Goldsmith,&lt;ref name=Goldsmith/&gt; director of the documentary, &quot;[https://strippedforpartsfilm.com/ Stripped for Parts: American Journalism on the Brink]&quot;,&lt;ref name=Goldsmith24/&gt; discusses with Spencer Graves&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; how [[w:Alden Global Capital|Alden Global Capital]] has purchased many newspapers in the US, laid off many journalists and closed many newspapers. [[Local newspapers limit malfeasance|Malfeasance in government and business are increasing as a result]].

[[w:Vulture capitalist|Vulture capitalists]] and [[w:Hedge fund|hedge fund]]s make money in multiple ways including the following: 

* If society is lucky, the investors find ways to make the company more profitable with, e.g., better marketing, new products or [[w:Cost reduction|cost cutting]]. Investors that help put a potentially failing company on a more positive trajectory should not earn the negative term, &quot;vulture&quot;.  
* Vultures have often saddled companies they acquire with massive debt at excessively high interest rates like 13 percent.&lt;ref&gt;Substantial debt like this is typical with [[w:Leveraged buyout|Leveraged buyout]]s (LBOs).&lt;/ref&gt; This serves vultures well, because that debt typically survives bankruptcy under current US laws. Many companies owned by vultures were profitable before being bought but cannot service the massive debt that the vultures saddle them with. Vultures have been confiscating pension funds like this at least since the 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;Vultures may not succeed in using bankruptcy laws to shed liabilities while retaining assets if a court rules that the LBO debt is a &quot;[[w:fraudulent conveyance|fraudulent conveyance]]&quot;. See also the section on [[w:Leveraged buyout#Failures|&quot;Failures&quot;]] in the Wikipedia article on [[w:Leveraged buyout|Leveraged buyout]].&lt;/ref&gt; Edge (2024) describes this in some detail. He says, for example, that newspaper chains purchased by vultures &quot;were all still profitable ... .. The only thing that took them down was debt.&lt;ref&gt;Edge (2024, p. 69-70).&lt;/ref&gt;
* Vultures often make money by cutting costs faster than customers stop buying.&lt;ref&gt;Cutting costs faster than customers stop buying is called &quot;harvesting&quot;. It is the opposite of a sustainable business model, according to Edge (2024, p. 73).&lt;/ref&gt; As Internet companies started making money from advertising, newspaper revenue has declined. Newspapers adjusted by cutting costs, including laying off journalists. However, vultures have been cutting staff at double the rate of the industry. [[w:Nieman Foundation for Journalism#Nieman Foundation for Journalism|Nieman Lab]] at [[w:Harvard University|Harvard]] reported, &quot;Alden Global Capital is making so much money wrecking local journalism it might not want to stop anytime soon.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Doctor (2018).&lt;/ref&gt;
* Many companies, especially newspapers, own prime real estate that is worth more than the market value of the company. Before Alden, ''[[w:The Denver Post|The Denver Post]]'' was right in the center of power in Colorado looking out onto a square with the State Capitol, the state Supreme Court and Denver City Hall on the other three sides of the square. That's the proper place for the &quot;[[w:Fourth Estate|Fourth Estate]]&quot;, the watchdog press. However, not long after Alden acquired ''The Denver Post'', they moved all the staff they did not cut to a far away space with no windows at the intersection of an animal rendering plant, the wastewater treatment plant, and a dog food factory.&lt;ref&gt;''Denver Post'' staff pushed back with an editorial titled, &quot;As vultures circle, The Denver Post must be saved&quot;; see Denver Post Editorial Board (2018). This attracted nationwide attention; see, e.g., Ember (2018). Layoffs continued. ''[[w:The Colorado Sun|The Colorado Sun]]'' was founded by former ''Denver Post'' journalists.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The movie rests heavily on the work of Julie Reynolds&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Reynolds (2017, 2018, 2019, 2021), Hutchins (2018).&lt;/ref&gt; and [[w:Penny Abernathy|Penny Abernathy]].&lt;ref&gt;Abernathy (2018).&lt;/ref&gt; It includes extensive comments by [[w:Gregory L. Moore|Greg Moore]], editor of ''[[w:The Denver Post|The Denver Post]]'' from 2002 to 2016, and others. The movie recommends government subsidies, similar to those provided by the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act]] of 1792, mentioned by Penny Abernathy and cited in research reports by McChensey and Nichols.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022). The documentary mentions two dates in the early history of newspapers in the US. The first is the US Postal Service Act of 1792. Its contribution to the current dominant position of the US in the international political economy is discussed in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[The Great American Paradox]]&quot;. The second date is 1835 when [[w:James Gordon Bennett Sr.|James Gordon Bennett]] founded the ''[[w:New York Herald|New York Herald]]''. Bennett achieved considerable success selling advertising packaged with news that was officially nonpartisan. This led parts of the industry away from postal subsidies.&lt;/ref&gt; The latter two were co-founders of [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]], an organization lobbying for public support for local news in several states.&lt;ref&gt;Aaron (2021). See also &quot;[[Legal concerns of Free Press including Section 230]]&quot;, &quot;[[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard]]&quot;, Neff and Pickard (2024), and the appendix in Graves (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; The [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] including their former executive director Sue Cross&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Sue Cross--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132855544}}&lt;/ref&gt; has been supporting local news nonprofits that are trying to fill the gap created by news deserts and ghost newspapers. 

== The threat ==

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

Edge (2024, p. 70) reported that his &quot;2023 study of newspapers in the UK, where all companies must file annual financial statements with [[w:Companies House|Companies House]] whether they are privately-owned or publicly-traded, showed that newspaper profits are the best in years since many adopted online subscription schemes. The profits of [[w:Rupert Murdoch|Rupert Murdoch]]’s ''[[w:The Times|Times]]'' and ''[[w:The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]'', for example, doubled to £52.5 million in 2022. Murdoch reversed the falling fortunes of the ''Times'' newspapers in 2010 by introducing a hard paywall&quot;. However, a similar subscription scheme at his ''[[w:The Sun (United Kingdom)|Sun]]'' tabloid failed, presumably because few readers were willing to pay for its kind of content, which could be found elsewhere for free. 

We record here two observations based on this: 
* Might it make sense to push for a law in the US similar to that in the UK that requires &quot;All limited companies (including subsidiary, small and inactive) [to] file annual financial statements with&quot; a government agency? (In the UK, that agency is [[w:Companies House|Companies House]].) Doing so should reduce temptations for many kinds of malfeasance described in this article and references while also making it easier to evaluate proposed changes to business law. 
* A solid stream of research documents how [[Local newspapers limit malfeasance|nearly everyone benefits from quality journalism consumed by others, because it tends to increase voter participation and reduce malfeasance in business and government]]; the only losers are the beneficiaries of fraud and political corruption. This raises questions about the value of paywalls: If they reduce consumption of the news, their value to society may decline, even if they increase the profitability of news outlets.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!-- Craig Aaron (2021) &quot;Media reform per Freepress.net&quot;, Wikiversity--&gt;{{cite Q|Q118225069}}, accessed 2023-07-22.
* &lt;!--Penelope Muse Abernathy (2018) &quot;The rise of a new type of media baron and the emerging threat of news deserts&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132831079}}
* &lt;!--Denver Post Editorial Board (2018) &quot;As vultures circle, The Denver Post must be saved&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132851119}}
* &lt;!--Ken Doctor (2018) &quot;Newsonomics: Alden Global Capital is making so much money wrecking local journalism it might not want to stop anytime soon&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132830980}}
* &lt;!--Marc Edge (2024)  The Postmedia effect : how vulture capitalism is wrecking our news--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132855835}}
* &lt;!--Sydney Ember (2018) &quot;Denver Post, Gutted by Layoffs, Prints a Rebuke of Its Owners&quot;, NYT--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132849025}}
* &lt;!--Rick Goldsmith (2024) Stripped for Parts: American Journalism on the Brink--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132826328|author=Rick Goldsmith}}
* &lt;!--Spencer Graves (2025) &quot;Defend Free Speech For All (Town Hall)&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132855526}}
* &lt;!--Corey Hutchins(2014) &quot;Meet the journalist tracking Digital First Media’s hedge fund owner&quot;, Columbia Journalism Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132853175}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022)
* &lt;!--Timothy Neff and Victor W. Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Julie Reynolds (2017) &quot;Vulture Capitalists Devour the News&quot;, The Nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132831144}}
* &lt;!--Julie Reynolds (2018) &quot;Meet the Vulture Capitalists Who Savaged ‘The Denver Post’&quot;, The Nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132853019}}
* &lt;!--Julie Reynolds (2019-02-08) &quot;Got Local News? Not if the Vultures at Alden Capital Grab Gannett&quot;, The Nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132853628}}
* &lt;!--Julie Reynolds (2021) &quot; Alden Global Capital and Tribune’s board are dancing at the edge of the law--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132853610}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Documentary]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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    <title>Trump ordered changes in public data</title>
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      <text bytes="10415" sha1="372tzokhy8tqymtkzf5eh7aknpk2gqe" xml:space="preserve">:''This summarizes an interview 2025-03-28 with Georgetown Professor Amy O’Hara, President of the Association of Public Data Users.&lt;ref name=OHara&gt;&lt;!--Amy O'Hara--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133554516}}&lt;/ref&gt; The podcast will be released 2025-04-05 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:Trump ordered changes in public data.webm|thumb|2025-03-28 interview with Georgetown Prof. O’Hara, President of the Association of Public Data Users regarding Trump ordered reductions in public data and their implications for the political economy.]]
[[File:Trump ordered changes in public data.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from Interview conducted 2025-03-28 of Amy O’Hara by Spencer Graves about Trump ordered changes in public data and their implications for the political economy.]]

Georgetown professor Amy O’Hara&lt;ref name=OHara/&gt; discusses the deletions and modifications of massive amounts of data from US federal government websites on orders from President Trump since his second inauguration, 2025-01-20, and how those actions threaten rule of law and broadly shared economic growth for the long term. O’Hara is President of the Association of Public Data Users (APDU),&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--APDU--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131542415}}&lt;/ref&gt; which facilitates collaboration between producers, users, and disseminators of public statistical data to promote responsible and rigorous collection, creation, distribution, preservation, and analysis of federal statistical data.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--APDU About us--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133554565}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[w:2025 United States government online resource removals|Thousands of US federal government web pages and datasets were deleted]]. Some have since been restored, many with alterations. The changes primarily affected content related to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives, gender identity, public health, environment, and social programs.

Major affected agencies included the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which saw over 3,000 pages altered or removed, and the Census Bureau, which removed about 3,000 pages of research materials. While some content was later restored, the modifications represented significant changes to federal government data accessibility and sparked legal challenges from healthcare advocacy groups.

[[w:Political interference with science agencies by the first Trump administration|During his first term as president (2017–2021)]], Donald Trump and his administration repeatedly politicized science by pressuring or overriding health and science agencies to change their reporting and recommendations to conform to his policies and public comments.

Censorship like this facilitates image management but makes it exceedingly difficult and often impossible to evaluate the actual impact of changes. Leaders may claim they tried to fix a problem. If problems persist, leaders routinely claim that their efforts would have been effective without the sabotage of their designated enemies. Fixing the problems then requires the defeat of said enemies.

To what extent has the massive consolidation of ownership of the media over the past 100 to 150 years contributed to giving President Trump the political support needed to make the dramatic and sweeping changes mentioned above?

== O'Hara ==

Before joining Georgetown, O'Hara was a senior executive at the [[w:United States Census Bureau|US Census Bureau]] where she founded their administrative data curation and research unit. She holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Notre Dame. On 2025-03-27 the [[w:Google Scholar|Google Scholar]] entry for her included 57 entries cited by 511 other academic publications. &lt;ref name=OHara/&gt;

== Background == 

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that those newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This wide availability of diverse perspectives encouraged literacy and limited political corruption. These limits on corruption included the inability of a small number of major media outlets to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

== The threat ==

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|authors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--US Chief Information Officers Council (2018) Open Government Data Act (2018)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135686833|author=US Chief Information Officers Council}}

[[Category:Media in the United States]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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    <title>The value of indigenous and community radio</title>
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      <text bytes="13083" sha1="f0us5wi2bjgjjvl4fykthaqwyn9k3jl" xml:space="preserve">:''This summarizes a 2025-04-10 interview with University of Leicester Professor Katie Moylan&lt;ref name=Moylan&gt;&lt;!--Katie Moylan--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133832220}}&lt;/ref&gt; about community radio. The 29:00 podcast extracted from this interview will be released 2025-04-19 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:The value of indigenous and community radio.webm|thumb|2025-04-10 interview with University of Leicester professor Katie Moylan about the value of indigenous and community radio.]]
[[File:The value of indigenous and community radio.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss of excerpts from a 2025-04-10 interview with University of Leicester professor Katie Moylan about the value of indigenous and community radio.]]

University of Leicester professor Katie Moylan&lt;ref name=Moylan/&gt; describes her research into the value of community radio including indigenous radio in the US. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[w:KKFI|KKFI]], Kansas City Community Radio.

== Indigenous radio == 

There are roughly 60 tribally owned and managed radio stations in the US. That's a small portion of the Indigenous communities in the US.&lt;ref&gt;Moylan (2022a).&lt;/ref&gt;  

There are 574 federally recognized tribal nations as of 2024.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Tribal sovereignty in the United States|Tribal sovereignty in the United States]], accessed 2025-04-08.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition there are many Indigenous bands, communities, nations, pueblos, tribes, and native villages recognized by individual states.&lt;ref&gt;Moylan (2022a).&lt;/ref&gt; At least some of the Indigenous radio stations provide important public health information, including in Indigenous languages.&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Moylan (2022a, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt;  

Moylan (2022b) discussed the value of &quot;Community radio production as critical pedagogy&quot; particularly for Black students and students from minority ethnic communities, &quot;who arrive in an academy that was not shaped for or by&quot; them. The undergraduate module at the University of Leicester that Moylan co-teaches has students produce content for a local multilingual community radio station, EAVA FM.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--EAVA FM--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133843389}}&lt;/ref&gt; Exercises like this can help students whose experiences may be otherwise under-represented present themselves positively to a wider audience. This experience may also make it easier for them to make valuable contributions to building community radio, including Indigenous radio, later in life.

Moylan and Nanaeto (2022) described how Indigenous music radio expands capacities for tribal community-building on-air in ways that reinforce a cultural Indigenous internationalism. They focus on two Indigenous radio stations: 
* [[w:KPRI|KPRI]], which is owned by the [[w:Pala Indian Reservation|Pala Band of Mission Indians]] and serves the community in and near [[w:Pala, California|Pala, California]]. 
* [[w:KSUT|KSUT]], which serves the Southern Ute tribe and others in [[w:Ignacio, Colorado|Ignacio, Colorado]] and the neighboring [[w:Four Corners|Four Corners]] region.

== Community radio more generally == 

Moylan (2014) explored the representation of migrant communities in Irish Radio. Moylan (2019) described ''The TalkBack Show'' on [[w:Nottingham|Nottingham]] community station [[w:Kemet FM|Kemet FM]], which produces articulations of British Caribbean identity. Moylan claimed that ethnic radio like this supports community radio’s remit of inclusivity via transcultural production of ‘accented radio’.

== Moylan ==

Professor Moylan has two books on ''The Cultural Work of Community Radio'', which appeared in 2019, and ''Broadcasting Diversity: Migrant Representation in Irish Radio'' from 2014. She has also published numerous research reports in refereed academic journals and as chapters in research monographs. 

She earned a two-year prestigious European Union [[w:Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions|Marie Skłodowska-Curie Global Research Fellowship]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Skłodowska-Curie Actions Postdoctoral Fellowships--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133832425}}&lt;/ref&gt; to conduct in-depth research into Indigenous community-led radio in urban and rural contexts in the US. The prize was named after [[w:Marie Curie|Marie Curie]], the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the first human to win two Nobel prizes in different fields. She was born and raised in Poland as Maria Skłodowska and moved to Paris in her early 20s to study and work, because no comparable opportunities were available in Poland for females at that time. 

Moylan spent the first year of this fellowship working out of the [[w:University of Texas at Arlington| University of Texas at Arlington]] exploring diverse ways in which Indigenous programming enables community self-determination and representation through locally produced tribally-specific content and collective practices. This work includes mapping Indigenous radio stations in the US. 

Moylan was raised in [[w:Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]. She earned masters degrees from the [[w:University of Glasgow|University of Glasgow]] in Scotland and the [[w:University of Galway|National University of Ireland - Galway]] and a PhD from [[w:Technological University Dublin|Technological University Dublin]]. Between degrees, she worked as a features journalist, radio producer and presenter and arts and film reviewer in Irish print and broadcast media.&lt;ref name=Moylan/&gt; 

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We briefly summarize here the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. That encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita, adjusted for inflation). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 201) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|author=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.)}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Katie Moylan (2014)  Broadcasting Diversity: Migrant Representation in Irish Radio--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133832339}}
* &lt;!--Katie Moylan (2019) The Cultural Work of Community Radio--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133832314}}
* &lt;!--Katie Moylan (2022a) ‘Our Hearts Through Our Voices’: Community Building in Hopi Radio During COVID-19--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133833540|date=2022a}} 
* &lt;!--Katie Moylan (2022b) &quot;Coming to voice: Community radio production as critical pedagogy&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133835701|date=2022b}}
* &lt;!--Katie Moylan (2023) &quot;‘Welcome to a Coronavirus production’: Beyond Bows and
Arrows’ Indigenous on-air community-building during lockdown&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133833876}}
* &lt;!--Katie Moylan, Sheila Nanaeto (2022) '“Indigenous for Days”: Indigenous Internationalism in
Native American Music Radio', The Global South, Volume 15, Number 2, Spring 2022, pp. 176-192--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125685610}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Radio]]
[[Category:Indigenous and Intercultural Health]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
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  <page>
    <title>Probability Dilation Theory</title>
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    <id>321584</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-23T18:33:57Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Howie2024</username>
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      <text bytes="29485" sha1="rahii3tt1ifdvwm56hjiy71zpbrfcwm" xml:space="preserve">{{Research project}}
{{Original research}}
{{To be peer reviewed}}


== Research abstract ==
'''Probability Dilation Theory (PDT)''' is a measure-theoretic research framework for studying how probability measures transform under '''positive reweighting (dilation)''' while preserving normalization and producing controlled changes in expectation values.

The theory is an exploratory framework for iterative probability-measure evolution under positive dilation fields. The framework studies how repeated probabilistic reweighting transformations may generate emergent statistical structure, entropy flow, and multiscale probability dynamics.

At its core, PDT studies how repeated positive probability reweighting transformations alter the long-term structure of probability distributions.
PDT treats a probability measure as the primary mathematical object and investigates:
* invariant identities induced by reweighting,
* composition and iteration of dilations,
* fixed points and near-fixed behavior,
* whether iterative measure updates can generate testable multiscale statistical structure (to be evaluated via explicit models and simulations).

PDT is presented as a mathematical framework. Any proposed application to physics or cosmology must be expressed as a concrete model (space, baseline measure, dilation field) and tested against falsifiable predictions.

== Overview ==
PDT is motivated by the observation that some structural information can be recovered from sampling statistics (e.g., [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon’s needle]]). PDT abstracts this idea by focusing on measure transformation itself: a dilation field modifies a baseline probability measure in a way that is:
* mathematically well-defined (positivity and normalization),
* composable under iteration,
* analyzable for invariants and fixed points.
=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A simplified conceptual flow of the PDT framework is:

&lt;pre&gt;
Baseline probability measure P
            ↓
Positive dilation field D(x)
            ↓
Reweighted probability measure P~
            ↓
Observable statistical changes
&lt;/pre&gt;
Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.
In this interpretation, PDT does not alter the underlying sample space directly. Instead, it modifies how probability mass is distributed across that space through a positive reweighting field.

Regions with larger values of the dilation field contribute more strongly to the transformed measure, while normalization preserves total probability. Earlier exploratory formulations of Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) were informally referred to as the Einstein Buffon Process (EBP), reflecting initial probabilistic-geometric interpretations inspired by Buffon-type constructions and Einstein-style scaling analogies. The framework has since evolved toward a broader iterative theory of probability-measure dynamics under positive dilation fields. A simple iterative interpretation may also be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
P₀
 ↓ D₁
P₁
 ↓ D₂
P₂
 ↓ D₃
P₃
 ↓ ⋯
&lt;/pre&gt;

where each dilation field reweights the probability structure generated by the previous step.

Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.

= Mathematical framework =

== Definitions and notation ==
Let &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt; be a measurable space.

* &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; denotes a probability measure on &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt;.
* If &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; has a density &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; with respect to a reference measure &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;.
* &lt;math&gt;D:\Omega\to(0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is a measurable '''dilation field''' (a positive weight function).
* &lt;math&gt;Z(P,D)&lt;/math&gt; is the normalization constant:
.&lt;math&gt;
Z(P,D)=\int_\Omega D\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;
* For an observable &lt;math&gt;f:\Omega\to\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt; integrable under the relevant measure,
&lt;math&gt;
\mathbb{E}_P[f]
=
\int_\Omega f\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;.

== PDT transformation (probability reweighting) ==

Given &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0&lt;Z(P,D)&lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt;, define the '''PDT transform''' &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}=\mathrm{PDT}(P;D)&lt;/math&gt; by:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D\,dP
}
\quad\text{for all }A\in\Sigma
&lt;/math&gt;

If &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;d\widetilde{P}=\widetilde{p}\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, where

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{p}(x)
=
\frac{D(x)\,p(x)}{Z}
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
Z
=
\int_\Omega D(x)\,p(x)\,d\mu
&lt;/math&gt;

'''Interpretation:''' the dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; shifts probability mass toward regions where &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; is larger, while renormalization keeps total probability equal to 1.

PDT is mathematically related to importance sampling, Gibbs-style reweighting, and Radon–Nikodym measure transformations, although the framework emphasizes compositional and geometric interpretations of probability reweighting rather than only numerical estimation procedures.

Unlike conventional importance sampling, however, PDT emphasizes the compositional and potentially dynamical behavior of repeated probability reweighting transformations.
A familiar physical example of a strictly positive factor is the Lorentz factor:

&lt;math&gt;
\gamma(v)
=
\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}}
&lt;/math&gt;

for

&lt;math&gt;
|v|&lt;c
&lt;/math&gt;

Lorentz contraction for a rod of rest length &lt;math&gt;L_0&lt;/math&gt; moving at speed &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is:

&lt;math&gt;
L(v)=\frac{L_0}{\gamma(v)}
&lt;/math&gt;

To connect this idea to PDT (as an illustration only), one may define a positive dilation field based on &lt;math&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;.

== Worked finite example ==

Consider a finite probability space:

&lt;math&gt;
\Omega=\{a,b,c\}
&lt;/math&gt;

with baseline probabilities:

&lt;math&gt;
P(a)=0.2,\quad
P(b)=0.3,\quad
P(c)=0.5
&lt;/math&gt;

Define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D(a)=1,\quad
D(b)=2,\quad
D(c)=4
&lt;/math&gt;

The normalization constant is:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=\sum_x D(x)P(x)
&lt;/math&gt;

giving:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=(1)(0.2)+(2)(0.3)+(4)(0.5)=2.8
&lt;/math&gt;

The PDT-transformed probabilities become:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(a)=\frac{0.2}{2.8}\approx0.071
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(b)=\frac{0.6}{2.8}\approx0.214
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(c)=\frac{2.0}{2.8}\approx0.714
&lt;/math&gt;

This illustrates how PDT shifts probability mass toward regions with larger dilation weights while preserving normalization.

== Composition of dilations ==

An important structural property of sequential PDT transformations is that compose multiplicatively.

Suppose two positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
D_2(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

are applied successively to a baseline probability measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;.

The first dilation produces:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_1(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_1\,dP}
{\int_\Omega D_1\,dP}
&lt;/math&gt;

Applying the second dilation field to &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}_1&lt;/math&gt; gives:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
{\int_\Omega D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
&lt;/math&gt;

Substituting the first transformation into the second yields:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D_2D_1\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D_2D_1\,dP
}
&lt;/math&gt;

This shows that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields.

This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application showing that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields. This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application.

== Fixed points and iterative dynamics ==

An important question in PDT concerns the long-term behavior of repeated PDT transformations.

Given an initial probability measure:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
&lt;/math&gt;

and a sequence of positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1,D_2,D_3,\dots
&lt;/math&gt;

successive PDT transformations generate a sequence of measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow
P_3
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

where each transformed measure is obtained by reweighting the previous one.

A measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is called a fixed point of a dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; if:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}=P
&lt;/math&gt;

under the PDT transformation.

In the simplest case, this requires the dilation field to be constant almost everywhere with respect to &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;. More general fixed-point behavior may arise when iterative compositions balance probability amplification against normalization.

More generally, repeated compositions of nontrivial dilation fields may generate:

* hierarchical probability structure;
* multiscale statistical behavior;
* attractor-like distributions;
* approximately stable transformed measures.

These questions connect PDT to broader areas of:

* dynamical systems;
* stochastic processes;
* iterative renormalization methods;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these iterative properties remain largely unexplored within the PDT framework.

== Entropy and iterative probability flow ==

Repeated PDT transformations may alter the entropy structure of a probability measure.

For a discrete probability distribution:

&lt;math&gt;
P=\{p_i\}
&lt;/math&gt;

the Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P)
=
-\sum_i p_i \log p_i
&lt;/math&gt;

Under iterative EPD transformation, successive transformed measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

may exhibit changing entropy behavior depending on the structure of the dilation fields.

For example:
* strongly localized dilation fields may concentrate probability mass and reduce entropy;
* broader or smoothing dilation fields may distribute probability more evenly and increase entropy;
* iterative compositions may generate approximately stable entropy profiles.

These questions connect PDT to:
* information theory,
* statistical mechanics,
* stochastic dynamics,
* and renormalization-style iterative systems.

At present the entropy behavior of iterative PDT transformations remains an open area for investigation.

== Toy experiment: entropy under repeated dilation ==

A simple finite-state experiment illustrates how repeated PDT transformations can change the entropy of a probability distribution.

Let the initial probability distribution be:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0=(0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2)
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D=(1,1,2,4,8)
&lt;/math&gt;

At each step, apply the PDT update:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(i)
=
\frac{D(i)P_n(i)}
{\sum_j D(j)P_n(j)}
&lt;/math&gt;

The Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_n)
=
-\sum_i P_n(i)\log P_n(i)
&lt;/math&gt;

In this toy model, repeated dilation shifts probability mass toward the highest-weight state. Over ten iterations, the entropy decreases from approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_0)\approx1.6094
&lt;/math&gt;

to:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_{10})\approx0.00775
&lt;/math&gt;

The final distribution is approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{10}
\approx
(0.000000001,\;0.000000001,\;0.000000953,\;0.000975609,\;0.999023437)
&lt;/math&gt;

This example demonstrates probability concentration under repeated positive dilation. It is a finite-state toy model and should not be interpreted as physical evidence; its purpose is to illustrate iterative PDT behavior.
=== Example entropy evolution ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration !! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 1.6094
|-
| 1 || 1.2990
|-
| 2 || 0.7790
|-
| 3 || 0.4399
|-
| 5 || 0.1500
|-
| 10 || 0.0078
|}
Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting. Programmatically generated using Python in a ChatGPT-assisted workflow. The entropy decreases under repeated application of the dilation field as probability mass becomes increasingly concentrated in the highest-weight states.
=== Localized dilation fields ===

A useful class of PDT transformations is generated by localized positive dilation fields.

Consider a one-dimensional finite configuration space with states indexed by:

&lt;math&gt;
x=0,1,2,\dots,N
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a localized dilation field centered at &lt;math&gt;x_0&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\lambda
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_0)^2}{2\sigma^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial width of the localized field.

Narrow values of &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; produce sharply localized amplification, while broader values produce smoother probability reweighting across the configuration space.

Under iterative PDT dynamics:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability distribution may progressively concentrate near the center of the dilation field.

=== Example entropy evolution for localized fields ===

Using an initially uniform distribution over 21 states and iterating the PDT transformation 10 times produces the following representative entropy behavior:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Field width &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt;
! Final entropy after 10 iterations
! Maximum probability after 10 iterations
|-
| 1.5 || 0.0352 || 0.9950
|-
| 3.0 || 0.8162 || 0.7141
|-
| 6.0 || 1.5367 || 0.3595
|}
[[File:PDT entropy evolution localized field.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting.]]
[[File:Epd_entropy_evolution.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT dilation. Narrow localized dilation fields produce rapid entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative reweighting.]]
These results indicate that narrower localized dilation fields generate stronger probability concentration and more rapid entropy reduction.

== Comparative entropy-flow experiments ==

The following finite-state computational experiments illustrate comparative entropy evolution under several classes of PDT dilation fields. Each experiment begins with the same initially uniform probability distribution and applies repeated PDT transformations under different field structures. The experiments are exploratory and intended to illustrate qualitative differences in iterative probabilistic behavior rather than empirical physical predictions.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparative entropy-flow behavior under PDT field classes
! Field class
! Final entropy
! Entropy decrease
! Final max probability
! Qualitative behavior
|-
| Localized
| 0.3104
| 3.4032
| 0.9275
| Strong probability concentration
|-
| Oscillatory
| 1.5779
| 2.1357
| 0.3418
| Distributed oscillatory structure
|-
| Multi-peak
| 0.2851
| 3.4284
| 0.9425
| Multiple concentration regions
|-
| Stochastic
| 0.7744
| 2.9392
| 0.7413
| Fluctuating concentration behavior
|}
These experiments suggest that different classes of dilation fields may generate qualitatively distinct entropy-flow and concentration behavior under iterative PDT dynamics. Localized and multi-peak fields produce strong entropy reduction and probability concentration, while oscillatory fields preserve more distributed probabilistic structure. Stochastic fields exhibit fluctuating but still partially concentrating behavior in this finite-state example.
In this toy model, repeated localized dilation behaves qualitatively like an attractor centered on the highest-weight region of the configuration space.
[[File:Pdt comparative entropy flow.png|thumb|Comparative entropy evolution under localized, oscillatory, multi-peak, and stochastic PDT dilation fields.]]
The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.

=== Oscillatory dilation fields ===

Another useful class of PDT transformations is generated by oscillatory positive dilation fields.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp(\lambda\sin(kx))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the oscillatory amplification;
* &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial frequency of the oscillation.

Because the exponential is always positive, the dilation field remains strictly positive for all states.

Unlike localized dilation fields, oscillatory fields may generate multiple competing high-weight regions across the configuration space.

Under repeated PDT transformation:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward several distributed concentration regions rather than a single dominant attractor.

=== Example oscillatory-field experiment ===

A finite-state experiment was performed using:

* 41 discrete states;
* an initially uniform probability distribution;
* a positive oscillatory dilation field with three spatial oscillation cycles;
* 10 successive PDT iterations.

Representative entropy behavior was:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration
! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 3.7136
|-
| 2 || 2.8699
|-
| 5 || 2.3018
|-
| 10 || 1.9335
|}

Unlike sharply localized dilation fields, the oscillatory field produced slower entropy reduction and multiple probability concentration peaks distributed across the configuration space.

After 10 iterations, the largest probability concentration remained distributed rather than collapsing into a single dominant state.

This suggests that different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term iterative probability structures.

The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.
=== Multi-peak localized dilation fields ===

A broader class of PDT transformations may be generated using multiple localized dilation peaks distributed across the configuration space.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sum_k
\lambda_k
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_k)^2}{2\sigma_k^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;x_k&lt;/math&gt; are the locations of the dilation peaks;
* &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; control the amplification strength of each peak;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma_k&lt;/math&gt; control the spatial width of each localized region.

This construction generates a positive multimodal dilation landscape containing several competing amplification regions.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward multiple partially localized concentration regions.

Unlike single localized dilation fields, multi-peak fields may generate:

* competing attractor-like regions;
* hierarchical probability concentration;
* partially stabilized multimodal distributions;
* multiscale probability structure.

Depending on the relative strengths and widths of the peaks, the iterative dynamics may favor:
* dominance by a single peak;
* coexistence of several concentration regions;
* or slowly evolving metastable probability structures.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative iterative evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Multiple localized amplifications
        ↓
Competing concentration regions
        ↓
Emergent multimodal probability structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

This class of dilation fields suggests that iterative PDT dynamics may generate richer probability organization than either single localized attractors or simple oscillatory fields alone.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.
=== Random and stochastic dilation fields ===

Another important class of PDT transformations arises when the dilation field itself varies stochastically.

A simple stochastic dilation field may be written schematically as:

&lt;math&gt;
D_n(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sigma \eta_n(x)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\eta_n(x)&lt;/math&gt; is a random field or stochastic fluctuation at iteration &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the stochastic variation.

Because the exponential is strictly positive, the dilation field remains positive for all realizations of the random process.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D_n(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D_n(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability landscape itself fluctuates dynamically from one iteration to the next.

Unlike deterministic localized or oscillatory dilation fields, stochastic dilation fields may generate:

* fluctuating concentration regions;
* transient attractor-like structures;
* noise-driven entropy evolution;
* intermittent probability concentration;
* metastable probabilistic configurations.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative stochastic evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Random localized amplification
        ↓
Fluctuating concentration regions
        ↓
Dynamic probabilistic structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Depending on the stochastic process used to generate the dilation fields, the long-term dynamics may exhibit:
* partial concentration,
* persistent fluctuations,
* stochastic stabilization,
* or continuously evolving probabilistic structure.

These ideas connect PDT to broader areas of:
* stochastic processes;
* random multiplicative systems;
* statistical mechanics;
* noise-driven dynamical systems;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational possibilities within finite-state toy models.

== Qualitative classes of iterative PDT behavior ==

Different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics under repeated PDT transformation.

The following table summarizes several representative classes explored within finite-state toy models.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dilation-field class
! Typical iterative behavior
! Representative qualitative structure
|-
| Localized fields
| Strong entropy reduction and concentration toward a dominant region
| Single attractor-like concentration
|-
| Oscillatory fields
| Distributed amplification with slower entropy reduction
| Patterned multimodal structure
|-
| Multi-peak localized fields
| Competition between several concentration regions
| Hierarchical or metastable probability structure
|-
| Random and stochastic fields
| Fluctuating amplification and noise-driven evolution
| Dynamic probabilistic landscapes
|}

These examples suggest that iterative PDT reweighting may generate a broad spectrum of emergent statistical structures depending on the geometry and dynamics of the dilation field.

Within the PDT framework, the iterative behavior of probability measures may therefore depend as strongly on the structure of the dilation field as on the initial probability distribution itself.

At present these qualitative behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.

== Numerical simulation and iterative models ==

=== Simulation model description ===

In discrete demonstrations, the “state space” may be represented by a finite set such as bins, configurations, or catalog points.

Two equivalent discrete implementations are common:

* '''weighted evaluation''': retain all points and assign weights proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;;
* '''importance resampling''': generate a new empirical catalog with sampling probabilities proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Demonstration: reweighting mock galaxy catalogs ===

A simple computational demonstration of PDT may be constructed using synthetic galaxy catalogs in a periodic simulation box.

The demonstration pipeline is:

# generate a baseline mock catalog;
# define a positive dilation field over the configuration space;
# perform PDT-style importance resampling;
# compute the resulting two-point correlation function &lt;math&gt;\xi(r)&lt;/math&gt;;
# compare transformed and baseline catalogs.

One example dilation field is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)=\exp(\lambda\phi(x))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\phi(x)\ge0&lt;/math&gt; is a nonnegative configuration-space field.

An example seed-field construction is:

&lt;math&gt;
\phi(x)=\sum_k \exp\!\left(-\frac{\|x-s_k\|^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;s_k&lt;/math&gt; are seed locations and &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the width of the seed influence.

The two-point correlation function may be estimated using the normalized Landy–Szalay estimator:

&lt;math&gt;
\xi(r)
=
\frac{DD(r)-2DR(r)+RR(r)}{RR(r)}
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;DD&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;DR&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;RR&lt;/math&gt; are normalized pair counts.

{{Note|Unless observational datasets are explicitly supplied, demonstrations may use synthetic target correlation curves for methodological illustration only. Synthetic demonstrations should not be interpreted as empirical cosmological evidence.}}

When run using synthetic target curves, PDT-resampled catalogs may exhibit enhanced small-scale clustering relative to the baseline configuration.

=== Computational demonstrations ===

Reference implementations and supplementary simulation notebooks may be maintained on external repositories or supplementary Wikiversity pages.

{{collapse top|Python demonstration placeholder}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
# Example implementations may be maintained separately
# on GitHub, OSF, or supplementary Wikiversity pages.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse bottom}}


'''Scope and Limitations'''

PDT is a mathematical framework for measure transformations. It does not claim:

* a replacement theory for General Relativity or Quantum Mechanics;
* empirical confirmation without explicit predictions and tests;
* observational validation without independently reproducible analysis.

The following discussion extends beyond the primary mathematical framework developed earlier in the article and explores possible conceptual implications and speculative generalizations.

== Speculative Extensions and Geometric Renormalization ==

''This section is speculative and exploratory in nature.''

Recent mathematical work published in the ''Journal of Applied Probability'' by Baryshnikov, Cao, Kahle, and Liu suggests a possible connection between probability distributions and intrinsic geometry.&lt;ref&gt;
Baryshnikov, Y., Cao, Y., Kahle, M., &amp; Liu, J. (2024). ''Buffon’s problem on curved surfaces and Gaussian curvature''. ''Journal of Applied Probability''. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/jpr.2024.19
&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of “Buffon deficits” on curved manifolds indicate that deviations from classical flat-space Buffon probabilities may encode curvature-dependent geometric information. Within the PDT framework, these observations motivate the broader possibility that geometric structure may influence iterative probabilistic dynamics through curvature-dependent statistical weighting effects.
Within PDT, these results are conceptually relevant because they suggest that probabilistic weighting structures may encode nontrivial geometric information. In particular, the Cambridge analysis demonstrates that generalized Buffon-type probabilistic constructions can reflect Gaussian curvature in different geometries. PDT extends this probabilistic perspective by exploring how iterative probability-measure transformations under positive dilation fields may generate evolving statistical structure, entropy flow, and geometry-dependent probabilistic behavior under repeated transformation.
At present these ideas remain exploratory and heuristic. No direct physical interpretation is presently established within the PDT framework. Within the PDT framework, this motivates the speculative possibility that curvature could act as a statistical weighting mechanism on classes of admissible paths or configurations.

== Future directions ==

* develop canonical families of dilation fields and invariants;
* clarify “structure-from-measure” diagnostics;
* publish reproducible simulation notebooks and parameter sweeps;
* compare multiple dilation families under shared evaluation criteria;
* investigate connections between probabilistic geometry and curvature-dependent statistical measures.


'''Status of the Framework'''

Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) transformations presently represents a speculative conceptual framework combining probabilistic geometry, relativistic interpretation, and stochastic path structures.

The framework has not been experimentally verified and presently exists as an exploratory mathematical and conceptual model.

== See also ==

* [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon's needle problem]]
* [[w:Probability measure|Probability measure]]
* [[w:Importance sampling|Importance sampling]]
* [[w:Radon–Nikodym theorem|Radon–Nikodym theorem]]
* [[w:Dynamical system|Dynamical systems]]

* [[w:Entropy (information theory)|Entropy]]
* [[w:Information theory|Information theory]]
* [[w:Measure theory|Measure theory]]
* [[w:Geometric probability|Geometric probability]]

== References ==

&lt;references/&gt;

== Copyright and licensing ==

© Howard Richardson. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Reuse permitted with attribution.</text>
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{{Original research}}
{{To be peer reviewed}}


== Research abstract ==
'''Probability Dilation Theory (PDT)''' is a measure-theoretic research framework for studying how probability measures transform under '''positive reweighting (dilation)''' while preserving normalization and producing controlled changes in expectation values.

The theory is an exploratory framework for iterative probability-measure evolution under positive dilation fields. The framework studies how repeated probabilistic reweighting transformations may generate emergent statistical structure, entropy flow, and multiscale probability dynamics.

At its core, PDT studies how repeated positive probability reweighting transformations alter the long-term structure of probability distributions.
PDT treats a probability measure as the primary mathematical object and investigates:
* invariant identities induced by reweighting,
* composition and iteration of dilations,
* fixed points and near-fixed behavior,
* whether iterative measure updates can generate testable multiscale statistical structure (to be evaluated via explicit models and simulations).

PDT is presented as a mathematical framework. Any proposed application to physics or cosmology must be expressed as a concrete model (space, baseline measure, dilation field) and tested against falsifiable predictions.

== Overview ==
PDT is motivated by the observation that some structural information can be recovered from sampling statistics (e.g., [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon’s needle]]). PDT abstracts this idea by focusing on measure transformation itself: a dilation field modifies a baseline probability measure in a way that is:
* mathematically well-defined (positivity and normalization),
* composable under iteration,
* analyzable for invariants and fixed points.
=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A simplified conceptual flow of the PDT framework is:

&lt;pre&gt;
Baseline probability measure P
            ↓
Positive dilation field D(x)
            ↓
Reweighted probability measure P~
            ↓
Observable statistical changes
&lt;/pre&gt;
Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.
In this interpretation, PDT does not alter the underlying sample space directly. Instead, it modifies how probability mass is distributed across that space through a positive reweighting field.

Regions with larger values of the dilation field contribute more strongly to the transformed measure, while normalization preserves total probability. Earlier exploratory formulations of Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) were informally referred to as the Einstein Buffon Process (EBP), reflecting initial probabilistic-geometric interpretations inspired by Buffon-type constructions and Einstein-style scaling analogies. The framework has since evolved toward a broader iterative theory of probability-measure dynamics under positive dilation fields. A simple iterative interpretation may also be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
P₀
 ↓ D₁
P₁
 ↓ D₂
P₂
 ↓ D₃
P₃
 ↓ ⋯
&lt;/pre&gt;

where each dilation field reweights the probability structure generated by the previous step.

Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.

= Mathematical framework =

== Definitions and notation ==
Let &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt; be a measurable space.

* &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; denotes a probability measure on &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt;.
* If &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; has a density &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; with respect to a reference measure &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;.
* &lt;math&gt;D:\Omega\to(0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is a measurable '''dilation field''' (a positive weight function).
* &lt;math&gt;Z(P,D)&lt;/math&gt; is the normalization constant:
.&lt;math&gt;
Z(P,D)=\int_\Omega D\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;
* For an observable &lt;math&gt;f:\Omega\to\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt; integrable under the relevant measure,
&lt;math&gt;
\mathbb{E}_P[f]
=
\int_\Omega f\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;.

== PDT transformation (probability reweighting) ==

Given &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0&lt;Z(P,D)&lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt;, define the '''PDT transform''' &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}=\mathrm{PDT}(P;D)&lt;/math&gt; by:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D\,dP
}
\quad\text{for all }A\in\Sigma
&lt;/math&gt;

If &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;d\widetilde{P}=\widetilde{p}\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, where

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{p}(x)
=
\frac{D(x)\,p(x)}{Z}
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
Z
=
\int_\Omega D(x)\,p(x)\,d\mu
&lt;/math&gt;

'''Interpretation:''' the dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; shifts probability mass toward regions where &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; is larger, while renormalization keeps total probability equal to 1.

PDT is mathematically related to importance sampling, Gibbs-style reweighting, and Radon–Nikodym measure transformations, although the framework emphasizes compositional and geometric interpretations of probability reweighting rather than only numerical estimation procedures.

Unlike conventional importance sampling, however, PDT emphasizes the compositional and potentially dynamical behavior of repeated probability reweighting transformations.
A familiar physical example of a strictly positive factor is the Lorentz factor:

&lt;math&gt;
\gamma(v)
=
\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}}
&lt;/math&gt;

for

&lt;math&gt;
|v|&lt;c
&lt;/math&gt;

Lorentz contraction for a rod of rest length &lt;math&gt;L_0&lt;/math&gt; moving at speed &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is:

&lt;math&gt;
L(v)=\frac{L_0}{\gamma(v)}
&lt;/math&gt;

To connect this idea to PDT (as an illustration only), one may define a positive dilation field based on &lt;math&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;.

== Worked finite example ==

Consider a finite probability space:

&lt;math&gt;
\Omega=\{a,b,c\}
&lt;/math&gt;

with baseline probabilities:

&lt;math&gt;
P(a)=0.2,\quad
P(b)=0.3,\quad
P(c)=0.5
&lt;/math&gt;

Define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D(a)=1,\quad
D(b)=2,\quad
D(c)=4
&lt;/math&gt;

The normalization constant is:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=\sum_x D(x)P(x)
&lt;/math&gt;

giving:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=(1)(0.2)+(2)(0.3)+(4)(0.5)=2.8
&lt;/math&gt;

The PDT-transformed probabilities become:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(a)=\frac{0.2}{2.8}\approx0.071
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(b)=\frac{0.6}{2.8}\approx0.214
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(c)=\frac{2.0}{2.8}\approx0.714
&lt;/math&gt;

This illustrates how PDT shifts probability mass toward regions with larger dilation weights while preserving normalization.

== Composition of dilations ==

An important structural property of sequential PDT transformations is that compose multiplicatively.

Suppose two positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
D_2(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

are applied successively to a baseline probability measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;.

The first dilation produces:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_1(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_1\,dP}
{\int_\Omega D_1\,dP}
&lt;/math&gt;

Applying the second dilation field to &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}_1&lt;/math&gt; gives:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
{\int_\Omega D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
&lt;/math&gt;

Substituting the first transformation into the second yields:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D_2D_1\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D_2D_1\,dP
}
&lt;/math&gt;

This shows that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields.

This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application showing that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields. This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application.

== Fixed points and iterative dynamics ==

An important question in PDT concerns the long-term behavior of repeated PDT transformations.

Given an initial probability measure:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
&lt;/math&gt;

and a sequence of positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1,D_2,D_3,\dots
&lt;/math&gt;

successive PDT transformations generate a sequence of measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow
P_3
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

where each transformed measure is obtained by reweighting the previous one.

A measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is called a fixed point of a dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; if:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}=P
&lt;/math&gt;

under the PDT transformation.

In the simplest case, this requires the dilation field to be constant almost everywhere with respect to &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;. More general fixed-point behavior may arise when iterative compositions balance probability amplification against normalization.

More generally, repeated compositions of nontrivial dilation fields may generate:

* hierarchical probability structure;
* multiscale statistical behavior;
* attractor-like distributions;
* approximately stable transformed measures.

These questions connect PDT to broader areas of:

* dynamical systems;
* stochastic processes;
* iterative renormalization methods;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these iterative properties remain largely unexplored within the PDT framework.

== Entropy and iterative probability flow ==

Repeated PDT transformations may alter the entropy structure of a probability measure.

For a discrete probability distribution:

&lt;math&gt;
P=\{p_i\}
&lt;/math&gt;

the Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P)
=
-\sum_i p_i \log p_i
&lt;/math&gt;

Under iterative EPD transformation, successive transformed measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

may exhibit changing entropy behavior depending on the structure of the dilation fields.

For example:
* strongly localized dilation fields may concentrate probability mass and reduce entropy;
* broader or smoothing dilation fields may distribute probability more evenly and increase entropy;
* iterative compositions may generate approximately stable entropy profiles.

These questions connect PDT to:
* information theory,
* statistical mechanics,
* stochastic dynamics,
* and renormalization-style iterative systems.

At present the entropy behavior of iterative PDT transformations remains an open area for investigation.

== Toy experiment: entropy under repeated dilation ==

A simple finite-state experiment illustrates how repeated PDT transformations can change the entropy of a probability distribution.

Let the initial probability distribution be:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0=(0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2)
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D=(1,1,2,4,8)
&lt;/math&gt;

At each step, apply the PDT update:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(i)
=
\frac{D(i)P_n(i)}
{\sum_j D(j)P_n(j)}
&lt;/math&gt;

The Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_n)
=
-\sum_i P_n(i)\log P_n(i)
&lt;/math&gt;

In this toy model, repeated dilation shifts probability mass toward the highest-weight state. Over ten iterations, the entropy decreases from approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_0)\approx1.6094
&lt;/math&gt;

to:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_{10})\approx0.00775
&lt;/math&gt;

The final distribution is approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{10}
\approx
(0.000000001,\;0.000000001,\;0.000000953,\;0.000975609,\;0.999023437)
&lt;/math&gt;

This example demonstrates probability concentration under repeated positive dilation. It is a finite-state toy model and should not be interpreted as physical evidence; its purpose is to illustrate iterative PDT behavior.
=== Example entropy evolution ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration !! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 1.6094
|-
| 1 || 1.2990
|-
| 2 || 0.7790
|-
| 3 || 0.4399
|-
| 5 || 0.1500
|-
| 10 || 0.0078
|}
Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting. Programmatically generated using Python in a ChatGPT-assisted workflow. The entropy decreases under repeated application of the dilation field as probability mass becomes increasingly concentrated in the highest-weight states.
=== Localized dilation fields ===

A useful class of PDT transformations is generated by localized positive dilation fields.

Consider a one-dimensional finite configuration space with states indexed by:

&lt;math&gt;
x=0,1,2,\dots,N
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a localized dilation field centered at &lt;math&gt;x_0&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\lambda
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_0)^2}{2\sigma^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial width of the localized field.

Narrow values of &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; produce sharply localized amplification, while broader values produce smoother probability reweighting across the configuration space.

Under iterative PDT dynamics:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability distribution may progressively concentrate near the center of the dilation field.

=== Example entropy evolution for localized fields ===

Using an initially uniform distribution over 21 states and iterating the PDT transformation 10 times produces the following representative entropy behavior:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Field width &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt;
! Final entropy after 10 iterations
! Maximum probability after 10 iterations
|-
| 1.5 || 0.0352 || 0.9950
|-
| 3.0 || 0.8162 || 0.7141
|-
| 6.0 || 1.5367 || 0.3595
|}
[[File:PDT entropy evolution localized field.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting.]]
[[File:Epd_entropy_evolution.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT dilation. Narrow localized dilation fields produce rapid entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative reweighting.]]
These results indicate that narrower localized dilation fields generate stronger probability concentration and more rapid entropy reduction.

== Comparative entropy-flow experiments ==

The following finite-state computational experiments illustrate comparative entropy evolution under several classes of PDT dilation fields. Each experiment begins with the same initially uniform probability distribution and applies repeated PDT transformations under different field structures. The experiments are exploratory and intended to illustrate qualitative differences in iterative probabilistic behavior rather than empirical physical predictions.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparative entropy-flow behavior under PDT field classes
! Field class
! Final entropy
! Entropy decrease
! Final max probability
! Qualitative behavior
|-
| Localized
| 0.3104
| 3.4032
| 0.9275
| Strong probability concentration
|-
| Oscillatory
| 1.5779
| 2.1357
| 0.3418
| Distributed oscillatory structure
|-
| Multi-peak
| 0.2851
| 3.4284
| 0.9425
| Multiple concentration regions
|-
| Stochastic
| 0.7744
| 2.9392
| 0.7413
| Fluctuating concentration behavior
|}
These experiments suggest that different classes of dilation fields may generate qualitatively distinct entropy-flow and concentration behavior under iterative PDT dynamics. Localized and multi-peak fields produce strong entropy reduction and probability concentration, while oscillatory fields preserve more distributed probabilistic structure. Stochastic fields exhibit fluctuating but still partially concentrating behavior in this finite-state example.
In this toy model, repeated localized dilation behaves qualitatively like an attractor centered on the highest-weight region of the configuration space.
[[File:Pdt comparative entropy flow.png|thumb|Comparative entropy evolution under localized, oscillatory, multi-peak, and stochastic PDT dilation fields.]]
The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.

=== Oscillatory dilation fields ===

Another useful class of PDT transformations is generated by oscillatory positive dilation fields.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp(\lambda\sin(kx))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the oscillatory amplification;
* &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial frequency of the oscillation.

Because the exponential is always positive, the dilation field remains strictly positive for all states.

Unlike localized dilation fields, oscillatory fields may generate multiple competing high-weight regions across the configuration space.

Under repeated PDT transformation:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward several distributed concentration regions rather than a single dominant attractor.

=== Example oscillatory-field experiment ===

A finite-state experiment was performed using:

* 41 discrete states;
* an initially uniform probability distribution;
* a positive oscillatory dilation field with three spatial oscillation cycles;
* 10 successive PDT iterations.

Representative entropy behavior was:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration
! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 3.7136
|-
| 2 || 2.8699
|-
| 5 || 2.3018
|-
| 10 || 1.9335
|}

Unlike sharply localized dilation fields, the oscillatory field produced slower entropy reduction and multiple probability concentration peaks distributed across the configuration space.

After 10 iterations, the largest probability concentration remained distributed rather than collapsing into a single dominant state.

This suggests that different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term iterative probability structures.

The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.
=== Multi-peak localized dilation fields ===

A broader class of PDT transformations may be generated using multiple localized dilation peaks distributed across the configuration space.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sum_k
\lambda_k
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_k)^2}{2\sigma_k^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;x_k&lt;/math&gt; are the locations of the dilation peaks;
* &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; control the amplification strength of each peak;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma_k&lt;/math&gt; control the spatial width of each localized region.

This construction generates a positive multimodal dilation landscape containing several competing amplification regions.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward multiple partially localized concentration regions.

Unlike single localized dilation fields, multi-peak fields may generate:

* competing attractor-like regions;
* hierarchical probability concentration;
* partially stabilized multimodal distributions;
* multiscale probability structure.

Depending on the relative strengths and widths of the peaks, the iterative dynamics may favor:
* dominance by a single peak;
* coexistence of several concentration regions;
* or slowly evolving metastable probability structures.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative iterative evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Multiple localized amplifications
        ↓
Competing concentration regions
        ↓
Emergent multimodal probability structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

This class of dilation fields suggests that iterative PDT dynamics may generate richer probability organization than either single localized attractors or simple oscillatory fields alone.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.
=== Random and stochastic dilation fields ===

Another important class of PDT transformations arises when the dilation field itself varies stochastically.

A simple stochastic dilation field may be written schematically as:

&lt;math&gt;
D_n(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sigma \eta_n(x)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\eta_n(x)&lt;/math&gt; is a random field or stochastic fluctuation at iteration &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the stochastic variation.

Because the exponential is strictly positive, the dilation field remains positive for all realizations of the random process.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D_n(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D_n(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability landscape itself fluctuates dynamically from one iteration to the next.

Unlike deterministic localized or oscillatory dilation fields, stochastic dilation fields may generate:

* fluctuating concentration regions;
* transient attractor-like structures;
* noise-driven entropy evolution;
* intermittent probability concentration;
* metastable probabilistic configurations.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative stochastic evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Random localized amplification
        ↓
Fluctuating concentration regions
        ↓
Dynamic probabilistic structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Depending on the stochastic process used to generate the dilation fields, the long-term dynamics may exhibit:
* partial concentration,
* persistent fluctuations,
* stochastic stabilization,
* or continuously evolving probabilistic structure.

These ideas connect PDT to broader areas of:
* stochastic processes;
* random multiplicative systems;
* statistical mechanics;
* noise-driven dynamical systems;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational possibilities within finite-state toy models.

== Qualitative classes of iterative PDT behavior ==

Different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics under repeated PDT transformation.

The following table summarizes several representative classes explored within finite-state toy models.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dilation-field class
! Typical iterative behavior
! Representative qualitative structure
|-
| Localized fields
| Strong entropy reduction and concentration toward a dominant region
| Single attractor-like concentration
|-
| Oscillatory fields
| Distributed amplification with slower entropy reduction
| Patterned multimodal structure
|-
| Multi-peak localized fields
| Competition between several concentration regions
| Hierarchical or metastable probability structure
|-
| Random and stochastic fields
| Fluctuating amplification and noise-driven evolution
| Dynamic probabilistic landscapes
|}

These examples suggest that iterative PDT reweighting may generate a broad spectrum of emergent statistical structures depending on the geometry and dynamics of the dilation field.

Within the PDT framework, the iterative behavior of probability measures may therefore depend as strongly on the structure of the dilation field as on the initial probability distribution itself.

At present these qualitative behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.

== Numerical simulation and iterative models ==

=== Simulation model description ===

In discrete demonstrations, the “state space” may be represented by a finite set such as bins, configurations, or catalog points.

Two equivalent discrete implementations are common:

* '''weighted evaluation''': retain all points and assign weights proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;;
* '''importance resampling''': generate a new empirical catalog with sampling probabilities proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Demonstration: reweighting mock galaxy catalogs ===

A simple computational demonstration of PDT may be constructed using synthetic galaxy catalogs in a periodic simulation box.

The demonstration pipeline is:

# generate a baseline mock catalog;
# define a positive dilation field over the configuration space;
# perform PDT-style importance resampling;
# compute the resulting two-point correlation function &lt;math&gt;\xi(r)&lt;/math&gt;;
# compare transformed and baseline catalogs.

One example dilation field is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)=\exp(\lambda\phi(x))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\phi(x)\ge0&lt;/math&gt; is a nonnegative configuration-space field.

An example seed-field construction is:

&lt;math&gt;
\phi(x)=\sum_k \exp\!\left(-\frac{\|x-s_k\|^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;s_k&lt;/math&gt; are seed locations and &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the width of the seed influence.

The two-point correlation function may be estimated using the normalized Landy–Szalay estimator:

&lt;math&gt;
\xi(r)
=
\frac{DD(r)-2DR(r)+RR(r)}{RR(r)}
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;DD&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;DR&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;RR&lt;/math&gt; are normalized pair counts.

{{Note|Unless observational datasets are explicitly supplied, demonstrations may use synthetic target correlation curves for methodological illustration only. Synthetic demonstrations should not be interpreted as empirical cosmological evidence.}}

When run using synthetic target curves, PDT-resampled catalogs may exhibit enhanced small-scale clustering relative to the baseline configuration.

=== Computational demonstrations ===

Reference implementations and supplementary simulation notebooks may be maintained on external repositories or supplementary Wikiversity pages.

{{collapse top|Python demonstration placeholder}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
# Example implementations may be maintained separately
# on GitHub, OSF, or supplementary Wikiversity pages.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse bottom}}


'''Scope and Limitations'''

PDT is a mathematical framework for measure transformations. It does not claim:

* a replacement theory for General Relativity or Quantum Mechanics;
* empirical confirmation without explicit predictions and tests;
* observational validation without independently reproducible analysis.

The following discussion extends beyond the primary mathematical framework developed earlier in the article and explores possible conceptual implications and speculative generalizations.

== Speculative Extensions and Geometric Renormalization ==

''This section is speculative and exploratory in nature.''

Recent mathematical work published in the ''Journal of Applied Probability'' by Baryshnikov, Cao, Kahle, and Liu suggests a possible connection between probability distributions and intrinsic geometry.&lt;ref&gt;
Baryshnikov, Y., Cao, Y., Kahle, M., &amp; Liu, J. (2024). ''Buffon’s problem on curved surfaces and Gaussian curvature''. ''Journal of Applied Probability''. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/jpr.2024.19
&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of “Buffon deficits” on curved manifolds indicate that deviations from classical flat-space Buffon probabilities may encode curvature-dependent geometric information. Within the PDT framework, these observations motivate the broader possibility that geometric structure may influence iterative probabilistic dynamics through curvature-dependent statistical weighting effects.
Within PDT, these results are conceptually relevant because they suggest that probabilistic weighting structures may encode nontrivial geometric information. In particular, the Cambridge analysis demonstrates that generalized Buffon-type probabilistic constructions can reflect Gaussian curvature in different geometries. PDT extends this probabilistic perspective by exploring how iterative probability-measure transformations under positive dilation fields may generate evolving statistical structure, entropy flow, and geometry-dependent probabilistic behavior under repeated transformation.
At present these ideas remain exploratory and heuristic. No direct physical interpretation is presently established within the PDT framework. Within the PDT framework, this motivates the speculative possibility that curvature could act as a statistical weighting mechanism on classes of admissible paths or configurations.

== Future directions ==

* develop canonical families of dilation fields and invariants;
* clarify “structure-from-measure” diagnostics;
* publish reproducible simulation notebooks and parameter sweeps;
* compare multiple dilation families under shared evaluation criteria;
* investigate connections between probabilistic geometry and curvature-dependent statistical measures.


'''Status of the Framework'''

Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) transformations presently represents a speculative conceptual framework combining probabilistic geometry, relativistic interpretation, and stochastic path structures.

The framework has not been experimentally verified and presently exists as an exploratory mathematical and conceptual model.

== See also ==

* [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon's needle problem]]
* [[w:Probability measure|Probability measure]]
* [[w:Importance sampling|Importance sampling]]
* [[w:Radon–Nikodym theorem|Radon–Nikodym theorem]]
* [[w:Dynamical system|Dynamical systems]]

* [[w:Entropy (information theory)|Entropy]]
* [[w:Information theory|Information theory]]
* [[w:Measure theory|Measure theory]]
* [[w:Geometric probability|Geometric probability]]

==Related literature on probabilistic dilation, conditioning behavior, geometric probability, and curvature-dependent probabilistic structure includes the following works:==
== Related probabilistic and geometric literature ==

Related literature on probabilistic dilation, conditioning behavior, geometric probability, and curvature-dependent probabilistic structure includes the following works:

* Augustin, T.; Coolen, F. P. A.; de Cooman, G.; Troffaes, M. C. M. ''Introduction to Imprecise Probabilities''. Wiley, 2014.

* Herron, T.; Seidenfeld, T.; Wasserman, L. ''Divisive Conditioning: Further Results on Dilation''. Philosophy of Science, Vol. 64, No. 3, 1997.

* Herron, T.; Seidenfeld, T.; Wasserman, L. ''Distention for Sets of Probabilities''. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 45, 2005.

* Moral, S.; Wilson, N. ''Dilation Properties of Coherent Nearly-Linear Models''. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, Vol. 45, 2007.

* Santaló, L. A.; Solanes, G. ''Buffon’s Problem Determines Gaussian Curvature in Three Geometries''. Journal of Applied Probability, Cambridge University Press.

== Copyright and licensing ==

© Howard Richardson. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Reuse permitted with attribution.</text>
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{{Original research}}
{{To be peer reviewed}}


== Research abstract ==
'''Probability Dilation Theory (PDT)''' is a measure-theoretic research framework for studying how probability measures transform under '''positive reweighting (dilation)''' while preserving normalization and producing controlled changes in expectation values.

The theory is an exploratory framework for iterative probability-measure evolution under positive dilation fields. The framework studies how repeated probabilistic reweighting transformations may generate emergent statistical structure, entropy flow, and multiscale probability dynamics.

At its core, PDT studies how repeated positive probability reweighting transformations alter the long-term structure of probability distributions.
PDT treats a probability measure as the primary mathematical object and investigates:
* invariant identities induced by reweighting,
* composition and iteration of dilations,
* fixed points and near-fixed behavior,
* whether iterative measure updates can generate testable multiscale statistical structure (to be evaluated via explicit models and simulations).

PDT is presented as a mathematical framework. Any proposed application to physics or cosmology must be expressed as a concrete model (space, baseline measure, dilation field) and tested against falsifiable predictions.

== Overview ==
PDT is motivated by the observation that some structural information can be recovered from sampling statistics (e.g., [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon’s needle]]). PDT abstracts this idea by focusing on measure transformation itself: a dilation field modifies a baseline probability measure in a way that is:
* mathematically well-defined (positivity and normalization),
* composable under iteration,
* analyzable for invariants and fixed points.
=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A simplified conceptual flow of the PDT framework is:

&lt;pre&gt;
Baseline probability measure P
            ↓
Positive dilation field D(x)
            ↓
Reweighted probability measure P~
            ↓
Observable statistical changes
&lt;/pre&gt;
Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.
In this interpretation, PDT does not alter the underlying sample space directly. Instead, it modifies how probability mass is distributed across that space through a positive reweighting field.

Regions with larger values of the dilation field contribute more strongly to the transformed measure, while normalization preserves total probability. Earlier exploratory formulations of Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) were informally referred to as the Einstein Buffon Process (EBP), reflecting initial probabilistic-geometric interpretations inspired by Buffon-type constructions and Einstein-style scaling analogies. The framework has since evolved toward a broader iterative theory of probability-measure dynamics under positive dilation fields. A simple iterative interpretation may also be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
P₀
 ↓ D₁
P₁
 ↓ D₂
P₂
 ↓ D₃
P₃
 ↓ ⋯
&lt;/pre&gt;

where each dilation field reweights the probability structure generated by the previous step.

Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.

= Mathematical framework =

== Definitions and notation ==
Let &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt; be a measurable space.

* &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; denotes a probability measure on &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt;.
* If &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; has a density &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; with respect to a reference measure &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;.
* &lt;math&gt;D:\Omega\to(0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is a measurable '''dilation field''' (a positive weight function).
* &lt;math&gt;Z(P,D)&lt;/math&gt; is the normalization constant:
.&lt;math&gt;
Z(P,D)=\int_\Omega D\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;
* For an observable &lt;math&gt;f:\Omega\to\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt; integrable under the relevant measure,
&lt;math&gt;
\mathbb{E}_P[f]
=
\int_\Omega f\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;.

== PDT transformation (probability reweighting) ==

Given &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0&lt;Z(P,D)&lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt;, define the '''PDT transform''' &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}=\mathrm{PDT}(P;D)&lt;/math&gt; by:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D\,dP
}
\quad\text{for all }A\in\Sigma
&lt;/math&gt;

If &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;d\widetilde{P}=\widetilde{p}\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, where

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{p}(x)
=
\frac{D(x)\,p(x)}{Z}
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
Z
=
\int_\Omega D(x)\,p(x)\,d\mu
&lt;/math&gt;

'''Interpretation:''' the dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; shifts probability mass toward regions where &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; is larger, while renormalization keeps total probability equal to 1.

PDT is mathematically related to importance sampling, Gibbs-style reweighting, and Radon–Nikodym measure transformations, although the framework emphasizes compositional and geometric interpretations of probability reweighting rather than only numerical estimation procedures.

Unlike conventional importance sampling, however, PDT emphasizes the compositional and potentially dynamical behavior of repeated probability reweighting transformations.
A familiar physical example of a strictly positive factor is the Lorentz factor:

&lt;math&gt;
\gamma(v)
=
\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}}
&lt;/math&gt;

for

&lt;math&gt;
|v|&lt;c
&lt;/math&gt;

Lorentz contraction for a rod of rest length &lt;math&gt;L_0&lt;/math&gt; moving at speed &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is:

&lt;math&gt;
L(v)=\frac{L_0}{\gamma(v)}
&lt;/math&gt;

To connect this idea to PDT (as an illustration only), one may define a positive dilation field based on &lt;math&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;.

== Worked finite example ==

Consider a finite probability space:

&lt;math&gt;
\Omega=\{a,b,c\}
&lt;/math&gt;

with baseline probabilities:

&lt;math&gt;
P(a)=0.2,\quad
P(b)=0.3,\quad
P(c)=0.5
&lt;/math&gt;

Define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D(a)=1,\quad
D(b)=2,\quad
D(c)=4
&lt;/math&gt;

The normalization constant is:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=\sum_x D(x)P(x)
&lt;/math&gt;

giving:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=(1)(0.2)+(2)(0.3)+(4)(0.5)=2.8
&lt;/math&gt;

The PDT-transformed probabilities become:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(a)=\frac{0.2}{2.8}\approx0.071
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(b)=\frac{0.6}{2.8}\approx0.214
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(c)=\frac{2.0}{2.8}\approx0.714
&lt;/math&gt;

This illustrates how PDT shifts probability mass toward regions with larger dilation weights while preserving normalization.

== Composition of dilations ==

An important structural property of sequential PDT transformations is that compose multiplicatively.

Suppose two positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
D_2(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

are applied successively to a baseline probability measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;.

The first dilation produces:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_1(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_1\,dP}
{\int_\Omega D_1\,dP}
&lt;/math&gt;

Applying the second dilation field to &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}_1&lt;/math&gt; gives:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
{\int_\Omega D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
&lt;/math&gt;

Substituting the first transformation into the second yields:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D_2D_1\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D_2D_1\,dP
}
&lt;/math&gt;

This shows that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields.

This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application showing that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields. This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application.

== Fixed points and iterative dynamics ==

An important question in PDT concerns the long-term behavior of repeated PDT transformations.

Given an initial probability measure:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
&lt;/math&gt;

and a sequence of positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1,D_2,D_3,\dots
&lt;/math&gt;

successive PDT transformations generate a sequence of measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow
P_3
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

where each transformed measure is obtained by reweighting the previous one.

A measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is called a fixed point of a dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; if:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}=P
&lt;/math&gt;

under the PDT transformation.

In the simplest case, this requires the dilation field to be constant almost everywhere with respect to &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;. More general fixed-point behavior may arise when iterative compositions balance probability amplification against normalization.

More generally, repeated compositions of nontrivial dilation fields may generate:

* hierarchical probability structure;
* multiscale statistical behavior;
* attractor-like distributions;
* approximately stable transformed measures.

These questions connect PDT to broader areas of:

* dynamical systems;
* stochastic processes;
* iterative renormalization methods;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these iterative properties remain largely unexplored within the PDT framework.

== Entropy and iterative probability flow ==

Repeated PDT transformations may alter the entropy structure of a probability measure.

For a discrete probability distribution:

&lt;math&gt;
P=\{p_i\}
&lt;/math&gt;

the Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P)
=
-\sum_i p_i \log p_i
&lt;/math&gt;

Under iterative EPD transformation, successive transformed measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

may exhibit changing entropy behavior depending on the structure of the dilation fields.

For example:
* strongly localized dilation fields may concentrate probability mass and reduce entropy;
* broader or smoothing dilation fields may distribute probability more evenly and increase entropy;
* iterative compositions may generate approximately stable entropy profiles.

These questions connect PDT to:
* information theory,
* statistical mechanics,
* stochastic dynamics,
* and renormalization-style iterative systems.

At present the entropy behavior of iterative PDT transformations remains an open area for investigation.

== Toy experiment: entropy under repeated dilation ==

A simple finite-state experiment illustrates how repeated PDT transformations can change the entropy of a probability distribution.

Let the initial probability distribution be:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0=(0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2)
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D=(1,1,2,4,8)
&lt;/math&gt;

At each step, apply the PDT update:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(i)
=
\frac{D(i)P_n(i)}
{\sum_j D(j)P_n(j)}
&lt;/math&gt;

The Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_n)
=
-\sum_i P_n(i)\log P_n(i)
&lt;/math&gt;

In this toy model, repeated dilation shifts probability mass toward the highest-weight state. Over ten iterations, the entropy decreases from approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_0)\approx1.6094
&lt;/math&gt;

to:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_{10})\approx0.00775
&lt;/math&gt;

The final distribution is approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{10}
\approx
(0.000000001,\;0.000000001,\;0.000000953,\;0.000975609,\;0.999023437)
&lt;/math&gt;

This example demonstrates probability concentration under repeated positive dilation. It is a finite-state toy model and should not be interpreted as physical evidence; its purpose is to illustrate iterative PDT behavior.
=== Example entropy evolution ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration !! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 1.6094
|-
| 1 || 1.2990
|-
| 2 || 0.7790
|-
| 3 || 0.4399
|-
| 5 || 0.1500
|-
| 10 || 0.0078
|}
Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting. Programmatically generated using Python in a ChatGPT-assisted workflow. The entropy decreases under repeated application of the dilation field as probability mass becomes increasingly concentrated in the highest-weight states.
=== Localized dilation fields ===

A useful class of PDT transformations is generated by localized positive dilation fields.

Consider a one-dimensional finite configuration space with states indexed by:

&lt;math&gt;
x=0,1,2,\dots,N
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a localized dilation field centered at &lt;math&gt;x_0&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\lambda
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_0)^2}{2\sigma^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial width of the localized field.

Narrow values of &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; produce sharply localized amplification, while broader values produce smoother probability reweighting across the configuration space.

Under iterative PDT dynamics:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability distribution may progressively concentrate near the center of the dilation field.

=== Example entropy evolution for localized fields ===

Using an initially uniform distribution over 21 states and iterating the PDT transformation 10 times produces the following representative entropy behavior:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Field width &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt;
! Final entropy after 10 iterations
! Maximum probability after 10 iterations
|-
| 1.5 || 0.0352 || 0.9950
|-
| 3.0 || 0.8162 || 0.7141
|-
| 6.0 || 1.5367 || 0.3595
|}
[[File:PDT entropy evolution localized field.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting.]]
[[File:Epd_entropy_evolution.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT dilation. Narrow localized dilation fields produce rapid entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative reweighting.]]
These results indicate that narrower localized dilation fields generate stronger probability concentration and more rapid entropy reduction.

== Comparative entropy-flow experiments ==

The following finite-state computational experiments illustrate comparative entropy evolution under several classes of PDT dilation fields. Each experiment begins with the same initially uniform probability distribution and applies repeated PDT transformations under different field structures. The experiments are exploratory and intended to illustrate qualitative differences in iterative probabilistic behavior rather than empirical physical predictions.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparative entropy-flow behavior under PDT field classes
! Field class
! Final entropy
! Entropy decrease
! Final max probability
! Qualitative behavior
|-
| Localized
| 0.3104
| 3.4032
| 0.9275
| Strong probability concentration
|-
| Oscillatory
| 1.5779
| 2.1357
| 0.3418
| Distributed oscillatory structure
|-
| Multi-peak
| 0.2851
| 3.4284
| 0.9425
| Multiple concentration regions
|-
| Stochastic
| 0.7744
| 2.9392
| 0.7413
| Fluctuating concentration behavior
|}
These experiments suggest that different classes of dilation fields may generate qualitatively distinct entropy-flow and concentration behavior under iterative PDT dynamics. Localized and multi-peak fields produce strong entropy reduction and probability concentration, while oscillatory fields preserve more distributed probabilistic structure. Stochastic fields exhibit fluctuating but still partially concentrating behavior in this finite-state example.
In this toy model, repeated localized dilation behaves qualitatively like an attractor centered on the highest-weight region of the configuration space.
[[File:Pdt comparative entropy flow.png|thumb|Comparative entropy evolution under localized, oscillatory, multi-peak, and stochastic PDT dilation fields.]]
The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.

=== Oscillatory dilation fields ===

Another useful class of PDT transformations is generated by oscillatory positive dilation fields.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp(\lambda\sin(kx))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the oscillatory amplification;
* &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial frequency of the oscillation.

Because the exponential is always positive, the dilation field remains strictly positive for all states.

Unlike localized dilation fields, oscillatory fields may generate multiple competing high-weight regions across the configuration space.

Under repeated PDT transformation:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward several distributed concentration regions rather than a single dominant attractor.

=== Example oscillatory-field experiment ===

A finite-state experiment was performed using:

* 41 discrete states;
* an initially uniform probability distribution;
* a positive oscillatory dilation field with three spatial oscillation cycles;
* 10 successive PDT iterations.

Representative entropy behavior was:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration
! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 3.7136
|-
| 2 || 2.8699
|-
| 5 || 2.3018
|-
| 10 || 1.9335
|}

Unlike sharply localized dilation fields, the oscillatory field produced slower entropy reduction and multiple probability concentration peaks distributed across the configuration space.

After 10 iterations, the largest probability concentration remained distributed rather than collapsing into a single dominant state.

This suggests that different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term iterative probability structures.

The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.
=== Multi-peak localized dilation fields ===

A broader class of PDT transformations may be generated using multiple localized dilation peaks distributed across the configuration space.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sum_k
\lambda_k
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_k)^2}{2\sigma_k^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;x_k&lt;/math&gt; are the locations of the dilation peaks;
* &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; control the amplification strength of each peak;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma_k&lt;/math&gt; control the spatial width of each localized region.

This construction generates a positive multimodal dilation landscape containing several competing amplification regions.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward multiple partially localized concentration regions.

Unlike single localized dilation fields, multi-peak fields may generate:

* competing attractor-like regions;
* hierarchical probability concentration;
* partially stabilized multimodal distributions;
* multiscale probability structure.

Depending on the relative strengths and widths of the peaks, the iterative dynamics may favor:
* dominance by a single peak;
* coexistence of several concentration regions;
* or slowly evolving metastable probability structures.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative iterative evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Multiple localized amplifications
        ↓
Competing concentration regions
        ↓
Emergent multimodal probability structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

This class of dilation fields suggests that iterative PDT dynamics may generate richer probability organization than either single localized attractors or simple oscillatory fields alone.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.
=== Random and stochastic dilation fields ===

Another important class of PDT transformations arises when the dilation field itself varies stochastically.

A simple stochastic dilation field may be written schematically as:

&lt;math&gt;
D_n(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sigma \eta_n(x)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\eta_n(x)&lt;/math&gt; is a random field or stochastic fluctuation at iteration &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the stochastic variation.

Because the exponential is strictly positive, the dilation field remains positive for all realizations of the random process.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D_n(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D_n(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability landscape itself fluctuates dynamically from one iteration to the next.

Unlike deterministic localized or oscillatory dilation fields, stochastic dilation fields may generate:

* fluctuating concentration regions;
* transient attractor-like structures;
* noise-driven entropy evolution;
* intermittent probability concentration;
* metastable probabilistic configurations.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative stochastic evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Random localized amplification
        ↓
Fluctuating concentration regions
        ↓
Dynamic probabilistic structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Depending on the stochastic process used to generate the dilation fields, the long-term dynamics may exhibit:
* partial concentration,
* persistent fluctuations,
* stochastic stabilization,
* or continuously evolving probabilistic structure.

These ideas connect PDT to broader areas of:
* stochastic processes;
* random multiplicative systems;
* statistical mechanics;
* noise-driven dynamical systems;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational possibilities within finite-state toy models.

== Qualitative classes of iterative PDT behavior ==

Different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics under repeated PDT transformation.

The following table summarizes several representative classes explored within finite-state toy models.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dilation-field class
! Typical iterative behavior
! Representative qualitative structure
|-
| Localized fields
| Strong entropy reduction and concentration toward a dominant region
| Single attractor-like concentration
|-
| Oscillatory fields
| Distributed amplification with slower entropy reduction
| Patterned multimodal structure
|-
| Multi-peak localized fields
| Competition between several concentration regions
| Hierarchical or metastable probability structure
|-
| Random and stochastic fields
| Fluctuating amplification and noise-driven evolution
| Dynamic probabilistic landscapes
|}

These examples suggest that iterative PDT reweighting may generate a broad spectrum of emergent statistical structures depending on the geometry and dynamics of the dilation field.

Within the PDT framework, the iterative behavior of probability measures may therefore depend as strongly on the structure of the dilation field as on the initial probability distribution itself.

At present these qualitative behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.

== Numerical simulation and iterative models ==

=== Simulation model description ===

In discrete demonstrations, the “state space” may be represented by a finite set such as bins, configurations, or catalog points.

Two equivalent discrete implementations are common:

* '''weighted evaluation''': retain all points and assign weights proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;;
* '''importance resampling''': generate a new empirical catalog with sampling probabilities proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Demonstration: reweighting mock galaxy catalogs ===

A simple computational demonstration of PDT may be constructed using synthetic galaxy catalogs in a periodic simulation box.

The demonstration pipeline is:

# generate a baseline mock catalog;
# define a positive dilation field over the configuration space;
# perform PDT-style importance resampling;
# compute the resulting two-point correlation function &lt;math&gt;\xi(r)&lt;/math&gt;;
# compare transformed and baseline catalogs.

One example dilation field is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)=\exp(\lambda\phi(x))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\phi(x)\ge0&lt;/math&gt; is a nonnegative configuration-space field.

An example seed-field construction is:

&lt;math&gt;
\phi(x)=\sum_k \exp\!\left(-\frac{\|x-s_k\|^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;s_k&lt;/math&gt; are seed locations and &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the width of the seed influence.

The two-point correlation function may be estimated using the normalized Landy–Szalay estimator:

&lt;math&gt;
\xi(r)
=
\frac{DD(r)-2DR(r)+RR(r)}{RR(r)}
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;DD&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;DR&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;RR&lt;/math&gt; are normalized pair counts.

{{Note|Unless observational datasets are explicitly supplied, demonstrations may use synthetic target correlation curves for methodological illustration only. Synthetic demonstrations should not be interpreted as empirical cosmological evidence.}}

When run using synthetic target curves, PDT-resampled catalogs may exhibit enhanced small-scale clustering relative to the baseline configuration.

=== Computational demonstrations ===

Reference implementations and supplementary simulation notebooks may be maintained on external repositories or supplementary Wikiversity pages.

{{collapse top|Python demonstration placeholder}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
# Example implementations may be maintained separately
# on GitHub, OSF, or supplementary Wikiversity pages.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse bottom}}


'''Scope and Limitations'''

PDT is a mathematical framework for measure transformations. It does not claim:

* a replacement theory for General Relativity or Quantum Mechanics;
* empirical confirmation without explicit predictions and tests;
* observational validation without independently reproducible analysis.

The following discussion extends beyond the primary mathematical framework developed earlier in the article and explores possible conceptual implications and speculative generalizations.

== Speculative Extensions and Geometric Renormalization ==

''This section is speculative and exploratory in nature.''

Recent mathematical work published in the ''Journal of Applied Probability'' by Baryshnikov, Cao, Kahle, and Liu suggests a possible connection between probability distributions and intrinsic geometry.&lt;ref&gt;
Baryshnikov, Y., Cao, Y., Kahle, M., &amp; Liu, J. (2024). ''Buffon’s problem on curved surfaces and Gaussian curvature''. ''Journal of Applied Probability''. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/jpr.2024.19
&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of “Buffon deficits” on curved manifolds indicate that deviations from classical flat-space Buffon probabilities may encode curvature-dependent geometric information. Within the PDT framework, these observations motivate the broader possibility that geometric structure may influence iterative probabilistic dynamics through curvature-dependent statistical weighting effects.
Within PDT, these results are conceptually relevant because they suggest that probabilistic weighting structures may encode nontrivial geometric information. In particular, the Cambridge analysis demonstrates that generalized Buffon-type probabilistic constructions can reflect Gaussian curvature in different geometries. PDT extends this probabilistic perspective by exploring how iterative probability-measure transformations under positive dilation fields may generate evolving statistical structure, entropy flow, and geometry-dependent probabilistic behavior under repeated transformation.
At present these ideas remain exploratory and heuristic. No direct physical interpretation is presently established within the PDT framework. Within the PDT framework, this motivates the speculative possibility that curvature could act as a statistical weighting mechanism on classes of admissible paths or configurations.

== Future directions ==

* develop canonical families of dilation fields and invariants;
* clarify “structure-from-measure” diagnostics;
* publish reproducible simulation notebooks and parameter sweeps;
* compare multiple dilation families under shared evaluation criteria;
* investigate connections between probabilistic geometry and curvature-dependent statistical measures.


'''Status of the Framework'''

Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) transformations presently represents a speculative conceptual framework combining probabilistic geometry, relativistic interpretation, and stochastic path structures.

The framework has not been experimentally verified and presently exists as an exploratory mathematical and conceptual model.

== See also ==

* [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon's needle problem]]
* [[w:Probability measure|Probability measure]]
* [[w:Importance sampling|Importance sampling]]
* [[w:Radon–Nikodym theorem|Radon–Nikodym theorem]]
* [[w:Dynamical system|Dynamical systems]]

* [[w:Entropy (information theory)|Entropy]]
* [[w:Information theory|Information theory]]
* [[w:Measure theory|Measure theory]]
* [[w:Geometric probability|Geometric probability]]

==Related literature on probabilistic dilation, conditioning behavior, geometric probability, and curvature-dependent probabilistic structure includes the following works:==
== Related probabilistic and geometric literature ==

Related literature on probabilistic dilation, conditioning behavior, geometric probability, and curvature-dependent probabilistic structure includes the following works:

* Augustin, T.; Coolen, F. P. A.; de Cooman, G.; Troffaes, M. C. M. ''Introduction to Imprecise Probabilities''. Wiley, 2014.

* Herron, T.; Seidenfeld, T.; Wasserman, L. ''Divisive Conditioning: Further Results on Dilation''. Philosophy of Science, Vol. 64, No. 3, 1997.

* Herron, T.; Seidenfeld, T.; Wasserman, L. ''Distention for Sets of Probabilities''. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 45, 2005.

* Moral, S.; Wilson, N. ''Dilation Properties of Coherent Nearly-Linear Models''. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, Vol. 45, 2007.

== Copyright and licensing ==

© Howard Richardson. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Reuse permitted with attribution.</text>
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      <text bytes="30660" sha1="0baawr17z29hptfx0b0nvxmldkaj9ei" xml:space="preserve">{{Research project}}
{{Original research}}
{{To be peer reviewed}}


== Research abstract ==
'''Probability Dilation Theory (PDT)''' is a measure-theoretic research framework for studying how probability measures transform under '''positive reweighting (dilation)''' while preserving normalization and producing controlled changes in expectation values.

The theory is an exploratory framework for iterative probability-measure evolution under positive dilation fields. The framework studies how repeated probabilistic reweighting transformations may generate emergent statistical structure, entropy flow, and multiscale probability dynamics.

At its core, PDT studies how repeated positive probability reweighting transformations alter the long-term structure of probability distributions.
PDT treats a probability measure as the primary mathematical object and investigates:
* invariant identities induced by reweighting,
* composition and iteration of dilations,
* fixed points and near-fixed behavior,
* whether iterative measure updates can generate testable multiscale statistical structure (to be evaluated via explicit models and simulations).

PDT is presented as a mathematical framework. Any proposed application to physics or cosmology must be expressed as a concrete model (space, baseline measure, dilation field) and tested against falsifiable predictions.

== Overview ==
PDT is motivated by the observation that some structural information can be recovered from sampling statistics (e.g., [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon’s needle]]). PDT abstracts this idea by focusing on measure transformation itself: a dilation field modifies a baseline probability measure in a way that is:
* mathematically well-defined (positivity and normalization),
* composable under iteration,
* analyzable for invariants and fixed points.
=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A simplified conceptual flow of the PDT framework is:

&lt;pre&gt;
Baseline probability measure P
            ↓
Positive dilation field D(x)
            ↓
Reweighted probability measure P~
            ↓
Observable statistical changes
&lt;/pre&gt;
Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.
In this interpretation, PDT does not alter the underlying sample space directly. Instead, it modifies how probability mass is distributed across that space through a positive reweighting field.

Regions with larger values of the dilation field contribute more strongly to the transformed measure, while normalization preserves total probability. Earlier exploratory formulations of Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) were informally referred to as the Einstein Buffon Process (EBP), reflecting initial probabilistic-geometric interpretations inspired by Buffon-type constructions and Einstein-style scaling analogies. The framework has since evolved toward a broader iterative theory of probability-measure dynamics under positive dilation fields. A simple iterative interpretation may also be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
P₀
 ↓ D₁
P₁
 ↓ D₂
P₂
 ↓ D₃
P₃
 ↓ ⋯
&lt;/pre&gt;

where each dilation field reweights the probability structure generated by the previous step.

Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.

= Mathematical framework =

== Definitions and notation ==
Let &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt; be a measurable space.

* &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; denotes a probability measure on &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt;.
* If &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; has a density &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; with respect to a reference measure &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;.
* &lt;math&gt;D:\Omega\to(0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is a measurable '''dilation field''' (a positive weight function).
* &lt;math&gt;Z(P,D)&lt;/math&gt; is the normalization constant:
.&lt;math&gt;
Z(P,D)=\int_\Omega D\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;
* For an observable &lt;math&gt;f:\Omega\to\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt; integrable under the relevant measure,
&lt;math&gt;
\mathbb{E}_P[f]
=
\int_\Omega f\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;.

== PDT transformation (probability reweighting) ==

Given &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0&lt;Z(P,D)&lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt;, define the '''PDT transform''' &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}=\mathrm{PDT}(P;D)&lt;/math&gt; by:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D\,dP
}
\quad\text{for all }A\in\Sigma
&lt;/math&gt;

If &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;d\widetilde{P}=\widetilde{p}\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, where

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{p}(x)
=
\frac{D(x)\,p(x)}{Z}
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
Z
=
\int_\Omega D(x)\,p(x)\,d\mu
&lt;/math&gt;

'''Interpretation:''' the dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; shifts probability mass toward regions where &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; is larger, while renormalization keeps total probability equal to 1.

PDT is mathematically related to importance sampling, Gibbs-style reweighting, and Radon–Nikodym measure transformations, although the framework emphasizes compositional and geometric interpretations of probability reweighting rather than only numerical estimation procedures.

Unlike conventional importance sampling, however, PDT emphasizes the compositional and potentially dynamical behavior of repeated probability reweighting transformations.
A familiar physical example of a strictly positive factor is the Lorentz factor:

&lt;math&gt;
\gamma(v)
=
\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}}
&lt;/math&gt;

for

&lt;math&gt;
|v|&lt;c
&lt;/math&gt;

Lorentz contraction for a rod of rest length &lt;math&gt;L_0&lt;/math&gt; moving at speed &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is:

&lt;math&gt;
L(v)=\frac{L_0}{\gamma(v)}
&lt;/math&gt;

To connect this idea to PDT (as an illustration only), one may define a positive dilation field based on &lt;math&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;.

== Worked finite example ==

Consider a finite probability space:

&lt;math&gt;
\Omega=\{a,b,c\}
&lt;/math&gt;

with baseline probabilities:

&lt;math&gt;
P(a)=0.2,\quad
P(b)=0.3,\quad
P(c)=0.5
&lt;/math&gt;

Define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D(a)=1,\quad
D(b)=2,\quad
D(c)=4
&lt;/math&gt;

The normalization constant is:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=\sum_x D(x)P(x)
&lt;/math&gt;

giving:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=(1)(0.2)+(2)(0.3)+(4)(0.5)=2.8
&lt;/math&gt;

The PDT-transformed probabilities become:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(a)=\frac{0.2}{2.8}\approx0.071
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(b)=\frac{0.6}{2.8}\approx0.214
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(c)=\frac{2.0}{2.8}\approx0.714
&lt;/math&gt;

This illustrates how PDT shifts probability mass toward regions with larger dilation weights while preserving normalization.

== Composition of dilations ==

An important structural property of sequential PDT transformations is that compose multiplicatively.

Suppose two positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
D_2(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

are applied successively to a baseline probability measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;.

The first dilation produces:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_1(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_1\,dP}
{\int_\Omega D_1\,dP}
&lt;/math&gt;

Applying the second dilation field to &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}_1&lt;/math&gt; gives:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
{\int_\Omega D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
&lt;/math&gt;

Substituting the first transformation into the second yields:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D_2D_1\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D_2D_1\,dP
}
&lt;/math&gt;

This shows that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields.

This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application showing that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields. This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application.

== Fixed points and iterative dynamics ==

An important question in PDT concerns the long-term behavior of repeated PDT transformations.

Given an initial probability measure:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
&lt;/math&gt;

and a sequence of positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1,D_2,D_3,\dots
&lt;/math&gt;

successive PDT transformations generate a sequence of measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow
P_3
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

where each transformed measure is obtained by reweighting the previous one.

A measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is called a fixed point of a dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; if:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}=P
&lt;/math&gt;

under the PDT transformation.

In the simplest case, this requires the dilation field to be constant almost everywhere with respect to &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;. More general fixed-point behavior may arise when iterative compositions balance probability amplification against normalization.

More generally, repeated compositions of nontrivial dilation fields may generate:

* hierarchical probability structure;
* multiscale statistical behavior;
* attractor-like distributions;
* approximately stable transformed measures.

These questions connect PDT to broader areas of:

* dynamical systems;
* stochastic processes;
* iterative renormalization methods;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these iterative properties remain largely unexplored within the PDT framework.

== Entropy and iterative probability flow ==

Repeated PDT transformations may alter the entropy structure of a probability measure.

For a discrete probability distribution:

&lt;math&gt;
P=\{p_i\}
&lt;/math&gt;

the Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P)
=
-\sum_i p_i \log p_i
&lt;/math&gt;

Under iterative EPD transformation, successive transformed measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

may exhibit changing entropy behavior depending on the structure of the dilation fields.

For example:
* strongly localized dilation fields may concentrate probability mass and reduce entropy;
* broader or smoothing dilation fields may distribute probability more evenly and increase entropy;
* iterative compositions may generate approximately stable entropy profiles.

These questions connect PDT to:
* information theory,
* statistical mechanics,
* stochastic dynamics,
* and renormalization-style iterative systems.

At present the entropy behavior of iterative PDT transformations remains an open area for investigation.

== Toy experiment: entropy under repeated dilation ==

A simple finite-state experiment illustrates how repeated PDT transformations can change the entropy of a probability distribution.

Let the initial probability distribution be:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0=(0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2)
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D=(1,1,2,4,8)
&lt;/math&gt;

At each step, apply the PDT update:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(i)
=
\frac{D(i)P_n(i)}
{\sum_j D(j)P_n(j)}
&lt;/math&gt;

The Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_n)
=
-\sum_i P_n(i)\log P_n(i)
&lt;/math&gt;

In this toy model, repeated dilation shifts probability mass toward the highest-weight state. Over ten iterations, the entropy decreases from approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_0)\approx1.6094
&lt;/math&gt;

to:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_{10})\approx0.00775
&lt;/math&gt;

The final distribution is approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{10}
\approx
(0.000000001,\;0.000000001,\;0.000000953,\;0.000975609,\;0.999023437)
&lt;/math&gt;

This example demonstrates probability concentration under repeated positive dilation. It is a finite-state toy model and should not be interpreted as physical evidence; its purpose is to illustrate iterative PDT behavior.
=== Example entropy evolution ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration !! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 1.6094
|-
| 1 || 1.2990
|-
| 2 || 0.7790
|-
| 3 || 0.4399
|-
| 5 || 0.1500
|-
| 10 || 0.0078
|}
Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting. Programmatically generated using Python in a ChatGPT-assisted workflow. The entropy decreases under repeated application of the dilation field as probability mass becomes increasingly concentrated in the highest-weight states.
=== Localized dilation fields ===

A useful class of PDT transformations is generated by localized positive dilation fields.

Consider a one-dimensional finite configuration space with states indexed by:

&lt;math&gt;
x=0,1,2,\dots,N
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a localized dilation field centered at &lt;math&gt;x_0&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\lambda
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_0)^2}{2\sigma^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial width of the localized field.

Narrow values of &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; produce sharply localized amplification, while broader values produce smoother probability reweighting across the configuration space.

Under iterative PDT dynamics:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability distribution may progressively concentrate near the center of the dilation field.

=== Example entropy evolution for localized fields ===

Using an initially uniform distribution over 21 states and iterating the PDT transformation 10 times produces the following representative entropy behavior:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Field width &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt;
! Final entropy after 10 iterations
! Maximum probability after 10 iterations
|-
| 1.5 || 0.0352 || 0.9950
|-
| 3.0 || 0.8162 || 0.7141
|-
| 6.0 || 1.5367 || 0.3595
|}
[[File:PDT entropy evolution localized field.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting.]]
[[File:Epd_entropy_evolution.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT dilation. Narrow localized dilation fields produce rapid entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative reweighting.]]
These results indicate that narrower localized dilation fields generate stronger probability concentration and more rapid entropy reduction.

== Comparative entropy-flow experiments ==

The following finite-state computational experiments illustrate comparative entropy evolution under several classes of PDT dilation fields. Each experiment begins with the same initially uniform probability distribution and applies repeated PDT transformations under different field structures. The experiments are exploratory and intended to illustrate qualitative differences in iterative probabilistic behavior rather than empirical physical predictions.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparative entropy-flow behavior under PDT field classes
! Field class
! Final entropy
! Entropy decrease
! Final max probability
! Qualitative behavior
|-
| Localized
| 0.3104
| 3.4032
| 0.9275
| Strong probability concentration
|-
| Oscillatory
| 1.5779
| 2.1357
| 0.3418
| Distributed oscillatory structure
|-
| Multi-peak
| 0.2851
| 3.4284
| 0.9425
| Multiple concentration regions
|-
| Stochastic
| 0.7744
| 2.9392
| 0.7413
| Fluctuating concentration behavior
|}
These experiments suggest that different classes of dilation fields may generate qualitatively distinct entropy-flow and concentration behavior under iterative PDT dynamics. Localized and multi-peak fields produce strong entropy reduction and probability concentration, while oscillatory fields preserve more distributed probabilistic structure. Stochastic fields exhibit fluctuating but still partially concentrating behavior in this finite-state example.
In this toy model, repeated localized dilation behaves qualitatively like an attractor centered on the highest-weight region of the configuration space.
[[File:Pdt comparative entropy flow.png|thumb|Comparative entropy evolution under localized, oscillatory, multi-peak, and stochastic PDT dilation fields.]]
The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.

=== Oscillatory dilation fields ===

Another useful class of PDT transformations is generated by oscillatory positive dilation fields.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp(\lambda\sin(kx))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the oscillatory amplification;
* &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial frequency of the oscillation.

Because the exponential is always positive, the dilation field remains strictly positive for all states.

Unlike localized dilation fields, oscillatory fields may generate multiple competing high-weight regions across the configuration space.

Under repeated PDT transformation:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward several distributed concentration regions rather than a single dominant attractor.

=== Example oscillatory-field experiment ===

A finite-state experiment was performed using:

* 41 discrete states;
* an initially uniform probability distribution;
* a positive oscillatory dilation field with three spatial oscillation cycles;
* 10 successive PDT iterations.

Representative entropy behavior was:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration
! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 3.7136
|-
| 2 || 2.8699
|-
| 5 || 2.3018
|-
| 10 || 1.9335
|}

Unlike sharply localized dilation fields, the oscillatory field produced slower entropy reduction and multiple probability concentration peaks distributed across the configuration space.

After 10 iterations, the largest probability concentration remained distributed rather than collapsing into a single dominant state.

This suggests that different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term iterative probability structures.

The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.
=== Multi-peak localized dilation fields ===

A broader class of PDT transformations may be generated using multiple localized dilation peaks distributed across the configuration space.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sum_k
\lambda_k
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_k)^2}{2\sigma_k^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;x_k&lt;/math&gt; are the locations of the dilation peaks;
* &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; control the amplification strength of each peak;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma_k&lt;/math&gt; control the spatial width of each localized region.

This construction generates a positive multimodal dilation landscape containing several competing amplification regions.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward multiple partially localized concentration regions.

Unlike single localized dilation fields, multi-peak fields may generate:

* competing attractor-like regions;
* hierarchical probability concentration;
* partially stabilized multimodal distributions;
* multiscale probability structure.

Depending on the relative strengths and widths of the peaks, the iterative dynamics may favor:
* dominance by a single peak;
* coexistence of several concentration regions;
* or slowly evolving metastable probability structures.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative iterative evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Multiple localized amplifications
        ↓
Competing concentration regions
        ↓
Emergent multimodal probability structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

This class of dilation fields suggests that iterative PDT dynamics may generate richer probability organization than either single localized attractors or simple oscillatory fields alone.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.
=== Random and stochastic dilation fields ===

Another important class of PDT transformations arises when the dilation field itself varies stochastically.

A simple stochastic dilation field may be written schematically as:

&lt;math&gt;
D_n(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sigma \eta_n(x)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\eta_n(x)&lt;/math&gt; is a random field or stochastic fluctuation at iteration &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the stochastic variation.

Because the exponential is strictly positive, the dilation field remains positive for all realizations of the random process.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D_n(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D_n(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability landscape itself fluctuates dynamically from one iteration to the next.

Unlike deterministic localized or oscillatory dilation fields, stochastic dilation fields may generate:

* fluctuating concentration regions;
* transient attractor-like structures;
* noise-driven entropy evolution;
* intermittent probability concentration;
* metastable probabilistic configurations.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative stochastic evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Random localized amplification
        ↓
Fluctuating concentration regions
        ↓
Dynamic probabilistic structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Depending on the stochastic process used to generate the dilation fields, the long-term dynamics may exhibit:
* partial concentration,
* persistent fluctuations,
* stochastic stabilization,
* or continuously evolving probabilistic structure.

These ideas connect PDT to broader areas of:
* stochastic processes;
* random multiplicative systems;
* statistical mechanics;
* noise-driven dynamical systems;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational possibilities within finite-state toy models.

== Qualitative classes of iterative PDT behavior ==

Different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics under repeated PDT transformation.

The following table summarizes several representative classes explored within finite-state toy models.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dilation-field class
! Typical iterative behavior
! Representative qualitative structure
|-
| Localized fields
| Strong entropy reduction and concentration toward a dominant region
| Single attractor-like concentration
|-
| Oscillatory fields
| Distributed amplification with slower entropy reduction
| Patterned multimodal structure
|-
| Multi-peak localized fields
| Competition between several concentration regions
| Hierarchical or metastable probability structure
|-
| Random and stochastic fields
| Fluctuating amplification and noise-driven evolution
| Dynamic probabilistic landscapes
|}

These examples suggest that iterative PDT reweighting may generate a broad spectrum of emergent statistical structures depending on the geometry and dynamics of the dilation field.

Within the PDT framework, the iterative behavior of probability measures may therefore depend as strongly on the structure of the dilation field as on the initial probability distribution itself.

At present these qualitative behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.

== Numerical simulation and iterative models ==

=== Simulation model description ===

In discrete demonstrations, the “state space” may be represented by a finite set such as bins, configurations, or catalog points.

Two equivalent discrete implementations are common:

* '''weighted evaluation''': retain all points and assign weights proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;;
* '''importance resampling''': generate a new empirical catalog with sampling probabilities proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Demonstration: reweighting mock galaxy catalogs ===

A simple computational demonstration of PDT may be constructed using synthetic galaxy catalogs in a periodic simulation box.

The demonstration pipeline is:

# generate a baseline mock catalog;
# define a positive dilation field over the configuration space;
# perform PDT-style importance resampling;
# compute the resulting two-point correlation function &lt;math&gt;\xi(r)&lt;/math&gt;;
# compare transformed and baseline catalogs.

One example dilation field is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)=\exp(\lambda\phi(x))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\phi(x)\ge0&lt;/math&gt; is a nonnegative configuration-space field.

An example seed-field construction is:

&lt;math&gt;
\phi(x)=\sum_k \exp\!\left(-\frac{\|x-s_k\|^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;s_k&lt;/math&gt; are seed locations and &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the width of the seed influence.

The two-point correlation function may be estimated using the normalized Landy–Szalay estimator:

&lt;math&gt;
\xi(r)
=
\frac{DD(r)-2DR(r)+RR(r)}{RR(r)}
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;DD&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;DR&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;RR&lt;/math&gt; are normalized pair counts.

{{Note|Unless observational datasets are explicitly supplied, demonstrations may use synthetic target correlation curves for methodological illustration only. Synthetic demonstrations should not be interpreted as empirical cosmological evidence.}}

When run using synthetic target curves, PDT-resampled catalogs may exhibit enhanced small-scale clustering relative to the baseline configuration.

=== Computational demonstrations ===

Reference implementations and supplementary simulation notebooks may be maintained on external repositories or supplementary Wikiversity pages.

{{collapse top|Python demonstration placeholder}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
# Example implementations may be maintained separately
# on GitHub, OSF, or supplementary Wikiversity pages.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse bottom}}


'''Scope and Limitations'''

PDT is a mathematical framework for measure transformations. It does not claim:

* a replacement theory for General Relativity or Quantum Mechanics;
* empirical confirmation without explicit predictions and tests;
* observational validation without independently reproducible analysis.

The following discussion extends beyond the primary mathematical framework developed earlier in the article and explores possible conceptual implications and speculative generalizations.

== Speculative Extensions and Geometric Renormalization ==

''This section is speculative and exploratory in nature.''

Recent mathematical work published in the ''Journal of Applied Probability'' by Baryshnikov, Cao, Kahle, and Liu suggests a possible connection between probability distributions and intrinsic geometry.&lt;ref&gt;
Baryshnikov, Y., Cao, Y., Kahle, M., &amp; Liu, J. (2024). ''Buffon’s problem on curved surfaces and Gaussian curvature''. ''Journal of Applied Probability''. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/jpr.2024.19
&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of “Buffon deficits” on curved manifolds indicate that deviations from classical flat-space Buffon probabilities may encode curvature-dependent geometric information. Within the PDT framework, these observations motivate the broader possibility that geometric structure may influence iterative probabilistic dynamics through curvature-dependent statistical weighting effects.
Within PDT, these results are conceptually relevant because they suggest that probabilistic weighting structures may encode nontrivial geometric information. In particular, the Cambridge analysis demonstrates that generalized Buffon-type probabilistic constructions can reflect Gaussian curvature in different geometries. PDT extends this probabilistic perspective by exploring how iterative probability-measure transformations under positive dilation fields may generate evolving statistical structure, entropy flow, and geometry-dependent probabilistic behavior under repeated transformation.
At present these ideas remain exploratory and heuristic. No direct physical interpretation is presently established within the PDT framework. Within the PDT framework, this motivates the speculative possibility that curvature could act as a statistical weighting mechanism on classes of admissible paths or configurations.

== Future directions ==

* develop canonical families of dilation fields and invariants;
* clarify “structure-from-measure” diagnostics;
* publish reproducible simulation notebooks and parameter sweeps;
* compare multiple dilation families under shared evaluation criteria;
* investigate connections between probabilistic geometry and curvature-dependent statistical measures.


'''Status of the Framework'''

Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) transformations presently represents a speculative conceptual framework combining probabilistic geometry, relativistic interpretation, and stochastic path structures.

The framework has not been experimentally verified and presently exists as an exploratory mathematical and conceptual model.

== See also ==

* [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon's needle problem]]
* [[w:Probability measure|Probability measure]]
* [[w:Importance sampling|Importance sampling]]
* [[w:Radon–Nikodym theorem|Radon–Nikodym theorem]]
* [[w:Dynamical system|Dynamical systems]]

* [[w:Entropy (information theory)|Entropy]]
* [[w:Information theory|Information theory]]
* [[w:Measure theory|Measure theory]]
* [[w:Geometric probability|Geometric probability]]

==Related literature on probabilistic dilation, conditioning behavior, geometric probability, and curvature-dependent probabilistic structure includes the following works:==
== Related probabilistic and geometric literature ==

Related literature on probabilistic dilation, conditioning behavior, geometric probability, and curvature-dependent probabilistic structure includes the following works:

* Augustin, T.; Coolen, F. P. A.; de Cooman, G.; Troffaes, M. C. M. ''Introduction to Imprecise Probabilities''. Wiley, 2014.

* Herron, T.; Seidenfeld, T.; Wasserman, L. ''Divisive Conditioning: Further Results on Dilation''. Philosophy of Science, Vol. 64, No. 3, 1997.

* Herron, T.; Seidenfeld, T.; Wasserman, L. ''Distention for Sets of Probabilities''. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 45, 2005.

* Moral, S.; Wilson, N. ''Dilation Properties of Coherent Nearly-Linear Models''. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, Vol. 45, 2007.

* Baryshnikov, Y.; Cao, Y.; Kahle, M.; Liu, J. (2024). ''Buffon’s problem on curved surfaces and Gaussian curvature''. ''Journal of Applied Probability''. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/jpr.2024.19

== Copyright and licensing ==

Text and original figures © Howard Richardson.

Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Reuse permitted with attribution.</text>
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{{Original research}}
{{To be peer reviewed}}


== Research abstract ==
'''Probability Dilation Theory (PDT)''' is a measure-theoretic research framework for studying how probability measures transform under '''positive reweighting (dilation)''' while preserving normalization and producing controlled changes in expectation values.

The theory is an exploratory framework for iterative probability-measure evolution under positive dilation fields. The framework studies how repeated probabilistic reweighting transformations may generate emergent statistical structure, entropy flow, and multiscale probability dynamics.

At its core, PDT studies how repeated positive probability reweighting transformations alter the long-term structure of probability distributions.
PDT treats a probability measure as the primary mathematical object and investigates:
* invariant identities induced by reweighting,
* composition and iteration of dilations,
* fixed points and near-fixed behavior,
* whether iterative measure updates can generate testable multiscale statistical structure (to be evaluated via explicit models and simulations).

PDT is presented as a mathematical framework. Any proposed application to physics or cosmology must be expressed as a concrete model (space, baseline measure, dilation field) and tested against falsifiable predictions.

== Overview ==
PDT is motivated by the observation that some structural information can be recovered from sampling statistics (e.g., [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon’s needle]]). PDT abstracts this idea by focusing on measure transformation itself: a dilation field modifies a baseline probability measure in a way that is:
* mathematically well-defined (positivity and normalization),
* composable under iteration,
* analyzable for invariants and fixed points.
=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A simplified conceptual flow of the PDT framework is:

&lt;pre&gt;
Baseline probability measure P
            ↓
Positive dilation field D(x)
            ↓
Reweighted probability measure P~
            ↓
Observable statistical changes
&lt;/pre&gt;
Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.
In this interpretation, PDT does not alter the underlying sample space directly. Instead, it modifies how probability mass is distributed across that space through a positive reweighting field.

Regions with larger values of the dilation field contribute more strongly to the transformed measure, while normalization preserves total probability. Earlier exploratory formulations of Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) were informally referred to as the Einstein Buffon Process (EBP), reflecting initial probabilistic-geometric interpretations inspired by Buffon-type constructions and Einstein-style scaling analogies. The framework has since evolved toward a broader iterative theory of probability-measure dynamics under positive dilation fields. A simple iterative interpretation may also be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
P₀
 ↓ D₁
P₁
 ↓ D₂
P₂
 ↓ D₃
P₃
 ↓ ⋯
&lt;/pre&gt;

where each dilation field reweights the probability structure generated by the previous step.

Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.

= Mathematical framework =

== Definitions and notation ==
Let &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt; be a measurable space.

* &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; denotes a probability measure on &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt;.
* If &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; has a density &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; with respect to a reference measure &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;.
* &lt;math&gt;D:\Omega\to(0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is a measurable '''dilation field''' (a positive weight function).
* &lt;math&gt;Z(P,D)&lt;/math&gt; is the normalization constant:
.&lt;math&gt;
Z(P,D)=\int_\Omega D\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;
* For an observable &lt;math&gt;f:\Omega\to\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt; integrable under the relevant measure,
&lt;math&gt;
\mathbb{E}_P[f]
=
\int_\Omega f\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;.

== PDT transformation (probability reweighting) ==

Given &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0&lt;Z(P,D)&lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt;, define the '''PDT transform''' &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}=\mathrm{PDT}(P;D)&lt;/math&gt; by:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D\,dP
}
\quad\text{for all }A\in\Sigma
&lt;/math&gt;

If &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;d\widetilde{P}=\widetilde{p}\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, where

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{p}(x)
=
\frac{D(x)\,p(x)}{Z}
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
Z
=
\int_\Omega D(x)\,p(x)\,d\mu
&lt;/math&gt;

'''Interpretation:''' the dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; shifts probability mass toward regions where &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; is larger, while renormalization keeps total probability equal to 1.

PDT is mathematically related to importance sampling, Gibbs-style reweighting, and Radon–Nikodym measure transformations, although the framework emphasizes compositional and geometric interpretations of probability reweighting rather than only numerical estimation procedures.

Unlike conventional importance sampling, however, PDT emphasizes the compositional and potentially dynamical behavior of repeated probability reweighting transformations.
A familiar physical example of a strictly positive factor is the Lorentz factor:

&lt;math&gt;
\gamma(v)
=
\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}}
&lt;/math&gt;

for

&lt;math&gt;
|v|&lt;c
&lt;/math&gt;

Lorentz contraction for a rod of rest length &lt;math&gt;L_0&lt;/math&gt; moving at speed &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is:

&lt;math&gt;
L(v)=\frac{L_0}{\gamma(v)}
&lt;/math&gt;

To connect this idea to PDT (as an illustration only), one may define a positive dilation field based on &lt;math&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;.

== Worked finite example ==

Consider a finite probability space:

&lt;math&gt;
\Omega=\{a,b,c\}
&lt;/math&gt;

with baseline probabilities:

&lt;math&gt;
P(a)=0.2,\quad
P(b)=0.3,\quad
P(c)=0.5
&lt;/math&gt;

Define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D(a)=1,\quad
D(b)=2,\quad
D(c)=4
&lt;/math&gt;

The normalization constant is:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=\sum_x D(x)P(x)
&lt;/math&gt;

giving:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=(1)(0.2)+(2)(0.3)+(4)(0.5)=2.8
&lt;/math&gt;

The PDT-transformed probabilities become:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(a)=\frac{0.2}{2.8}\approx0.071
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(b)=\frac{0.6}{2.8}\approx0.214
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(c)=\frac{2.0}{2.8}\approx0.714
&lt;/math&gt;

This illustrates how PDT shifts probability mass toward regions with larger dilation weights while preserving normalization.

== Composition of dilations ==

An important structural property of sequential PDT transformations is that compose multiplicatively.

Suppose two positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
D_2(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

are applied successively to a baseline probability measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;.

The first dilation produces:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_1(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_1\,dP}
{\int_\Omega D_1\,dP}
&lt;/math&gt;

Applying the second dilation field to &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}_1&lt;/math&gt; gives:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
{\int_\Omega D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
&lt;/math&gt;

Substituting the first transformation into the second yields:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D_2D_1\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D_2D_1\,dP
}
&lt;/math&gt;

This shows that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields.

This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application showing that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields. This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application.

== Fixed points and iterative dynamics ==

An important question in PDT concerns the long-term behavior of repeated PDT transformations.

Given an initial probability measure:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
&lt;/math&gt;

and a sequence of positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1,D_2,D_3,\dots
&lt;/math&gt;

successive PDT transformations generate a sequence of measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow
P_3
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

where each transformed measure is obtained by reweighting the previous one.

A measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is called a fixed point of a dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; if:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}=P
&lt;/math&gt;

under the PDT transformation.

In the simplest case, this requires the dilation field to be constant almost everywhere with respect to &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;. More general fixed-point behavior may arise when iterative compositions balance probability amplification against normalization.

More generally, repeated compositions of nontrivial dilation fields may generate:

* hierarchical probability structure;
* multiscale statistical behavior;
* attractor-like distributions;
* approximately stable transformed measures.

These questions connect PDT to broader areas of:

* dynamical systems;
* stochastic processes;
* iterative renormalization methods;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these iterative properties remain largely unexplored within the PDT framework.

== Entropy and iterative probability flow ==

Repeated PDT transformations may alter the entropy structure of a probability measure.

For a discrete probability distribution:

&lt;math&gt;
P=\{p_i\}
&lt;/math&gt;

the Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P)
=
-\sum_i p_i \log p_i
&lt;/math&gt;

Under iterative EPD transformation, successive transformed measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

may exhibit changing entropy behavior depending on the structure of the dilation fields.

For example:
* strongly localized dilation fields may concentrate probability mass and reduce entropy;
* broader or smoothing dilation fields may distribute probability more evenly and increase entropy;
* iterative compositions may generate approximately stable entropy profiles.

These questions connect PDT to:
* information theory,
* statistical mechanics,
* stochastic dynamics,
* and renormalization-style iterative systems.

At present the entropy behavior of iterative PDT transformations remains an open area for investigation.

== Toy experiment: entropy under repeated dilation ==

A simple finite-state experiment illustrates how repeated PDT transformations can change the entropy of a probability distribution.

Let the initial probability distribution be:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0=(0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2)
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D=(1,1,2,4,8)
&lt;/math&gt;

At each step, apply the PDT update:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(i)
=
\frac{D(i)P_n(i)}
{\sum_j D(j)P_n(j)}
&lt;/math&gt;

The Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_n)
=
-\sum_i P_n(i)\log P_n(i)
&lt;/math&gt;

In this toy model, repeated dilation shifts probability mass toward the highest-weight state. Over ten iterations, the entropy decreases from approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_0)\approx1.6094
&lt;/math&gt;

to:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_{10})\approx0.00775
&lt;/math&gt;

The final distribution is approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{10}
\approx
(0.000000001,\;0.000000001,\;0.000000953,\;0.000975609,\;0.999023437)
&lt;/math&gt;

This example demonstrates probability concentration under repeated positive dilation. It is a finite-state toy model and should not be interpreted as physical evidence; its purpose is to illustrate iterative PDT behavior.
=== Example entropy evolution ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration !! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 1.6094
|-
| 1 || 1.2990
|-
| 2 || 0.7790
|-
| 3 || 0.4399
|-
| 5 || 0.1500
|-
| 10 || 0.0078
|}
Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting. Programmatically generated using Python in a ChatGPT-assisted workflow. The entropy decreases under repeated application of the dilation field as probability mass becomes increasingly concentrated in the highest-weight states.
=== Localized dilation fields ===

A useful class of PDT transformations is generated by localized positive dilation fields.

Consider a one-dimensional finite configuration space with states indexed by:

&lt;math&gt;
x=0,1,2,\dots,N
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a localized dilation field centered at &lt;math&gt;x_0&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\lambda
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_0)^2}{2\sigma^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial width of the localized field.

Narrow values of &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; produce sharply localized amplification, while broader values produce smoother probability reweighting across the configuration space.

Under iterative PDT dynamics:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability distribution may progressively concentrate near the center of the dilation field.

=== Example entropy evolution for localized fields ===

Using an initially uniform distribution over 21 states and iterating the PDT transformation 10 times produces the following representative entropy behavior:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Field width &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt;
! Final entropy after 10 iterations
! Maximum probability after 10 iterations
|-
| 1.5 || 0.0352 || 0.9950
|-
| 3.0 || 0.8162 || 0.7141
|-
| 6.0 || 1.5367 || 0.3595
|}
[[File:PDT entropy evolution localized field.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting.]]
[[File:Epd_entropy_evolution.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT dilation. Narrow localized dilation fields produce rapid entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative reweighting.]]
These results indicate that narrower localized dilation fields generate stronger probability concentration and more rapid entropy reduction.

== Comparative entropy-flow experiments ==

The following finite-state computational experiments illustrate comparative entropy evolution under several classes of PDT dilation fields. Each experiment begins with the same initially uniform probability distribution and applies repeated PDT transformations under different field structures. The experiments are exploratory and intended to illustrate qualitative differences in iterative probabilistic behavior rather than empirical physical predictions.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparative entropy-flow behavior under PDT field classes
! Field class
! Final entropy
! Entropy decrease
! Final max probability
! Qualitative behavior
|-
| Localized
| 0.3104
| 3.4032
| 0.9275
| Strong probability concentration
|-
| Oscillatory
| 1.5779
| 2.1357
| 0.3418
| Distributed oscillatory structure
|-
| Multi-peak
| 0.2851
| 3.4284
| 0.9425
| Multiple concentration regions
|-
| Stochastic
| 0.7744
| 2.9392
| 0.7413
| Fluctuating concentration behavior
|}
These experiments suggest that different classes of dilation fields may generate qualitatively distinct entropy-flow and concentration behavior under iterative PDT dynamics. Localized and multi-peak fields produce strong entropy reduction and probability concentration, while oscillatory fields preserve more distributed probabilistic structure. Stochastic fields exhibit fluctuating but still partially concentrating behavior in this finite-state example.
In this toy model, repeated localized dilation behaves qualitatively like an attractor centered on the highest-weight region of the configuration space.
[[File:Pdt comparative entropy flow.png|thumb|Comparative entropy evolution under localized, oscillatory, multi-peak, and stochastic PDT dilation fields.]]
The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.

=== Oscillatory dilation fields ===

Another useful class of PDT transformations is generated by oscillatory positive dilation fields.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp(\lambda\sin(kx))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the oscillatory amplification;
* &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial frequency of the oscillation.

Because the exponential is always positive, the dilation field remains strictly positive for all states.

Unlike localized dilation fields, oscillatory fields may generate multiple competing high-weight regions across the configuration space.

Under repeated PDT transformation:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward several distributed concentration regions rather than a single dominant attractor.

=== Example oscillatory-field experiment ===

A finite-state experiment was performed using:

* 41 discrete states;
* an initially uniform probability distribution;
* a positive oscillatory dilation field with three spatial oscillation cycles;
* 10 successive PDT iterations.

Representative entropy behavior was:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration
! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 3.7136
|-
| 2 || 2.8699
|-
| 5 || 2.3018
|-
| 10 || 1.9335
|}

Unlike sharply localized dilation fields, the oscillatory field produced slower entropy reduction and multiple probability concentration peaks distributed across the configuration space.

After 10 iterations, the largest probability concentration remained distributed rather than collapsing into a single dominant state.

This suggests that different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term iterative probability structures.

The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.
=== Multi-peak localized dilation fields ===

A broader class of PDT transformations may be generated using multiple localized dilation peaks distributed across the configuration space.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sum_k
\lambda_k
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_k)^2}{2\sigma_k^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;x_k&lt;/math&gt; are the locations of the dilation peaks;
* &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; control the amplification strength of each peak;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma_k&lt;/math&gt; control the spatial width of each localized region.

This construction generates a positive multimodal dilation landscape containing several competing amplification regions.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward multiple partially localized concentration regions.

Unlike single localized dilation fields, multi-peak fields may generate:

* competing attractor-like regions;
* hierarchical probability concentration;
* partially stabilized multimodal distributions;
* multiscale probability structure.

Depending on the relative strengths and widths of the peaks, the iterative dynamics may favor:
* dominance by a single peak;
* coexistence of several concentration regions;
* or slowly evolving metastable probability structures.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative iterative evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Multiple localized amplifications
        ↓
Competing concentration regions
        ↓
Emergent multimodal probability structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

This class of dilation fields suggests that iterative PDT dynamics may generate richer probability organization than either single localized attractors or simple oscillatory fields alone.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.
=== Random and stochastic dilation fields ===

Another important class of PDT transformations arises when the dilation field itself varies stochastically.

A simple stochastic dilation field may be written schematically as:

&lt;math&gt;
D_n(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sigma \eta_n(x)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\eta_n(x)&lt;/math&gt; is a random field or stochastic fluctuation at iteration &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the stochastic variation.

Because the exponential is strictly positive, the dilation field remains positive for all realizations of the random process.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D_n(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D_n(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability landscape itself fluctuates dynamically from one iteration to the next.

Unlike deterministic localized or oscillatory dilation fields, stochastic dilation fields may generate:

* fluctuating concentration regions;
* transient attractor-like structures;
* noise-driven entropy evolution;
* intermittent probability concentration;
* metastable probabilistic configurations.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative stochastic evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Random localized amplification
        ↓
Fluctuating concentration regions
        ↓
Dynamic probabilistic structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Depending on the stochastic process used to generate the dilation fields, the long-term dynamics may exhibit:
* partial concentration,
* persistent fluctuations,
* stochastic stabilization,
* or continuously evolving probabilistic structure.

These ideas connect PDT to broader areas of:
* stochastic processes;
* random multiplicative systems;
* statistical mechanics;
* noise-driven dynamical systems;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational possibilities within finite-state toy models.

== Qualitative classes of iterative PDT behavior ==

Different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics under repeated PDT transformation.

The following table summarizes several representative classes explored within finite-state toy models.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dilation-field class
! Typical iterative behavior
! Representative qualitative structure
|-
| Localized fields
| Strong entropy reduction and concentration toward a dominant region
| Single attractor-like concentration
|-
| Oscillatory fields
| Distributed amplification with slower entropy reduction
| Patterned multimodal structure
|-
| Multi-peak localized fields
| Competition between several concentration regions
| Hierarchical or metastable probability structure
|-
| Random and stochastic fields
| Fluctuating amplification and noise-driven evolution
| Dynamic probabilistic landscapes
|}

These examples suggest that iterative PDT reweighting may generate a broad spectrum of emergent statistical structures depending on the geometry and dynamics of the dilation field.

Within the PDT framework, the iterative behavior of probability measures may therefore depend as strongly on the structure of the dilation field as on the initial probability distribution itself.

At present these qualitative behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.

== Numerical simulation and iterative models ==

=== Simulation model description ===

In discrete demonstrations, the “state space” may be represented by a finite set such as bins, configurations, or catalog points.

Two equivalent discrete implementations are common:

* '''weighted evaluation''': retain all points and assign weights proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;;
* '''importance resampling''': generate a new empirical catalog with sampling probabilities proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Demonstration: reweighting mock galaxy catalogs ===

A simple computational demonstration of PDT may be constructed using synthetic galaxy catalogs in a periodic simulation box.

The demonstration pipeline is:

# generate a baseline mock catalog;
# define a positive dilation field over the configuration space;
# perform PDT-style importance resampling;
# compute the resulting two-point correlation function &lt;math&gt;\xi(r)&lt;/math&gt;;
# compare transformed and baseline catalogs.

One example dilation field is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)=\exp(\lambda\phi(x))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\phi(x)\ge0&lt;/math&gt; is a nonnegative configuration-space field.

An example seed-field construction is:

&lt;math&gt;
\phi(x)=\sum_k \exp\!\left(-\frac{\|x-s_k\|^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;s_k&lt;/math&gt; are seed locations and &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the width of the seed influence.

The two-point correlation function may be estimated using the normalized Landy–Szalay estimator:

&lt;math&gt;
\xi(r)
=
\frac{DD(r)-2DR(r)+RR(r)}{RR(r)}
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;DD&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;DR&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;RR&lt;/math&gt; are normalized pair counts.

{{Note|Unless observational datasets are explicitly supplied, demonstrations may use synthetic target correlation curves for methodological illustration only. Synthetic demonstrations should not be interpreted as empirical cosmological evidence.}}

When run using synthetic target curves, PDT-resampled catalogs may exhibit enhanced small-scale clustering relative to the baseline configuration.

=== Computational demonstrations ===

Reference implementations and supplementary simulation notebooks may be maintained on external repositories or supplementary Wikiversity pages.

{{collapse top|Python demonstration placeholder}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
# Example implementations may be maintained separately
# on GitHub, OSF, or supplementary Wikiversity pages.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse bottom}}


'''Scope and Limitations'''

PDT is a mathematical framework for measure transformations. It does not claim:

* a replacement theory for General Relativity or Quantum Mechanics;
* empirical confirmation without explicit predictions and tests;
* observational validation without independently reproducible analysis.

The following discussion extends beyond the primary mathematical framework developed earlier in the article and explores possible conceptual implications and speculative generalizations.

== Speculative Extensions and Geometric Renormalization ==

''This section is speculative and exploratory in nature.''

Recent mathematical work published in the ''Journal of Applied Probability'' by Baryshnikov, Cao, Kahle, and Liu suggests a possible connection between probability distributions and intrinsic geometry.&lt;ref&gt;
Baryshnikov, Y., Cao, Y., Kahle, M., &amp; Liu, J. (2024). ''Buffon’s problem on curved surfaces and Gaussian curvature''. ''Journal of Applied Probability''. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/jpr.2024.19
&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of “Buffon deficits” on curved manifolds indicate that deviations from classical flat-space Buffon probabilities may encode curvature-dependent geometric information. Within the PDT framework, these observations motivate the broader possibility that geometric structure may influence iterative probabilistic dynamics through curvature-dependent statistical weighting effects.
Within PDT, these results are conceptually relevant because they suggest that probabilistic weighting structures may encode nontrivial geometric information. In particular, the Cambridge analysis demonstrates that generalized Buffon-type probabilistic constructions can reflect Gaussian curvature in different geometries. PDT extends this probabilistic perspective by exploring how iterative probability-measure transformations under positive dilation fields may generate evolving statistical structure, entropy flow, and geometry-dependent probabilistic behavior under repeated transformation.
At present these ideas remain exploratory and heuristic. No direct physical interpretation is presently established within the PDT framework. Within the PDT framework, this motivates the speculative possibility that curvature could act as a statistical weighting mechanism on classes of admissible paths or configurations.

== Future directions ==

* develop canonical families of dilation fields and invariants;
* clarify “structure-from-measure” diagnostics;
* publish reproducible simulation notebooks and parameter sweeps;
* compare multiple dilation families under shared evaluation criteria;
* investigate connections between probabilistic geometry and curvature-dependent statistical measures.


'''Status of the Framework'''

Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) transformations presently represents a speculative conceptual framework combining probabilistic geometry, relativistic interpretation, and stochastic path structures.

The framework has not been experimentally verified and presently exists as an exploratory mathematical and conceptual model.

== See also ==

* [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon's needle problem]]
* [[w:Probability measure|Probability measure]]
* [[w:Importance sampling|Importance sampling]]
* [[w:Radon–Nikodym theorem|Radon–Nikodym theorem]]
* [[w:Dynamical system|Dynamical systems]]

* [[w:Entropy (information theory)|Entropy]]
* [[w:Information theory|Information theory]]
* [[w:Measure theory|Measure theory]]
* [[w:Geometric probability|Geometric probability]]

==Related literature on probabilistic dilation, conditioning behavior, geometric probability, and curvature-dependent probabilistic structure includes the following works:==
== Related probabilistic and geometric literature ==

Related literature on probabilistic dilation, conditioning behavior, geometric probability, and curvature-dependent probabilistic structure includes the following works:

* Augustin, T.; Coolen, F. P. A.; de Cooman, G.; Troffaes, M. C. M. ''Introduction to Imprecise Probabilities''. Wiley, 2014.

* Herron, T.; Seidenfeld, T.; Wasserman, L. ''Divisive Conditioning: Further Results on Dilation''. Philosophy of Science, Vol. 64, No. 3, 1997.

* Herron, T.; Seidenfeld, T.; Wasserman, L. ''Distention for Sets of Probabilities''. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 45, 2005.

* Moral, S.; Wilson, N. ''Dilation Properties of Coherent Nearly-Linear Models''. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, Vol. 45, 2007.

* Baryshnikov, Y.; Cao, Y.; Kahle, M.; Liu, J. (2024). ''Buffon’s problem on curved surfaces and Gaussian curvature''. ''Journal of Applied Probability''. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/jpr.2024.19

* Baryshnikov, Y.; Cao, Y.; Kahle, M.; Liu, J. ...

== Copyright and licensing ==

Text and original figures © Howard Richardson.

Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Reuse permitted with attribution.</text>
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{{Original research}}
{{To be peer reviewed}}


== Research abstract ==
'''Probability Dilation Theory (PDT)''' is a measure-theoretic research framework for studying how probability measures transform under '''positive reweighting (dilation)''' while preserving normalization and producing controlled changes in expectation values.

The theory is an exploratory framework for iterative probability-measure evolution under positive dilation fields. The framework studies how repeated probabilistic reweighting transformations may generate emergent statistical structure, entropy flow, and multiscale probability dynamics.

At its core, PDT studies how repeated positive probability reweighting transformations alter the long-term structure of probability distributions.
PDT treats a probability measure as the primary mathematical object and investigates:
* invariant identities induced by reweighting,
* composition and iteration of dilations,
* fixed points and near-fixed behavior,
* whether iterative measure updates can generate testable multiscale statistical structure (to be evaluated via explicit models and simulations).

PDT is presented as a mathematical framework. Any proposed application to physics or cosmology must be expressed as a concrete model (space, baseline measure, dilation field) and tested against falsifiable predictions.

== Overview ==
PDT is motivated by the observation that some structural information can be recovered from sampling statistics (e.g., [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon’s needle]]). PDT abstracts this idea by focusing on measure transformation itself: a dilation field modifies a baseline probability measure in a way that is:
* mathematically well-defined (positivity and normalization),
* composable under iteration,
* analyzable for invariants and fixed points.
=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A simplified conceptual flow of the PDT framework is:

&lt;pre&gt;
Baseline probability measure P
            ↓
Positive dilation field D(x)
            ↓
Reweighted probability measure P~
            ↓
Observable statistical changes
&lt;/pre&gt;
Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.
In this interpretation, PDT does not alter the underlying sample space directly. Instead, it modifies how probability mass is distributed across that space through a positive reweighting field.

Regions with larger values of the dilation field contribute more strongly to the transformed measure, while normalization preserves total probability. Earlier exploratory formulations of Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) were informally referred to as the Einstein Buffon Process (EBP), reflecting initial probabilistic-geometric interpretations inspired by Buffon-type constructions and Einstein-style scaling analogies. The framework has since evolved toward a broader iterative theory of probability-measure dynamics under positive dilation fields. A simple iterative interpretation may also be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
P₀
 ↓ D₁
P₁
 ↓ D₂
P₂
 ↓ D₃
P₃
 ↓ ⋯
&lt;/pre&gt;

where each dilation field reweights the probability structure generated by the previous step.

Repeated dilation may qualitatively behave as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Localized reweighting
        ↓
Probability concentration
        ↓
Emergent multiscale structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Different classes of dilation fields may therefore generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics.

= Mathematical framework =

== Definitions and notation ==
Let &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt; be a measurable space.

* &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; denotes a probability measure on &lt;math&gt;(\Omega,\Sigma)&lt;/math&gt;.
* If &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; has a density &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; with respect to a reference measure &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;.
* &lt;math&gt;D:\Omega\to(0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is a measurable '''dilation field''' (a positive weight function).
* &lt;math&gt;Z(P,D)&lt;/math&gt; is the normalization constant:
.&lt;math&gt;
Z(P,D)=\int_\Omega D\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;
* For an observable &lt;math&gt;f:\Omega\to\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt; integrable under the relevant measure,
&lt;math&gt;
\mathbb{E}_P[f]
=
\int_\Omega f\,dP
&lt;/math&gt;.

== PDT transformation (probability reweighting) ==

Given &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0&lt;Z(P,D)&lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt;, define the '''PDT transform''' &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}=\mathrm{PDT}(P;D)&lt;/math&gt; by:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D\,dP
}
\quad\text{for all }A\in\Sigma
&lt;/math&gt;

If &lt;math&gt;dP=p\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;d\widetilde{P}=\widetilde{p}\,d\mu&lt;/math&gt;, where

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{p}(x)
=
\frac{D(x)\,p(x)}{Z}
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
Z
=
\int_\Omega D(x)\,p(x)\,d\mu
&lt;/math&gt;

'''Interpretation:''' the dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; shifts probability mass toward regions where &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; is larger, while renormalization keeps total probability equal to 1.

PDT is mathematically related to importance sampling, Gibbs-style reweighting, and Radon–Nikodym measure transformations, although the framework emphasizes compositional and geometric interpretations of probability reweighting rather than only numerical estimation procedures.

Unlike conventional importance sampling, however, PDT emphasizes the compositional and potentially dynamical behavior of repeated probability reweighting transformations.
A familiar physical example of a strictly positive factor is the Lorentz factor:

&lt;math&gt;
\gamma(v)
=
\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}}
&lt;/math&gt;

for

&lt;math&gt;
|v|&lt;c
&lt;/math&gt;

Lorentz contraction for a rod of rest length &lt;math&gt;L_0&lt;/math&gt; moving at speed &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is:

&lt;math&gt;
L(v)=\frac{L_0}{\gamma(v)}
&lt;/math&gt;

To connect this idea to PDT (as an illustration only), one may define a positive dilation field based on &lt;math&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;.

== Worked finite example ==

Consider a finite probability space:

&lt;math&gt;
\Omega=\{a,b,c\}
&lt;/math&gt;

with baseline probabilities:

&lt;math&gt;
P(a)=0.2,\quad
P(b)=0.3,\quad
P(c)=0.5
&lt;/math&gt;

Define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D(a)=1,\quad
D(b)=2,\quad
D(c)=4
&lt;/math&gt;

The normalization constant is:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=\sum_x D(x)P(x)
&lt;/math&gt;

giving:

&lt;math&gt;
Z=(1)(0.2)+(2)(0.3)+(4)(0.5)=2.8
&lt;/math&gt;

The PDT-transformed probabilities become:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(a)=\frac{0.2}{2.8}\approx0.071
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(b)=\frac{0.6}{2.8}\approx0.214
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}(c)=\frac{2.0}{2.8}\approx0.714
&lt;/math&gt;

This illustrates how PDT shifts probability mass toward regions with larger dilation weights while preserving normalization.

== Composition of dilations ==

An important structural property of sequential PDT transformations is that compose multiplicatively.

Suppose two positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math&gt;
D_2(x)&gt;0
&lt;/math&gt;

are applied successively to a baseline probability measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;.

The first dilation produces:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_1(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_1\,dP}
{\int_\Omega D_1\,dP}
&lt;/math&gt;

Applying the second dilation field to &lt;math&gt;\widetilde{P}_1&lt;/math&gt; gives:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{\int_A D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
{\int_\Omega D_2\,d\widetilde{P}_1}
&lt;/math&gt;

Substituting the first transformation into the second yields:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}_2(A)
=
\frac{
\int_A D_2D_1\,dP
}{
\int_\Omega D_2D_1\,dP
}
&lt;/math&gt;

This shows that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields.

This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application showing that sequential PDT transformations compose through multiplication of the dilation fields. This compositional structure allows iterative probability reweighting to be studied using products of positive fields, potentially generating multiscale or hierarchical probability structures under repeated application.

== Fixed points and iterative dynamics ==

An important question in PDT concerns the long-term behavior of repeated PDT transformations.

Given an initial probability measure:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
&lt;/math&gt;

and a sequence of positive dilation fields:

&lt;math&gt;
D_1,D_2,D_3,\dots
&lt;/math&gt;

successive PDT transformations generate a sequence of measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow
P_3
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

where each transformed measure is obtained by reweighting the previous one.

A measure &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is called a fixed point of a dilation field &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; if:

&lt;math&gt;
\widetilde{P}=P
&lt;/math&gt;

under the PDT transformation.

In the simplest case, this requires the dilation field to be constant almost everywhere with respect to &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;. More general fixed-point behavior may arise when iterative compositions balance probability amplification against normalization.

More generally, repeated compositions of nontrivial dilation fields may generate:

* hierarchical probability structure;
* multiscale statistical behavior;
* attractor-like distributions;
* approximately stable transformed measures.

These questions connect PDT to broader areas of:

* dynamical systems;
* stochastic processes;
* iterative renormalization methods;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these iterative properties remain largely unexplored within the PDT framework.

== Entropy and iterative probability flow ==

Repeated PDT transformations may alter the entropy structure of a probability measure.

For a discrete probability distribution:

&lt;math&gt;
P=\{p_i\}
&lt;/math&gt;

the Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P)
=
-\sum_i p_i \log p_i
&lt;/math&gt;

Under iterative EPD transformation, successive transformed measures:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0
\rightarrow
P_1
\rightarrow
P_2
\rightarrow \cdots
&lt;/math&gt;

may exhibit changing entropy behavior depending on the structure of the dilation fields.

For example:
* strongly localized dilation fields may concentrate probability mass and reduce entropy;
* broader or smoothing dilation fields may distribute probability more evenly and increase entropy;
* iterative compositions may generate approximately stable entropy profiles.

These questions connect PDT to:
* information theory,
* statistical mechanics,
* stochastic dynamics,
* and renormalization-style iterative systems.

At present the entropy behavior of iterative PDT transformations remains an open area for investigation.

== Toy experiment: entropy under repeated dilation ==

A simple finite-state experiment illustrates how repeated PDT transformations can change the entropy of a probability distribution.

Let the initial probability distribution be:

&lt;math&gt;
P_0=(0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2)
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a positive dilation field:

&lt;math&gt;
D=(1,1,2,4,8)
&lt;/math&gt;

At each step, apply the PDT update:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(i)
=
\frac{D(i)P_n(i)}
{\sum_j D(j)P_n(j)}
&lt;/math&gt;

The Shannon entropy is:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_n)
=
-\sum_i P_n(i)\log P_n(i)
&lt;/math&gt;

In this toy model, repeated dilation shifts probability mass toward the highest-weight state. Over ten iterations, the entropy decreases from approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_0)\approx1.6094
&lt;/math&gt;

to:

&lt;math&gt;
H(P_{10})\approx0.00775
&lt;/math&gt;

The final distribution is approximately:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{10}
\approx
(0.000000001,\;0.000000001,\;0.000000953,\;0.000975609,\;0.999023437)
&lt;/math&gt;

This example demonstrates probability concentration under repeated positive dilation. It is a finite-state toy model and should not be interpreted as physical evidence; its purpose is to illustrate iterative PDT behavior.
=== Example entropy evolution ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration !! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 1.6094
|-
| 1 || 1.2990
|-
| 2 || 0.7790
|-
| 3 || 0.4399
|-
| 5 || 0.1500
|-
| 10 || 0.0078
|}
Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting. Programmatically generated using Python in a ChatGPT-assisted workflow. The entropy decreases under repeated application of the dilation field as probability mass becomes increasingly concentrated in the highest-weight states.
=== Localized dilation fields ===

A useful class of PDT transformations is generated by localized positive dilation fields.

Consider a one-dimensional finite configuration space with states indexed by:

&lt;math&gt;
x=0,1,2,\dots,N
&lt;/math&gt;

and define a localized dilation field centered at &lt;math&gt;x_0&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\lambda
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_0)^2}{2\sigma^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial width of the localized field.

Narrow values of &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; produce sharply localized amplification, while broader values produce smoother probability reweighting across the configuration space.

Under iterative PDT dynamics:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability distribution may progressively concentrate near the center of the dilation field.

=== Example entropy evolution for localized fields ===

Using an initially uniform distribution over 21 states and iterating the PDT transformation 10 times produces the following representative entropy behavior:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Field width &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt;
! Final entropy after 10 iterations
! Maximum probability after 10 iterations
|-
| 1.5 || 0.0352 || 0.9950
|-
| 3.0 || 0.8162 || 0.7141
|-
| 6.0 || 1.5367 || 0.3595
|}
[[File:PDT entropy evolution localized field.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT transformation showing entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative probabilistic reweighting.]]
[[File:Epd_entropy_evolution.png|thumb|center|600px|Entropy evolution under repeated localized PDT dilation. Narrow localized dilation fields produce rapid entropy reduction and probability concentration under iterative reweighting.]]
These results indicate that narrower localized dilation fields generate stronger probability concentration and more rapid entropy reduction.

== Comparative entropy-flow experiments ==

The following finite-state computational experiments illustrate comparative entropy evolution under several classes of PDT dilation fields. Each experiment begins with the same initially uniform probability distribution and applies repeated PDT transformations under different field structures. The experiments are exploratory and intended to illustrate qualitative differences in iterative probabilistic behavior rather than empirical physical predictions.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparative entropy-flow behavior under PDT field classes
! Field class
! Final entropy
! Entropy decrease
! Final max probability
! Qualitative behavior
|-
| Localized
| 0.3104
| 3.4032
| 0.9275
| Strong probability concentration
|-
| Oscillatory
| 1.5779
| 2.1357
| 0.3418
| Distributed oscillatory structure
|-
| Multi-peak
| 0.2851
| 3.4284
| 0.9425
| Multiple concentration regions
|-
| Stochastic
| 0.7744
| 2.9392
| 0.7413
| Fluctuating concentration behavior
|}
These experiments suggest that different classes of dilation fields may generate qualitatively distinct entropy-flow and concentration behavior under iterative PDT dynamics. Localized and multi-peak fields produce strong entropy reduction and probability concentration, while oscillatory fields preserve more distributed probabilistic structure. Stochastic fields exhibit fluctuating but still partially concentrating behavior in this finite-state example.
In this toy model, repeated localized dilation behaves qualitatively like an attractor centered on the highest-weight region of the configuration space.
[[File:Pdt comparative entropy flow.png|thumb|Comparative entropy evolution under localized, oscillatory, multi-peak, and stochastic PDT dilation fields.]]
The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.

=== Oscillatory dilation fields ===

Another useful class of PDT transformations is generated by oscillatory positive dilation fields.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp(\lambda\sin(kx))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the oscillatory amplification;
* &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; controls the spatial frequency of the oscillation.

Because the exponential is always positive, the dilation field remains strictly positive for all states.

Unlike localized dilation fields, oscillatory fields may generate multiple competing high-weight regions across the configuration space.

Under repeated PDT transformation:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward several distributed concentration regions rather than a single dominant attractor.

=== Example oscillatory-field experiment ===

A finite-state experiment was performed using:

* 41 discrete states;
* an initially uniform probability distribution;
* a positive oscillatory dilation field with three spatial oscillation cycles;
* 10 successive PDT iterations.

Representative entropy behavior was:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Iteration
! Shannon entropy
|-
| 0 || 3.7136
|-
| 2 || 2.8699
|-
| 5 || 2.3018
|-
| 10 || 1.9335
|}

Unlike sharply localized dilation fields, the oscillatory field produced slower entropy reduction and multiple probability concentration peaks distributed across the configuration space.

After 10 iterations, the largest probability concentration remained distributed rather than collapsing into a single dominant state.

This suggests that different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term iterative probability structures.

The experiment is intended only as a finite-state demonstration of iterative PDT dynamics and should not be interpreted as physical evidence.
=== Multi-peak localized dilation fields ===

A broader class of PDT transformations may be generated using multiple localized dilation peaks distributed across the configuration space.

One example is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sum_k
\lambda_k
\exp\!\left(
-\frac{(x-x_k)^2}{2\sigma_k^2}
\right)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;x_k&lt;/math&gt; are the locations of the dilation peaks;
* &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; control the amplification strength of each peak;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma_k&lt;/math&gt; control the spatial width of each localized region.

This construction generates a positive multimodal dilation landscape containing several competing amplification regions.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

probability mass may evolve toward multiple partially localized concentration regions.

Unlike single localized dilation fields, multi-peak fields may generate:

* competing attractor-like regions;
* hierarchical probability concentration;
* partially stabilized multimodal distributions;
* multiscale probability structure.

Depending on the relative strengths and widths of the peaks, the iterative dynamics may favor:
* dominance by a single peak;
* coexistence of several concentration regions;
* or slowly evolving metastable probability structures.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative iterative evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Multiple localized amplifications
        ↓
Competing concentration regions
        ↓
Emergent multimodal probability structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

This class of dilation fields suggests that iterative PDT dynamics may generate richer probability organization than either single localized attractors or simple oscillatory fields alone.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.
=== Random and stochastic dilation fields ===

Another important class of PDT transformations arises when the dilation field itself varies stochastically.

A simple stochastic dilation field may be written schematically as:

&lt;math&gt;
D_n(x)
=
\exp\!\left(
\sigma \eta_n(x)
\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\eta_n(x)&lt;/math&gt; is a random field or stochastic fluctuation at iteration &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;;
* &lt;math&gt;\sigma&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the stochastic variation.

Because the exponential is strictly positive, the dilation field remains positive for all realizations of the random process.

Under repeated PDT iteration:

&lt;math&gt;
P_{n+1}(x)
=
\frac{
D_n(x)P_n(x)
}{
\sum_y D_n(y)P_n(y)
}
&lt;/math&gt;

the probability landscape itself fluctuates dynamically from one iteration to the next.

Unlike deterministic localized or oscillatory dilation fields, stochastic dilation fields may generate:

* fluctuating concentration regions;
* transient attractor-like structures;
* noise-driven entropy evolution;
* intermittent probability concentration;
* metastable probabilistic configurations.

=== Conceptual interpretation ===

A qualitative stochastic evolution may be visualized as:

&lt;pre&gt;
Broad initial distribution
        ↓
Random localized amplification
        ↓
Fluctuating concentration regions
        ↓
Dynamic probabilistic structure
&lt;/pre&gt;

Depending on the stochastic process used to generate the dilation fields, the long-term dynamics may exhibit:
* partial concentration,
* persistent fluctuations,
* stochastic stabilization,
* or continuously evolving probabilistic structure.

These ideas connect PDT to broader areas of:
* stochastic processes;
* random multiplicative systems;
* statistical mechanics;
* noise-driven dynamical systems;
* probabilistic geometry.

At present these behaviors remain exploratory computational possibilities within finite-state toy models.

== Qualitative classes of iterative PDT behavior ==

Different classes of positive dilation fields may generate qualitatively different long-term probability dynamics under repeated PDT transformation.

The following table summarizes several representative classes explored within finite-state toy models.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dilation-field class
! Typical iterative behavior
! Representative qualitative structure
|-
| Localized fields
| Strong entropy reduction and concentration toward a dominant region
| Single attractor-like concentration
|-
| Oscillatory fields
| Distributed amplification with slower entropy reduction
| Patterned multimodal structure
|-
| Multi-peak localized fields
| Competition between several concentration regions
| Hierarchical or metastable probability structure
|-
| Random and stochastic fields
| Fluctuating amplification and noise-driven evolution
| Dynamic probabilistic landscapes
|}

These examples suggest that iterative PDT reweighting may generate a broad spectrum of emergent statistical structures depending on the geometry and dynamics of the dilation field.

Within the PDT framework, the iterative behavior of probability measures may therefore depend as strongly on the structure of the dilation field as on the initial probability distribution itself.

At present these qualitative behaviors remain exploratory computational observations within finite-state toy models.

== Numerical simulation and iterative models ==

=== Simulation model description ===

In discrete demonstrations, the “state space” may be represented by a finite set such as bins, configurations, or catalog points.

Two equivalent discrete implementations are common:

* '''weighted evaluation''': retain all points and assign weights proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;;
* '''importance resampling''': generate a new empirical catalog with sampling probabilities proportional to &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Demonstration: reweighting mock galaxy catalogs ===

A simple computational demonstration of PDT may be constructed using synthetic galaxy catalogs in a periodic simulation box.

The demonstration pipeline is:

# generate a baseline mock catalog;
# define a positive dilation field over the configuration space;
# perform PDT-style importance resampling;
# compute the resulting two-point correlation function &lt;math&gt;\xi(r)&lt;/math&gt;;
# compare transformed and baseline catalogs.

One example dilation field is:

&lt;math&gt;
D(x)=\exp(\lambda\phi(x))
&lt;/math&gt;

where:

* &lt;math&gt;\lambda&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; controls the strength of the dilation;
* &lt;math&gt;\phi(x)\ge0&lt;/math&gt; is a nonnegative configuration-space field.

An example seed-field construction is:

&lt;math&gt;
\phi(x)=\sum_k \exp\!\left(-\frac{\|x-s_k\|^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;s_k&lt;/math&gt; are seed locations and &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; controls the width of the seed influence.

The two-point correlation function may be estimated using the normalized Landy–Szalay estimator:

&lt;math&gt;
\xi(r)
=
\frac{DD(r)-2DR(r)+RR(r)}{RR(r)}
&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;DD&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;DR&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;RR&lt;/math&gt; are normalized pair counts.

{{Note|Unless observational datasets are explicitly supplied, demonstrations may use synthetic target correlation curves for methodological illustration only. Synthetic demonstrations should not be interpreted as empirical cosmological evidence.}}

When run using synthetic target curves, PDT-resampled catalogs may exhibit enhanced small-scale clustering relative to the baseline configuration.

=== Computational demonstrations ===

Reference implementations and supplementary simulation notebooks may be maintained on external repositories or supplementary Wikiversity pages.

{{collapse top|Python demonstration placeholder}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
# Example implementations may be maintained separately
# on GitHub, OSF, or supplementary Wikiversity pages.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse bottom}}


'''Scope and Limitations'''

PDT is a mathematical framework for measure transformations. It does not claim:

* a replacement theory for General Relativity or Quantum Mechanics;
* empirical confirmation without explicit predictions and tests;
* observational validation without independently reproducible analysis.

The following discussion extends beyond the primary mathematical framework developed earlier in the article and explores possible conceptual implications and speculative generalizations.

== Speculative Extensions and Geometric Renormalization ==

''This section is speculative and exploratory in nature.''

Recent mathematical work published in the ''Journal of Applied Probability'' by Baryshnikov, Cao, Kahle, and Liu suggests a possible connection between probability distributions and intrinsic geometry.&lt;ref&gt;
Baryshnikov, Y., Cao, Y., Kahle, M., &amp; Liu, J. (2024). ''Buffon’s problem on curved surfaces and Gaussian curvature''. ''Journal of Applied Probability''. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/jpr.2024.19
&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of “Buffon deficits” on curved manifolds indicate that deviations from classical flat-space Buffon probabilities may encode curvature-dependent geometric information. Within the PDT framework, these observations motivate the broader possibility that geometric structure may influence iterative probabilistic dynamics through curvature-dependent statistical weighting effects.
Within PDT, these results are conceptually relevant because they suggest that probabilistic weighting structures may encode nontrivial geometric information. In particular, the Cambridge analysis demonstrates that generalized Buffon-type probabilistic constructions can reflect Gaussian curvature in different geometries. PDT extends this probabilistic perspective by exploring how iterative probability-measure transformations under positive dilation fields may generate evolving statistical structure, entropy flow, and geometry-dependent probabilistic behavior under repeated transformation.
At present these ideas remain exploratory and heuristic. No direct physical interpretation is presently established within the PDT framework. Within the PDT framework, this motivates the speculative possibility that curvature could act as a statistical weighting mechanism on classes of admissible paths or configurations.

== Future directions ==

* develop canonical families of dilation fields and invariants;
* clarify “structure-from-measure” diagnostics;
* publish reproducible simulation notebooks and parameter sweeps;
* compare multiple dilation families under shared evaluation criteria;
* investigate connections between probabilistic geometry and curvature-dependent statistical measures.


'''Status of the Framework'''

Probability Dilation Theory (PDT) transformations presently represents a speculative conceptual framework combining probabilistic geometry, relativistic interpretation, and stochastic path structures.

The framework has not been experimentally verified and presently exists as an exploratory mathematical and conceptual model.

== See also ==

* [[w:Buffon's needle problem|Buffon's needle problem]]
* [[w:Probability measure|Probability measure]]
* [[w:Importance sampling|Importance sampling]]
* [[w:Radon–Nikodym theorem|Radon–Nikodym theorem]]
* [[w:Dynamical system|Dynamical systems]]

* [[w:Entropy (information theory)|Entropy]]
* [[w:Information theory|Information theory]]
* [[w:Measure theory|Measure theory]]
* [[w:Geometric probability|Geometric probability]]

==Related literature on probabilistic dilation, conditioning behavior, geometric probability, and curvature-dependent probabilistic structure includes the following works:==
== Related probabilistic and geometric literature ==

Related literature on probabilistic dilation, conditioning behavior, geometric probability, and curvature-dependent probabilistic structure includes the following works:

* Augustin, T.; Coolen, F. P. A.; de Cooman, G.; Troffaes, M. C. M. ''Introduction to Imprecise Probabilities''. Wiley, 2014.

* Herron, T.; Seidenfeld, T.; Wasserman, L. ''Divisive Conditioning: Further Results on Dilation''. Philosophy of Science, Vol. 64, No. 3, 1997.

* Herron, T.; Seidenfeld, T.; Wasserman, L. ''Distention for Sets of Probabilities''. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 45, 2005.

* Moral, S.; Wilson, N. ''Dilation Properties of Coherent Nearly-Linear Models''. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, Vol. 45, 2007.

* Baryshnikov, Y.; Cao, Y.; Kahle, M.; Liu, J. (2024). ''Buffon’s problem on curved surfaces and Gaussian curvature''. ''Journal of Applied Probability''. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/jpr.2024.19

== Copyright and licensing ==

Text and original figures © Howard Richardson.

Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Reuse permitted with attribution.</text>
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    <title>Canadian journalist Marc Edge on media reform to improve democracy</title>
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      <text bytes="11755" sha1="7cvgloyvnoy4zu3vptlh24o2mcseka5" xml:space="preserve">:''This summarizes an interview 2025-04-24 with Canadian journalist Marc Edge&lt;ref name=Edge&gt;&lt;!--Marc Edge--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127419557}}&lt;/ref&gt; about media reform to improve democracy. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-05-03 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
[[File:Canadian journalist Marc Edge on media reform to improve democracy.webm|thumb|2025-04-24 interview of Canadian journalist Marc Edge by Spencer Graves on media reform to improve democracy.]]
[[File:Canadian journalist Marc Edge on media reform to improve democracy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss of excerpts from 2025-04-24 interview of Marc Edge by Spencer Graves about media reform to improve democracy]]
Canadian journalist Marc Edge&lt;ref name=Edge/&gt; summarizes his research on the evolution of media and democracy internationally including different media policies that have been attempted and their impact on political corruption and the quality of life of the bottom 99 percent of humanity. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Accountability vs. access== 

Edge discusses &quot;Accountability reporting&quot; from &quot;[[w:Access journalism|Access journalism]]&quot;, a distinction made by Dean Starkman (2014) ''The watchdog that didn't bark : the financial crisis and the disappearance of investigative reporting'' (Columbia U. Pr.): &quot;Accountability reporting&quot; helps the public understand corruption in the political economy, like the muckraking of the &quot;[[w:Progressive Era|Progressive Era]]&quot; in the US (1890-1920). &quot;Access journalism&quot;, by contrast, is media produced to maximize advertising revenue. This includes, e.g., suppressing discussion of research linking cigarette smoking to cancer to avoid offending tobacco companies, which have been major advertisers; this distortion has been documented from the 1930s. Distortion like this has also been documented to protect airlines, automobiles, travel, real estate and other industries against the well-being of the public at large. Some newspapers have assured advertisers that their watchdog press would protect the advertisers at public expense.&lt;ref&gt;Edge (2024, p. 158; 172 of 240 in pdf).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Public subsidies for journalists but not newspapers==

Increasing numbers of experts are recommending public subsidies for journalists but not for existing news outlet, especially not for legacy media owned by vulture capitalists, who have in the past lobbied effectively for public subsidies that have increased their profits at public expense.&lt;ref&gt;Edge (2023, 2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Independent media councils ==

Edge also recommends independent media councils that take complaints from members of the public who claim they have been victims of unfair coverage. The media councils judge the
complaints and require that their rulings be published by the publications involved.&lt;ref&gt;Edge (2024, 142; 156 of 240 in pdf).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Interactivity of the Internet == 

Edge said, &quot;One of the most important discoveries about the Internet early on was that it was the interactivity aspect that people craved most -- interacting with other people online. And that's good as long as they're real people and not Russian bots. You can never quite be sure these days.&quot;

== Edge in Fiji and Malta == 

In 2012 Edge was run out of [[w:Fiji|Fiji]] by a social media smear campaign orchestrated by the Washington-based public relations firm [[w:Qorvis|Qorvis]], which had been hired by the country’s then-military government to polish its image after Edge organized a two-day symposium on media and democracy. Edge organized that symposium as head of the Journalism program at the [[w:University of the South Pacific|University of the South Pacific]] there. In 2016 he accepted a job in [[w:Malta|Malta]]. Shortly after he arrived there, the country’s only real investigative journalist, [[w:Daphne Caruana Galizia|Daphne Caruana Galizia]], was killed by a car bomb.&lt;ref&gt;Edge (2024, p. xi; 11 of 240 in pdf).&lt;/ref&gt;

Edge is a Canadian journalist, author, and academic with a PhD from [[w:Ohio University|Ohio University]]. He has taught at universities in five countries and is the author of eight books.&lt;ref name=Edge/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

Examples of &quot;access journalism&quot; not mentioned in the interview with Edge include anything that might offend major advertisers such as the following: 
* Open discussion changes in the tax code, which makes it relatively easy for high-income individuals and corporations to get special favors from government, facilitating [[w:tax avoidance|tax avoidance]]. 
* Open discussion of problems with proposed mergers that reduce competition and harm consumers.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 201) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Marc Edge (2023) The Postmedia effect : how vulture capitalism is wrecking our news--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132855835}}
* &lt;!--Marc Edge (2024)  Tomorrow’s News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134052441}}
* &lt;!--Dean Starkman (2014) The watchdog that didn't bark : the financial crisis and the disappearance of investigative reporting--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134234813}} 
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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    <title>Freedom of the Press Foundation says...</title>
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      <id>2811306</id>
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      <text bytes="19306" sha1="05okdqu6zh72ys6at6o78vc7r8a6d2a" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses an interview 2025-05-08 with Seth Stern&lt;ref name=Stern&gt;&lt;!--Seth Stern--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134333839}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Lauren Harper&lt;ref name=Harper&gt;&lt;!--Lauren Harper--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134371468}}&lt;/ref&gt; about the Freedom of the Press Foundation. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-05-17 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:Freedom of the Press Foundation says.webm|thumb|2025-05-08 nterview with Seth Stern&lt;ref name=Stern/&gt; and Lauren Harper&lt;ref name=Harper/&gt;, Director of Advocacy and Daniel Ellsberg Chair on Government Secrecy, respectively, for Freedom of the Press Foundation]]
[[File:Freedom of the Press Foundation says.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss of excerpts from a 2025-05-08 interview with Seth Stern and Lauren Harper of Freedom of the Press Foundation.]] 

Seth Stern,&lt;ref name=Stern/&gt; Director of Advocacy for Freedom of the Press Foundation, and Lauren Harper,&lt;ref name=Harper/&gt; their Daniel Ellsberg Chair on Government Secrecy, discuss their work with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; Freedom of the Press Foundation works to protect journalists and their sources in several ways:&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Freedom of the Press Foundation --&gt;{{cite Q|Q5500827}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[w:SecureDrop|SecureDrop]]: They develop and maintain their open source whistleblower submission system to facilitate anonymous and secure communications between sources and journalists.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Technology: Our open source software tools protect newsrooms, journalists, and their sources--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134334311}}&lt;/ref&gt; The project was begun in part by [[w:Aaron Swartz|Aaron Swartz]], who tragically killed himself under intense pressure from the FBI on questionable grounds.
* Digital security education for news organizations.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Digital Security Education: Explore resources, training, and other services you can use to protect your work and your sources in the digital age.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134335013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[w:Freedom of the press in the United States#U.S. Press Freedom Tracker|U.S. Press Freedom tracker]], documenting attacks on journalists including assaults and arrests for activities that seemingly should be protected by the First Amendment.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--U.S. Press Freedom Tracker--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134335566}}, accessed 2025-05-01.&lt;/ref&gt; They documented 2,530 such attacks on secrecy, surveillance, and the rights of journalists and whistleblowers in the 8 years between 2017 and 2024. A third of those attacks were in the single year 2020, the last year of President Trump's first term.&lt;ref&gt;Click &quot;all time&quot; at &lt;!--https://pressfreedomtracker.us/--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134336764}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Staying current on these issues.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- The Latest: Mobilizing allies and the public to create tangible change for press freedom.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134337247}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

One &quot;featured issue&quot; in the last category says, &quot;Reform Government Secrecy&quot;, claiming that, &quot;The U.S. classifies far too many secrets, obstructing democracy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Reform Government Secrecy: The U.S. classifies far too many secrets, obstructing democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134337726}}&lt;/ref&gt; This includes &quot;‘The Classified Catalog’ launches to track secrecy news&quot;, numerous things the Trump administration has done since 2025-01-20 to erode &quot;the information environment in ways this country has never seen.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--‘The Classified Catalog’ launches to track secrecy news--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134387817}}&lt;/ref&gt; These steps changes include the following: 
* [[Trump ordered changes in public data|Deleted thousands of datasets from agency websites]].
* Closed agencies’ [[w:Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] offices.&lt;ref&gt;Harper (2025-04-13).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Used disappearing messaging apps and failed to preserve government records.&lt;ref&gt;Harper (2025-03-30).&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ordered federal health agencies to stop communicating with the public.&lt;ref&gt;Klippenstein (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Gutted a key surveillance oversight board.&lt;ref&gt;Weissmann (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Mass-fired inspectors general.&lt;ref&gt;Harper (2025-01-28).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Replaced independent, professional leadership at the National Archives with unqualified appointees.&lt;ref&gt;Harper (2025-02-20).&lt;/ref&gt;
* Attempted to illegally destroy agency records.&lt;ref&gt;Harper (2025-03-16).&lt;/ref&gt;

== US government secrecy ==

=== Complicity in nuclear proliferation === 

Graves asked about claims by [[w:Richard Barlow (intelligence analyst)|Richard Barlow]] that the US State Department had clandestinely supported illegal exports of &quot;dual use technologies&quot; to Pakistan, without which Pakistan would likely not have nuclear weapons today -- and North Korea got some of their nuclear technology from Pakistan. Harper ageed, noting that she had previously worked with the [[w:National Security Archive|National Security Archive]]. William Burr&lt;ref&gt;

https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/about/staff/dr-william-burr

&lt;/ref&gt; directs their &quot;Nuclear Vault&quot;, which contains resources from their &quot;Nuclear Documentation Project&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;

https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/project/nuclear-vault

&lt;/ref&gt; He has led a decades-long struggle to get records that are 50, 60 and 70 years old declassified. Many documents they get are so heavily redacted that you cannot make sense out of any of it. This &quot;makes it more difficult for current policymakers to craft effective and rational nuclear policy.&quot;

=== Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy ===

Graves then asked about the [[w:Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy|Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy]] of the 1990s. Harper said &quot;they basically said that government secrecy effectively works as a form of government regulation, because the public cannot engage in their right  to selfgovern when they don't have access to this information  that the government routinely overclassifies. One of the things they suggested over 30 years ago and we still haven't done is that the Senate should get involved, and the Congress should get involved in legislating on classification.&quot; 

Harper mentioned a couple of bills to reform government secrecy that had been introduced in the last Congress but died in committee. She hopes they will get reintroduced.

=== Claims of national security ===

Graves asked about &quot;[[w:State secrets privilege|state secrets privilege]]&quot;. Stern said that it severely limits the ability of anyone to question a claim of national security. &quot;We are seeing the Trump administration frequently abuse the national security flag ... whenever it wants to make exceptions to the law.&quot; Occasionally a media outlet will write a story or an editorial expressing concern about such claims, but there's no follow-up reporting. 

Stern noted that [[w:Donald Trump–TikTok controversy|TikTok, an app hosting millions of posters, was banned]] based on admittedly hypothetical threats that China might use it to spy on Americans. Nothing was ever proven, &quot;and now suddenly Donald Trump has decided he doesn't want to ban TikTok anymore, because he sees a route to make money off of it, and no one's concerned about national security.&quot; 

Stern mentioned the [[w:2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks|discord leaks a couple years ago]]. It was a big story with plenty of reporting for two days that quoted &quot;administration officials saying, 'The sky is falling. This is a major threat to national security. ... [P]eople are in danger for their lives.' ... Six months later, the sky is still there, and nothing has happened that these people predicted. There's no follow-up reporting.&quot;

== The role of the media in sustaining the system of political corruption == 

Graves asked about the role of the media in sustaining the system of political corruption that threaten us and international security. Stern said, 

{{quote|One thing that the last few weeks have put to rest is the myth that billionaires and major conglomerates with interests far beyond the media or their news holdings can possibly run news outlets without impacting the direction of coverage -- without either directly or indirectly causing reporters to shy away from stories that might upset either business or political connections. ... [W]hen you had a president who was willing to threaten their business interests, ... they caved immediately. They settled defensible cases. 

The case ABC settled was very defensible. ... When I was practicing law, I defended an almost identical case involving a college professor who had been accused of sexual assault. A newspaper reported he had been accused of rape. A judge threw that out, saying essentially the terms are interchangeable. How were you damaged? Find me someone who was willing to do business with an accused sexual assailant but drew the line at an accused rapist. That person doesn't exist. There are no damages. This is a frivolous case.

... CBS is currently mediating over editing of a video interview that is even more baseless. You will not find a First Amendement law expert in the world who is not wearing a Donald Trump lapel pin who is going to tell you that that case has any legal ground whatsoever. And it's pretty much an open secret, not even a secret, that the only reason CBS is even thinking about settling this case is because it wants the Trump administration to approve its merger. Essentially they are using the legal system to launder what would otherwise be called bribes, but which are okay as long as a judge signs off on it. 

... Despite all the brilliant journalists who work for corporate media outlets -- and I'm not looking to knock anyone ... ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', ''[[w:The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'', ABC, CBS, they all have incredible journalists working for them. But the end product is not in the hands of those individuals. How much any particular story gets headline news treatment versus gets burried. That's not in the hands of those individuals.

... I think it's really time for people who value well reported, independent, aggressive, adversarial journalism to support independent news outlets, nonprofit news outlets. Nonprofits aren't a perfect solution. You're still subject to the whims of donors.}}

Harper added that the money from the ABC settlement was reportedly &quot;going to Trump's presidential library. But this isn't technically true. It was going to a private presidential foundation and museum, ... and those are private, effectively corporate entities with basically no campaign contribution limits ... . It's an excellent way and an excellent plact to put dark money. ... [I]t's being reported as going to something that's going to somehow enrich the public understanding of the Trump Presidency, which, of course, it won't.&quot;

== Local news ==

Stern encourages people to &quot;subscribe to their local papers. We've got [[w:news deserts|news deserts]] all over this country.&quot; 

Graves added that &quot;local&quot; should mean locally owned, not part of a major national chain. Stern agreed, saying that's what he meant by &quot;local&quot;. Graves noted that was &quot;not obvious. [[Vulture capitalists destroying newspapers|''The Denver Post'' is not a local paper anymore.]]&quot; Seth replied, &quot;You're exactly right.&quot;

== Previous interview with Freedom of the Press Foundation == 

Graves previously interviewed Kirsten McCudden, Vice President of 
Editorial of Freedom of the Press Foundation &lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Kirstin McCudden--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134341766}}&lt;/ref&gt; not quite two years ago on 
2023-07-18.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--  Freedom of the Press Foundation works to improve news and democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134341296}}--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Lauren Harper (2025-01-28) &quot;With inspectors general under threat, Espionage Act charges may soar&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134388337}}
* &lt;!--Lauren Harper (2025-02-20) &quot;Hostile takeover at National Archives erodes our right to know--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134388449}}
* &lt;!--Lauren Harper (2025-03-16) &quot; It’s Marco Rubio’s party, and he’ll burn documents if he wants to--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134388555}}
* &lt;!--Harper (2025-03-30) &quot;The Signalgate problem nobody is talking about&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134387986}}
* &lt;!--Harper (2025-04-13) &quot;Here’s how the firing of FOIA officials could hurt the DOGE audit&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134387841}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|authors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Ken Kippenstein (2025-01-30) &quot; Trump administration just ordered a blackout on public communications by agencies across government, multiple officials tell me&quot;, post to X--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134388106}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Andrew Weissmann (2025-01-22) &quot; What Just Happened: What Trump’s Hobbling Of The Privacy Oversight Board Portends For Exercise Of Surveillance Powers&quot;, Just Security--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134389408}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
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    <title>Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark</title>
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      <text bytes="19088" sha1="mtlue2uew9goibhrsk0f58o2r4qk6lw" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-05-21 interview with Dean Starkman&lt;ref name=Starkman&gt;&lt;!--Dean Starkman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q17036928}}&lt;/ref&gt; about his work with the Bulgarian Center for Information, Democracy, and Citizenship,&lt;ref name=CIDC&gt;&lt;!--[Bulgarian] Center for Information, Democracy, and Citizenship--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134522865}}&lt;/ref&gt; the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ),&lt;ref name=icij&gt;&lt;!--International Consortium of Investigative Journalists--&gt;{{cite Q|Q16166292}}&lt;/ref&gt; and his (2014) book, ''The Watchdog That Didn’t Bark: The Financial Crisis and the Disappearance of Investigative Journalism''. The podcast was released 2025-05-31 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark.webm|thumb|Interview with Dean Starkman about his work with the [[w:International Consortium of Investigative Journalists|International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]], the Bulgarian Center for Information, Democracy, and Citizenship, and his 2014 book on The watchdog that didn’t bark]]
[[File:Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-05-21 of Dean Starkman by Spencer Graves about his work with the [[w:International Consortium of Investigative Journalists|International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] (ICIJ), the Bulgarian Center for Information, Democracy, and Citizenship, and his 2014 book, ''The watchdog that didn't bark'']]

Journalist and scholar Dean Starkman,&lt;ref name=Starkman/&gt; discusses his work with the [[w:American University in Bulgaria|American University in Bulgaria]],&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--American University in Bulgaria--&gt;{{cite Q|Q469484}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[w:International Consortium of Investigative Journalists|International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] (ICIJ), and his 2014 book, ''The Watchdog That Didn’t Bark: The Financial Crisis and the Disappearance of Investigative Journalism''.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Senior editor Dean Starkman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134523138}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[w:American University in Bulgaria|American University in Bulgaria]], he is a Non-Resident Distinguished Fellow in their Center for Information, Democracy, and Citizenship.&lt;ref name=CIDC/&gt; He serves there as Editorial Director of their International Journalism Fellowship, which is a reporting project designed to bring more international attention to Bulgaria’s democratic journey.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Bulgaria International Journalism Fellowship--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134523231}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a senior editor with ICIJ, Starkman contributed to 8 prize-winning projects in the 6 years between 2017 and 2022.&lt;ref name=Starkman/&gt; The biggest of those projects was the [[w:Pandora Papers|Pandora Papers]], which included almost 3 terabytes of data in 12 million documents from 14 financial service companies from countries including Panama, Switzerland, and the United Arab Emirates. Those documents exposed secret offshore accounts of over 100 business leaders, billionaires, and celebrities and 35 world leaders including presidents, prime ministers, and other heads of state. The investigations involved more than 600 journalists from 91 media outlets in 117 countries collaborating virtually 24/7.&lt;ref&gt;Weber and Dunham (2024, pp. xviii, 6).&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2022 “[[w:Ericsson#Corruption|Ericsson List]]” project included a report that, “As US-style corporate leniency deals for bribery and corruption go global, repeat offenders are on the rise”.&lt;ref&gt;Freedberg et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; A 2023 report in this series noted that Ericsson agreed to pay $206 million in a plea agreement in court documents that revealed how Ericsson lawyers and employees withheld information from U.S. prosecutors in violation of a 2019 agreement under which Ericsson paid $1 billion and pledged to stamp out corruption and report any more wrongdoing to the U.S. government.&lt;ref&gt;Freedberg (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; $206 million is less than one percent of Ericsson’s 2024 revenue and total assets.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Ericsson|Ericsson]]&quot; gave Ericsson’s 2024 revenue and total assets as 248 and 292 billion Swedish Krona, respectively. One USD = 9.73 Swedish Krona, per &lt;!--Exchange-Rates.org--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134524394}}, accessed 2025-05-14,&lt;/ref&gt; If they paid $1 billion every 5 years, that’s less that one percent per year of revenue and total assets. Is that just another cost of doing business?

Starkman’s ''The Watchdog that didn’t bark'' makes a distinction between “accountability” and “access” journalism: Accountability reporting provides the public with information about potential malfeasance in government, business, or nonprofits, sometimes facilitating reforms. Access journalism helps leaders communicate their message to the audience for that media outlet. Starkmen quotes Herb Greenberg as saying that the difference between accountability and access journalism is “the difference between lightning and a lightning bug.”&lt;ref&gt;Starkman (2014, locn 2976 in a Kindle edition). This is a paraphrase of a famous quote from Mark Twain, who said several times, “The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter—’tis the difference between the lightning-bug and the lightning.'” For this, see Wikiquote, “[[q:Mark Twain|Mark Twain]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Starkman discusses his work with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Key observations in the interview == 

During the interview, Starkman said, &quot;A mergers and acquisition scoop [e.g., in ''[[w:The Wall Street Journal|The Wall Street Journal]]''] is a classic example of access journalism. The Washington political sites, ''[[w:Politico|Politico]]'', ... ''[[w:Axios (website)|Axios]]'', these are all access sites. Basically, their idea is to get the information from elite sources about what's on the minds of elites ... . I'm not saying it's easy, but it's a much more management friendly form of journalism. That's to be juxtaposed against something I call accountability journalism, ... [talking] to outsiders as opposed to insiders. ... You're reporting from the bottom up rather than the top down. You're more likely to get more heterodox views ... . Dissident sources like in my business used to be plaintiffs, lawyers, and short sellers, community groups and people basically who are powerless against the powerful. But these are ... investigative reporting that carries enormous risks. Takes a lot of time, ... comes with ... a lot of legal stress, and is very management unfriendly. It's ... very hard to support that kind of reporting, but that's the reporting in the public interest.&quot;

He spoke especially of [[w:Ida Tarbell|Ida Tarbell]], a leading [[w:Muckraker|muckraker]] of the [[w:Progressive Era|Progressive Era]]. 
&quot;The central problem of American society in the early twentieth century, which honestly doesn't sound so different from the central problem of the early twenty-first century, and that is market consolidation, concentration of power, and monopoly. ... You could call it oligarchy  ... . Back then they called them [[w:Robber baron (industrialist)|robber barons]]. ... Back then, ... all of society was dominated by a handful of very powerful interests ... . [[w:J. P. Morgan|J. P. Morgan]] in banking, ... the [[w:American Sugar Refining Company|sugar trust]], and ... [[w:Standard Oil|Standard Oil]] company run by [[w:John D. Rockefeller|John D. Rockefeller]].&quot; Tarbell and colleagues decided to do an exposé of Standard Oil and how it could dominate 90% of the oil market in the US. She did not invent long form, investigative journalism, but she certainly consolidated the practice. The first installment of the series was an exposé of how Standard Oil rigged contracts with railroad companies to exclude competitors. Her series, consolidated into her (1904) ''[[w:The History of the Standard Oil Company|The History of the Standard Oil Company]]'', led to the breakup of [[w:Standard Oil|Standard Oil]].

Starkman's ''Watchdog'' includes discussion of the [[w:Subprime mortgage crisis|subprime crisis]], fueled by unscrupulous lenders, who sold mortgages to poor people who didn't need them using [[w:Bait-and-switch|bait-and-switch]] tactics and forged signatures to saddle their victims with debts they couldn't pay. Before the victims defaulted, the fraudsters sold the mortgages to unsuspecting investors with the complicity of major financial institutions like [[w:Merrill (company)|Merrill Lynch]], [[w:Deutsche Bank|Deutsche Bank]], [[w:Goldman Sachs|Goldman Sachs]], [[w:Bear Stearns|Bear Stearns]], [[w:Bank of America|Bank of America]], [[w:Wells Fargo|Wells Fargo]], [[w:Citigroup|Citigroup]], ... . &quot;This was the heart of [[w:Wall Street|Wall Street]] pouring money into these subprime lenders.&quot;

Starkman noted that the fines associated with Ericsson's List are examples of elite corruption of white collar and corporate crime that morphed into a [[w:Kabuki|Kabuki]] show trial, &quot;a toll booth, where no matter what the company does, bribery or fraud or enabling public corruption overseas, violations of the [[w:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act|Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]] could be paid for with a criminal fine, with some big number that had absolutely no impact on the people who perpetrated the crime. ... [I]t became a cost of doing business.&quot; Whitewashing corporate crime is done with a [[w:Deferred prosecution|deferred prosecution agreement]] (DPA), described by Eisinger (2017). &quot;When these deals are announced with the Justice Department, invariably the shares of the company go up, not down.&quot;

&quot;Democracy is rule by the people. If the people are going to rule, they have to have good information. ... [That requires] financially autonomous, politically independent sources.&quot;

== Highlights of Starkman's career == 

Earlier in Starkman's career, he helped lead ''[[w:The Providence Journal|The Providence Journal]]'' to the 1994 [[w:Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting|Pulitzer Prize for Investigations]]. He has written for several major American newspapers including ''[[w:The Wall Street Journal|The Wall Street Journal]]'' and for magazines including ''[[w:The New Republic|The New Republic]]'', ''[[w:The Nation|The Nation]]'', and ''[[w:Mother Jones|Mother Jones]]''. He ran the ''[[w:Columbia Journalism Review|Columbia Journalism Review]]''’s business section for a few years. And he taught media courses for [[w:Central European University|Central European University]]’s Department of Public Policy.&lt;ref name=Starkman/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

A court in [[w:Braunschweig|Braunschweig, Germany]], convicted four Volkswagen managers of criminal fraud on 2025-05-26, in contrast to the deferred prosecution agreements obtained by Ericsson in the US, mentioned above. The four were found guilty for their part in the manipulation of emissions controls of their diesel engines almost a decade after the problem made the news. Two of the four received prison sentences: One was sentenced to 4.5 years; another got 31 months. The other two received suspended sentences of 15 and 10 months, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press (2025).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--AP (2025-05-26) &quot;German court convicts 4 ex-Volkswagen managers of fraud in emissions scandal--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134601899|author=Associated Press}}
* &lt;!--  Sydney P. Freedberg (2023-03-16) &quot;Key details withheld, files locked in basements as Ericsson ‘impaired’ US investigation&quot;, ICIJ--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134524173}}
* &lt;!--Sydney P. Freedberg, Karrie Kehoe and Agustin Armendariz (2022-12-13), “As US-style corporate leniency deals for bribery and corruption go global, repeat offenders are on the rise”, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134523766}}
* &lt;!--Jesse Eisinger (2017) The chickenshit club : why the Justice Department fails to prosecute executives--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134599351}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, eds. (2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet, Oxford U. Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editor=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!--Ken Kippenstein (2025-01-30) &quot;Trump administration just ordered a blackout on public communications by agencies across government, multiple officials tell me&quot;, post to X--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134388106}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Dean Starkman (2014) The Watchdog That Didn’t Bark: The Financial Crisis and the Disappearance of Investigative Journalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134234813}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Joseph Reinhard Weber and Richard S. Dunham, eds. (2024) The Routledge Companion to Business Journalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134523321}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
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    <title>Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John</title>
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      <text bytes="17928" sha1="duz9xsimm2psi0vjgib9fonabakqb84" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with Columbia University History Professor [[w:Richard R. John|Richard R. John]] about problems with consolidation of ownership of the communications media. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John.webm|thumb|Interview conducted 2025-06-08 with [[w:Columbia University|Columbia University]] History Professor [[w:Richard R. John|Richard John]] about media consolidation: Advertising revenue has been in freefall, and we need local news.]]
[[File:Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-06-08 of [[w:Columbia University|Columbia University]] History Professor [[w:Richard R. John|Richard John]] by Spencer Graves about media concentration and how that invites political corruption]]

Columbia University History Professor [[w:Richard R. John|Richard R. John]] discusses the business of communications in the US focusing especially problems stemming from media concentration. Professor John is the author of two books and an editor of eight others related to the business of media and democracy. His two books are:
* (1995) ''Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse''.&lt;ref&gt;John (1995).&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2010) ''Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications''.&lt;ref&gt;John (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;

More recently, he edited 

* with Silberstein-Loeb (2015) ''Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet''. 
* with Phillip-Fein (2016) ''Capital Gains: Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America''.&lt;ref&gt;His other edited volumes include Tedlow and John (1986), and John (2001, 2006, 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Prof. John discusses his work with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== US led the world in numbers of independent newspaper publishers in the nineteenth century == 

Graves said he had seen claims that in the first half of the nineteenth century the US had more independent newspaper publishers than at any other time or place in human history, at least according to Professor John's book with Silberstein-Loeb (2015) on ''The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet''. He agreed: &quot;We had an informational environment that fostered decentralization, encouraged the circulation of newspapers to a far flung citizenry with subsidies ... . [I]t was an informational environment in which there were a lot of voices. It was an informational environment in which the total volume of information, in this case printed newspapers, magazines, was much greater than in other countries, and that was understood by Alexis de Tocqueville and others to be a positive good.&quot; 

Graves asked where he might find numbers to support those claims. Professor John recommended his 1995 book on the early American post office.&lt;ref&gt;John (1995).&lt;/ref&gt;

== The media in the US, UK and Germany between the wars == 

When asked to describe the differences between the US, Germany and Britain during the Great Depression and World War II, Professor John began by noting that the information infrastructure in the US was more decentralized. New York City and Chicago were very important, and there was a sharp divide between newspapers and radio. In Great Britain, the BBC had not been a leader in news before the Second World War, and the newspaper press was more consolidated. 

For Germany, Heidi J.S. Tworek,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134875995}}&lt;/ref&gt; a fine historian in British Columbia, has written about Germany under Weimar. In the 1920, government administrators wanted to limit what they perceived to be speech that was outside the range of public discourse, and they centralized radio further than it was in the US. This made it easy for Hitler to take it over. 

There were clear differences. The US was the most decentralized. By principle, Germany was in the middle. Britain as most centralized. However, in practice, the German infrastructure was the most fragile, easiest to manipulate.

== Trump ==

When asked to describe President Trump's relations with the media, Professor John replied, 

{{quote|He's a master of online media. He's like Franklin Roosevelt in that regard with radio or Teddy Roosevelt with newspapers and and photography. He has the rhythms. The cadence of his speech is closely attuned to the affordances of what used to be called [[w:Twitter|Twitter, now X]]. He now has his own social network, a platform, [[w:Truth Social|Truth Social]]. And he recognizes that the most effective online communication is often [[w:Agonism|agonistic]]. It's often critical. It's often very opinionated, very sharply worded. And that has enabled him to dominate many a news cycle.}} 

When asked to describe the settlement of President Trump's lawsuits against Meta / Facebook, Professor John replied, &quot;I'm not going to speak on those issues specifically. I don't know enough about them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;This question about Trump's lawsuits against Meta is in the companion video but not the podcast. See also a comment in &quot;Discussion&quot; below.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mayflower and Fairness Doctrines == 

Professor John discussed the [[w:Mayflower doctrine|Mayflower doctrine]],&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--The Mayflower Broadcasting Corporation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134879570}}&lt;/ref&gt; published by the FCC 1941-01-16, after the second world war began but before the US became an official party. This doctrine prohibited radio stations from taking political positions themselves. The FCC hoped thereby to officially encourage the airing of a broad range of opinions without allowing media owners to dominate political discourse. 

At that time, radio was a powerful new medium that had already transformed Germany and was transforming Britain. President Roosevelt wanted it to be a conduit for news and not opinion. 

After the war, hearings were held in 1948 on the [[w:Mayflower doctrine|Mayflower doctrine]]. This led to a decision in 1949 to repeal that doctrine. Later that year it was replace by the [[w:Fairness doctrine|Fairness doctrine]], which was itself repealed in the late 1980s. 

Since that time there has been no effort to police the boundaries of the airwaves. Some say that's good. However, one of the consequences is that it has become very hard to find any legal recourse against those broadcasters, who are challenging norms in ways that can be deleterious to the project of the nation.

== Local News ==

Graves noted that Gao et al. (2018) reported that when local newspapers have died, the cost of local government has increased with increases in head count, executive compensation and the cost of borrowing as the bond rating tended to decline. Those effects lead to increased costs averaging $85 per human per year, which is roughly 0.13 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|Gross domestic product]] (GDP). 

Professor John was asked for his comment. He said, &quot;[[w:Paul Starr|Paul Starr]], a sociologist at Princeton, argued some time ago that if you weaken local news coverage, if you weaken reporting on state houses and city councils, you are inviting political corruption. I think that's a pretty durable generalization.&quot; 

Graves then noted that McChesney and Nichols have recommended 0.15 percent of GDP be distributed to local news nonprofits with a firewall to prevent political interference and asked for Professor John's comment. He replied, 

{{quote|This is a tricky question. [McChesney and Nichols] have done good work. They are committed to a particular non-commercial or anti-commercial vision of the media ecology. I don't share that normative assumption. I think that media have been commercially based in the United States from the eighteenth century to the present. It was commercially based in Britain from the seventeenth century to the present, and, in fact, advertising can serve as a counterweight to tight control. But I do believe that we're at a moment in time when support for local news ... would be beneficial not only to public discourse, but it would also improve the functioning of American institutions.}}

Graves then noted that he had recently interviewed [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]], who makes a distinction between accountability and access journalism. He asked for Professor John's comment. John replied, 

{{quote|One of my colleagues, [[w:Todd Gitlin|Todd Gitlin]], used to say that journalists should never interview. They should never curry favor, because if they do, they're inevitably going to see the world through the point of view of whoever it is they're in touch with. I think that's true for some journalists. ... I think it's important that [other journalists] cultivate access, that they're accessible in times of crisis. ... So access journalism has its place.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of [[w:Rotary printing press|high speed rotary presses]], which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

Regarding Trump's lawsuits against Meta, a naive reading of [[w:Section 230|Section 230 of Title 47 of the US Code]] would give Meta a blanked immunity from lawsuits over the content. However, that may not be accurate. The Wikipedia [[w:Lawsuits involving Meta Platforms|Lawsuits involving Meta Platforms]], accessed 2025-06-11, mentions a suit filed 2019-03-28 by the [[w:United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|US Department of Housing and Urban Development]] (HUD) against Facebook over housing discrimination by allowing advertisers to restrict who can see their ads based on certain characteristics, thus violating the federal Fair Housing Act. Facebook agreed to change their  system for housing ads and pay $115,000 in penalties, the maximum penalty under the FHA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meta settles lawsuit with Justice Department over ad-serving algorithms |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/06/21/meta-settles-lawsuit-with-justice-department-over-ad-serving-algorithms/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Gao, Lee and Murphy (2019)  Financing Dies in Darkness? The Impact of Newspaper Closures on Public Finance--&gt;{{cite Q|Q55670016}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John, ed. (2001) Computers and Communications Networks--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134679967|editor=Richard R. John}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John, ed. (2006) Ruling Passions: Political Economy in Nineteenth Century America--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134674693|editor=Richard R. John}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (2010) Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641191}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John, ed. (2012) The American Postal Network, 1792-1914--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134670536}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Kim Phillips-Fein, eds. (2016) Capital Gains: Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134669392}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Richard S. Tedlow and Richard R. John, eds (1986)  Managing big business : essays from the Business history review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134680369|authors=Richard S. Tedlow and Richard R. John, eds}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}

[[Category:Media]]
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[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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      <text bytes="19412" sha1="ab2yo547l5ibnshv5hle2f8netyf9eu" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] Communications Professor Nik Usher&lt;ref name=Usher&gt;&lt;!--Nik Usher--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134715348}}&lt;/ref&gt; about their research on how news impacts democracy. The podcast is released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.webm|thumb|Interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] communications professor Nik Usher about how news impacts [[w:Public health|public health]], second draft of history, [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:Political corruption|corruption]].]]
[[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-06-12 of Nik Usher by Spencer Graves about how news impacts democracy]]

University of San Diego Communications Professor Nik Usher&lt;ref name=Usher/&gt; discusses their research on how news impacts democracy. Recent publications describe how media impacted the response to [[w:Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter]], [[w:COVID-19|COVID-19]], [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:political corruption|political corruption]]. This interview focuses especially on five of their recent publications: 

* (2022-01) &quot;How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption&quot; with Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell
* (2022-07) &quot;Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history&quot;
* (2023-02) &quot;The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy&quot;
* (2023-05) &quot;Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates&quot;, with 4 c-authors.
* (2024) &quot;Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall&quot; 

Professor Usher is also the author of three book: 
* (2014) ''Making News at The New York Times'' 
* (2016) ''Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code''
* (2021) ''News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism''

co-author of another: 
* (2025) ''Amplifying Extremism: Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism'' with Jessica C. Hagman

and co-editor of another: 
* (2021) ''Journalism Research That Matters'' with Valerie Belair-Gagnon. 

== If journalism is to serve democracy ...==

Professor Usher noted that if journalism is to serve democracy, it must take a stand for democracy. Unfortunately, we are not seeing that today in part because journalism is under tremendous pressure, both economically and politically.

Professor Usher was asked about the distinction between accountability and access journalism, discussed in a recent interview in this series with [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]]. Usher replied that access journalists sometimes think they are doing accountability journalism. 

{{quote|Access journalism is the fight that you see right now between journalists and President Trump over who gets to be in the White House briefing room.&lt;ref&gt;Burch (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; ... Access journalism is all about getting in spaces that most ordinary people don't get to be in. ... This is not something that is available to everybody. I don't have a press pass to walk into the White House. I can't cover a Supreme Court decision. I can't even go to a local police site without a press pass badge and start talking to officers. These are ways in which the institutionalization of the press and being able to be in places where other people aren't. That's all about access journalism. ... 

Accountability journalism really is about how do we hold powerful institutions and powerful people to account. That's not just public institutions. It can be at the scale of the United States. It can be the local car dealer giving more money to the football team than they should.

Often the line is &quot;[[w:Follow the money|Follow the money]]&quot;. Now you might want to follow people back to their bedrooms. We're seeing bad behavior of people in power not just about malfeasance but also about they way they treat other people and abuse their interpersonal power. and about holding institutions accountable for doing what they say they'll do. ...

Who has time to do accountability journalism other than journalists? Who has the skills? 

Every so often you'll have some crackerjack whistleblower community advocate, who has the ability to spend all day long pouring through local filings or [[w:Federal Election Commission|FEC]] reports or something. ...

That is what distinguishes journalism as a profession from all of the other things. This is what you do all day long. You have the skills and hopefully the institutional backup.}}

Graves noted, &quot;You can defame poor people with impunity. But if you say something that might offend someone with power you've got to check your facts. That takes time. And even if you get it right, it might not be profitable.&quot; 

Usher replied, &quot;It's only recently that people have felt that they could push back on journalists. ... When I was a reporter ... my editors used to tell me, 'Don't listen to protesters. Go ask the police for a crowd estimate, because they have to assign the right number of officers. ... [But] the right number of officers may be deeply out of proportion with the people present, as we are seeing [[w:June 2025 Los Angeles protests|events unfold in Los Angeles.]]&quot;

{{quote|The greatest weapon against the American press at this point is probably the threat of litigation. ... You see this with [[w:60 Minutes|''60 Minutes'']].&lt;ref&gt;Folkenflik (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; You see this with [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']]. [''NYT'' publisher] [[w:A. G. Sulzberger|Sulzberger]] just said that he conferred with his outside counsel that they would indeed support him ... and the ''New York Times'' if t hey needed to engage in some really high level litigation against the President. And do you know why he did that? He did that because during the ''[[w:Pentagon Papers|Pentagon Papers]]'', the outside counsel of ''The New York Times'' actually decided they couldn't represent ''The New York Times'', that it was too much of a risk. That is how [[w:Floyd Abrams|Floyd Abrams]], who is one of the most famous media lawyers of all time, got his start ... .

So this threat ... is not just about journalists defending themselves as institutions. They also need [representation in] ... litigation against news organizations for screwing up facts or for libel. This didn't use to be huge. .... [N]ow this is a weapon. It's been weaponized in really aggressive ways starting with [[w:Sarah Palin|Sarah Palin]]&lt;ref&gt;Drenon (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; and continuing to the present.}}

Graves then asks about ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|New York Times v. Sullivan]]'' and [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|Trump's recent lawsuits against ABC and other news news outlets]], adding that, &quot;those lawsuits sound to me like thinly veiled requests for bribes.&quot; Professor Usher replied &quot;I'm really careful about words like bribes, because in other countries bribes are the way that journalists live, because these organizations can't afford to pay them. ... There is literally like a brown envelope culture in places around the world because media isn't sustainable, and that's a really loaded word for me as a scholar. I don't think they're bribes. ... I think they are displays of power.&quot;

== &quot;How loud does the watchdog bark?&quot; == 

Professor Usher's research report with Kim-Leffingwell on &quot;How loud does the watchdog bark&quot; found that the presence of a member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] was associated with an increase in the number of prosecutions for political corruption in US federal court jurisdictions between 2003 and 2019, but they found no impact on such prosecutions attributable to the number of journalists.&lt;ref&gt;Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022). Their Table 2 shows that the number of prosecutions increased by on average 1.4 per year during that period. Their Table 1 shows no impact on prosecutions due to the number of journalists, even though the number of journalists in the US fell by roughly a factor of 3 during that period, as documented in their Figure 2.&lt;/ref&gt;  

This suggest that [[w:rule of law|rule of law]] is improved by accountability journalism, which is more likely to be provided by members of the Institute for Nonprofit news than by more traditional media. However, it is far from obvious how to fund that. The traditional market for journalism will not support what seems to be needed. Philanthropy has all sorts of injustices, because too much of that money comes from rich people, which may distort public priorities. And reliance on tax money can be problematic, Professor Usher insists, especially if more of it goes to big institutions than smaller ones. It can further be a problem if it creates a news industry dependent on government money. 

For work on how to fix these problems, Professor Usher recommends the work of the Open Markets Institute&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Open Markets Institute--&gt;{{cite Q|Q98779260}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]].

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

===Good news===

The good news is that [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government|many local governments can fund local news nonprofits with a firewall to prevent political interference in the content]] at a rate comparable to what the US had in the first half of the nineteenth century and what leading democracies have today with 3 percent of their budget. That's less than what organizations in the US on average spend on accounting, advertising and public relations.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Sampling units / experimental polities|&quot;Sampling units / experimental polities&quot;]] in the Wikiversity article on [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]], accessed 2025-10-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds. (2021) Journalism Research That Matters (Journalism and Political Communication Unbound)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134974352|authors=Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Sean Burch (2025-02-25) &quot;Trump White House Will Now Pick Which Press Pool Reporters Get to Ask Questions&quot;, MSN--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134958542}}
* &lt;!--Brandon Drenon (2025-04-22) &quot;Sarah Palin was not defamed by the New York Times, jury says&quot;, BBC--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134970667}}
* &lt;!--David Folkenflik (2025-04-22) &quot;'60 Minutes' chief resigns, saying show's independence was compromised&quot;, NPR--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134959015}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Nikki Usher (2014) Making News at The New York Times (The New Media World)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q60186752}}
* &lt;!--Nikki Usher (2016) Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code (U. Illinois Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134974653}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher (2021) News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134974721}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher (2022-07) Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134715643}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher (2023-02) The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122270994}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher (2024) Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134715670}} 
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Jessica C. Hagman (2025) Amplifying Extremism: Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism (Elements in Politics and Communication)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134974847}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher, Adrian Tai Wong, Isaiah R. Raynal, Cabral Bigman-Galimore, and Ewa Maslowska (2023-05) Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134715704}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
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      <text bytes="36366" sha1="bhfv0gze749sm8debe0j3q8n2iax2tw" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-07-03 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.webm|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]
[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights == 

=== Accountability journalism ===
Professor Tworek was asked about Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022), who created a dataset of all the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 [[w:United States federal judicial district|US federal court districts]] between 2003 and 2019 along with the number of journalists and members of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN). They found more prosecutions with members of INN but ''not'' with more journalists. Tworek replied that this shows us that the ''type'' of journalism matters &quot;for holding people accountable, presumably preventing crimes&quot;. 

Graves noted that, 
{{quote|Watchdogs protect the people who feed them.

You benefit from the presence of accountability journalism, even if you don't read it yourself}} 

Society needs accountability journalism. But who will fund that? Tworek discussed that in her (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek noted, &quot;the types of content that we see really depend upon who owns these businesses and what their motivations are. ... &quot;There's, I think, something important about having local outlets where people know who journalists are and what they do, and then that's also extremely important, because a lot of the skepticism of journalism in part, may stem from not really knowing what journalism is and how journalism is produced. And there's been some really interesting work on media literacy that's trying to tease this out ... . [I]f you just teach people to kind of critique stuff, they end up very skeptical of all media, whereas, if instead you say, All right, we're going to go into a school instead of just teaching you to critique the whole thing, we're actually just going to give you the assignment of writing some news. And then you see as a student, like, 'Oh, this is really hard. I have to make choices about what goes in and what goes out. And it's super difficult to fit this into 500 words.'&quot;

Tworek noted that over 100 years ago, [[w:Upton Sinclair|Upton Sinclair]] produced accountability journalism with an expose of the meat packing industry or critiquing ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', etc. 

By contrast, access journalists speak with politicians or other kinds of insiders, which limits their criticisms to maintain access those individuals. Donald Trump with his control of access to the White House briefing room &quot;makes very clear some dynamics that existed beforehand.&quot; 

Tworek continued, &quot;Investigative Journalism often can be more long form, more kind of accountability journalism. Access journalism often tends to be more sort of daily, telling you what is happening, something [[w:Jay Rosen|Jay Rosen]] critiques as &quot;horse race journalism&quot;, where you're just trying to see who's ahead on this day versus not.&lt;ref&gt;Leadingham (2024); Meares (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Paying for news === 

Graves also noted that Robert McChesney recommended citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits at 0.15 percent of GDP with some kind of a firewall to prevent political interference in the content.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|It's really interesting to see the number of different models on the table, There's that one. ... [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] has also been pushing for those kinds of things as well.&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|Pickard was interviewed for this series 2024-12-13.]] He is Chair of the Board of [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]], which was co-founded by Robert McChesney; &lt;!--Free Press Board--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398406}}&lt;/ref&gt; I guess what we see historically is that there are multiple different models. Potentially the key, I think, is to try out a whole bunch of them. 

In Canada, where I am, because of, historically, the long fears of an over dominance of American media this, 100 years ago, pushed ... the creation of the [[w:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], or the CBC, ... subsidizing what's known as Canadian content. And those are government subsidies. ... French language content in Quebec, or lots of magazines that wouldn't exist because their circulation could never be big enough to cover the costs. It's a very different model than what McChesney is talking about, but it's one that has served quite a lot of democracies that kind of public funded media, but where you don't have government direction on the content. The BBC is another example of that. But of course, that also has its weaknesses ... that's, for example, contested by the [[w:Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party of Canada]], which, if elected, would like to defund the CDC. 

Another model is the philanthropic nonprofit. But then we have the problems of, what do you do if those philanthropies aren't necessarily interested in the types of local news that might ultimately benefit democracy. 

So I guess where I've come down on this a little bit is the key is to have multiple of these.}}

=== News deserts ===

Graves asked, &quot;What's your understanding of the impact of [[w:news desert|news desert]]s?&quot; Tworek replied, &quot;what we know from the scholarship on news deserts, some of what they have done is to obviously reduce the transparency of knowing what's going on in local town and city halls and ... that potentially has deleterious effects on what public officials themselves are doing, because they act differently when they know that there are journalists who are watching them. ... [And] there's some scholarship that indicates that what this has done is change voter behavior. So then now you tend to get people voting the same party all the way down the ballot. So rather than before you might get, okay, someone's voting Republican for president, Democrat, Senator, Republican, Democrat, Republican Democrat. Now you're getting people doing more down ballot, the same party all the way down, and so that that tells you that part of it is because people perhaps have less information about what's going on the local level, so they just vote the same party as they would at the national level.&lt;ref&gt;More on this appears in the interview &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; and the research report &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Graves mentioned a German-language article about news deserts there.&lt;ref&gt;Flößer (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|what we do know from the German context is that the AfD, or the [[w:Alternative for Germany|Alternatif für Deutschland, the Alternative for Germany]], has been very active on social media, and this has been true for quite some time. ... [I]n 2017 for example, the AfD had more people following them on Facebook than the two major parties, the [[w:Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] and the [[w:Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] combined. So we know that this has been a major strategy of the AfD. It's been a huge part of what they've wanted to do is to condemn media more broadly for not covering them, not covering the issues they care about, et cetera, and then to turn to social media as an alternative space to reach people. 

And of course, if you live in a news desert, but you're still searching for information, you're going to be looking to places like social media. So we start to see how all of these things connect the far right criticism of media as a whole, turning people away from media that combines with the local news desert combines with other broader reasons as to why certain groups are turning to the far right. So I'd say it's both the AfD strategy, but the other part of it is how more traditional parties have not been as active and trying to use social media to reach potential voters.}}

=== Internet companies are advertising companies ===

Graves noted that he had interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]], who said, 

{{quote|
The shortest path to a click is anger or hate}}

Tworek replied that Facebook and other social media companies are ultimately advertising companies. &quot;The longer you are on Facebook, etc., the more advertisements you see, the more money Facebook is making. ... [T]hey're content agnostic, because&quot; they are looking for engagement. If negative emotions drive engagement, that will get amplified. 

Tworek mentioned the recent memoir ''[[w:Careless People|Careless People]]'' by [[w:Sarah Wynn-Williams|Sarah Wynn-Williams]],&lt;ref&gt;Wynn-Williams (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; which 

{{quote|indicates and argues that a lot of the people there were careless ... . They didn't have an eye to these kinds of negative effects ... . They weren't really thinking about things like content moderation until it just sort of happened. ...

[B]ut over the last few years we've seen the trust and safety teams ... have really been cut quite tremendously. ... When [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]] bought [[w:Twitter|Twitter]], made into '''X''', boom: trust and safety team is gone. But the same is true of many companies where they've really cut those teams quite tremendously. I think that tells us a lot about their priorities.}}

=== After the war in Germany vs. Iraq ===

Graves noted that [[w:Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]], as the military governor of the American occupied zone of Germany, after World War II, reportedly told German journalists he wanted them to print whatever they wanted, even if it involved criticizing him personally. McChesney and Nichols contrasted this with the strict censorship imposed on Iraq by [[w:Paul Bremer#Provisional coalition administrator of Iraq|the US occupiers]] after President George W. Bush's [[w:Mission Accomplished speech|Mission Accomplished speech]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Iraq and the Islamic State|That censorship concealed massive corruption in the Iraqi military]] that was exposed in the 2014 [[w:Fall of Mosul|Fall of Mosul]], when two Iraqi army divisions totaling 30,000 and another 30,000 federal police]] were overwhelmed in six days by roughly 1,500 committed Jihadists. [[Winning the War on Terror#2.7.  Islamic terrorism|In that operation, ISIL reportedly siezed &quot;six divisions’ worth of strategic weaponry, all of it US-supplied” from a force with a paper strength of 120,000 men. ''Al Jazeera'' (2015). McChesney and Nichols (2010, Appendix II. Ike, MacArthur and the Forging of Free and Independent Press, pp. 241-254).&lt;/ref&gt; and asked Tworek's comment. 

She replied that the democratization of Germany and Japan were more complicated than that brief quote from McChesney and Nichols implies. The comparison between West and East Germany in the late 1940s and early 1950s was obvious to most in the West, and that made it easy for the public to embrace the US model. Of course, many of the journalists in Germany after World War II had also worked as journalists in the Nazi period when the structure was very different, as documented in research by [[w: Norbert Frei|Norbert Frei]] and others. The [[w:Deutsche Presse-Agentur|West Germany news agency, the dpa]], is a cooperative, modeled after the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]] of the US. 

The [[w:Korean War|Korean War]] had a similar impact on public opinion and journalistic practices in Japan.

She added that the successes of democratization in West Germany and Japan after World War Two became a model for American policy makers, who try to apply that in other places and different contexts with disastrous results.

=== Lawsuits ===

Graves asked Tworek's comment on the settlement in ''[[w:Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network|Dominion v. Fox]]'', which had 3 components: (1) Fox agreed that they had initially said that Biden had won the 2020 election but switched  to claiming the election had been stolen from Trump after Fox saw they were losing audience to other Conservative outlets. (2) They agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million. (3) They did not have to apologize, so their audience continued unaware that they had been lied to. 

Tworek replied that this &quot;speaks to a larger dynamic of trying to solve these kinds of questions within courts and through large sums of money.&quot; As another example, she mentioned the billionaire [[w:Peter Thiel|Peter Thiel]], who secretly funded a lawsuit by [[w:Hulk Hogan|Hulk Hogan]] that brought down a news outlet. Another example [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|is CBS paying Trump $16 million]] over questions about editing an interview with [[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]].&lt;ref&gt;Graham (2025) asked if this was, a &quot;Settlement or a bribe&quot;? See also Fischer (2025) and Calvert and Bennett (2024); the latter is summarized in the &quot;Discussion&quot; section below.&lt;/ref&gt;

She also mentioned &quot;the weaponization in a way of court cases against media outlets ... [[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|SLAPP lawsuites]] (strategic lawsuit against public participation), &quot;which cost [journalists] a lot of time and energy and are potentially used to try and push journalists away from pursuing certain lines of inquiry&quot;.

=== Media and public health ===

Tworek has several publications looking at the role of communications on public health. Countries with greater public trust of the major media tended to fare better during the [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID pandemic]]. British Columbia has not suffered greatly from [[w:Mpox|Mpox]], because the queer community there had good relations with the [[w:British Columbia Centre for Disease Control|British Columbia Centre for Disease Control]] dating back to the [[w:HIV|HIV]] epidemic. &quot;But that was from years of trust building. You can't just say, 'Oh, there's a pandemic today. I'm going to talk to this community, and they're going to automatically talk to you.&quot;

=== The media and Hitler's rise to power ===

Graves requested a brief summary of Tworek (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek said that,

{{quote|
Part of hitler's strategy was to condemn the rest of the media for not covering the Nazis. One of their main strategies to try and get people to turn more towards Nazi newspapers, rallies, etc. ...

They take advantage of some of the things that [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Democracy]] had done. In August of 1933 [[w:Joseph Goebbels|Joseph Goebbels]], propaganda minister, gave a speech. He said, 'couldn't have come to power and maintained it like we did without the airplane and the radio. ... Hitler was flying around, and the airplane's modern invention. ... [H]e's landing, doing multiple speeches a day. Makes him seem like the modern forward leader.' 

But they maintained power through the radio, because they were able to control radio content from January 1933, and that was because the Weimar state tried to ensure democracy through tight state supervision of content. 'And the more febrile Weimar democracy gets, the more they impose state supervision and control over content. ... [W]hen Hitler becomes chancellor in January 1933 it's radio content the Nazis most supervise.'}} 

A substantial portion of her ''News from Germany'' describes the restrictions on the German interwar equivalent of the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]], which had been the primary German news agency since the mid-nineteenth century. In the interwar period, a more right wing competitor emerged, which was mainly owned by an industrialist called [[w:Alfred Hugenberg|Alfred Hugenberg]]. He does not dictate content, but he tells his employees that their reporting should be more right wing. He initially thinks that he can somewhat control Hitler. This turns out to be wholly incorrect, because in the first few months of Hitler being Chancellor, he actually forcibly merges the two news agencies and pass other laws that take away Hugenberg's power.

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]] officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation in the new medium of radio made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper ''[[w:News of the World|News of the World]]'' reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]], as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

In a 2024-12-19 interview on the [[w:PBS News Hour|PBS News Hour]], [[w:Clay Calvert|Clay Calvert]], a leading [[w:First Amendment|First Amendment]] scholar and a nonresident senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, noted that Trump's legal actions against the media organizations have absolutely not been filed to win in court: &quot;The real goal here is to chill the press, to have the news media engage in what we call self-censorship, to pull back their stories. So, instead of playing a watchdog role, ... what I think Trump is really trying to do is make the press be a lapdog ... . It's what we would think of sometimes as a [[w:strategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuit against public participation]] or a SLAPP suit.&quot; Calvert was then asked if there was a concern that the conservative majority on the Supreme Court might overturn the requirement that a plaintiff in a case like this would have to prove &quot;actual malice&quot;, per [[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|''New York Times v. Sullivan'']] (1964). Calvert agreed that Justices Thomas and Gorsuch would like to overrule the &quot;actual malice&quot; standard. Calvert added that in the lawsuit against ABC, there is a real tension between the news organization, ABC, and its parent, Disney, &quot;that has other interests in the entertainment industry.&quot; He was then asked, &quot;How should news organizations prepare&quot; to deal with possible challenges from Trump's Department of Justice? Calvert replied, &quot;media attorneys ... certainly are thinking about these issues. I think one of the other things we need to think about is the FCC, the Federal Communications Commission, ... because Trump has threatened to revoke the licenses of stations that he believes engage in fake news, deceptive news commentary. So we have got frontal attacks in terms of lawsuits, but also I'd watch out for the FCC and its actions in the future in terms of broadcast journalism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Calvert and Bennett (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

Similarly, Pickard (2025) said, &quot;Paramount’s $16 million settlement with Donald Trump is a stunning display of bribery, greed, and cowardice. It’s also a symptom of deep structural rot in our media today—a system in which profit trumps democracy at every turn.&quot; Pickard noted that after the suit had been filed last October, &quot;nearly all legal experts determined that the case was utterly meritless. Media organizations are, after all, protected by the First Amendment, and are legally and ethically permitted to make routine edits of interviews they air.&quot; But $16 million is a pittance if it helps secure approval of a $2.4 billion merger. &quot;Trump’s legal chicanery continues his close adherence to Hungarian Prime Minister [[w:Viktor Orbán|Viktor Orbán]]’s authoritarian playbook for undermining the free press: manipulate media law, threaten news companies’ profits, and exploit oligopolistic media ownership structures. In short, weaponize any tool at his disposal to beat media institutions into submission so that everything looks and sounds like Fox News.&quot;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Al Jazeera (2015-10-26) Enemy of Enemies: The Rise of ISIL. Chapter 5. 2009-2015: Syria uprising and ISIL in Syria--&gt;{{cite Q|Q113710863|author=Al Jazeera}}
* &lt;!--Clay Calvert and Geoff Bennett (2024-12-19) &quot;A look at the legal tactics Trump is using against media outlets&quot;, PBS Newshour--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249048}}
* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Sara Fischer (2025-07-02) &quot;Paramount agrees to settle Trump lawsuit for $16 million&quot;, Axios--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249091}}
* &lt;!--Maxim Flößer (2024-03-06) &quot;Keine Lokalzeitung -- mehr AfD&quot;, Kontext--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125287792}}
* &lt;!--Jennifer Graham (2025-07-02) &quot;Another $16 million for the Trump presidential library: Unpacking the Paramount settlement&quot;, Deseret News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135250112}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166}}
* &lt;!--Scott A. Leadingham (2024) Horse Race Journalism: Finding Election Coverage Beyond the Polling Numbers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244458}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Joel Meares (2010)  Jay Rosen in Oz: Horse-Race Journalism an “International Phenom”--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244505}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2025-07-08) &quot;The Media’s Profits Trump Democracy, Once Again: Paramount’s settlement with Trump is a symptom of deep structural rot in our corporate media system&quot;, The Nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135268210}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Sarah Wynne-Williams (2025) Careless People--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133305848}}

[[Category:Media in Europe]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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    <title>Democratic delusions: Fix the media to fix democracy</title>
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      <text bytes="27115" sha1="hvvz5rv368kvikmhz2bwml0iesjokbt" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-07-17 interview with Natalie Fenton&lt;ref name=Fenton&gt;&lt;!--Natalie Fenton--&gt;{{cite Q|Q112529317}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her new book, '' Democratic Delusions: How the Media Hollows Out Democracy and What We Can Do About It''&lt;ref&gt;Fenton (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; and related research. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-07-26 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''This articles invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Democratic delusions-Fix the media to fix democracy.webm|thumb|2025-07-17 interview with Natalie Fenton about her new book ''Democratic Delusions: How the Media Hollows Out Democracy and What We Can Do About It''.]]
[[File:Democratic delusions-Fix the media to fix democracy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-07-17 of Natalie Fenton by Spencer Graves about about her new 2025 book ''Democratic Delusions: How the Media Hollows Out Democracy and What We Can Do About It''.]]

Natalie Fenton&lt;ref name=Fenton/&gt; discusses her new 2025 book, ''Democratic Delusions: How the Media Hollows Out Democracy and What We Can Do About It'', and related work. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Fenton is a Professor of Media and Communications at [[w:Goldsmiths, University of London|Goldsmiths, University of London]]. She is author or co-author of 10 books and dozens of other academic publications and an editor of numerous other publications. Her research focuses on the relationship between media, democracy and social change.&lt;ref name=Fenton/&gt; She is also a founder, continuous member, and leading researcher with the Media Reform Coalition in the UK.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media Reform Coalition--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135440829}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Highlights==

===Immigrants===

Graves asked for &quot;a specific example of something really important that the public ought to know and is being suppressed.&quot; 

Fenton said suggested that the coverage of the current war involving Israel, Palestine, and other countries is not balanced. And few humans have much limited understanding of international concerns. 

{{quote| 
But it's not just what's excluded. It's also how things are narrated in particular ways and across the western world now we're seeing a shift to the far right. We're seeing a rise of authoritarian politics in many instances, and some of the media representations over the last three decades have ... contributed to the place we find ourselves in, particularly ... the ways in which immigration and migrants are framed, and that has led to a kind of monstering and misrepresentation of what immigration is and what it results in to the extent that lots of migrants are now seen as entirely illegal, completely kind of unnecessary to our economies and the need for expulsion of them.}}

Graves said he, &quot;recently interviewing someone about that very issue, talking about reopening a private prison in Leavenworth, Kansas to house the people that Donald Trump wants to deport. Three Wikipedia articles I pulled up fairly quickly, basically said, both the sending country and the receiving country tends to benefit, on average, from migration.&quot; And a massive amount of research on immigration on immigrants and immigrant-friendly jurisdictions found that sancturay jurisdictions are either not different from non-sanctuary jurisdictions or have on average less crime and higher median incomes.&lt;ref&gt;Clause et al. (2025).&lt;/ref&gt;

Fenton replied that is &quot;not what we hear.&quot;

=== History and evolution of news and its impact on political economy ===

Graves asked Fenton to &quot;talk about the history and evolution of news and its impact on political economy.&quot;&lt;ref name=John&gt;This is also discussed in &quot;[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]&quot; and in John (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; Fenton replied, 

{{quote|
News has, we know, a very real impact on the political economy ... and part of that impact is a result of the fact that these organizations have established hugely powerful positions in society by virtue of their size. ... Across the world, we've had an increasing concentration of ownership of the vast majority of our legacy media, and pretty much ... without exception, all of those countries have failed to prevent the escalation of that concentration of ownership. These forms of concentration obviously have an impact on the plurality of our news environment, but they also have an impact on how our politicians relate to them. They create fear in politicians: If they don't garner favor with these institutions, then they can represent them in a negative light, and therefore their re election chances will be limited. It's a very simple way in which actually, these organizations hold power over these individuals. 

What we know that goes viral is are controversial issues, ... so ... the more outrageously spoken a politician is, the more likely they are to get media pickup, because it's those clicks that will generate the advertising revenue.}}

Graves replied, &quot;Last August, I interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]]. She said that 'the shortest path to a click is anger or hate.'&quot;

=== News deserts ===

Graves asked about [[w:News desert|news deserts]]. Fenton replied, &quot;News deserts are a very worrying phenomenon. ... The history of news deserts is that they have really come hot and fast on the heels of digitalization of the news industry. ... Once upon a time, many newspapers would get much of their finance from their classified advertising. As soon as we entered into the digital age, much of that classified advertising went to sites like [[w:eBay|eBay]], and so they lost all of that revenue. ... And so you saw the business model of the news industry bottom out&quot; with many news organizations either merging or closing and creating news deserts.&quot;

Graves said, &quot;There's literature that says that when a local newspaper dies, split ticket voting goes away, so people are more likely to vote a party line.&lt;ref name=newsDeserts&gt;Discussed further in [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]] and [[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]].&lt;/ref&gt; ... The cost of local government goes up by 0.13 percent of GDP on average due to increased executive compensation, increased staffing and increased cost of borrowing, because because investors know they cannot trust their money.&lt;ref&gt;Gao et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Fenton continued, &quot;We also know people vote less.&quot;&lt;ref name=newsDeserts/&gt;

=== Postal Service Act of 1792 and implications for the future ===

Graves note that [[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John|Richard John has a 1995 book that says that the US led the world in number of independent newspaper publishers per million population because of the US Postal Service Act of 1792.]]&lt;ref name=John/&gt; Robert McChesney estimated was like cost the US taxpayers, like 0.21 percent of GDP.&lt;ref name=McCh_N2010/&gt; And he's been recommending 0.15 percent of GDP distributed to the local news nonprofits, with some kind of firewall to prevent political interference in the content.&lt;ref name=newsDeserts/&gt; 

Fenton said, {{quote|

I think there are many ways we can deal with it. ... That's one potential way. I think we need to find new mechanisms to reinvigorate local journalism, and that needs to be funded ... sustainably. I don't think you can expect that local journalism to be sustained through advertising. ... You can apply to charitable foundations to support news organizations. ... But I also think that there should be an onus on the tech giants ... who are benefiting both from the news content that is being produced, that they are circulating, and getting a share of those that clicks and the advertising from from those clicks ... . They should be taxed to a level that will put something back into that news economy that could then ... be distributed through a democratic mechanism to nonprofit journalism ... to function in the public interest.

When you're saying, have a some kind of firewall on political interference, absolutely . This has to be independent journalism of integrity that is serving the local community in particular ways and is doing so with a prioritization for the public interest, not for commercial gain. ... If you can create those sorts of mechanisms, then it is entirely possible that you can regenerate local media in critical ways that would have a massive impact on democracy.}}

=== Watchdogs protect the people who feed them === 

Graves noted that [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher|he had recently intereviewed Nick Usher]], who has a research report with a with a co author about &quot;How loud does the watchdog bark: a reconsideration of local news, local journalism, news nonprofits and political corruption.&quot;, They found that US Federal jurisdictions with members of the [[w:Institute for nonprofit news|Institute for nonprofit news]] had on average, 1.4 more federal prosecutions for political corruption per year than jurisdictions without such local news nonprofits not beholding to advertising.&lt;ref&gt;Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Fenton replied, {{quote|

I think that makes a very important point, that if you haven't got a local news organization that is not kind of dependent on local business advertising, so it's not corrupted by those commercial pressures, and it doesn't have political interference. If you don't have that, who else is going to hold these organizations to account? ... 

It's very, very difficult to then see how anybody is going to be investigated, how any local communities can really bring issues that are crucial to them and their community survival to bear. ... One of the reasons local newspapers work in that way is because local organizations are fearful of being outed and found guilty of corruption. 

So then it's not just that people are reading them. It's the very threat that they exist. ...

But the moment they become too commercialized and the moment they become too powerful, then the balance of power starts to shift, and they either start to completely just chase profit, ... or they start to actually exert their own power over politicians in what can be quite a negative way. 

One of my main points in my latest book is we have to take out the commercial incentive.}} 

Graves added, &quot;The major media create the stage upon which politicians read their lines.&quot; 

=== The BBC and its impact on political economy ===

Graves asked, &quot;Talk about the history of the BBC and its impact on the political economy.&quot; 

Fenton replied, {{quote|

The wonderful BBC here, here is a publicly funded broadcasting system that ... makes a really valuable contribution to the news ecology in the UK. It remains one of the most trusted news sources in the UK and globally ... . It has a wide reach, and it's pretty unique in the way that it functions. 

However, it's not without problems. The BBC is in need, I think, of some quite fundamental reform to ensure that it keeps its relevance to the general public in a digital age ... . The BBC is funded by a license fee. Everybody who possesses a television has to pay the license fee. And increasingly people are refusing to do that, because they're saying, 'We don't watch the BBC. ... We're not going to pay the license fee.' So they're struggling with that. 

At the same time, the government has made huge funding cuts over the years to what it does, so the quality and standards of what it's doing are now mimicking far more commercial outlets because they're chasing viewers. ... The government of the day and all previous governments also try and interfere endlessly in what the BBC does. ... And we haven't yet found an adequate mechanism for preventing that political interference. So it is losing its sense of independence from government, which is a devastating thing to claim. ... It is deeply problematic that the government hold the purse strings over the BBC, because it will threaten it endlessly with funding cuts if it doesn't play ball. 

We need to radically reform the BBC. ... If it's going to be called a public service broadcasting, it's got to have much more connection to the public. It's got to show how its universalism is not only practiced in terms of its content, but also in terms of its structures of governance and its personnel. 

However, I would never want to see it disappear. It's always been, to some extent, struggled with this relationship with the state ... And of course, you can see that more when you're coming into situations of increased issues around security and potential war. That's you're also getting much more direct interference from government. I think we all need to have an organization that is an independent of commercial pressures and of political interference, in order to get adequate news for democracies to function.}}

=== Local multi-media centers ===

Graves asked aboutt [[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|local multi-media centers managed by boards selected at random like jury duty, as recommended by Victor Picard]]. 

Fenton said, {{quote|

I've got a lot of sympathy with that sort of view, but I would go further in some ways. 

We have newspapers that are managed in similar ways in the UK. An example is ''[[w:The Bristol Cable|The Bristol Cable]]'' in the UK, which is a ... newspaper cooperative. ... Local community members pay on a very minimal sliding scale to be members of the news organization. As a result, they can then have an input on their editorial decisions, their advertising policy, what sorts of investigations they think these newspapers should be doing. And these are packed meetings of hundreds of people from the local community ... because they see the importance of this newspaper. It's had phenomenal success in holding the council to account, local businesses to account, and investigating concerns that the local community has brought to them. So the community itself is setting that news agenda, rather than a handful of journalists and an editor. ... 

I would like to see those sorts of citizen juries and assemblies being very much part of the BBC. I would like to see in all regions all around the UK, a BBC citizen assembly that reports back on the sorts of things that the BBC is doing, how it's going down, ... but also directs some of the crucial issues that are happening, and also monitors controversy. 

So where controversial things do come into play, which they constantly do in the in terms of the BBC, where they've recently broadcast a documentary on Gaza, and they've come under great criticism, you know, should that, and there was a big internal report that was just released this week, by all means, have An internal investigation, but that should also have gone to citizen assemblies of BBC viewers to say, what do you think? What do you think is the outcome of this, rather than it laying on, you know, one or two elites within the organization itself. Victor's right. We need more citizen involvement in setting news agendas and responding to concerns over our news environment, not less. ...

All communities should have a news hub, something like a local library, which is a newsroom that is occupied by all manner of news organizations. It can be community radio stations like yourself. It can be newspapers, it can be, local community TV. But it's a space where the local community can come with issues they think need to be covered and investigated. They could then also be trained in how to write those stories, how to investigate it, how to do the journalism themselves. 

In Glasgow right now we have an organization and Govanhill magazine, which has done precisely that.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Greater Govanhill--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135440538}}, described in Fenton (2025, pp. 188-189).&lt;/ref&gt; It has taken over a disused shop, and it's opened it up as a news hub to the local community and said, Come in. Tell us what needs to be done. Work with us to investigate these issues. .... It's training journalists in the process, and it's ... holding power to account for that local community.}}

=== Brexit === 

Graves asked Fenton to describe [[w:Brexit|Brexit]].&lt;ref&gt;Brexit is mentioned in multiple places in Fenton (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Fenton replied, {{quote| 

Brexit was the moment at which we had a referendum, largely triggered by internal fights within the Conservative Party over a very small group of MPs who thought that the UK should leave the European Union. ... To quell that infighting, ... the then-Prime Minister [[w:David Cameron|David Cameron]] decided to hold a referendum to put this issue to bed once and for all. He ... said he very clearly thought that the referendum would vote, &quot;No&quot;, we don't want to leave Europe. But in fact, by a narrow margin, it voted to leave Europe. So since 2016 The UK has no longer been part of Europe, and that's what we call Brexit. 

I think our newspapers had a very large part to play in that vote, because for the past three decades, [[w:Tabloid journalism|tabloid press]] had been endlessly talking about the nonsense that was the [[w:European Union|EU]] and ... all sorts of nonsense stories about how bananas had to be a certain shape, or cheeses, the name of great British cheeses had to be changed. These were all largely nonsense stories, but it was all seen feeding this idea that there's an excess of regulation that is coming from the EU. We're paying them loads of money for what they do, and we'd be better off doing it on our own, rather than talking about all the things that we were gaining from the EU. 

And of course, as soon as Brexit happened, our economy massively plummeted, and we found that all of those regulations that we thought were were hampering our economy had actually given us huge protections over employment rights and human rights. And so there's now, there's a there's a real antipathy towards that Brexit vote. ... However, it's highly unlikely that the current government will hold another referendum because of the politics that are involved.}}

=== Final words ===


Graves said, &quot;We're pretty close to out of time. Any final words for our audience?&quot; 

Fenton replied, {{quote|

There are a lot of what we haven't really spoken about is the power of big tech, which I also cover in my book a lot. But the issues around those tech giants are huge in terms of the role they are playing in distorting and corrupting our democracy. And you've got so many examples of that in the US, I probably don't need to tell your listeners that story. 

But ... the role that we are seeing [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]] play in in the political environment in the US is a kind of extension of what we've had from [[w:Rupert Murdoch|Rupert Murdoch]] in years gone by. So he is ... the new kind of oligarch on the block that is disrupting and destroying our political systems in many ways, and it's not just the tech. 

Of course, our political systems themselves need massive reform, but those big tech giants have been able to garner so much power that we now don't know how to limit that power, and that's a really dangerous place to be.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref name=McCh_N2010&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!-- Bill Clause, Beverly Harvey, Skie Pearson, and Spencer Graves (2025-07-15) &quot;More on the Solidarity School and other activism&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135437631}}
* &lt;!--Natalie Fenton (2025) Democratic Delusions: How the Media Hollows Out Democracy and What We Can Do About It--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135288717}}
* &lt;!--Pengjie Gao, Chang Lee, and Dermot Murphy (2019) &quot;Financing Dies in Darkness? The Impact of Newspaper Closures on Public Finance&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q55670016}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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    <title>What the Left can learn from Fox</title>
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      <text bytes="22010" sha1="gshbcva7yg5l0tkzev48tjurezzex5c" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-08-01 interview with CUNY journalism prof Reece Peck&lt;ref name=Peck&gt;&lt;!--Reece Peck--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131374387}}&lt;/ref&gt; about how he thinks Left media outlets could increase their effectiveness by talking more respectfully with the poor and middle class, replicating Fox populism. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-08-09 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Fox populism.webm|thumb|2025-08-01 interview with Reece Peck about how he thinks Left media outlets could increase their effectiveness by talking more respectfully with working class humans, replicating Fox populism.]]
[[File:Fox populism.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-08-01 interview with  Reece Peck about how he thinks Left media outlets could increase their effectiveness by talking more respectfully with working class humans, replicating Fox populism.]]

[[w:City University of New York|CUNY]] journalism professor Reece Peck&lt;ref name=Peck/&gt; describes how he thinks Left media outlets could increase their effectiveness by working harder to understand the concerns of the working class and packaging policy prescriptions in terms that resonate more with their target audiences, replicating Fox populism. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Peck has documented this in numerous publications including his (2019) ''Fox populism: Branding conservatism as working class'' (Cambridge U. Pr.). Other recent publications relevant to this issue include the following: 
 
* Reece Peck and Manel Palos Pons (2025-07-18) &quot;Left Populist Media Online: A Comparative Analysis of the U.S.’s The Young Turks and Spain’s La Base&quot;, ''Television &amp; New Media''.
* Reece Peck (2025-06-03) &quot;More than money and algorithms: the cultural roots of Trump’s alt-media strategy&quot;, ''Communication, Culture, &amp; Critique''. 
* Anthony Nadler and Reece Peck (2025-03) &quot;The Left Needs Media That Competes -- and wins&quot;, ''Jacobin'', which notes that the most successful right-wing media outlets presented themselves as champions of their viewers’ dignity, the only voices that truly respected their communities.
* David Pakman and Reece Peck (2024-06-22) &quot;How did [[w:Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] become a Trump MAGA cult?&quot;, ''David Packman Show''.
* Reece Peck (2024-06-10) &quot;Trump, [[w:Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] and the new conservative culture war&quot;, ''The Hill''. 
* Reece Peck (2021-11-17) &quot;Reece Peck on Fox News’ blue-collar conservatism&quot;, ''Illiberalism Studies Program''.
* Reece Peck (2016) &quot;Usurping the usable past: How Fox News remembered the Great Depression during the Great Recession&quot;, ''Journalism''.

In brief, Peck noted that in the 1990s, Fox competed with multiple other new Conservative cable channels and defeated them, because Fox focused on building a relationship with the working class, and the failures tried to imitate PBS but with Ronald Reagan conservatism. Fox recruited hosts with tastes, morality and narratives that resonate with working class people.

Peck highlights The Young Turks (TYT), which is stylistically similar to Fox but with Left-leaning content. They're more emotional, more passionate. They use morally stark narratives. Where the Right claims that the media have a liberal bias, TYT complains of corporate power and influence over media. And TYT are not stuffy, emotionally reserved scripted professionals. They are news rebels.

== Highlights ==

=== First build a relationship ===

Peck said that the first chapter of ''Fox Populism'' describes other conservative cable channels that competed with the Fox cable channel when it was new. They failed and folded: 

{{quote|
Think &quot;right wing PBS.&quot; They thought that if they just give audiences the good gospel of [[w:Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] conservatism that they would take off like a rocket. What they misunderstood is that it really wasn't so much about the conservative ideology people were hungry for. It was more a style of presentation that was resonant with working class audiences. ... They didn't understand working class taste. They didn't understand working class morality and narratives that resonate with working class people. 

That's precisely what Fox news did understand. With [[w:Roger Ailes|Roger Ailes]] coming from daytime television, which is a working class kind of ... media, and then recruiting people from tabloid media like [[w:Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O'reilly]] and [[w:Shepard Smith|Shep Smith]] talk radio like [[w:Sean Hannity|Sean Hannity]].

They had their priorities right. ... 'We're going to be engaging stylistically. And ideology ... and framing comes secondary to that objective.'}}

Graves then asked, &quot;What should left outlets like community radio and I personally do to leverage this?&quot; 

Peck said I should retain my commitment to education and fact checking. {{quote|

Be your authentic self, but [recruit] people from unlikely places as guests. ... [[w:Ed Schultz|Ed Schultz]] was the only kind of really populist working class style show on [[w:MSNBC|MSNBC]]. And what I thought was so interesting about Schultz's show was that he would have Union leaders be pundits. It wasn't just that he wanted to know what's going on with the Union story. He saw them as talent, because they had a kind of working class disposition. ... They were plain spoken. Maybe they have regional accents that you don't hear on cable news. [Broaden] your scope about who are legitimate voices. What is talent? ... [Think] outside the box for speakers and guests ... . Often, liberal and progressives have people like me, some professor, some credentialed person, not someone that has training in tabloid media formats.}}

=== The Young Turks and La Base ===

Peck and Manel Palos Pons&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Manel Palos Pons--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135524240}}&lt;/ref&gt; studied two of the most successful Left of center YouTube news channels:&lt;ref&gt;Peck and Palos Pons (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:The Young Turks|The Young Turks]] (TYT) and [[w:es:La Base (podcast)|La Base]] in Spain. Peck and Palos Pons found that TYT and La Base were stylistically similar to Fox but with Left-leaning content. {{quote|

They're more emotional. They're more passionate. They use very morally stark narratives and frames. ... We think that these styles are naturally Right wing when we see them. But YouTube disabuses that. And with Manal we found out that this wasn't just a trend for Left wing media on [[w:YouTube|YouTube]], like The Young Turks. But it was happening abroad. It was happening in Spain. ...

They're using very similar critiques of the media ... that are very much couched in a Leftist tradition of media criticism, where you look more about the corporate power and influence over media. 

And they were not your stuffy, emotionally reserved scripted professionals. They were news rebels. They were anti-anchors. They wore cool leather jackets. They swore on air. They were basically the mirror image of the Right in some ways of that deprofessionalized, informal, emotionally expressive style. 

Also, one thing that we found both in Spain and the US: These leftist shows on YouTube have a media-centric theory of power. ... They really see media as the key player in over everything. They think you have to win media, and that trickles down to organizing ... to legislation ... to Congressional races. And I really think the right has known this for a while. That's why the right has always invested so much in media since the [[w:Lewis F. Powell Jr.#Powell Memorandum, 1971|Powell Memo]] in the 1970s ... . Donald Trump -- you don't have a figure ... in American history that believed media power equals political power more than Donald Trump. ...

For 30 years or 40 years there's been this narrative that the Conservative movement has pushed about the bias of the mainstream media. But what's interesting when you look at Left wing shows on YouTube, they're constantly talking about critiques of the mainstream media. But they do it from a distinctly left wing tradition of media criticism. It's less about how snobby journalists are, how they look down on you. That's what the right talks about. ...

Left Populist media really sees ... media as a key player in political mobilization and ideological power.}}

Graves concurred, {{quote|

The media create the stage upon which politicians read their lines.}}

=== Building cultural loyalties with audiences over time ===

Graves asked about Peck's paper with Nadler.&lt;ref&gt;Nadler and Peck (2025.)&lt;/ref&gt; Peck replied that the Right sees politics {{quote|

more about building cultural loyalties with audiences over time ... with the working class by using sports ... by using nonpolitical elements of society to forge those cultural connections. Once those cultural loyalties have been made, ... when the when the time arises of an election, ... they're already rooting for the Conservative to win ... .}}

=== Social media === 

Graves asked about social media herding their audiences into echo chambers, not realizing they are hearing themselves. Peck replied, {{quote|

We don't want to overestimate the technology as the culprit, which I think a lot of Liberals and scholars have done since Donald Trump won 2016. ... While it has its uses, that ... misses the way in which some of the things that worked online are the same things that always worked on TV and radio. Charismatic hosts, relatable conversations, emotional moments. ... Good narratives still matter. Framing still matters in the online space.}}

=== How Fox remembered the Great Depression during the Great Recession === 

Graves noted that Peck (2016) reported that [[w:Amity Shlaes|Amity Shlaes]] (2007) ''The Forgotten Man: A New History of the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]]'' argued the New Deal prolonged rather than shortened the Great Depression. And Conservative media featured her and similar experts during the Congressional debate over the proper response to the 2007-2008 [[w:Great Recession#United States policy responses|Great Recession]] effectively prevented the Obama administration from bailing out the working class in their response.   

Graves said, &quot;I've done my own research on that. The presidency of [[w:Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] had by far the highest rate of economic growth per per year, like 8% per year for 12 years, 6% for the first 6 years and over 10% for the next 6 years with the highest tax rate on the ultra wealthy and with wage and price controls to prevent price gouging that had plagued the three other major previous wars in US history. The [[w:War of 1812|War of 1812]], the [[w:American Civil War|Civil War]], and [[w:World War I|World War I]] all had massive inflation and only nominal economic growth, and Roosevelt had exactly the opposite.&quot; 

Peck replied, {{quote|

My read is very similar to yours. I'm not an economist. I'm more of a media analyst, but I am fascinated with the history of the Great Depression. ... So many of the things FDR did helped lift people out of poverty.  And it is a very caricatured attempt to do this revisionist history, where they they frame the [[w:New Deal|New Deal]] as a failure. If it was such a failure, why did it dominate all the way from 1930 to all the way into the [[w:Richard Nixon|Nixon]] era? Even the Republicans like [[w:Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] adopted many of FDR's policies. [[w:Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is from that legacy, and it's one of the most popular policies the government's ever done in United States history. ... 

While I focus on the tabloid elements of Fox News and the Populist style of the hosts, how they present themselves as like regular guys and everyday people, I don't want you to think that Fox News doesn't have intellectuals on. They do, and they platform their Right Wing think tank experts. And what I found so interesting is the way they could incorporate this Amity Shlaes, this economic historian, but present her research in an accessible way to the audience. 

So it's not so much that the Fox News audience doesn't want to participate in some elements of intellectual culture. In my last chapter I focus on the role of intellectuals and think tanks on Fox News and the way that Fox News platforms them and translates their work in very accessible ways. 

It would be great if you had something similar on the Left, where you both had a host that was really relatable to everyday people, non-college educated people, but then also brought in academics and experts and helped make their work more accessible.}}

=== Final words ===

When asked for closing comments, Peck replied, {{quote|

It's very interesting in the wake of a second Trump victory to see that I do believe there's a glimmer of hope that the progressive movement has finally woken up to the fact that they need to invest in Media. 

The question is, 'What's the media strategy itself?' [I worry] that with all this talk, finally, that okay, we need to create media to counter the conservative sphere, ... if we just do the same middle brow, professional class style, but just online or just on podcasting, it's not gonna work. ... We need to expand our stylistic repertoire that engages working class audiences of all ethnicities and genders. ... 

There are some hopeful signs where this kind of versioning of left progressive media right now on Youtube. And then also, the last thing is that the Republican party has supported alternative right wing media where the Democratic party shuns it up until now.

So there's a role that politicians, progressive politicians and activists can play to uplift and catapult alternative media by going on those shows. If you only go on ... the legacy media, you're doing a disservice.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Anthony Nadler and Reece Peck (2025-03) &quot;The Left Needs Media That Competes -- and wins&quot;, Jacobin--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135514015}}
* &lt;!--David Pakman and Reece Peck (2024-06-22) &quot;How did UFC become a Trump MAGA cult?&quot;, David Packman Show--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135526339}}
* &lt;!--Reece Peck (2019) Fox populism: Branding conservatism as working class (Cambridge U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135513426}}
* &lt;!--Reece Peck (2016) &quot;Usurping the usable past: How Fox News remembered the Great Depression during the Great Recession&quot;, Journalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135527962}}
* &lt;!--Reece Peck (2021-11-17) &quot;Reece Peck on Fox News’ blue-collar conservatism&quot;, Illiberalism Studies Program--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135527916}}
* &lt;!--Peck (2025-06-03) &quot;More than money and algorithms: the cultural roots of Trump’s alt-media strategy&quot;, ''Communication, Culture, &amp; Critique''--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135514927}}
* &lt;!--Reece Peck (2024-06-10) &quot;Trump, UFC and the new conservative culture war&quot;, The Hill--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135525388}}
* &lt;!--Peck and Palos Pons (2025-07-18) &quot;Left Populist Media Online: A Comparative Analysis of the U.S.’s The Young Turks and Spain’s La Base&quot;, Television &amp; new media--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135524218}}
* &lt;!--Christopher Rugaber and Josh Boak (2025-08-01) &quot;Trump removes official overseeing jobs data after dismal employment report&quot;, AP--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135697517}}
* &lt;!-- Amity Shlaes (2007)  The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression--&gt;{{cite Q|Q7734832}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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    <title>Evidence-informed public policy</title>
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      <text bytes="32540" sha1="pk3i825hnsvvq4cqul6xs5csczmf6p5" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-07-31 interview with Nick Hart&lt;ref name=Hart&gt;&lt;!--Nick Hart--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135663983}}&lt;/ref&gt; about evidence-informed public policy. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-08-23 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Evidence-informed public policy.webm|thumb|2025-07-31 interview with Nick Hart about evidence-informed public policy and the work of the Data Foundation, of which he is President and CEO.]]
[[File:Evidence-informed public policy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-07-31 of Nick Hart by Spencer Graves about evidence-informed public policy and the work of the Data Foundation, of which he is President and CEO]]

Nick Hart&lt;ref name=Hart/&gt; is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; about the work of the Data Foundation,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Data Foundation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134705118}}&lt;/ref&gt; of which he is President and CEO, and about the status of evidence-informed public policy in the US. Hart is author of a book on this subject&lt;ref&gt;Newcomer and Hart (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; and co-editor of another.&lt;ref&gt;Hart and Yohannes, eds. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights == 

The Data Foundation is meticulously nonpartisan, to the point that Dr. Hart worked hard to avoid saying anything that might displease anyone. 

=== Privacy Act ===

When asked the most important thing he would like to communicate to the audience, Hart said the [[w:Privacy Act of 1974|Privacy Act of 1974]] initiated an important conversation across the country about use of data: The government should not collect data without a purpose and should make the information it collects available to the public to the maximum extent feasible while still protecting individual privacy. 

Graves said [[Trump ordered changes in public data|he has cognitive dissonance discussing this issue]] driven by the reports of President Trump issuing an unprecedented number of executive orders, many of which take much data offline that many people used to rely on and discontinue entirely the collection of some portions of it. 

Hart replied that it's the best of times and the worst of times. &quot;What you see often depends on where you sit.&quot; The Data Foundation released July 31 the fifth in their series of &quot;Evidence Capacity Pulse Reports&quot;, documenting &quot;Ongoing Changes to Federal Data Infrastructure&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Data Foundation (2025-07-31).&lt;/ref&gt; He said, {{quote|

There are more open data assets published in July available to the American public than back in January 2025. ... That's a really interesting observation when you juxtapose that with some of the narrative about the deletion of data sets. 

Now, if you delve into that very carefully, some of the dsata assets that people really care about may not be available. ... [T]he Trump administration has provided certain directives to federal agencies about how to report certain characteristics. ... [T]here's now guidance that's provided to agencies that indicates a 'fill in the blank' option. ... The American people will sometimes report [[w:Klingon|Klingon]] and a number of other made-up races when they are given that option. And it leads to a lot of data quality errors. ...

[T]he Trump administration is imposing its beliefs, its values, as we always do. ... 

This administration ... is probably the administration that's using more data than any other administration in the history of the country.}}

=== Freedom of Information Act ===

Graves then asked about the [[w:Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act of 1966]] and how this administration compares with previous ones in their level of complaince. 

Hart replied that Congressman [[w:John E. Moss|John Moss]], a California Democrat, &quot;was frustrated by the the lack of transparency of government disclosing some of the records in the Cold War&quot; and led the successful effort to get that act passed. He added, {{Quote|

We don't do transparency just to have transparency. Transparency actually has costs. ... One of the laws that we've worked on that, I think, is incredibly important that syncs back to FOIA is called the Open Government Data Act.&lt;ref&gt;US Chief Information Officers Council (2018).&lt;/ref&gt; President Trump signed this law back in 2019. And it mandates that government data is open by default. ... [T]here's an expectation of increased transparency of our government. This information should be shared with the American people. ... 

And then you can talk to your member of Congress if you don't like what's happening, or you can work with a researcher to glean better insights about how to improve a program. ... 

FOIA today is something that I personally have a love-hate relationship with. It's never worked as well as we intended ... . [T]he amount of data that's now available in government today versus in the 19 sixties, it is just phenomenal. 

We want our government to actually review the information that it's releasing, so it doesn't inadvertently release something that's classified or secret, or that has my confidential business information, or personally identifiable information that should all be protected. Government has a privacy obligation to protect that knowledge. At the same time, we need a better process to quickly release all that stuff that should be released. 

I have a FOIA submission that we sent over to the [[w:United States Office of Personnel Management|Office of Personnel Management]] 3 years ago during the [[w:Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden Administration]]. It's still sitting there. We have another one that we submitted over a year ago to the [[w:General Services Administration|General Services Administration]]. It's still sitting there.}}

=== Data Foundation event August 5 === 

Graves noted that the Data Foundation has an event scheduled August 5 about &quot;Evaluating for Efficiency: Lessons from GAO and Inspectors General&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Data Foundation (2025-08-05).&lt;/ref&gt; and asked about that.

Hart replied, {{quote|

[A]mong the many hats that I wear, I sit on a committee of the [[w:United States Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]], which is part of the legislative branch that's called the Yellow Book Council, and we provide advice to the [[w:Comptroller General of the United States|Comptroller General]]. [[w:Gene Dodaro|Gene Dodaro]] is the current Comptroller General. It basically sets auditing standards across the country, which apply to government and also other other auditors. 

There are many types of audits. There's financial audits, and there's performance audits. We've learned a lot about how to conduct really high quality audits well in the current era. 

Efficiency is a really important term that seems to be thrown around sometimes for political purposes. But there's also a lot of really important reasons that we might want programs to be efficient, including that it can help us save dollars that can be applied back to a program to actually improve the program. ... 

[W]e want efficiency and effectiveness to be paired together. That's exactly what we're going to talk about in this virtual event, in partnership with the Government Accountability Office, with the data foundation coming up in August is, what have we learned about how to do the implementation of efficiency efforts from the auditing community.}}

One of the speakers at his August 5 event is &quot;a phenomenal expert out of the auditing community, a woman named Linda Miller,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Linda Miller--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135687113}}&lt;/ref&gt; currently running an organization called the Program Integrity Alliance,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Program Integrity Alliance--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135687099}}&lt;/ref&gt; where this is also exactly what they do.&quot;

=== Trump firing inspectors general===

Graves then noted that [[w:2025 dismissals of U.S. inspectors general|President Trump had fired a major portion of the Inspectors general in the US Government]] and asked about the impact of those dismissals.

Hart said he's not an expert on inspectors general, {{quote|

but a very long time ago I was working at the White House's [[w:Office of Management and Budget|Office of Management and Budget]], where I worked for about a decade, and I was at the vanguard of the team who was implementing ... the [[w:Inspector General Act of 1978|Inspector General Reform Act of 2008]].&lt;ref&gt;US Congress (2008).&lt;/ref&gt; It was actually co-sponsored by Misosuri Senator [[w:Claire McCaskill|Claire McCaskill]]. We were navigating at the time some of the important nuances of what it meant when an Inspector General disagreed with the White House about their budget. In that law were given dual reporting to the executive branch and the legislative branch at the same time, which is a really weird way of being structured that you can simultaneously report to multiple branches in democratic society. 

Inspectors general have this really weird but important function in our government. They're charged with really rooting out waste, fraud and abuse.\ but being honest and accountable to multiple people at the same time ... The President has the responsibility to appoint them but can also fire them. The expectation is that they communicate to Congress why they are removed from that position. ... 

[T]here was a considerable amount of discussion from the legislative branch, bipartisan, including from Iowa Senator [[w:Chuck Grassley|Chuck Grassley]] (R), of why the IGs were removed from their positions.&lt;ref&gt;US Code, title 5 section 403(b) says explicitly that the President must notify Congress 30 days before any dismissal becomes effective. 5 USC 403(b) begins, &quot;An Inspector General may be removed from office by the President. If an Inspector General is removed from office or is transferred ..., the President shall communicate in writing the reasons for any such removal or transfer to both Houses of Congress, not later than 30 days before the removal or transfer.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ... [T]his is an ongoing point of discussion in Washington, DC, of what's going to happen next.&lt;ref&gt;Eight of the fired IGs sued, because they were not given the 30 days notice required by law; see 
Whitehurst (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; There's a lot of acting IGs right now ... . But that function is so critical in government for ensuring that government's operating effectively, that data systems and the evidence infrastructure that we have nationally is being managed appropriately. ... 

On our board our Data foundation Board, we have a woman named [[w:Kathryn Newcomer|Kathryn Newcomer]], actually a co-author of a book that I wrote on evidence building and evaluation in government.&lt;ref&gt;Newcomer and Hart (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; She is an expert in Inspectors General. ... If your audience is interested in learning more about this issue, she's written very extensively about this particular issue, and has a great book on IGs that would be of interest.&lt;ref&gt;Johnson and Newcomer (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Graves noted that &quot;[[w:William K. Black|William K. Black]] has a book titled, ''The Best Way to Rob a Bank is to own one''.&lt;ref&gt;Black (2013).&lt;/ref&gt; ... The basic theme of that book is that many senior executives can find accountants and auditors willing to conspire to defraud the public and investors. ... That obviously came to my mind when when I heard the news about so many Inspectors General being fired. Do you have any more comments on that?&quot; 

Hart replied, &quot;I was asked recently, 'What's the best field to study right now, if you wanted to learn about technology and data?' Much to the person's surprise ..., I said, [[w:ethics|ethics]]. ... I'm a PhD in public policy. I studied program evaluation, which is a field of of analytics. There are so many things that we're being confronted with in real time that we actually need more ethicists at the table for some of these really wicked, complex challenges that we're confronted with. If somebody wants to rob a bank, we can only hope that they've learned the right principles and ethical boundaries ... and they're going to follow the law. But if they really want to do it, they're going to do it.&quot;

=== Data Foundation events August 20 and September 9 === 

Graves noted that the Data Foundation has virtual events scheduled for August 20&lt;ref&gt;Data Foundation (2025-08-20).&lt;/ref&gt; and September 9,&lt;ref&gt;Data Foundation (2025-09-09).&lt;/ref&gt; and asked Hart to talk about those. 

Hart replied that, {{quote|

the Data Foundation is always hosting events, virtually, sometimes in person in Washington, DC. Some of our upcoming events include things around engagement for artificial intelligence. So we're talking a lot about themes on privacy and the current administration's use of data. One of the really exciting things that I would say is happening is how society is rapidly evolving into the uses of [[w:artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]]. I know that's probably a little scary to some people in our society as much as it's exciting for others. The White House, just in July published its AI Action plan.&lt;ref&gt;White House (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; The data Foundation endorsed that plan because it really does lean in on privacy protections and the use of open data and data governance principles. 

We're going to host a virtual forum on AI in August, because one thing that we want to make sure that we're gathering as an organization is the latest insights from our community of data stewards and data advocates, the ideas that help us make sure that we're also advocating for the White House and Congress the principles and practices that are most relevant for good AI deployments alongside good data policy. 

We have a principle ... we call ... radical collaboration. ... [T]hat means ... that we're willing to work with anybody. It could be the extremes of political parties, business, industry, academia, as well as whoever is in power in an administration or Congress. And that's because our value actually, our politics is data. And we want to make sure that data is always being used responsibly.}} 

=== Engage with the Data Foundation ===

Graves noted that DataFoundation.org has an &quot;Engage&quot; option, and asked Hart to talk about that. He replied, {{quote| 

That very much relates to what I was just describing with the concept of radical collaboration. We very much believe that we can't have good data policy or even good program evaluations in our society unless we're engaging government, business, academia, and nonprofits in the American public broadly. We also know that government is not particularly good at engagement.  

A bit ago, when I was talking about the [[w:Privacy Act of 1974Privacy Act]], I described this mechanism called the [[w:Federal Register|Federal Register]], which is often how government believes it is engaged with the American people. It publishes something as a PDF and expects that you, as the American people, will magically find the thing that you consider important and submit comments back to government in 30 or 60 days. We will call that engagement. That's not engagement. That's just a form of outreach. 

190 
00:35:53.010 --&gt; 00:36:02.639 
Nick Hart: So what we often try to do is find the communities that are interested in a particular topic. Maybe it's an association. Maybe it's a representative group. 

191 
00:36:02.640 --&gt; 00:36:28.039 
Nick Hart: but sharing and actually having dialogue across a variety of topics, a couple of examples of the things that we do. We have a data coalition that engages on a variety of these topics. We host virtual forums as engagement sessions. Last year, in 2024, we launched a climate data collaborative. The topic of climate is very important. I've actually trained as an environmental scientist, among other things. 

192 
00:36:28.040 --&gt; 00:36:57.370 
Nick Hart: and we know that our climate data is generally pretty low quality in lots of sectors, and whether you're in business or somewhere out there in rural Missouri, we have a great need for improved knowledge and higher quality information on which to make decisions for the future. And I say that agnostic of the politics, because there's just a great need for better knowledge. So those are the kinds of things that we're talking about when we say engage.

=== Role of the media ===

Graves then asked about the role of the media in creating the demand or creating obstacles to the demand for evidence-influenced public policy. 

Hart replied, {{quote|

I'd say the media is a critical, both supplier and in some cases a producer of the knowledge that's relevant for evidence-informed policy and decision making. 

Back in 2016 and 2017, there was a commission that was bipartisan created by then Speaker [[w:Paul Ryan|Paul Ryan]] (R-WI-1) and Senator [[w:Patty Murray|Patty Murray]] (D-WA). They sit on opposite sides of the political spectrum for those who may not be keeping track Republican and a Democrat. 

This kind of emerged out of a knockdown drag out budget fight that they sort of recognized that there was not enough evidence to fill the gaps in knowledge that they needed. They committed to building a better system ... that culminated in a new law called the [[w:Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act|Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act]]. It included the Open Government Data Act that I mentioned a bit ago. President Trump signed that law. 

The problem with a lot of the things in that law and actually one of the things it was trying to solve -- it didn't quite get there -- was it focused a lot on the supply of knowledge, the supply of data. So it was building a better system for the research community in the hopes that people would come to use the knowledge. 

But what it didn't quite set up was a lot of the mechanisms that we needed to inform what people really wanted to know -- the questions that you have ... the policymakers needs that they're rapidly trying to answer as they're writing legislation or writing an executive order, or they're confronted with an emergency. 

That's a critical role that media also gets to play as an intermediary and often a broker working between academia and the policymaking community is helping to fill this gap. 

Nick Hart: Government can be a tremendous resource of knowledge with the [[w:Federal Statistical system|Federal Statistical system]], like the [[w:United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]] and the [[w:Bureau of Economic Analysis|Bureau of Economic Analysis]], producing statistics like [[w:gross domestic product|gross domestic product]] and [[w:unemployment|unemployment rate]] ... . 

We talk about things like the unemployment rate when you're walking down the street, and you realize that somebody doesn't have a job, and you may use it informally to say I saw this thing on the news, and the media has reported that. But then we get into a debate about, you know, is 4.5% too high or too low? 

And the media helps inform that context by providing interviews with the policymakers in Missouri or around the country that might have different perspectives at the state level, about whether that's too high or too low in a different context.}}

===Final words===

When asked for closing comments, Hart replied, {{quote|

My final words are just that evidence-based policymaking is really hard. It requires interpretation of people's values. We live in a democratic society, and what data we collect, how we collect it, how we manage it is going to always be something that requires a bit of interpretation. So, regardless of where you sit on the political spectrum, I'd say, please participate in this discourse about what data we're collecting and ensure that we're collecting what you value and what you deem important and communicate that to every level of government. This isn't just about the Federal level of government. It's about your local governments, too, and let's keep promoting openness of information, because that's what's really useful.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per million population.&lt;ref&gt;John (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022) found that the presence of a member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] was associated with on average 1.4 additional federal prosecutions for political corruption per US federal court jurisdiction per year between 2003 and 2019. However, they found no impact on such prosecutions attributable to the number of journalists, which fell by a factor of roughly 3 during that period.&lt;ref&gt;Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022). Their Table 2 shows that the number of prosecutions increased by on average 1.4 per year during that period. Their Table 1 shows no impact on prosecutions due to the number of journalists, even though the number of journalists in the US fell by roughly a factor of 3 during that period, as documented in their Figure 2.&lt;/ref&gt;  

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

=== Politicians will only use evidence that the major media disseminate ===

A point that did not get adequately covered in the interview is that &quot;The media create the stage upon which politicians read their lines&quot;, as Graves commented in his recent interview on &quot;[[What the Left can learn from Fox]]&quot;. And, 

:''If evidence is largely unreported, it will not likely be considered in political debates and public policy.''

The Trump administration's attacks on immigrants are an example. The Wikipedia article on “[[w:Immigration and crime|Immigration and crime]]” says, “Research suggests that public perception often exaggerates the connection between immigration and crime, influenced by sensationalised media coverage and political rhetoric.” The Wikipedia article on “[[w:Immigration|Immigration]]” says, “research suggests that migration can be beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries.” The Wikipedia article on “[[w:Sanctuary city|Sanctuary city]]” expands on this, saying, “studies on the relationship between sanctuary status and crime have found that sanctuary policies either have no effect on crime or that sanctuary cities have lower crime rates and stronger economies than comparable non-sanctuary cities.”

Fact checking costs money, and few media executives want their journalist doing that, especially if it might offend a politician, who could make it harder for such journalists to report on said politician. It becomes profitable only if a lack of fact checking could lead to a substantive loss of audience. The reporting on immigrants was so distorted prior to last November that even the Democrats were forced to adopt anti-immigrant policies:

=== Trump fired the BLS commissioner after reporting a weakening jobs market ===

On 2025-08-01, the day after this interview was recorded, President Trump fired the commissioner heading the [[w:Bureau of Labor Statistics|Bureau of Labor Statistics]] (BLS), [[w:Erika McEntarfer|Erika McEntarfer]], after monthly BLS report &quot;showed hiring slowed in July and was much weaker in May and June than previously reported.&quot; Trump alleged without evidence &quot;that the figures were manipulated for political reasons&quot;, noting that McEntarfer had been appointed by former President Biden.&lt;ref&gt;Rugaber and Boak (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; Hart replied with a press release saying in part, &quot;Statistical independence is not dependent on any single individual but is built into the system itself through robust policies, procedures, legal frameworks, and the culture and people of the statistical system&quot;, and citing the &quot;Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act&quot;, the Public Trust Rule, and other aspects of how data collection and analysis by US government officials have been working.&lt;ref&gt;Hart (2025).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--William K. Black (2013) The Best Way to Rob a Bank is to Own One: How Corporate Executives and Politicians Looted the S&amp;L Industry, updated edition--&gt;{{cite Q|Q117748831}}
* &lt;!--Data Foundation (2025-07-31) Data Foundation Releases 5th ‘Evidence Capacity Pulse Report’--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135685287|author=Data Foundation}}
* &lt;!--Data Foundation (2025-08-05) &quot;Evaluating for Efficiency: Lessons from GAO and Inspectors General&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135686918|author=Data Foundation}}
* &lt;!--Data Foundation (2025-08-20) &quot;AI Virtual Forum: Data &amp; Policy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135689064|author=Data Foundation|date=2025-08-20}}
* &lt;!--Data Foundation (2025-09-09) &quot;Q3 2025 Data Coalition Member Meeting&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135689090|author=Data Foundation|date=2025-09-09}}
* &lt;!--Nick Hart (2025-08-01) &quot;Data Foundation Statement on Trustworthiness in Federal Statistics&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135699965}}
* &lt;!-- Nick Hart and Meron Yohannes, eds. (2019)  Evidence Works: Cases Where Evidence Meaningfully Informed Policy (Bipartisan Policy Center)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135684837|authors= Nick Hart and Meron Yohannes, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995)  Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166}}
* &lt;!--Johnson and Newcomer (2020) U.S. Inspectors General: Truth Tellers in Turbulent Times (Brookings Inst. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135688681}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Kathryn Newcomer and Nick Hart (2022)  Evidence-Building and Evaluation in Government (Sage)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135684802}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--US Code, Title 5 section 403, Appointments--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135687546|author=US Code, title 5 section 403}}
* &lt;!--US Congress (2008) &quot;H.R.928 - Inspector General Reform Act of 2008&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135687227|author=US Congress}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--White House (2025-07-23) &quot;White House Unveils America’s AI Action Plan--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135689142|author=White House}}
* &lt;!--Lindsay Whitehurst (2025-02-12) &quot;
Government watchdogs fired by Trump sue his administration and ask a judge to reinstate them&quot;, AP--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135688852}}

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    <title>The role of the media in conflict</title>
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      <text bytes="30677" sha1="3qnpj50k2i163zo7mcuctfkvhve9x26" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-08-28 interview with Doug Samuelson&lt;ref name=Samuelson&gt;&lt;!--Douglas A. Samuelson--&gt;{{cite Q|Q89781201}}&lt;/ref&gt; about the role of the media in conflict. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-09-06 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The role of the media in conflict.webm|thumb|2025-08-28 interview with Doug Samuelson about the role of the media in conflict.]]
[[File:The role of the media in conflict.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-08-28 of Doug Samuelson by Spencer Graves about the role of the media in conflict.]]

Doug Samuelson&lt;ref name=Samuelson/&gt; discusses the role of the media in conflict with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Samuelson has a [[w:Doctor of Science|Dr. Sci.]] in [[w:operations research|operations research]] and years of experience with [[w:empirical modelling|empirical modeling]], especially for military applications. He is co-author with Graves of an article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;. Samuelson is affiliated with the [[w:Trevor N. Dupuy#Academic and research career|Dupuy Institute]],&lt;ref name=Dupuy&gt;&lt;!--Dupuy Institute--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135969462}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is &quot;dedicated to scholarly research and objective analysis of historical data related to armed conflict and the resolution of armed conflict.&quot;

== Highlights == 

Samuelson began by saying, {{quote|

It is all too easy with modern media to organize people into [[w:Echo chamber (media)|echo chamber]]s, where all they hear are reinforcements of the same views: You can move people in a direction that may not be in their interests, but it is in yours. 

One of the things that somebody controlling that kind of communications can do is push us into a conflict we really shouldn't be in.}}&lt;ref&gt;The Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot; has a section on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Threats from social media|Threats from social media]]&quot; that cites some of the research literature on this.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Vietnam, Korea, ... === 

Graves asked for an example. Samuelson said he thought it was {{quote|

pretty well established now that the run-up to the [[w:United States in the Vietnam War|US intervention in Vietnam]] was to some extent fueled by a lot of information put out by journalistic sources friendly to the hawks in the administration. And ... there was clearly a one-sided portrayal of what was going on in Vietnam.}}

Graves asked, &quot;You're talking about the 1960s now, you're not talking about the 1950s?&quot;

Samuelson agreed noting that {{quote|

in the 1950s, it wasn't covered at all. ... It was [[w:First Indochina War|France's problem]]. We didn't know very much about what was going on in Vietnam, as we proceeded to demonstrate by what we did in 1954.

And for those who may have come in a little bit late, like being born after 1970 or so, the United States did intervene. We were the 'peacemakers.' We stepped in and said, No, we're not going to let this election go to those horrible communists. ... And that's how the country got divided.}}

Graves noted that, &quot;Between 1950 and 1954, [[w:Joseph McCarthy|Senator Joe McCarthy]] was making big headlines all across the nation ... with different lists of different numbers of communists, whether it was 68 or 300 or whatever, in the US government. And journalists basically avoided asking for documentation, right?&quot; 

Samuelson disagreed, saying they asked for it and didn't get it. And if they persisted too hard, they may not have gotten a press pass to his next press conference.

Graves continued, noting that the major media didn't report serious questions about that until finally, [[w:Edward R. Murrow|Ed Murrow in March of 54 had a TV show]] that contributed to limiting the excesses of Senator McCarthy. &quot;And President Eisenhower knew that he could not allow a communist to win an election in Vietnam.&quot; 

Samuelson agreed noting that this was right after [[w:Korean War|Korea]], and not only McCarthy but a whole lot of other people on the American right were screaming that the United States government through its softness and appeasement and whatever else, possibly because they were infiltrated by communist agents, had given away Korea. And before that, they had [[w:Loss of China|given away China]]. So there was this whole big lobbying campaign that we've got to stand up to communism in Asia.

Graves continued, noting that [[w:Syngman Rhee|Syngman Rhee]], whom the US had supported in South Korea,  was a child of the Korean aristocracy, which had contributed to the corruption in Korea that made it easy for Japan to come in and take over.

Samuelson agreed, noting that [[w:Korea under Japanese rule|Japan occupied Korea]] in the first half of the 20th century.

Graves added that the North Korean leader [[w:Kim Il Sung|Kim Il Sung]] during the war was actually in Korea organizing the partisans to fight the Japanese, while Syngman Rhee was in the United States. 

Samuelson added that you can make the same case that in Vietnam, the great hero of the locals fighting the Japanese occupation was [[w:Ho Chi Minh|Ho Chi Minh]], which was why he was so popular.

Samuelson then said that after the [[w:Tet Offensive|Tet Offensive]] in 1968 the American media turned against the war, and many of the war hawks screamed for decades about how the media had cost us the war. If we hadn't had all this negative coverage, we could have won. 

Graves added, &quot;Never mind that Eisenhower said in his autobiography that he never communicated with anyone knowledgeable in Indo-Chinese affairs, including Vietnam, that did not agree that the communist Ho Chi Minh might have gotten 80% of the vote.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Eisenhower (1963, esp. p. 372, ch. 14. Chaos in Indochina).&lt;/ref&gt;  

Samuelson noted that we could spend this whole half hour on Vietnam, but his key point is that the media, first in promoting then opposing the US intervention did have an effect. &quot;I don't want to say it was all media, but it had an effect. And governments that want to do something will probably try to use the media to promote their point of view to the people.&quot; 

=== Accountability v. access journalism === 

Graves noted that he had recently interviewed [[w:Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]], who talks about the difference between accountability and access journalism. 

* Accountability journalism is disseminating information that people with power do not want known. 
* Access journalism is giving people with power access to an audience to disseminate information that people with power do want known. 

Samuelson agreed, noting that [[w:Marshall McLuhan|Marshall McLuhan]], who published ''[[w:Understanding Media|Understanding Media]]'' in 1964, did not live long enough to see how correct he was. {{Quote|

... As we move from a primarily word-based communications media to visual-based, image-based, everything changes. It's much easier to manipulate people's emotions with images than with words.

Much of modern society was built on the written word, because once you had the printing press, then the ruler could issue an order, and it took the same form wherever it went. You could disseminate it widely, and everybody knew what it said, because it was written down, and you could read it. 

Now we're in this visual age, and what McLuhan said would happen is we would be going back to tribalism on a global scale. The [[w:global village|global village]]. Everybody, once again. focuses around the identification of a group. A tribe doesn't have to be racial. There are other ways you can form a tribe, but you only hear what your tribe has to say, and you reinforce each other. 

We're back to tribalism on a global scale. I couldn't say from what we're seeing right now that he was wrong.}} 

Graves agreed, saying that fits with the thought that knowledge is coded in connections between neurons. 

=== Knowledge coded in connections between neurons === 

* ''Everything we think we know is coded in a system of connections between neurons in our brains.'' 
* ''These systems are more unique than fingerprints and evolve over time.'' 
* ''The words we use do not mean the same thing to two different people, nor to the same person at two different points in time.'' 
* ''Usually, the differences are inconsequential. Sometimes they're serious or fatal.''&lt;ref&gt;Graves (2025).&lt;/ref&gt;  

Samuelson insist these differences too often have consequences. For example,  you can find many sources saying contradictory things about what exactly does Christian Scripture say? It has never been universally agreed what the language means, or even in some cases, what the language is. {{Quote|

There was a conclave at Nicaea in 325 of the [[w:Common Era|Common Era]] to try and figure out what the Gospel said, and the disagreements were not all polite and scholarly. It's a lovely story of how [[w:Arius| Arius]] was promoting what they decided was a heretical view of exactly how divine Jesus was. And [[w:Saint Nicholas|St. Nicholas]] concluded the argument by punching him in the chops. This is actually in the official histories. Nobody's making this up. 

So think about this. How obnoxious do you have to be to get punched out by Santa Claus?

That was the environment from which the definitive Christian scriptures emerged.}} 

Graves suggested that similar things could be said about the Old Testament.

Samuelson disagreed. {{Quote| 

We've got a version of the [[w:Torah|Torah]], carefully preserved by the [[w:Masoretic Text|Masoretic scribes]], We've found archaeological copies, the [[w:Dead Sea Scrolls|Qumran scrolls from the Dead Sea]], and some of the other 2,000-year-old versions that have not been touched. They were buried and lost, or archived and lost. And we dig them up, and you can compare word for word. From that to a modern carefully scholarly, vetted Torah, you might find 50 words changed. Very close. 

Does that mean that we all agree on what those words mean?}}

=== Attacks of October 7, 2023 ===

For another example, Samuelson noted, {{quote|

On [[w:October 7 attacks|October 7th, 2023]], there was a massive incursion by [[w:Hamas|Hamas]] across the border from [[w:Gaza Strip|Gaza]] into Israel. And almost at the time those troops were crossing the border, an information campaign began on a rather large scale basically telling the pro-Hamas side of the story. ... 

I was on LinkedIn. I eventually bailed out of LinkedIn because of this. ... I found myself getting assailed by people I didn't know telling me that if I supported the Israelis and what they had been doing that eventually provoked this righteous uprising, obviously, I favor genocide.

I was getting hammered on this, and reporting abuse over and over to LinkedIn, and not getting enough of a response quickly enough. I think some of those people eventually got thrown off, but I got off before they did, because it was just an overwhelming information assault accompanied and obviously coordinated with the physical assault in Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;Pape and Elgohari (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;}} 

=== Increase in political polarization and violence === 

Graves noted that there has been over the past 20 years, or even 30 or more, a substantive increase in political polarization and violence. He has seen two primary explanations for this: &lt;ref&gt;See the discussion below in the section on &quot;[[#The need for media reform to improve democracy|The need for media reform to improve democracy]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

1. The increase in consolidation of ownership of the media. 

2. The Internet, especially social media, that herd people into echo chambers.

Samuelson said we should lean more on that second one. &quot;When a new communications medium becomes prominent, it changes the structure of society. The simple presence of the new medium carries more information and has more effect than any of its content. That is what McLuhan meant by, &quot;[[w:the medium is the message|the medium is the message]].&quot; 

Graves recalled the research that said that effect is more powerful in local news deserts.&lt;ref&gt;Documentation that the far Right tends to do better in news deserts was discussed in the interview with [[News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today|University of British Columbia history professor Heidi Tworek]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Samuelson agreed: &quot;If you're trying to put out a message any place where there's no competing information, you're going to have a much easier time succeeding.&quot; {{Quote|

I was a player in a [[w:Wargame|wargame]] in 2003, ironically, right around the time of [[w: Gulf War|Gulf War II]], but there was no particular connection between the war game and what was going on in the Middle East. ... The inject was that somebody comes to a member of the journalism group, the media group, and reports, we are space aliens, and we have landed on Earth, and here's what we want you to tell the world.

By pure happenstance, the journalism group member they spoke to, me, had a journalism background. And one of the things I had had drilled into me at the ''[[w:the Daily Californian|Daily Californian campus]]'' newspaper was, it isn't a true story until you've got two independent sources for it. You don't call it news until you've got two sources. And my fellow journalists met with me, and we talked about it, and I said, does anybody have a second source for this? I've got one guy telling me that the aliens are here. Does anybody have a second source? If we don't have a second source, we don't publish it.

The game had been played several times before. Every other time, this viral story about how the aliens were here produced all kinds of effects in society with usually, fatal consequences for somebody. 

The guy who ran the game, when we did what we call the hot wash at the end of the game, let's go over what happened and what did we learn, the guy looked at me and said, 'The action of one person following a rule we never stated changed the entire course of the game, because it never went viral with that ethic being enforced in the journalism group. 

Now, this was just a wargame. Wargames don't prove anything. But it certainly is an illustration of how powerful the application of journalistic ethics at a key point could be.}}

=== Yucca Mountain ===

For another example, Samuelson noted that early in the [[w:Presidency of George W. Bush|W administration]], {{Quote| 

there was a rather strong push to establish a nuclear waste depository. The obvious place to do it was right next to the [[w:Nevada Test Site|Nevada Test Site]]. You've got this nice, stable geological formation at [[w:Yucca Mountain|Yucca Mountain]], and there's nothing else there. It was the test site, because there was nothing else there. It is the most heavily bombed place on Earth. It has been been nuked a hundred times. If there was anybody there, there ain't now.

There were some very good, solid scientific studies: This would be a great place to put the waste. It's a nice, stable formation, the stuff will stay there, it won't leak.

Except there was one little detail: Eventually, somebody, I think in [[w:Salt Lake City|Salt Lake City]] or [[w:Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], one of the two, figured out that the only way you would get the stuff there from the reactors on the East Coast that were generating the nuclear waste was to take it by rail through the middle of one of those two cities. 

And for some reason, when that word got to the locals, there was a bit of a backlash. Yes, it's wonderful to have that nuclear waste in a nice, safe place in Nevada, but not if transporting it there is actually a fairly high-risk activity.}}

Graves recalled the [[w:East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment|derailment a couple years ago in Ohio]]. 

Samuelson agreed: {{Quote| 

Rail accidents happen. Accidents handling nuclear materials happen. They are not always widely publicized, but somebody got the idea. Hey, wait a minute, how are they going to get that stuff to Yucca Mountain? 

Everybody in Nevada was convinced that the United States government was lying like a rug about how much nuclear material leaked from the underground tests.

Nevadans just did not believe any assurances from the federal government about nuclear. ... 

Again, you could do a nice scientific analysis of this, a really good place for a half-terawatt nuclear power plant would be right next to Yucca Mountain. The transmission costs to Southern California and Las Vegas and Phoenix would be low. It would be a nice, inexpensive energy source with much less environmental consequence than coal and oil have. It's a nice, safe place. You can bury the waste right there, no problem with waste disposal or security thereof. 

Nobody in Nevada will even talk about licensing a nuclear power plant anywhere in the state.}} 

=== Federal prosecutions for political corruption === 

Graves noted he had {{Quote| 

recently interviewed [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher|University of San Diego journalism professor Usher, who, with a co-author, Kim-Leffingwell, counted the number of federal prosecutions for political corruption]] in each of the 94 US federal court districts between 2003 and 2019. They found on average 1.4 more prosecutions per year in districts that had members of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News| Institute for Nonprofit News]] than in districts that did not. And the implication being that the Institute for Nonprofit News was producing accountability journalism, and without that, 

''watchdogs protect the people who feed them.''}}

Samuelson responded that &quot;anything that boosts good, independent journalism tends to work against corruption.&quot; 

=== Dupuy Institute === 

Graves asked if there might be a way to use the information from that Usher and Kim-Leffingwell study to design interventions around the work of the DuPuy Institute.&lt;ref name=Dupuy/&gt; 

Samuelson replied, {{Quote|

I don't know about the role the Dupuis Institute would play in this. We do quantitative study of conflict. We're the counterbalance against the folks who have a great narrative and want to push it. 

And you start digging into it a little bit, and okay, well, what were the casualty counts on both sides? You say this was a massacre by A against B. What do the body counts show? What do the captured weapons counts show? They often tell a different story.

I wouldn't call us journalists. We consider ourselves scientists. Most of us have either military or intelligence backgrounds. And subject matter knowledge makes a difference ... in figuring out which stories sound credible.}}

=== The military and journalism during a war === 

Graves asked about the evolution of the military's approach to journalism comparing, e.g., the embedded journalists in Iraq versus World War II.

Samuelson said, {{Quote|

In World War II, there was a lot more ability for the military to censor what journalists got in, and what they could send out. And it's kind of ironic that the example we point to now of a good military attitude toward the media is what Eisenhower and MacArthur did during the occupations after the war, encouraging the growth of independent media in Germany and Japan. 

That certainly was not something they did with their own country during the war.}}

=== Final words === 

When asked for closing comments, Samuelson replied, {{Quote|

If you see something, say something. Be vigilant.

And don't believe what you hear until you've heard it from a couple of independent sources.}}

Graves agreed, recommending looking for somebody who might say something that might contradict your preconceptions. 

Samuelson recommended, {{Quote| 

We all should probably get the basic course on [[w:critical thinking|critical thinking]]. 

There is such a thing, it is not widely disseminated, but we all should learn to be much more critical consumers of information. ... Look for the other point of view. Balance them against each other, contrast them against each other. 

If ''[[w:The New Republic|The New Republic]]'' and [[w:National Review|National Review]] agreed on a fact about Vietnam, I was inclined to believe it was right. Where they differed, I could see right away where the spins were, and that was informative also.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per million population.&lt;ref&gt;John (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022) found that the presence of a member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] was associated with on average 1.4 additional federal prosecutions for political corruption per US federal court jurisdiction per year between 2003 and 2019. However, they found no impact on such prosecutions attributable to the number of journalists, which fell by a factor of roughly 3 during that period.&lt;ref&gt;Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022). Their Table 2 shows that the number of prosecutions increased by on average 1.4 per year during that period. Their Table 1 shows no impact on prosecutions due to the number of journalists, even though the number of journalists in the US fell by roughly a factor of 3 during that period, as documented in their Figure 2.&lt;/ref&gt;  

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

=== The threat from for-profit Internet companies, especially social media ===

Three interviews in this series have explicitly raised concerns about the for-profit internet companies, especially social media: 

* Caltech postdoc Ian Axel Anderson discussed, &quot;[[How psychological and interpersonal processes are influenced by human-computer interactions]]. 
* [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]] described how senior executives at [[w:Facebook]] recognized that Facebook was contibuting to major societal problems. For example, teenagers who spent more time on Facebook were more likely to commit suicide. And Facebook was contributing to major ethnic violence including the genocide of Rohingyan Muslims in Myanmar. After first creating a team working for Haugen to work on this problem, Facebook exectived decided that fixing the problem would cost them too much money, so the abolished that effort.
* [[Dean Baker on Internet companies threatening democracy internationally and how to fix that|Economist Dean Baker, a co-founder of the [[w:Center for Economic and Policy Research|Center for Economic and Policy Research]], recommends changing [[w:Section 230|Section 230]] of Title 47 of the US Code to make Internet companies liable for content the boost differentially, like legacy media per the US Supreme Court decision in [[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|''New York Times v. Sullivan'']] (1964), while retaining their immunity from liability when acting as a common carrier, like telephone companies. ([[Legal concerns of Free Press including Section 230|Matt Wood, Vice President of Policy]] and General Counsel for [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]], opposed changes to Section 230 that were under consideration when he was interviewed 2024-08-13.)

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Eric Cortellessa (2023-10-31) &quot;The Oct. 7 Massacre Revealed a New Hamas Social Media Strategy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136126397}}
* &lt;!--Dwight Eisenhower (1963) Mandate for Change (Doubleday)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q61945939}}
* &lt;!--Spencer Graves (2025-02-14) &quot;We have to talk&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136126262}}* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995)  Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|authors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Robert A. Pape and Mohamed Elgohari (2023-12-14) &quot;Winning hearts and minds: Hamas propaganda campaign post October 7&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136126411}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}

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      <text bytes="34737" sha1="36tbxstzfhnxpawtqqpvm797fvc9wey" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses FCC Commissioner [[w:Anna M. Gomez|Anna Gomez]]' keynote address at the [[w:Grassroots Radio Coalition|Grassroots Radio Conference]] 2025-09-12, in which she discusses her &quot;First Amendment Tour: Fighting back against the campaign of censorship and control.&quot; ''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:FCC Commissioner Gomez at the 2025 Grassroots Radio Conference.webm|thumb|Keynote address by FCC Commissioner Gomez at the Grassroots Radio Conference, 2025-09-12, and companion Q&amp;A]]
[[File:FCC Commissioner Gomez at the 2025 Grassroots Radio Conference.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts form the keynote address by FCC Commissioner Gomez at the Grassroots Radio Conference, 2025-09-12, and the companion Q&amp;A session. This podcast was released 2025-09-20 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[w:Anna M. Gomez|Anna Gomez]] is an attorney specializing in telecommunications law. She was appointed as a Commissioner for the US [[w:Federal Communications Commission|Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) in 2023 by President Biden. She gave the keynote address at the 2025 [[w:Grassroots Radio Coalition|Grassroots Radio Conference]]. The companion 1-hour video features her remarks followed by Q&amp;A. The companion 29:00 mm:ss audio podcast was excerpted from that video. The following highlights are excepted from the podcast. 

== Highlights == 

The following transcribes most of Commissioner Gomez' prepared remarks followed by excerpts from the Q&amp;A session that followed. 

=== Excerpts from prepared remarks === 

Anna Gomez' address proceeded as follows: {{quote|

I'm Anna Gomez, and I'm currently the sole democratic commissioner at the Federal Communications Commission, and one of the few remaining minority voices at independent regulatory agencies. Now some of you may know, earlier this year, I launched a First Amendment tour to fight back against this administration's campaign of censorship and control. The [[w:First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] has protected our fundamental right to speak freely and to hold power to account since 1791. It is foundational to our democracy, and today that foundation is trembling after constant attacks by our own government. Across 16 stops, across DC, California, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, and now Washington State, I have been focused on shining a light on the ways in which this FCC actions have been threatening freedom of speech and freedom of the press. I've been listening to voices across the country that do not usually engage in FCC proceedings, and encouraging others across the ideological spectrum to speak out and to push back. Months later, I'm still on the road, because what we are witnessing is this administration in an ongoing and escalating effort. 

The threats from this coordinated campaign of censorship and control are far from over. Here are just some of the most egregious examples. This administration has initiated investigations and floated debilitating rate regulation regimes targeting the national broadcast networks for their newsrooms editorial decisions, harassed private companies because of their diversity equity and inclusion efforts, and threatened tech companies that respond to consumer demands for content moderation and fact checking. They have attempted to shutter the [[w:Voice of America|Voice of America]] and sought retribution against lawful residents that peacefully protest administration policies. They are banning books and attempting to erase history from the public record and from our national museums. And they are targeting law firms, unions and all those who have the skills and the will to stand up for the victims of this campaign of censorship and control. 

And of course, I cannot leave out the fact that they have been firing potential presidentially appointed Senate confirmed minority commissioners of multi member independent agencies. The administration seems intent on using its vast power to punish anyone who dares to speak up and disagree with its extreme agenda. Broadcasters across the country are facing an impossible choice: Comply with the administration's demands or risk a financially debilitating investigation and the threat of a license revocation. The power to revoke a broadcast license, a power meant to ensure service to local communities and technical compliance, is being weaponized to punish stations that dare to report news in a way that this administration doesn't like. That is not regulation. That is punitive censorship and a regulatory reprisal against free speech. When licenses become tools of coercion rather than stewardship, the concept of a free press, the so called fourth estate that holds government accountable, is washed away. 

We have seen this FCC use frivolous news distortion complaints and the power to derail corporate mergers, to pressure news entities to abandon their editorial independence and to scrap their [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) practices. The best example of this type of abuse is the approval of the [[w:Merger of Skydance Media and Paramount Global|Paramount-Skydance]] merger, an $8 billion deal green lit only after the companies agreed to unprecedented concessions, including subjecting their newsroom to editorial oversight that conforms with this administration's views and priorities that goes directly against the First Amendment. 

So I dissented, and here's why: After being sued for its use of a standard editorial judgment in a ''[[w:60 Minutes|60 Minutes]]'' interview with former vice president Kamala Harris, Paramount opted for a payout instead of fighting the case in court, a case they would have won on the facts and on the law. After months of cowardly capitulation to this administration, Paramount got what it wanted, the approval of its multi billion dollar merger. 

Unfortunately, it is the American public who will ultimately pay the price for its actions. Paramount also accepted this administration's radical notion that discriminatory behavior should be tolerated and even embraced, while efforts to expand opportunity for everyone should be rejected. More alarmingly, the company agreed to never before seen forms of government control over newsroom decisions and editorial judgment, actions that violate both the First Amendment and the law, the [[w:Communications Act of 1934|Communications Act]]. A government sanctioned truth monitor is now in place at CBS to ensure that journalists at CBS do not criticize this administration or express views that conflict with its agenda. It is a dark chapter in a long and growing record of abuse that threatens democracy in this country. ... 

This administration is not done with its assault on the First Amendment. In fact, it is only beginning. So I want to take a few moments to discuss what I fear lies ahead with this administration's campaign of innovation, intervention and media and to silence critics, to gain favorable coverage and to impose ideological conformity. The FCC has been taking action under the guise of combating so called media bias, an undefined term which, in practice, appears to encompass anything or anyone who disagrees with this administration. Never mind that those now feigning control over media bias are the same individuals that spent the past decade attacking the press and sowing public distrust in journalism. Notably, the public trust in government is at an all time low. But despite this fact, the administration would have us believe they should be empowered to determine what constitutes bias and to police the truth. 

Remember, the point of the First Amendment is to prohibit the government from restricting free speech and a free press. So even if media bias did exist to the extent that this administration claims, the last entity the Americans people should trust with defining or policing it is the federal government. This FCC asserts authority for these actions based on broadcasters public interest obligations. And much like the phrase media bias, what this means is open for the current government's arbitrary interpretation. The FCC is being weaponized by using an undefined and distorted public interest justification for targeting government critics and censoring disfavored content. Now it is true that broadcasters have an obligation to operate in the public interest, but the FCC authority under the public interest is constrained by the scope of its authority under the Communications Act. That law, which governs everything we do at our agency, specifically prohibits the FCC from censoring broadcaster content. So regardless of how often or how loudly the Commission asserts that it has the right to police media bias because broadcasters have a public interest obligation, that is simply not true.

The long defunct [[w:Fairness doctrine|fairness doctrine]] is the closest thing to the vague standard being asserted. But the commission eliminated the fairness doctrine in the 1980s under President Reagan, something many libertarian and conservative thinkers celebrated at the time. Accordingly, before initiating any more retaliatory investigations or politically motivated actions, the FCC must initiate a proceeding to define what the public interest means. It has undertaken such issues in the past, and given the weight of what is at stake, it must do so now. 

I also want to talk about what I believe is coming next. Thus far, this administration and this FCC have worked together to go after individual companies and broadcast stations. Their actions have targeted entities and policies one by one. What the FCC is planning to do next is change the rules of the game entirely. We are seeing the agency gear up to take major actions that will drastically alter the national media ecosystem and the number of voices that are a part of it. The FCC is considering overriding congressionally established ownership caps that for decades have preserved the agency's pillars of media policy, localism, competition and viewpoint diversity. Congress placed limits on broadcast ownership precisely so that one entity would not control the majority of the content we all consume. That's the essence of viewpoint diversity. Today, that principle is at risk. Efforts to dismantle ownership caps and allow greater consolidation are advancing. Each merger or acquisition reduces the number of voices that may be heard.  Each closure of a local newsroom makes our discourse narrower and our communities weaker. ... The FCC has a duty to ensure our media system serves the public, not billion dollar companies. ...

I also worry about the emerging trend in the government effort to pick winners and losers in the media ecosystem. I don't have to remind you how public broadcasting in particular has been singled out by this administration. NPR and PBS stations are under siege. ... 

This is what I fear, that they would remove them from the list of stations that are part of our nation's alerting system, or escalate investigations and threaten to the revoke their licenses. ... 

I suspect we will see further efforts to subsidize or dismantle barriers to entry for media that is seen as favorable to this administration, whether that includes the consolidation I already mentioned, imposing new rules on virtual cable providers or steering the next wave of broadcast technology in their favor, in the end, this was never about preserving diversity of voices. It's about narrowing them. While one set of outlets is defunded, stripped of licenses or excluded from public service responsibilities, another set is quietly promoted, subsidized and cleared of regulatory obstacles. The goal is not to reduce bias or to ensure balance, but to engineer a media environment that echoes only one worldview. That is not viewpoint diversity, it is viewpoint control. And if we allow the government to decide which voices survive and which are silenced, we lose the very foundation of a free press and with it the democratic principles it seeks to protect. ... 

Unchecked and unquestioned power has no rightful place in America. That is why grassroots radio is so important. You are committed to serving your communities. You bring a voice a diverse viewpoint to your communities. And I've asked companies, journalists and citizens alike, to stand up and speak out. It's time for everyone to find their courage, and I will continue to call out cowardly corporate capitulation for what it is, a betrayal not just of journalistic independence, but of the public trust. ...}}

Ms. Gomez spoke for just under 16 minutes. That was followed by Q&amp;A initiated by Peggy Heinkel-Wolfe&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Peggy Heinkel-Wolfe--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136327829}}&lt;/ref&gt; filling an hour.

=== To what extent do other commissioners review actions of the Chairman and enforcement bureau? ===

Ms. Heinkel-Wolfe asked how much discretion does the FCC Chairman and the enforcement bureau have, and will the other Commissioners be reviewing their actions publicly? 

Ms. Gomez replied, {{quote|

I think it's important to keep in mind something that I said before, which is that we are constrained by our remit under the statute under the Communications Act. And while it is true that we have EEO rules, those rules are designed to ensure that broadcasters are recruiting from a diverse set of candidates. Why is that? Why do we have that because for localism purposes, you want to make sure that local broadcasters are serving their local communities, and the way to do that is to ensure that they have a diverse staff. But what we don't do is police violations of the nation's Equal Employment Opportunity Commission laws, or civil rights laws, that is done by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Department of Justice, usually. ... 

This administration is using proceedings like enforcement in order to get its licensees to alter their behavior in a way that is not reviewable, because until there is final commission action, there is no review by the court. So for example, when you initiate an enforcement proceeding against CBS and you demand concessions out of CBS, none of that is reviewable in court until there's a final commission determination. So to me, what you are seeing is a harassment, an unauthorized assertion of authority in order to get licensees to alter their behavior. Now your question was, will the full commission do something in the public. In public, I don't see things unless they rise to our level. What causes that certain levels of forfeitures can be done at the Commission are done at the commission level. The Bureaus only have so much authority to take actions on their own or a license revocation. I don't think this is going to lead this license revocations that would be so quickly reversed. ...}}

Ms. Heinkel-Wolfe continued, &quot;... A lot of times, once it got to the city council, it was a fait accompli, and you watched council members struggle to get the information that they needed to make a good decision. It might be helpful for the people in this room to sort of understand how information gets to you.&quot;

Ms. Gomez replied, {{quote|

Enforcement matters, they are enforcement matters. They are sensitive, and there's market consequences to information, so they are kept confidential until they're ready to take actions. This is true of the Department of Justice. This is true of, you know, waiting until after an indictment to actually name names. ... 

I tend not to get a lot of information about them. I can ask for information. It doesn't necessarily mean I will be given that information. If there are other matters before me where I'm asked to vote on something, obviously, I get all the information. Well, I ask for all the information tonight, the information, hopefully that I need. ... It's not that I have that much visibility into everything that the bureau is doing.}}

=== Can Community radio licenses be terminated? === 

Ms. Heinkel-Wolfe also noted that community radio stations serve underserved audiences and wondered if their licenses might be threatened by actions by the FCC chairman?

Ms. Gomez replied, {{quote|

I don't think they can be legally vulnerable to that kind of scrutiny. And as I've said before, I really think that the goal is to alter behavior before it gets to something like that, because that would be reviewable by court. ... I think that the goal is to erase anything that's related to diversity and equity and inclusion. And I think it's an absolute twisting of our civil rights laws. But in the end, what your community radio does is so important for your communities. And in order to serve your communities, you have to understand your communities, and you have to meet them where they are.}} 

Ms. Heinkel-Wolfe then asked, &quot;What I'm hearing from you is that we've got to find we've got to find the courage, if the pressure comes to our station, we've got to figure out how to do that. But I did also want to address this chatter that we hear sometimes that religious broadcasters say they're being discriminated against, and there has been some information out of the [[w:Freedom From Religion Foundation|Freedom From Religion Foundation]] that there's a concern that the bandwidth usually allocated to community radio may end up with religious broadcasters.&lt;ref&gt;Heinkel-Wolfe (2025-03-10)'s &quot;Organizing letters&quot; defending community radio described &quot;a scheme to end the status of NPR and Pacifica radio stations as 'noncommercial educational stations,' moving them from the desirable low end of the radio spectrum so religious programming can replace the prime 88 to 92 FM frequencies.” For that, Heinkel-Wolfe cited Freedom From Religion Foundation (2024-11-11), which further cited Project 2025 (2024, pp. 246-248) and Nichols (2024). Project 2025 (p. 247) says, &quot;Stripping public funding would, of course, mean that NPR, PBS, Pacifica Radio, and the other leftist broadcasters would be shorn of the presumption that they act in the public interest and receive the privileges that often accompany so acting. They should no longer, for example, be qualified as noncommercial education stations (NCE stations), which they clearly no longer are.&quot; Nichols wrote, 'More destabilizing than the total funding cut that Project 2025 entertains is a parallel plan to end the status of NPR and Pacifica radio stations as “noncommercial education stations.” That could deny them their current channel numbers at the low end of the radio spectrum (88 to 92 FM), a move that would open prime territory on the dial for the sort of religious programming that already claims roughly 42% of the airwaves that the Federal Communications Commission reserves for noncommercial broadcasting.' Nichols suggested these channels would likely be surrendered &quot;to the Trump-aligned religious right.&quot; Nichols also noted that Project 2025 'champions the abandonment of the FCC’s legacy as &quot;a New Deal–era agency&quot; and proposes &quot;eliminating many of the heavy-handed FCC regulations ... [including] many of the FCC’s media ownership rules.&quot; That’s a recipe for empowering media giants like the Sinclair Broadcast Group. [Martin and McCrain (2019)] determined that the &quot;stations bought by Sinclair reduce coverage of local politics, increase national coverage and move the ideological tone of coverage in a conservative direction relative to other stations operating in the same market.&quot;'&lt;/ref&gt; Is that a threat? Is that something we need to be thinking about like just losing the bandwidth all together well.&quot;

Ms. Gomez replied, {{quote|

... I have not seen anything about that. But ... our rules, which are the law, have established the requirements for community radio licenses. And any change of that would have to actually be done by rule making at the Commission. ... You can't just say, Well, you know, magic wand, poof. You get the licenses and you don't have them anymore. That's not legal.}}

=== What can the [[w:Grassroots Radio Coalition|Grassroots Radio Coalition]] do ===

Ms. Heinkel-Wolfe then asked, &quot;is there something that as a group, this people, this group of people, can do that will be useful, or will apply points of pressure in the right places to preserve and grow community radio?&quot;

Ms. Gomez replied, {{quote|

I feel your pain. Keep doing what you do. I think what really worries me is capitulation in advance. Education. Speaking. You know, speech is important. I talk a lot about capitulation breeds capitulation but courage breeds courage, and we really need to continue to stand up. ...}}

=== FCC refusing to hear a complaint against the renewal of a license for a Fox station === 

A member of the audience asked about a complaint by the Media and Democracy Project&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Media and Democracy Project--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136327862}}&lt;/ref&gt; asking the FCC to revoke the license of a Fox broadcast station in Philadelphia based on the fact that Fox admitted to deliberately lying to the public, and the FCC has so far refused to hear that.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Fox Lied. To Protect Profits--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136327870}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ms. Gomez said, {{quote|

That petition was filed as an opposition to a license renewal of a local Fox station. The FCC actually dismissed that action. At the same time, I would note that it dismissed the complaints against CBS, ABC and NBC. And this administration revived the ABC, NBC and CBS complaints, but did not revive the petition to deny the Fox renewal. It's really important to know that they are different actions. A petition to deny a renewal is not an FCC enforcement proceeding. ... 

And I in particular, very much was against the fact that we put out for public comment the video of and the transcript of the CBS interview with Kamala Harris. And the reason I oppose that so strongly is, as I mentioned, enforcement is a law enforcement function. We don't do law enforcement by mob. That is very different than when we review license renewals, and we might seek public comment on license renewals, and we look at serious things like ownership qualifications. That is very different than what this administration is doing with CBS, ABC and NBC.}}

=== How might attacks on DEI affect minority broadcasters? === 

Another member of the audience asked how might attacks on DEI affect affect minority broadcasters?&quot;

Ms. Gomez replied, {{quote| 

These allegations of media bias are manufactured. And they really are a desire to control how news is reported and what information gets out to communities. ... [T]he FCC should not be policing bias. It is not our job to balance the marketplace of ideas. It is our job to ensure that there is a lot of viewpoints out there. 

So how is it going to affect you? I'd be surprised if it personally affects you, and I say that because the actions that are being taken are meant to chill, not to get to a final outcome, they are not to get to a license revocation, I hope, because the more that they can get people to capitulate in advance, the more they don't have to face the threat of going to court and defending what they're doing. And what they're doing is indefensible under the First Amendment.}}

=== How aware is this administration of community radio? ===

Another audience member asked, &quot;How much is community radio as a medium on the radar of the administration? How aware are they of us?&quot;

Ms. Gomez replied, {{quote |

It's a very good question. I have to admit, I have not seen any targeting. What you want to watch out for is whether there's a complaint filed against a particular station. That's when we'll know if you've drawn attention, but I have not seen it, so hopefully, keep doing what you're doing.}}

=== What can community stations do to protect themselves? === 

Another audience member asked, &quot;What community stations can do to protect themselves from potential enforcement actions?&quot; 

Ms. Gomez replied, {{quote|

What's so concerning about the fact that you're asking that question ... is the fact that, if I tell you that, don't report on ICE raids ... that is right away, telling you not to serve your community and telling you to censor yourself. 

So this administration has been going after broadcasters that broadcast in any way they don't like. So, for example, there was a complaint filed against a CBS station because they reported there was an ICE raid ongoing, and it turned into a complaint at the FCC. The administration spoke out against this one station for not serving the public interest, because &quot;We have to deport all immigrants,&quot; or &quot;This station put at risk the ICE agents.&quot;  

Well, this is news reporting. This is what reporters do. ... I think the most important thing is to just keep reporting the facts. Do not stop because of fear of being dragged before the FCC, because what they are doing is illegal and against the First Amendment. 

There's a particular conservative group, their initials are CAR ...Center for American rights ... .&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Center for American Rights--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136327942}}&lt;/ref&gt; [T]hey file a complaint like once a week. The most recent one, I think, is over. CBS is handling of an interview on ''[[w:Face The Nation|Face The Nation]]'' with the [[w:Defense Homeland Security|DHS]] secretary. They were unhappy that they edited it for breadth and for time and quality ... . But CBS put the entire transcript and the video of the interview online, and yet it became an absolute travesty, I guess, by the administration, where they said that because they refused to air parts of her answers, they were distorting the news. And ... now ''Face the Nation'' has said, Fine, we're not going to do any pre recorded interviews. We're only going to do live interviews.&lt;ref&gt;Bauder (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; ... 

They're capitulating a little bit.  At the same time I thought that was a good thing. I thought, great, you know, force everybody to say whatever they're going to say online. ... 

My point is that's the kind of question that worries me, because it shows that it is a campaign to really terrorize people into submission, and I want to make sure we don't do that.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per million population.&lt;ref&gt;John (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022) found that the presence of a member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] was associated with on average 1.4 additional federal prosecutions for political corruption per US federal court jurisdiction per year between 2003 and 2019. However, they found no impact on such prosecutions attributable to the number of journalists, which fell by a factor of roughly 3 during that period.&lt;ref&gt;Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022). Their Table 2 shows that the number of prosecutions increased by on average 1.4 per year during that period. Their Table 1 shows no impact on prosecutions due to the number of journalists, even though the number of journalists in the US fell by roughly a factor of 3 during that period, as documented in their Figure 2.&lt;/ref&gt;  

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==


* &lt;!--David Bauder (2025-09-05) CBS forbids editing of ‘Face the Nation’ interviews after complaints from Kristi Noem--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136532862}}
* &lt;!--Freedom From Religion Foundation (2025-11-11) &quot;Project 2025’s threat to public media must be resisted&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136334063|author=Freedom From Religion Foundation}}
* &lt;!--Peggy Heinkel-Wolfe (2025-03-10) &quot;Organizing letters
Sign a letter defending community radio; follow another defending press freedom&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136333996}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995)  Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|authors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Gregory J. Martin and Joshua McCrain (2019) &quot;Local News and National Politics&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q62111529}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--John Nichols (2024-09-03) &quot;Project 2025 would dismantle democracy as we know It&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136334099}}
* &lt;!--  Project 2025--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122382481}} 
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}

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[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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    <title>Media Reform Coalition challenges anti-democratic media bias in the UK</title>
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      <text bytes="30065" sha1="66wq55frlm187m918lsth6ts11qlmj5" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-09-25 interview with Dan Hind&lt;ref name=Hind&gt;&lt;!--Dan Hind--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136393606}}&lt;/ref&gt; about the Media Reform Coalition (MRC).&lt;ref name=MRC&gt;&lt;!--Media Reform Coalition--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135440829}}&lt;/ref&gt; A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-10-04 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Media Reform Coalition challenges anti-democratic media bias in the UK.webm|thumb|2025-09-25 interview of Dan Hind by Spencer Graves about the Media Reform Coalition (MRC) challenging anti-democratic media bias in the UK.]]
[[File:Media Reform Coalition challenges anti-democratic media bias in the UK.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-09-25 interview of Dan Hind by Spencer Graves about the Media Reform Coalition challenging anti-democratic media bias in the UK.]]		

Dan Hind&lt;ref name=Hind/&gt; discusses the Media Reform Coalition (MRC) with Spencer Graves. The Media Reform Coalition insists that, &quot;Our media is broken&quot; and is &quot;Leading the fight for a media fit for the 21st-century&quot; in the UK.&lt;ref name=MRC/&gt;

== Dan Hind == 

Hind is journalist and author of four books: 
* (2007) ''[[w:The Threat to Reason|The Threat to Reason]]''
* (2010) ''The Return of the Public''
* (2014) ''Common Sense: Occupation, Assembly, and the Future of Liberty''
* (2014) ''The Magic Kingdom: Property, Monarchy, and the Maximum Republic''.

He is also a co-author of other documents including the (2025-05-08) policy paper on, &quot;Our mutual friend: The BBC in the Digital Age&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hind et al. (2025). An earlier related multi-author report was Seth-Smith, Mackay and Hind, eds. (2016-10-30).&lt;/ref&gt; with Tom Mills&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Tom Mills--&gt;{{cite Q|Q47709294}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Tom Chivers.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Tom Chivers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136395790}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Media Reform Coalition == 

The Media Reform Coalition (MRC) was founded in 2011 in the wake of the revelations that the ''[[w:News of the World|News of the World]]'' had hacked the phones of victims of crime. In 2017 [[w:Rupert Murdoch|Rupert Murdoch]]'s [[w:21st Century Fox|21st Century Fox]] attempted to buy British [[w:Sky News|Sky News]]. The Media Reform Coalition and others lobbied successfully to block that purchase.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Media Reform Coalition: Our History--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136351184}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The MRC does research, organizing, and advocacy including testifying before [[w:Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliamentary]] committees. For example, in 2024 the MRC offered written evidence for the British [[w:House of Lords|House of Lords]] [[w:Communications and Digital Committee|Communications and Digital Select Committee]] inquiry on &quot;The future of news: impartiality, trust and technology&quot;. This included the observation that, &quot;There is an urgent need for further research into the applications and impact of AI ... [and] policy development around the governance of generative AI in news production processes to protect democratic values.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Media Reform Coalition (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Highlights ==

Graves asked &quot;What are the most important things you'd like to say to a mostly North American audience?&quot; Hind's reply included the following: {{Quote|

I'm not speaking for the Media Reform Coalition as a body. We are a coalition of interested parties, academics, scholars, activists, interested members of the public, mostly based in the UK. ... We don't often come up with a with corporate ... view. ... We also produce policy papers which are the product of their authors. 

And one of the recent papers that we've produced is a detailed report on the future of the [[w:BBC|BBC]], which I wrote with two two colleagues ... at the media reform coalition, Tom Chivers&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Tom Chivers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136395790}}.&lt;/ref&gt; and Tom mills.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Tom Mills--&gt;{{cite Q|Q47709294}}&lt;/ref&gt; It's called ''Our mutual friend, the BBC in a digital age''.&lt;ref&gt;Hind et al. (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; ... It starts to ask ... how could we restructure public media in such a way that it is much more answerable to its publics, to its audiences, much more responsive to them, and much more able to resist various kinds of elite pressure? 

Media power really is core to how power works. ... Economic and political power works ... in part through its ability to shape media coverage. A great deal of how the magic happens in economics and politics is the magic of deciding what is and isn't discussed.}} 

Graves interjected, &quot;Watchdogs protect the people who feed them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;This has been discussed in earlier episodes in this series, e.g., in &quot;[[News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today]]&quot; and &quot;[[Democratic delusions: Fix the media to fix democracy]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Hind replied, {{Quote|

Exactly ... and at the moment, overwhelmingly, the watchdogs are fed by corporations ... and by governments ... . 

In Britain, we have a system where ... to watch live television, you have to pay a license. That's been in place for a long time. It began as a radio license. You have to buy a certificate or a license when you bought a radio and that then mutated into a television license. You no longer have to pay to listen to the radio, but you do have to pay pay to watch live television. That makes the public subsidies to media in the UK very visible. ...

In the United States, the system is ... much more subtle, because ... the American system ... gives licenses to broadcast to television operators at an essentially ... a nominal fee. The last time I looked at one of the major broadcast licenses which would give you a right to broadcast commercially television over a very large area, would be somewhere in the order of four or five thousand dollars, and that would have a dollar value of tens of millions ... . Essentially, the government was giving scarce access to the airwaves to broadcasters, television broadcasters, in exchange for them providing certain kinds of services to the government. 

During the [[w:Cold War|Cold War]], what was nonnegotiable was that you had to subscribe to the conventional view of the Cold War. It was not possible as a broadcaster to durably and systematically present points of view that challenged the assumption that there was this bipolar world divided between the USSR and the USA, where the USA was on the side of freedom and democracy and so on. 

So you already have in the United States a system where actually the state is very heavily involved in the structure of of the media. But most people experience their media through commercial channels, and they think of the media in terms of corporate control. But actually corporate control is always tied up with with state control. 

A lot of what we talk about in the context of the BBC, I think, is actually relevant to the United States. The situation in the UK is that the central media institution in the country was the BBC. It was an incredibly important institution for culture, for education, for technological development as well. It was a very important pioneer in the microprocessor / micro computer age. ... But over time ... as digital technologies have advanced, we've been moving towards a much more ... digitally brokered media space. And the BBC has struggled to keep up ... . It still produces an enormous amount of television and radio output, but it's increasingly being marginalized in the digital space. 

Next year we're going to start having a debate in earnest about the future of BBC, because there'll be a 10 year license, essentially a 10 year charter given to the BBC by the government. It will be the first time, really, that this has happened in the age of ... overt dominance of the information space by the likes of Google, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok and so on. 

People are overwhelmingly now looking to digital platforms for news and entertainment ... And unless public media adapts to that environment ... in the UK, BBC will essentially wither away and die. 

The challenge in the United States is somewhat different, because you don't have an equivalent of the BBC. ...

When we sat down to think about the future of the BBC, we had one kind of guiding idea, which was that the [[w:Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport|Culture Secretary]], which is the equivalent of, I guess, the head of the [[w:Federal Communications Commission|Federal Communications Commission]] in the United States, ... the person who's responsible for the future of the BBC, had gone on the record a few years earlier saying that she wanted to turn the BBC into a cooperative. She wanted to mutualize it, right? She wanted to recreate it as an institution where its members would be responsible for active and direct involvement in its operations. 

And we thought that was a really interesting starting point. ... 

But if you're looking at a public media company, even the little we know about media executives sort of goes out the window. It's like, well, we're looking to appoint people who will serve the public interest. We don't really have much of a clue what that would look like in the context of election. So we didn't want to propose that. Oh, well, we could elect the head of the BBC ... It would be a meaningless exercise. No one would really know what was at stake, we'd be very much in the hands of people who already control the media to tell us who should and shouldn't be considered serious ... .

[We thought that] active and direct involvement should really take two broad forms. 

# Firstly, we argue that every single member of the BBC, which is to say every citizen of the United Kingdom, should have some degree of direct control over the budget that is allocated for news and current affairs. So I would have a small amount of money as a citizen, and I could give it to ... an independent media operation that I wanted to support. ... [Some of that money might go to non standard media outlets.] So you immediately increase the amount of money that's flowing to non mainstream outlets. ... 
# The other thing that we as members of the BBC would need to have, it seems to us, is that we'd have an equal right to serve on randomly selected bodies that would sit within the BBC ... with two main tasks. Firstly, they would oversee the staff of the BBC -- make sure they're not running away and doing things that seem sort of improper or implausible -- essentially a way of challenging corporate behavior within the BBC. When ordinary people thought it was a bit weird ... they would be able to take a view of all this material that's being produced in civil society, and make assessments about how important it was, and therefore how much time and coverage it should be given within the in the context of public media provision.  ... 
 
The upper echelons of the media in the US and the UK are very similar in that they usually come from [[w:Ivy League|Ivy League]] or ... [[w:Oxbridge|Oxbridge]] universities. They come from very high status universities. They often come from wealthy professional backgrounds or plutocratic backgrounds. ... 

I was reading [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]] the other day. He's not a natural democrat, ... but he's not a foolish enemy of democracy, either. And ... he says, &quot;I know you think that as a chef, you know much more about food, and it's crazy that you would let the public make decisions about cooking. But ... it's the people who are going to eat the food who are the judges.&quot; 

So that's the way that we came at this. We thought everybody needs to have some degree of involvement. ...

We're very familiar with things like [[w:Patreon|Patreon]] and [[w: crowdfunding|crowdfunding]] ... . The idea that you would give a bit of money to something that you like, even if their content is all free. It's a fairly familiar idea. ...  

The challenge is the decision making that goes, ... &quot;I think 300 million people should know about it,&quot; right? That's real power. 

It doesn't matter what I think about anything, right? What matters is what 300 million people think ... . 

The other thing that needs to happen ... is we bring ordinary people into the decisions about the prominence that we give to news stories. 

As an aside, I've spent some of my life talking to ... elite media workers. They have a very strong sense of what the public is interested in. ... I find myself talking to them and saying, ... &quot;Isn't it a bit odd that no one wants to watch these programs that you do about politics?&quot; And they say, oh, yeah, well, that's because the public ... are not serious enough. They don't understand how important this is. And what they're actually doing most of the time is just gossip about ... court politics: Who's up, who's down. Soap opera stuff, right? 

If you say &quot;Why don't you do something substantive about, say, monetary policy? Why don't you explain to people how the monetary system works?&quot;, you can see the fear in their eyes, because they don't know how the monetary system works, and they don't want to know, because they think they might get in trouble if they did.  

So they want to talk about gossip. And they'll do it in a very sophisticated, very professional way. They'll double check their sources, and they'll be very, very serious and blah, blah, blah. But they're essentially doing something quite frivolous.}}

=== Afganistan and Iraq Wars ===

Graves then asked for a specific example, namely how the US and the UK convinced their publics to invade Iraq in early 2003? 

Hind replied, &quot;This is one of the moments where the BBC is even more ... deficient, I think, than the American networks. The content studies done afterwards suggested that the BBC was more perfectly pro war ... than the American networks. The academic research seems to suggest that ... after [[w:September 11 attacks|9/11]] you have a very powerful, very empowered administration in Washington that is clearly dead set on a series of military interventions.&quot;

Graves said, &quot;They took what was a major crime by an independent, relatively small group, that was not a nation state ... capable of threatening the internal security of the United States, and they turned it into an excuse for war.&quot; 

Hind agreed: {{quote|

That's very much my assessment, too. I think that the desire for war predated 9/11 on the part of a lot of the people who were prime movers in it. I think there was a feeling after the collapse of the Soviet Union that America had this opportunity to expand its global control, particularly in the Middle East, and I think that they were very keen to make 9/11 a pretext for pursuing a set of goals that they already had. ... 

That seems to have been the case both in the United States and the United Kingdom ... . And I'll give you one example ... . I was watching the ''[[w:ITV News at Ten|
News at Ten]]'' in around 2002. ''News at Ten'' is a sort of flagship [[w:ITN|Independent Television News]] broadcast. It's broadcasted, as the name suggests, at 10 o'clock in the evening. Very, very influential. Often the only politics that people get in a day will come from news at 10, or the [[w:BBC News at Ten|BBC equivalent]] ... . And the news reader, a very trusted figure ... , was talking about the invasion of Afghanistan, which had happened a few months before ... . At the end of the segment, he said, &quot;We turn now to another front in the war on terror,&quot; and started talking about mobilization against Iraq. ...}}

=== Commoners are more serious than elites === 

Hind continued, {{quote|

One of the things I think that is really important about this [comment from a 2002 News at 10 broadast] is I don't think that the public are as easily stampeded as the elites. ... 

If you're a New York Times journalist, and you say to the White House, I think you're lying about that, your job is on the line. You could be in big trouble.}} 

But somebody on a randomly selected panel is much more likely to say, &quot;I think the President's spokesman is lying&quot;, because their jobs do not depend on the goodwill of the guy from the White House. {{quote | 

The more ... you have people in the room who haven't got a dog in the fight, and they're just like, &quot;I don't think people should send their sons and daughters to go and fight. This doesn't seem to make sense to me.&quot; ... 

We just have to change the incentives that people have. One of the big changes of the incentives is to have a room for ordinary people who with the power to publicize their view that you're lying. A major deterrent for government overreach is to have ordinary people, who the rest of us have every reason to pay attention to, say, 'Yeah, I think what the government wants to do here is wrong.' ... 

One of the beautiful things about United States is that every single individual state is sovereign. The federal Constitution reserves certain sovereign powers to itself in the province of interstate trade, monetary policy, defense, one or two other things. But the Constitution is very explicit that the states are sovereign [on] everything else that isn't reserved to Washington. 

There is nothing to stop Kansas or Illinois or Missouri, California, any state ... from saying, ... &quot;We want to build a public media infrastructure for the digital age. We're going to build it with public money. It's going to be no kind of abridgment of freedom of speech involved -- nothing untoward, no state control ..., no [[w:George Orwell|George Orwell]] type [[w:Ministries in Nineteen Eighty-Four|Ministry of Truth]] nonsense. 
 
We're just going to have an institution that raises taxes and then allocates that money to ... ensure media diversity through every citizen having a right to fund media operations that they wanted. And we're going to ensure public or democratic control of the news agenda by bringing in randomly selected bodies into this institution, which can then assess all the material, and it can engage in dialog with elites in the media and politics and in government ... . 

When the [[w:Athenian democracy|Athenians described their democracy]], they didn't call it democratia, right? They didn't call it people power. It's actually their enemies that called it people power. Because it was scandalous. Democratia means the tyranny of the demos. When the Athenians were describing their system, they called it [[Wiktionary:isegoria|isegoria]], which means equality in public speech. It means that every single citizen had a right to speak in the assembly. Every citizen had a right to sit on these random, selected bodies that would oversee the government and organize public business. ...}}

Some notions of &quot;freedom of speech&quot; turn into, &quot;the more money you have, the more power you have to speak.&quot;

Graves interjected, &quot;Corporations are people, money is speech, and humans are second class citizens in the United States of America today.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See the section on &quot;[[w:Corporate personhood#In the United States|In the United States]]&quot; in the Wikipedia article on [[w:Corporate personhood|Corporate personhood]], accessed 2025-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hind concurred, &quot;How much speech power do you ... or I have compared to Elon Musk, who owns his own platform? It's crazy, right?&quot;  

=== Accountability vs. access journalism === 

Graves noted that, {{quote|

Recent interviews have identified the concepts of accountability journalism versus access journalism. Accountability journalism is disseminating information that people with power do not want known. Access is giving access to people with power to an audience to disseminate information they do want known.&lt;ref&gt;See, e.g., [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark]] and references cited therein, accessed 2025-09.29.&lt;/ref&gt; 

And Usher and Kim-Leffingwell in 2022 counted all the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 US federal court jurisdictions in the US between 2003 and 2019, during which the number of journalists fell by well over 60%, almost a factor of three. It had no impact on political corruption. But the federal court districts with members of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]], local news nonprofits, had on average 1.4 more federal prosecutions for political corruption per year per member of INN.&lt;ref&gt;Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

You and I benefit -- the entire world benefits -- from those accountability journalism reports, even if you never read them, never even heard of them. Why? Because it limits political corruption, and it makes life better for the bottom 99% of humanity. Your comment?}} 

Hind replied, {{quote|

... In local media you can have a very well funded newsroom that essentially acts as a booster for real estate interests and for a local growth coalition, that sort of becomes part of the local ruling elites, a propaganda arm. 

Or you can have a newsroom that is full of fearless investigative journalists who will push back against overreach by exactly that local establishment. ...}}  

Graves continued, &quot;... [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|FreePress.net]] is an organization in the US. This seems to me comparable to your organization, Dan, the Media Reform Coalition. ... There's a [[w:New Jersey Civic Information Consortium|New Jersey Civic Information Consortium]], and there are other experiments like you mentioned, going on in the US.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See &quot;[[Media reform per Freepress.net]]&quot; and especially the section on &quot;[[Media reform per Freepress.net#New Jersey Civic Information Consortium (NJCIC) and Freepress' News Voices|New Jersey Civic Information Consortium (NJCIC) and Freepress' News Voices]], accessed 2025-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

=== In sum ===

Graves then noted that they were out of time and asked for final words for the audience. 

Hind said, {{quote|

If the audience would like to hear more about about the proposals to reform the BBC, the report can be found online. It's called ''Our Mutual Friend: The BBC in the Digital Age''.&lt;ref&gt;Hind et al. (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; ... 

And it's not really limited to the UK. I think a lot of what we say has some bearing or some relevance to the US, ... because an American city could do more or less as we propose.}}
 
== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We summarize here briefly the motivation for this series and key results so far. 

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Around 1840 the US was investing roughly 0.21 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|GDP]] in subsidies for local newspapers.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt; This gave the relatively new United States of America by far more independent newspaper publishers per million population in the first half of the nineteenth century than at any other time or place in human history.&lt;ref&gt;The claim that the US led the world in independent newspaper publishers in discussed in &quot;[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]&quot; and John (1995), in particular. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.” See Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse. That began to change in the 1850s with technology changes that increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt; That was followed by consolidation of ownership of newspapers led by [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]]. The introduction of broadcasting made consolidation of ownership easier.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;See [[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress]]&quot; for plots of data on the evolution of political polarization in the US Congress 1879-2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

There is also a growing body of research on the threats from loss of local newspapers: Malfeasance increases in business&lt;ref&gt;See &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot;, esp. Kim et al. (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;, government,&lt;ref&gt;Gao et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; and nonprofits.&lt;ref&gt;Felix et al. (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; This includes increases in the cost of capital and reduction in investments in new products, services and processes -- slowing economic growth -- because investors know that their money is less secure without a local newspaper. Also, the rates of pollution and workplace accidents increase. And voter participation and split-ticket voting decline,&lt;ref&gt;See Benton (2019) and other references discussed in &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; while the ultra-right does better.&lt;ref&gt;[[News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today]].&lt;/ref&gt; Also, conservatives, especially the far right, tend to do better with increased concentration of ownership in the media.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Previous research|Previous research]]&quot; in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; By contrast, Neff and Pickard (2024) document that the world's leading democracies devote between 0.05 and 0.25 percent of GDP to government funding for media.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Robert Felix, Joshua A. Khavis, and Mikhail Pevzner (2024) &quot;The effects of local newspaper closures on nonprofits’ executive compensation&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132730972}}
* &lt;!--Pengjie Gao, Chang Lee, and Dermot Murphy (2019) &quot;Financing Dies in Darkness? The Impact of Newspaper Closures on Public Finance&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q55670016}}
* &lt;!--Dan Hind (2007) The Threat to Reason--&gt;{{cite Q|Q7768922}}
* &lt;!--Dan Hind (2010) The Return of the Public--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136394280}}
* &lt;!--Dan Hind (2014-01-14) Common Sense: Occupation, Assembly, and the Future of Liberty--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136394729}}
* &lt;!--Dan Hind (2014-09-26) The Magic Kingdom: Property, Monarchy, and the Maximum Republic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136394786}}
* &lt;!--Dan Hind, Tom Mills and Tom Chivers (2025-05-08)  Our Mutual Friend: The BBC in the Digital Age--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136395064}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995)  Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|authors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Min Kim, Derrald Stice, Han Stice, and Roger M. White (2021)  &quot;Stop the presses! Or wait, we might need them: Firm responses to local newspaper closures and layoffs&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132459373}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Media Reform Coalition—written evidence  (FON0029)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136351201}}
* &lt;!--Seth-Smith, Mackay, and Hind, eds. (2016-10-30) Rethinking the BBC: Public Media in the 21st Century--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136395951|authors =  Niki Seth-Smith, Jamie Mackay, and Dan Hind, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}

[[Category:Media in Europe]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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    <title>Seth Radwell says that the two Enlightenments tell us how to heal US political polarization</title>
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      <text bytes="31081" sha1="1m2638t8m79zfpm7oxgno6zdssfnczg" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-10-03 interview with Seth David Radwell&lt;ref name=Radwell&gt;&lt;!--Seth David Radwell--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136406332}}&lt;/ref&gt; about his 2021 book on ''American Schism: How the Two Enlightenments Hold the Secret to Healing our Nation''. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-10-18 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Seth Radwell says that the two enlightenments tell us how to heal US political polarization.webm|thumb|2025-10-03 interview of Seth David Radwell by Spencer Graves about how understanding the two enlightenments can help us heal US political polarization.]]
[[File:Seth Radwell says that the two enlightenments tell us how to heal US political polarization.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from an interview conducted 2025-10-03 of Seth Radwell by Spencer Graves about how the two enlightenments help us understand how to heal political polarization.]]

Seth David Radwell's&lt;ref name=Radwell/&gt; book ''American Schism'' is subtitled, &quot;How the Two Enlightenments Hold the Secret to Healing our Nation&quot;. It was officially published 2021-06-28 just over 5 months after the end of [[w:Donald Trump|Donald Trump]]'s first term. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Radwell is a business and marketing executive with experience in book publishing, He wrote this book during the [[w:COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 lockdown]].&lt;ref name=Radwell/&gt;  

==Background==

Radwell follows [[w:Jonathan Israel|Jonathan Israel]] in dividing intellectual contributions of the [[w:Age of Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]] into &quot;moderate&quot; and &quot;radical&quot; enlightenments. This &quot;Moderate Enlightenment&quot; began with the French [[w:René Descartes|René Descartes]]'s comment that, &quot;I think, therefore I am&quot;, in his (1637) ''[[w:Discourse on the Method|Discourse on the Method]]''&lt;ref&gt;French: &quot;Je pense, donc je suis.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; and the English [[w:John Locke|John Locke]]'s (1689) ''[[w:Two Treatises of Government|Two Treatises of Government]]'', which argued against an absolute monarch. The alternative &quot;Radical Enlightenment&quot; was initiated with the (1670) ''[[w:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus|Tractatus Theologico-Politicus]]'' by the Dutch Jew [[w:Baruch Spinoza|Baruch Spinoza]], which argued for religious tolerance and separation of church and state, while claiming that the purpose of government should be to guarantee the freedom of citizens. 

These inspired the [[w:Age of Revolution|Age of Revolution]], which began with the [[w:American Revolution|American Revolution]] (1765-1783), which inspired the [[w:French Revolution|French Revolution]] of 1789, which spread through the rest of Europe and Latin America. Moderate Enlightenment leaders of that era included [[w:Voltaire|Voltaire]] (1694-1778), [[w:Montesquieu|Montesquieu]] (1689-1755), [[w:Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1712-1778) and [[w:Immanuel Kant|Immanuel Kant]] (1724-1804).&lt;ref&gt;Radwell (2021, p. 48).&lt;/ref&gt; Voltaire, for example, supported civil rights such as freedom of speech and of religion and the right to a fair trial. He criticized the government and the support that the church gave to it. But he also criticized the masses, whose ignorance and superstitions suggested they were incapable of self government.&lt;ref&gt;Radwell (2021,  pp. 63-65).&lt;/ref&gt;

The Radical Enlightenment differed from the Moderates primary in supporting democratic equality and separation of church and state.&lt;ref&gt;Radwell (2021, p. 55).&lt;/ref&gt; In France, leading Radicals included [[w:Denis Diderot|Denis Diderot]] (1713-1784) and [[w:Jean le Rond d'Alembert|Jean le Rond d'Alembert]] (1717-1783), who co-edited the ''[[w:Encyclopédie|Encyclopédie]]'', through which they hoped to disseminate Radical Enlightenment ideas mixed with current knowledge of other topics in &quot;the Sciences, Arts and Crafts&quot;. In addition, [[w:Baron d'Holbach|Baron d'Holbach]] (1723-1789) argued that monarchies inevitably rule in their own self-interests, with deceit becoming a chief prop of despotism. Radicals claim that this deceit has been supported by religion, which &quot;despicably encourages tyranny to assure princes their power comes from God&quot;. This in turn keeps most of humanity in chains.&lt;ref&gt;Radwell (2021, pp. 72-73).&lt;/ref&gt; Another Radical was [[w:Marquis de Condorcet|Marquis de Condorcet]] (1743-1794), who was a &quot;major architect of the French Revolution&quot;. He died in prison during the [[w:Reign of Terror|Reign of Terror]] phase of the [[w:French Revolution|French Revolution]].

Enlightenment leaders in the US included Radicals [[w:Benjamin Franklin|Benjamin Franklin]] (1705-1790), [[w:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] (1743-1826), and [[w:Thomas Paine|Thomas Paine]] (1737-1809) and Moderates [[w:John Adams|John Adams]] (1735-1826) and [[w:Alexander Hamilton|Alexander Hamilton]] (~1755-1804). The [[w:United States Declaration of Independence|US Declaration of Independence]] was drafted by &quot;the [[w:Committee of Five|Committee of Five]]&quot;, which included Jefferson, Franklin, Adams and two others. It was a Radical marketing document, designed to build support for the war, which had begun over a year earlier with the [[w:Battles of Lexington and Concord|Battles of Lexington and Concord]]. 

The deficiencies in the [[w:Articles of Confederation|Articles of Confederation]] inspired [[w:Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution|a series of conferences or conventions attended by delegates from only some of the states]]. These led to a [[w:Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] attended by representatives from all 13 original states roughly 11 years after the Declaration of Independence. This convention was led by [[w:James Madison|James Madison]] (1751-1836), a friend of Jefferson, and Hamilton, a Moderate. This Convention adopted primarily Moderate solutions; changes proposed by Radicals were unprecedented and seemed too risky.  

The struggle between Conservative and Radical Enlightenment visions has shifted back and forth since then, according to Radwell, Some politicians used religion in a [[w:Populism|populist]] fashion to gain political support for their perspective. During the presidency of George Washington, the Conservatives coalesced into the [[w:Federalist Party|Federalist Party]] and the Radicals into the [[w:Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican Party]]. The Federalists appealed especially to businesses, favoring centralization, modernization, industrialization, and protectionism. They lost appeal to more common folk and collapsed in 1816.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Federalist Party|Federalist Party]]&quot;, accessed 2025-09-30.&lt;/ref&gt; This led to the [[w:Era of Good Feelings|Era of Good Feelings]], as many former Federalists joined the Democratic-Republicans. However, they later split in 1824 into the [[w:Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] and supporters of [[w:Andrew Jackson|Andrew Jackson]], who became the modern [[w:Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. The Whig base of support was similar to the Federalists with less appeal to poor farmers and unskilled workers. The Whigs collapsed after 1854, with many Northern Whigs joining the modern [[w:Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], which was founded in 1856.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia, &quot;[[w:Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party (United States)]]&quot;, accessed 2025-09-30.&lt;/ref&gt;   

The terminology is confusing, because the party of Jefferson was known at the time as &quot;Republicans&quot;. The term &quot;Democratic Republicans was used by supporters of Jackson, who became the modern Democratic party.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican Party]]&quot;, accessed 2025-09-30.&lt;/ref&gt;

Radwell notes that there have also been counter-enlightenment forces exploited by politicians since the Federalist used the [[w:Second Great Awakening|Second Great Awakening]] to build political support against the Democratic-Republicans during the administrations of George Washington and John Adams. In recent decades the current Republican party has similarly made common cause with [[w:Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]]. 

The book ends with recommendations. It will be interesting to hear Radwell's recommendations and whether and how thay may have changed since this book was published in 2021. 

==Highlights==

Radwell said that his entire career prior to writing the book was as a business executive. However, in 2019 he noted that corporate executives like him were increasingly silent about the collapse of our public discourse. That concerned him, because when he started his career roughly 30 years ago, CEOs were very willing to discuss tough public sector issues. In 2019 he noticed that had changed. &quot;All of a sudden, CEOs had their heads in the sand. They were afraid to speak out fear of bringing on the wrath of some group online or being canceled.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Radwell (2024-01-02).&lt;/ref&gt; The book is a product of his research into that and related questions. 

After the book appeared, it became a platform for him to do two things: 

# Speak to business executives to try to show them ways they can engage in an a non-risky, nonpartisan way to help heal the American schism. 
# Speak to young people, to students. He is leaving early October for a book tour in Europe to speak to universities about the importance of young people engaging in productive discussion about different points of view. 

The book has done very well. It won the International Book Award for 2022.&lt;ref&gt;Winner in &quot;Nonfiction: General&quot; and finalist in &quot;Best New Nonfiction&quot;, per International Book Awards (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== With business executives ===

Radwell's plan for healing the schism involves two paths: Structural changes and mindset or behavioral changes. He discusses both with CEOs, but he especially stresses structural changes with business leaders.  

Radwell supports [[w:Open primaries in the United States|open primaries]], [[w:Ranked-choice voting|ranked-choice voting]], [[w:Term limits in the United States|term limits]], [[w:Campaign finance reform in the United States|campaign finance reform]], and getting rid of [[w:Gerrymandering|gerrymandering]]. He said these structural changes are resisted by the two major parties, because the wolf is guarding the hen house. 

Radwell mentioned a study, probably by [[w:American Promise (organization)|American Promise]], that showed that in the 2022 elections, 85 percent of the House seats were picked by only 8 percent of the populace.&lt;ref&gt;''The Hill'' reported that, &quot;Only 10 percent of House races were competitive in midterms: advocacy group,&quot; per Sforza (2023) citing Fix Our House (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== With students ===

With students he talks more about behavioral change. {{quote|

I believe that the type of behaviors that are visible, both by our executives, by our leaders today in politics and also often by the media, and what you see, for example, ... on social media is not conducive to problem solving: We tend to talk to each other as if we're all enemies and we have nothing in common.&lt;ref&gt;Radwell (2024-01-30).&lt;/ref&gt;}}  

For students, &quot;first of all, I give them deeds and data on the history of the schism and why it's important to understand that. But I also try to point out ... the important role they have, since the future is theirs, and they have to decide whether they're going to ... persevere and preserve, in essence, our open society, or whether they're comfortable letting it move closer and closer towards autocracy, which, of course, is what's happening all over the world.&quot; 

===  Role of the media === 

When asked about his understanding of the role of the media in this, Radwell said he had talked and written a lot about this. {{quote|

I think ... the media is a major part of the problem, in the following sense: The business model in almost all media today ... is related to how many eyeballs they can attract, how much attention they can grab.&lt;ref&gt;LaTulippe and Radwell (2024-04-10).&lt;/ref&gt; 

This is a problem that has plagued us throughout history, because if that's the only business model, then invariably, the media will focus on what I call amygdala driven stimuli, things that get you angry or fearful,&lt;ref&gt;Radwell (2024-05-29).&lt;/ref&gt; which gets you to click more or watch more. 

So the business model that makes money in media is one that is intentionally trying to rile you up and get you fearful or scared or angry. And ... these types of approaches in the media model are, in fact, pushing us to or inciting a behavior that's very primitive in us. This is kind of amygdala driven reaction. ...}} 

Graves mentioned (a) the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]], (b) the claims that [[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John|the early US had more independent newspaper publishers]] during the first half of the nineteenth century than at any other time or place in human history, and (c) the suggestion that [[Great American Paradox|this diversity of newspapers encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which helped make the US what it is today]]. Since then we've had massive consolidation of ownership of the media. 

Radwell responded with two points: 

# &quot;Twenty-five years ago, I think there was something like 150,000 local, independent newspapers in the country ... . Today, I think 85% of those ... independent newspapers are all gone.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Radwell (2024-04-23).&lt;/ref&gt;  
# That Postal Service Act was passed during what we call the [[w:Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] today. {{quote|

One of our great founders, [[w:Benjamin Franklin|Benjamin Franklin]], is probably one of the greatest enlighteners, if you will. Another one might be ... the [[w:Marquis de Condorcet|Marquis de Condorcet]] in the [[w:French Enlightenment|French Enlightenment]]. Both of those founders ... recognized that the only way to have what they called at the time a [[w:social contract| social contract]] work was by educating citizens. And that's why Benjamin Franklin did so much regarding the post office and publication. And that's why Condorcet in the 1792 French constitution, before the [[w:Reign of Terror|Reign of Terror]], specified that in this &quot;new republic&quot;, which France declared, government's responsibility was a civic education. ... I think we've lost touch with that today.}}  

Graves asked about Usher and Kim-Leffingwell, who found on average 1.4 more federal prosecutions per year for each member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] in a US federal court district between 2003 and 2019. 

Radwell suggested we look at the media problem as both a supply and a demand problem. &quot;On the supply. side, the only business model we have is increasingly one of eyeballs, an audience, which is again fostering this very polarizing behavior. ... I think we need a different supply approach&quot; that provides different incentives for media. {{quote|

Fox and some news stations to call themselves news are not news stations anymore. News ... has to be regulated to some degree -- not that the government should control what they're saying, but in terms of the subsidies and support for civic information. ... 

In economic terms, factual information is a [[w:public good|public good]]. ... The reason why we've had, let's say, an [[w:Food and Drug Administration|FDA]], is because consumers themselves can't get all the information about whether a drug is safe. You need expertise to figure that out. ... That's the supply side. ... 

I made a reference before to civic education, and ... now we're talking about the demand side. Consumers today, if you ask someone between 15 and 30 where they get their news, they may say [[w:TikTok|TikTok]] or [[w:Instagram|Instagram]]. We as consumers need to demand accuracy and good information. We can't buy hook, lock and sinker everything we see online. 

So I think we have to be trained and vigilant about understanding, critical thinking and how arguments are presented be able to evaluate sources. Think for ourselves.&lt;ref&gt;Seth David Radwell (2024-05-01).&lt;/ref&gt;}} 

Graves mentioned the distinction between accountability and access journalism: Accountability journalism is disseminating information that people with power do not want known. Access journalism is giving people with power access to an audience to disseminate information they do want known. 

Radwell said, &quot;You're pointing to ... the abandonment by the federal government of its role here, because information is public good. It needs to be encouraged. ... Let's go back to time before Ronald Reagan abandoned it, we used to have something called the [[w:Fairness doctrine|fairness doctrine]], where&quot; before 1987 news broadcasts were required to actually provide fair and equal time to different points of view. &quot;Maybe we need to reinstate that. ... There's a role here for the government to foster, without again, controlling what's said, ... the types of responsible journalism that you're referring to.&quot; 

=== Macroeconomic performance of the US === 

[[US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita|Graves then mentioned the growth of average annual income]] in the US, [[w:Gross domestic product|GDP per capita adjusted for inflation]] from 1790 to 2024: That grew at roughly 1.5 to 2 percent per year except for the administrations of [[w:Herbert Hoover|Herbert Hoover]], when it fell by 8 percent per year, and the administration of [[w:Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]], when it grew by 8 percent per year for 12 years. &quot;The Franklin Roosevelt administration had the political support to put people back to work, to tax the ultra-wealthy like they've never been taxed before since, and to have wage and price controls during World War Two. During World War II, the US had over 10 percent per year growth in GDP per capita with minimal inflation. In previous major wars we have have had like 8 to 12 percent per year inflation, with only nominal economic growth.&lt;ref&gt;This analysis of inflation is an unpublished analysis of data from [[w:MeasuringWorth|MeasuringWorth]]. More on GDP per capital is available in [[US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

Radwell replied {{quote|

We have to be very careful of looking at averages, because ... one could drown in water that, on average, is two feet deep.&lt;ref&gt;Radwell (2024-06-14).&lt;/ref&gt; 

It's how prosperity is distributed across the society that is a key missing part when you look at things like GDP, which is ... an average. ... [[w:Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty]] has written about this extensively, and other economists. ... We've gone to a disparity of wealth that's so extreme in Western countries, not only the US, but especially the US, that it's going to be very hard for any democratic republic to sustain. ... 

I'm a fundamental capitalist at heart. I believe that in terms of economic prosperity, innovation is very much fostered by a relatively free market. At the same time, the type of neoliberalism that we've pursued for the past 20 years, where there's no control, there's no regulation, is not right either, because there needs to be a balance. ... 

The disparity of wealth is not sustainable. We need to improve the way our wealth is distributed across ... society. 

I write a lot about this ... What is practiced today is what I would call a corrupt form of capitalism. ... Adam Smith's idea ... was that the beauty of what he called the free hand was that the notion was that two business people in serving the consumer, making goods and services, that by pursuing profit, they were both striving to have a better good and service, and that competition therefore would raise everybody's boat. ... It's market competition that matters. 

We have we don't have competition. We have cheaters. ... [W]e have allowed monopolistic power in almost every industry to allow political power and economic power to be conjoined so that we don't really have competition. We have corrupt capitalism today. ... 

There's an interesting book ... called ''The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism'' by Martin Wolf ... that our capitalistic model ... needs to be reformed so that there is true competition, and that competitors in any industry are forced to create what's called consumer surplus benefits ... . That's what's missing. ...&lt;ref&gt;Wolf (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; 

One of the major ways that companies cheat today is by trying to grow profits without ... being responsible for all their costs. ... [T]wo players in an industry ... are trying to improve profits. Profits are revenue minus cost. The problem is ... they're not footing the bill for ... the amount of carbon they put in the atmosphere. That's a cost that we consumers are paying. ...

That's called an [[w:Externality|externality]]. If ... they had to be responsible for the carbon they produced, ... they're going to compete in a way that tries to make the same product while producing less carbon.&lt;ref&gt;Radwell (2024-02-06).&lt;/ref&gt; ...}} 

Graves asked about the role of the tax structure in this flawed capitalism. 

Radwell noted that, {{quote|

Neoliberals say they're ... pursuing a quote, unquote free market. But the fact is, the tax structure and how it's formulated ... shows that it's not free at all. 

We're subsidizing certain things and penalizing other things. The tax structure is, of course, very important. Let me give you one of the great examples of this. ...  

All wealth that we create in a society like ours rides on top of infrastructure that's provided by a public service. We used to ... allow an innovator, an entrepreneur who's created tremendous wealth, to enjoy that wealth, but then when he or she dies, we have an [[w:Estate tax in the United States|estate tax]], which basically tries to redistribute some of that wealth to others, ... recognizing that that wealth was created on the backs of an infrastructure. 

[People ask], &quot;Why don't we have a wealth tax?&quot; 

I say ... before we have a wealth tax, why don't we ... rethink the concept of ... an estate tax.}}

Graves noted, &quot;We are about out of time. Any final words for our audience?&quot;

Radwell replied, &quot;I would encourage your audience to reach out to me at [https://sethdavidradwell.com SethDavidRadwell.com], I'm happy to answer any questions.&quot;  

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We summarize here briefly the motivation for this series and key results so far. 

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Around 1840 the US was investing roughly 0.21 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|GDP]] in subsidies for local newspapers.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt; This gave the relatively new United States of America by far more independent newspaper publishers per million population in the first half of the nineteenth century than at any other time or place in human history.&lt;ref&gt;The claim that the US led the world in independent newspaper publishers in discussed in &quot;[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]&quot; and John (1995), in particular. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.” See Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse. That began to change in the 1850s with technology changes that increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt; That was followed by consolidation of ownership of newspapers led by [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]]. The introduction of broadcasting made consolidation of ownership easier.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;See [[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress]]&quot; for plots of data on the evolution of political polarization in the US Congress 1879-2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

There is also a growing body of research on the threats from loss of local newspapers: Malfeasance increases in business&lt;ref&gt;See &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot;, esp. Kim et al. (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;, government,&lt;ref&gt;Gao et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; and nonprofits.&lt;ref&gt;Felix et al. (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; This includes increases in the cost of capital and reduction in investments in new products, services and processes -- slowing economic growth -- because investors know that their money is less secure without a local newspaper. Also, the rates of pollution and workplace accidents increase. And voter participation and split-ticket voting decline,&lt;ref&gt;See Benton (2019) and other references discussed in &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; while the ultra-right does better.&lt;ref&gt;[[News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today]].&lt;/ref&gt; Also, conservatives, especially the far right, tend to do better with increased concentration of ownership in the media.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Previous research|Previous research]]&quot; in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; By contrast, Neff and Pickard (2024) document that the world's leading democracies devote between 0.05 and 0.25 percent of GDP to government funding for media. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Robert Felix, Joshua A. Khavis, and Mikhail Pevzner (2024) &quot;The effects of local newspaper closures on nonprofits’ executive compensation&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132730972}}
* &lt;!--Fix Our House (2023-03) &quot;2022 Redistricting Report: Single-Winner Districts and the Failures of Redistricting&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136455120|author=Fix Our House}}
* &lt;!--Pengjie Gao, Chang Lee, and Dermot Murphy (2019) &quot;Financing Dies in Darkness? The Impact of Newspaper Closures on Public Finance&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q55670016}}
* &lt;!-- 2022 International Book Awards--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136458497}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995)  Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|authors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Min Kim, Derrald Stice, Han Stice, and Roger M. White (2021)  &quot;Stop the presses! Or wait, we might need them: Firm responses to local newspaper closures and layoffs&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132459373}}
* &lt;!--Steve LaTulippe and Seth David Radwell &quot;Healing a divided America will require unity without compromise&quot;, America Out Loud--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136458824}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Seth David Radwell (2021-06-28) American Schism: How the Two Enlightenments Hold the Secret to Healing our Nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136406297}}
* &lt;!--Seth David Radwell (2024-01-02) &quot;The missing voice in the battle to save our democracy: Will our private sector leaders step up in 2024?&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136460126}}
* &lt;!--Seth David Radwell (2024-01-30) &quot;Facebookopoly!&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136458788}}
* &lt;!--Seth David Radwell (2024-02-06}} &quot;How capitalism holds the secret to addressing climate change--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136460042}}
* &lt;!--Seth David Radwell (2024-04-23) &quot;The fall of American journalism – #5 American Schism in 2024&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136459315}}
* &lt;!--Seth David Radwell (2024-05-01) &quot;The decline of critical thinking – #6 American Schism in 2024&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136459572}}
* &lt;!--Seth David Radwell (2024-05-29) &quot;The Amygdala and the American Schism in 2024&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136459217}} 
* &lt;!--Seth David Radwell (2024-06-14) &quot; Drowning in a lake two feet deep (on average)&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136460024}}
* &lt;!--Lauren Sforza (2023-03-13) &quot;Only 10 percent of House races were competitive in midterms: advocacy group&quot;, The Hill--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136455100}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Martin Wolf (2023) The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136460097}}

[[Category:Media in the United States]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Macroeconomics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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    <title>Media reform initiatives in West Africa</title>
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      <text bytes="23646" sha1="qs4v6s84a535441c0e9vtiub75btgm8" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-10-23 interview with Professor [[w:Kwame Karikari (journalist)|Kwame Karikari]] about media reform in West Africa. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast is scheduled for release 2025-11-01 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Interview regarding media reform in Africa.ogg|thumb|2025-10-23 interview of Professor Kwame Karikari by Spencer Graves about media reform initiatives in West Africa.]]
[[File:Media Reform in West Africa.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from an interview conducted 2025-10-23 of Kwame Karikari by Spencer Graves about media reform in West Africa]]

Professor [[w:Kwame Karikari (journalist)|Kwame Karikari]] discusses media reform initiatives in West Africa with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Professor Karikari == 

Professor Karikari was born in 1947 in what was then the [[w:Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]], which merged with smaller neighbors to become [[w:Ghana|Ghana]] as it became the first colony in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve sovereignty in 1957 under the leadership of [[w:Kwame Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--&quot;Gold Coast to Ghana: First for Sub-Saharan Africa&quot;, BBC--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136502550}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1970s Karikari obtained a bachelor's degree from the [[w:City College of New York|City College of New York]] and a master's from [[w:Columbia University|Columbia]] and wrote for various newspapers focusing especially on Black life in the US and liberation movements internationally.&lt;ref name=A1&gt;A1 radio (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; He began teaching communications at the [[w:University of Ghana|University of Ghana]] in 1979 and served as Director General of the [[w:Ghana Broadcasting Corporation|Ghana Broadcasting Corporation]] between 1982 and 1984. 

Post-independence Ghana had been governed initially by a series of mostly authoritarian governments, which usually changed by military [[w:Coup d'état|coup]]s. A leading figure in Ghanaian politics beginning in 1979 was [[w:Jerry Rawlings|Jerry Rawlings]], whose military government incarcerated Karikari for 17 months without charges. In 1991 Rawlings started leading Ghana to a multi-party elections and was elected to two terms as President 1993-2001. 

Karkari founded the [[w:Media Foundation for West Africa|Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA)]] in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Leadership Changes at MFWA--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136502284}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to his many reports as a journalist, Karikari is an author or editor of at least six books, four of which deal with media: 

* (1994) ''Independent broadcasting in Ghana : implications and challenges : proceedings of the National Conference on the Promotion and Privatization of Radio and Television Broadcasting in Ghana''
* (2000) ''The law and the media in Ghana'' 
* (2013) ''The Ghanaian media: national peace and cohesion''
* (2014) ''The paradox of voice without accountability in Ghana''

He is also author of a chapter on &quot;Media Reform Initiatives in West Africa&quot; in Freedman et al. (2016) ''Strategies for Media Reform: International perspectives''.&lt;ref&gt;Karikari (2013).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights ==

Professor Karikari said, &quot;As far as the media development in Africa is concerned, I think that historically, there have been some progress, But also, of course, a lot of challenges. Since the late 1980s the landscape of media has changed dramatically in Africa. Before the late 1980s, &quot;the dominant media system in every country was government owned including newspapers, radio, and television. But since the end of the 80s, the media landscape has changed so much that we have many radio stations, thousands of privately only owned television stations and thousands of community radio stations across the continent. And the technological revolution of the Internet has supported the introduction of online publications, online radio, online television, and social media uses among the populations in Africa. People today have so many sources of information governments no longer monopolize media and information anymore. 

However, Karikari's associates are still struggling with many laws on the books that restrict press freedom. They are still advocating press freedom, freedom of speech and of expression. 

&quot;The situation of press freedom and of freedom of expression differ from country to country. Some countries are more open. A few countries are not so open, but there are many countries in the middle who are in between open and closed.&quot; 

Karkari mentioned the [[w:Media Institute of Southern Africa|Media Institute of Southern Africa]] and the [[w:Media Foundation for West Africa|Media Foundation for West Africa]], which is based in [[w:Accra|Accra]], which Karikari founded in 1997 and which works around [[w:West Africa|West Africa]]. 

Many of these organizations collaborate
in their advocacy. They also use the courts in countries like [[w:Ghana|Ghana]] or [[w:Nigeria|Nigeria]], where the situation is more liberal, to try to overturn laws that limit press freedom and freedom of expression. They work lawyers, academics, and media owners to try to improve press freedom and freedom of expression. 

Well, in Ghana, for instance, in 2001 the got repealed laws against criminal libel and seditious libel that had been on the books for nearly a century and had been used to hound out critical journalists and citizens. 

In that, they worked with different organizations through lobbying and strong protests, which got political parties to make press freedom an election issue. And in 2001 that law was repealed. 

And around the continent, in many countries, such coalitions were able to get government Freedom of Information Law, so that citizens and the media now have stronger instrument of having access to information that is in the custody of the state. 

In some situations, governments have been afraid to use bad laws that are still on the books against journalists or citizens because of the fear of backlash by citizens. Their advocacy work involves collaborating with with progressive parliamentarians or working with governments, or simply going to court to challenge bad laws.

=== Key strategies for media reform ===

Graves noted that Karikari's chapter on &quot;Media Reform Initiatives in West Africa&quot; mentioned four key strategies: 
# Research and documentation of the issues at stake, a definite. 
# Definition of the objectives. 
# Identification of primary, secondary and vicarious beneficiaries of projected reforms.
# Definition and identification of target authorities. 

Karikari said those strategies documented what they did in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s in collaboration with others to promote changes in laws and in media relations between governments and citizens. They continue to work with particular parliamentarians in providing policy proposals. They also protest attempts by governments to use bad policies or bad laws. And they go to court in different countries. This includes challenging bad laws or to challenge the imprisonment or abuse of journalist rights in a regional court like [[w:ECOWAS Court|the West African Court of Justice]], part of the [[w:ECOWAS|Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)]]. 

By working with parliamentarians, they have gotten [[w:Freedom of information laws by country|Right to Information laws]] passed in more than 20 countries in Africa in the past 10 years. 

They also engage in educational activities to increase public knowledge and awareness of these rights, educating lawmakers and helping lawyers understand these laws and how to use them in their own legal and advocacy activities.  {{quote|

The strategies remain the same. What has become more pronounced is the use of technology in all of these activities. When we started in the 80s, the computer the internet, was not a technology that was available or widespread in Africa. But since then, from the 90s and the 2000s we've been using the Internet, online facilities, social media facilities, to enhance and facilitate their work. ... 

Anytime you are struggling to defend people's rights, there will always be sources of challenge. ... 

We also have to deal with media that are partisan, media that belong to political parties, ... . 

We have to keep a focus on what we are doing, and in doing that because we are promoting rights, you will find out that ultimately, the negative causes become more and more marginalized. 

I think one of the main challenges of press freedom is how the media themselves will be credible and will also promote the public's interest. When the media are not professional, the public gets to see and get to know and therefore it weakens the public's resolve to support press freedom in our part of the world. ... 

There will always be politicians who are paying media to spread falsehood, politicians who are paying media to spread propaganda. ... 

The social media, of course, is chock full of of fake information, of false information. All of these requires some form of media literacy for the public not to become victims of such negative and harmful use of the media.}}

=== Media and wars === 

Professor Karikari also mentioned dangerous situations for journalists and media outlets all over the world. These included the murder of Palestinian journalists. 

In the late 80s into the 1990s about 15 journalists in each of Sierra Leone and in Liberia were murdered by the different factions in the civil wars there. A few journalists lost their arms through amputation. And edia houses were also burnt down. 

Many journalists fled. Some produced heroic journalists were able to record atrocities and make them global and public for the world to intervene and to help bring the end of the war. 

Karikari's organization worked very hard to provide a safe haven or a sanctuary for journalists who were being run out of those countries because they feared for their lives. Karikari's supporters helped such journalists live in Ghana for many years until the wars ended and they could return to Sierra Leone or Liberia. 

Karikari's team supports journalists who have left countries like Burkina Faso because of the fear of some attack by the government. 

So reforms are very, very critical, but also the safety of the journalist who will use press freedom is also equally extremely important, what is advocating when at the same time you cannot provide strong security for the safety of the professionals for whom you are making your advocacy so we are just hoping that situation good develop for civil wars and for such atrocities to default on And again,

=== Arrest ===

Professor Karikari was arrested in the late 1980s by the military government of Jerry Rawlings with several others and spent &quot;17 months in political detention, and it was because we were advocating for democracy and the end of military dictatorship. That was the main reason why we were arrested. I was arrested among a number of people, including some journalists, some academics and some activists.&quot;

=== Francophone Africa ===

Graves noted that [[w:French military withdrawal from West Africa (2022–2025)|France has been disinvited from Francophone Africa]].  

Karikari said that France's ability to profit from the policies of governments they supported in West Africa has generated &quot;anger against what we call French new colonialism.&quot;  

Apparently, France provided troops and military assistance for an ineffective fight against the jihadist terrorist. &quot;France is accused of many wrongdoings in that process.&quot; 

However, it is not yet clear whether the governments of those countries will be better able to fight the jihadists without French help than they were with it. 

We also know that these countries with military regime are undemocratic, and many, many people like journalist have become targets of the government.

=== Southern Africa ===

Graves asked if Karikari had any comments on the [[w:AmaBhungane|AmaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism]], whose work contributed to the resignation in 2018 of then-South African president [[w:Jacob Zuma|Jacob Zuma]]. 

Karikari said that the media in [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] are very strong, very developed, very critical, very professional and very reliable with very brave and professional journalists, dating from the era of [[w:Apartheid|apartheid]]. &quot;They have been very active and restless in monitoring government misconduct over the years. And so it is not surprising at all that the media exposed the Zuma's and were able to influence or to impact on on the resignation of the Zuma. ... They help in bringing good health the democracy in South Africa.&quot;

=== Final words ===

Graves asked for final comments. Karikari said that much of the media is suffering from serious economic difficulties that is affecting the level and the standard of journalism. As a result, more and more of the professional journalists leave the professional and go into other industries. That weakens media standards and make media very vulnerable to the forces who do not like press freedom. 

&quot;That's a major challenge in most of Africa in terms of the economies of the media. I say, I do think that again, democracy is on a certain recession in much of Africa, the situation of democracy, democratic governance is in recession, and that affect also press freedom and freedom of expression are usually the first casualty when democracy is in a reverse gear.&quot; 

Also, many laws that are not very good for press freedom remain on the books and need reforms.

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We summarize here briefly the motivation for this series and key results so far. 

Possibly the most important research result discussed in this series so far is [[w:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher|Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022)]], who found on average 1.4 more federal prosecutions for political corruption each year in each US federal court district between 2004 and 2019 for each member of the Institute for Nonprofit News (INN) in that district the year before. During that period, the number of journalists in the US fell by roughly a factor of 3 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- with no statistically significant impact on prosecutions for political corruption. ''You and I and virtually everyone else benefit from the accountability journalism reports that contributed to those prosecutions, even if we've never read nor even heard of them.'' 

[[Great American Paradox|Also, a major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Around 1840 the US was investing roughly 0.21 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|GDP]] in subsidies for local newspapers.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt; This gave the relatively new United States of America more independent newspaper publishers per million population in the first half of the nineteenth century than at any other time or place in human history.&lt;ref&gt;The claim that the US led the world in independent newspaper publishers in discussed in &quot;[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]&quot; and John (1995), in particular. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.” See Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse. That began to change in the 1850s with technology changes that increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt; That was followed by consolidation of ownership of newspapers led by [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]]. The introduction of broadcasting made consolidation of ownership easier.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;See [[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress]]&quot; for plots of data on the evolution of political polarization in the US Congress 1879-2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
There is also a growing body of research on the threats from loss of local newspapers: Malfeasance increases in business&lt;ref&gt;See &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot;, esp. Kim et al. (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;, government,&lt;ref&gt;Gao et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; and nonprofits.&lt;ref&gt;Felix et al. (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; This includes increases in the cost of capital and reduction in investments in new products, services and processes -- slowing economic growth -- because investors know that their money is less secure without a local newspaper. Also, the rates of pollution and workplace accidents increase. And voter participation and split-ticket voting decline,&lt;ref&gt;See Benton (2019) and other references discussed in &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; while the ultra-right does better.&lt;ref&gt;[[News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today]].&lt;/ref&gt; Also, conservatives, especially the far right, tend to do better with increased concentration of ownership in the media.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Previous research|Previous research]]&quot; in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; By contrast, Neff and Pickard (2024) document that the world's leading democracies devote between 0.05 and 0.25 percent of GDP to government funding for media.

The good news is that [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government|many local governments can fund local news nonprofits with a firewall to prevent political interference in the content]] at a rate comparable to what the US had in the first half of the nineteenth century and what leading democracies have today with 3 percent of their budget. That's less than what organizations in the US on average spend on accounting, advertising and public relations.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Sampling units / experimental polities|&quot;Sampling units / experimental polities&quot;]] in the Wikiversity article on [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]], accessed 2025-10-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--A1 radio (2025-07-19) “When you find good people among criminals, you celebrate them” — A tribute to Prof. Karikari--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136495008|author=A1 radio}}
* &lt;!--Robert Felix, Joshua A. Khavis, and Mikhail Pevzner (2024) &quot;The effects of local newspaper closures on nonprofits’ executive compensation&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132730972}}
* &lt;!-- Des Freedman, Jonathan A. Obar, Cheryl Martens, and Robert W. McChesney, eds. (2016) Strategies for Media Reform: International Perspectives--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136217158|authors=Freedman et al., eds.}}
* &lt;!--Pengjie Gao, Chang Lee, and Dermot Murphy (2019) &quot;Financing Dies in Darkness? The Impact of Newspaper Closures on Public Finance&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q55670016}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995)  Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|authors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Kwame Karikari, ed. (1994)  Independent broadcasting in Ghana : implications and challenges : proceedings of the National Conference on the Promotion and Privatization of Radio and Television Broadcasting in Ghana, held at GIMPA, Greenhill, Achimota, March 1-3, 1993--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136497988}}
* &lt;!-- Kwame Karikari and Kofi Kumado, eds. (2000) The law and the media in Ghana--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136497498|author=Kwame Karikari and Kofi Kumado, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Kwame Karikari (2013) The Ghanaian media: national peace and cohesion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136498863}}
* &lt;!--Kwame Karikari (2014) The paradox of voice without accountability in Ghana--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136494273}}
* &lt;!--Kwame Karikari (2016) &quot;Media Reform Initiatives in West Africa&quot;, ch. 16 in Freedman et al., eds.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136498998|chapter=16 in Freedman et al.}}
* &lt;!-- Min Kim, Derrald Stice, Han Stice, and Roger M. White (2021)  &quot;Stop the presses! Or wait, we might need them: Firm responses to local newspaper closures and layoffs&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132459373}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Macroeconomics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
[[Category:Africa]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
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  <page>
    <title>Communications Law in Austria</title>
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Austria's communications law system, at its core, is designed to enhance fundamental human rights such as freedom of expression and freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. Communications law and regulation in Austria aims to strike a balance between protecting and promoting an individual's right to express oneself and communicate freely, with the individual's right to reputation, privacy, and truth, and with the State's interest in maintaining order and national security. With these competing interests in mind, Austria has adopted policies both internally, and through international and regional organizations to, among other things, promote truth in broadcasting and mass communications, safeguard cultural and religious expression, regulate the dissemination of harmful content, and protect an individual's right to privacy in an age of widespread data collection. This page briefly delves into a few key areas in the realm of communications law in Austria including: Source of Communications Law; Regulation of the Means of Communication; Censorship; Truth, Honor, and Tolerance Laws; Cultural and Religious Expression; Transparency, Privacy, and Data Protection; the Right to Bodily, Spiritual, and Digital Identity; and the Right to Cultural and Religious Clothing. 

== Sources of Austrian Communications Law ==
This section examines the sources of Austria's communications law. Looking first to Austria's government structure, the key governmental bodies with regard to communications law are identified. Next, some key communications laws are identified within the hierarchical system of laws. 

=== Governmental Structure and Key Governmental Bodies ===
The Republic of Austria is a federation of nine Federal provinces: Vienna, Upper Austria Lower Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, and Burgenland. Austria is a federal parliamentary republic with a legal system based in Roman law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.advantageaustria.org/us/zentral/business-guide/zahlen-und-fakten/oe-auf-einen-blick/rechtssystem/rechtssystem.en.html|title=Legal System|website=www.advantageaustria.org|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex|title=A Brief Overview of the Austrian Legal Information System and Laws|website=GlobaLex {{!}} Foreign and International Law Research|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Austria has three separate and distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.gv.at/en/explore/political-system/index.html|title=Political System {{!}} Parliament Austria|website=www.parlament.gv.at|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; All communications law at the Federal level will initiate in the National Council,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.gv.at/en/explore/members-and-entities/the-national-council|title=The National Council {{!}} Parliament Austria|website=www.parlament.gv.at|language=en|access-date=2025-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; one of Austria's two parliamentary bodies, unless the law is enacted by an EU Regulation, a legal act that is binding on all Member States upon enactment. The governmental bodies primarily responsible for implementing and executing Austrian communications law are identified and discussed below.  

==== (1) Key Regulatory Bodies ====
Austria's executive branch is made up of the Bundespraesident (Federal President), elected directly by the people to serve a largely, but not entirely, ceremonial role, and the Federal Government led by the Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor), appointed by the Federal President.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Anna Gamper, ''Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Austrian Federal Constitution'', 2 Vienna Online J. on Int’l Const. L. 92, 107 (2008).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex|title=A Brief Overview of the Austrian Legal Information System and Laws|website=GlobaLex {{!}} Foreign and International Law Research|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.gv.at/en/explore/political-system/the-federal-president/|title=The Federal President {{!}} Parliament Austria|website=www.parlament.gv.at|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; They key regulatory bodies responsible for executing Austria's communications laws are organizationally within the Federal Government, lead by the Federal Chancellor. These bodies are the Telekom-Control Commission (TKK), the Austrian Communications Authority (KommAustria), and the Postal Control Commission (PCK), and the Regulatory Authority for Broadcasting and Telecommunications (RTR). The individual responsibilities of such bodies are examined below. 

===== &lt;u&gt;Telekom-Control Commission (TKK)&lt;/u&gt; =====
The TKK &quot;has been responsible for regulating the telecommunications market in Austria since 1997.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;RTR, Communications Report 24 (2024), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.rtr.at/rtr/publikationen/Kommunikationsbericht/RTR_Kommunikationsbericht_24_EngWeb_Final.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also the supervisory body for trust services under the Signature and Trust Services Act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; TKK is a three-member body, with three substitute members, who are appointed by the Federal Government for a period of five years.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; TKK issues decisions which may be appealed to the Administrative Court (VwGH) and to the Constitutional Court (VfGH).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtr.at/rtr/wer_wir_sind/tkk/TKK.en.html|title=Telekom-Control Commission (TKK)|website=RTR|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; TKK's key responsibilities include, but are not limited to&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Telekommunikationsgesetz 2021 [TKG 2021], BGBl. I No. 190/2021, as amended, art. 198 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=TKG+2021&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=b6c32737-6e18-4d17-8a77-a70e22b412c4&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_2021_1_190; (Austria) (full list of duties).&lt;/ref&gt;: 

* administering spectrum ranges not falling under general authorization and deciding on certain spectrum assignments; 
* deciding on the shared use of infrastructure; 
* deciding on security audits; 
* determining the financial compensation to be paid from, and the contributions to be paid into the universal service fund; 
* identifying breaches of the TKG 2021 and requesting confiscations; 
* and deciding in cross-border disputes. 

===== &lt;u&gt;Austrian Communications Authority (KommAustria)&lt;/u&gt; =====
KommAustria was created in 2001 pursuant to the KommAustria Act (KOG).&lt;ref&gt;''See'' RTR, Communications Report 24 (2024), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.rtr.at/rtr/publikationen/Kommunikationsbericht/RTR_Kommunikationsbericht_24_EngWeb_Final.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; KommAustria operates as &quot;an independent and autonomous regulatory and supervisory authority with responsibility for electronic and audiovisual media.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. &lt;/ref&gt; KommAustria is a panel authority made up of seven members.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; KommAustria's key responsibilities include, but are not limited to&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 28–57; ''see also'' Telekommunikationsgesetz 2021 [TKG 2021], BGBl. I No. 190/2021, as amended, art. 199 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=TKG+2021&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=b6c32737-6e18-4d17-8a77-a70e22b412c4&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_2021_1_190; (Austria) (full list of duties).&lt;/ref&gt;:

* assigning broadcasting frequencies, issuing private broadcasting licenses, accepting and reviewing notifications from cable broadcasters, and issuing multiplex licenses to radio and television broadcasters; 
* supervising the Austrian broadcasting corporation, Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF), and its subsidiaries; 
* monitoring and receiving notifications for any &quot;planned provision of a public communications network&quot; under the general authorization regime;&lt;ref&gt;''See'' RTR, Communications Report 39 (2024), https://www.rtr.at/rtr/publikationen/Kommunikationsbericht/RTR_Kommunikationsbericht_24_EngWeb_Final.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;
* managing the frequency spectrum for the terrestrial broadcasting of radio stations and television channels;&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 43.&lt;/ref&gt;
* allocating federal subsidies for the press, publishing, and quality journalism pursuant to the Press Subsidies Act (PresseFG) of 2004; 
* issuing takedown orders pursuant to the Addressing Terrorist Content Act (TIB-G); and supervising intermediary services, such as &quot;transit services, cashing services, hosting services, online platforms, and online search engines,&quot; pursuant to the Digital Services Act.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 41.&lt;/ref&gt; 

===== &lt;u&gt;Postal Control Commission (PCK)&lt;/u&gt; =====
&quot;The PCK has been responsible for regulating the postal market in Austria since 2008.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 25.&lt;/ref&gt; The PCK is a three-member body, with three substitute members, who are appointed by the Federal Government for a period of five years.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the PCK's key responsibilities include, but are not limited to&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 206.&lt;/ref&gt;: 

* guaranteeing universal service of postal service; 
* issuing licenses for the purpose of conveying letters up to 50 g; 
* and monitoring fee setting by postal service providers.

===== &lt;u&gt;Regulatory Authority for Broadcasting and Telecommunications (RTR)&lt;/u&gt; =====
The RTR was created as a state institution in 2001 under the KommAustria Act with the mandate to &quot;promote competition in the broadcasting, telecommunications and postal markets, which achieving the goals set out in the KommAustria Act and the Telecommunications Act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 14.&lt;/ref&gt; The RTR serves as an administrative agency supporting the TKK, KommAustria, and the PCK.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; RTR is divided into two specialized divisions, the Media Division which largely supports KommAustria, and the Telecommunications and Postal Services Division which supports the TKK and PCK.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== (2) Judicial Review of Communications Law Matters ====
Austria's courts are divided into two jurisdictions: those handling public law, or constitutional law, matters; and those of ordinary jurisdiction handling matters outside the competence of the public law courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex|title=A Brief Overview of the Austrian Legal Information System and Laws|website=GlobaLex {{!}} Foreign and International Law Research|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both jurisdictions play a part in conducting judicial review over communications law matters. The courts and their primary responsibilities with regard to communications law are discussed below.  

===== &lt;u&gt;Public Law Courts&lt;/u&gt; =====
There are three key public law courts in Austria's public law jurisdiction, the Federal Administrative Court (BVwG), the Verwaltungsgerichtshof (Administrative Court) (VwGH), and the Verfassungsgerichtshof (Constitutional Court) (VfGH). 

The BVwG and VwGH &quot;monitor[] the legality of administrative acts.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Helmut Weichsel'', A Brief Overview of the Austrian Legal Information System and Laws,'' NYU LAW: GlobaLex (July/August 2021), ''https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/austria1.html#:~:text=The%20Austrian%20legal%20system%20is,interests%20of%20the%20federal%20provinces&lt;nowiki/&gt;.'' &lt;/ref&gt;  The BVwG is the lower Administrative court, while the VwGH is the higher Administrative court. Decisions of KommAustria and the PCK can be appealed first to the BVwG and then further to the VwGH.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtr.at/TKP/wer_wir_sind/pck/Startseite.en.html|title=Post-Control-Commission (PCK)|website=RTR|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''KommAustria Organization Document'' (last updated 07.04.2017), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://cdn.epra.org/organisations/documents/1/original/Profile_AT_0417.pdf?1491570093#:~:text=Please%20add%20any%20information%20you,population%2C%20whereas%20the%20term%20%E2%80%9Cindustry&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; TKK decisions, however, can be appealed directly to the VwGH.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtr.at/rtr/wer_wir_sind/tkk/TKK.en.html|title=Telekom-Control Commission (TKK)|website=RTR|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The VfGH is the highest state body in Austria in regard to constitutional law matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex|title=A Brief Overview of the Austrian Legal Information System and Laws|website=GlobaLex {{!}} Foreign and International Law Research|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its core responsibilities are to safeguard &quot;the civil rights of [Austrian] citizens and to ensure that legislation is in conformity with the Austrian Constitution.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Id''.&lt;/ref&gt; The VfGH may also adjudicate conflicts: &quot;(i) in the legislative competences between the federation and the federal provinces, (ii) between courts of ordinary jurisdiction and administrative authorities and/or courts of public jurisdiction, [and] (iii) between itself and the Administrative Court.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Id''.&lt;/ref&gt; TKK decisions can be appealed directly to the VfGH if it is within the court's competence,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtr.at/rtr/wer_wir_sind/tkk/TKK.en.html|title=Telekom-Control Commission (TKK)|website=RTR|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; while decisions of KommAustria and the PCK can be appealed first to the Federal Administrative Court (BVwG), the lower Administrative Court, and then further to the VfGH if it is within the court's competence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtr.at/TKP/wer_wir_sind/pck/Startseite.en.html|title=Post-Control-Commission (PCK)|website=RTR|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''KommAustria Organization Document'' (last updated 07.04.2017), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://cdn.epra.org/organisations/documents/1/original/Profile_AT_0417.pdf?1491570093#:~:text=Please%20add%20any%20information%20you,population%2C%20whereas%20the%20term%20%E2%80%9Cindustry&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

===== &lt;u&gt;Courts of Ordinary Jurisdiction&lt;/u&gt; =====
Austria's courts of ordinary jurisdiction are divided into courts of first instance, the district and regional courts; courts of second instance, the Province courts; and the Supreme Court of Justice, the court of final instance.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] [Constitution] BGBl No. 1/1930, as last amended by Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] BGBl I No. 89/2024, art. 92 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=B-VG&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=bd9e8a07-2b58-4907-ba9c-8b2f16edfa1c&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_1930_1; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex|title=A Brief Overview of the Austrian Legal Information System and Laws|website=GlobaLex {{!}} Foreign and International Law Research|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Courts of ordinary jurisdiction may have jurisdiction over communications law matters not within the jurisdiction of the public law courts, such as defamation cases in the civil or criminal context, or dissemination of terrorist content online in the criminal context. 

=== Hierarchy of Laws ===
The Austrian legal system is hierarchical in structure. The hierarchy of legal sources of communications law is as follows: 

==== (1) The Guiding Principles and Primacy of European Union Law; Dual Constitution Approach ====
On January 1, 1995, Austria joined the European Union (EU).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-enlargement_en|title=EU enlargement - European Union|website=european-union.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Through its jurisprudence, the Court of Justice of the European Union has developed the principle of primacy of EU law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/primacy-of-eu-law-precedence-supremacy.html|title=Primacy of EU law (precedence, supremacy) - EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; This principle of primacy means that should a conflict arise between the law of the EU and the law of a Member State, EU law must prevail.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Austria, in preparing to join the EU, underwent a &quot;total revision,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] [Constitution] BGBl No. 1/1930, as last amended by Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] BGBl I No. 89/2024, art. 42 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=B-VG&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=bd9e8a07-2b58-4907-ba9c-8b2f16edfa1c&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_1930_1; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; of the existing Federal Constitutional Law, incorporating EU law and thus assuming what has been labeled the &quot;dual constitution approach.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://e-justice.europa.eu/topics/legislation-and-case-law/national-legislation/at_en#:~:text=Since%20Austria's%20accession%20to%20the,guiding%20principles%20of%20the%20Constitution|title=National legislation {{!}} European e-Justice Portal|website=e-justice.europa.eu|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex|title=A Brief Overview of the Austrian Legal Information System and Laws|website=GlobaLex {{!}} Foreign and International Law Research|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The modern hierarchy places EU law on par with the guiding principles of the Austrian Federal Constitution as the supreme law of the land, over federal and provincial constitutional law, other federal and provincial laws, and regulations.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Much of Austria's body of communications law has been formed through incorporation of EU law, and as such is supreme over other National law. Some such laws based in EU law include, but are not limited to: 

* Telekommunikationsgesetz (TKG 2021): On November 1, 2021, Austria incorporated the European Electronic Communications Code (EECC), an EU Directive, into national law by amending its Telecommunications Act into its current version, TKG 2021, one of Austria’s most comprehensive laws regulating the telecommunications industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.squirepattonboggs.com/en/services/practice-areas/communications/european-electronic-communications-code-transposition-status|title=European Electronic Communications Code – Transposition Status {{!}} Communications {{!}} Practice Areas {{!}} Services {{!}} Squire Patton Boggs|website=www.squirepattonboggs.com|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Datenschutzgesetz (DSG): On May 25, 2018, the Datenschutzgesetz 2000, was almost entirely replaced with the current version, the DSG, the Austrian Data Protection Act, which implements and supplements the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Denise Stahleder, et al., ''Data Protection Law Guide: Austria'', The Glob. Legal Post (Feb. 2025), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.globallegalpost.com/lawoverborders/data-protection-law-guide-1072382791/austria-579009824#:~:text=The%20Austrian%20Data%20Protection%20Act%20(DSG)%20stipulates,*%20**Fines%20up%20to%20EUR%2020%20million**&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Funkanlagen-Marktüberwachungsgesetz (FMaG 2016): The FMaG 2016 is the Austrian Act on Market Supervision for Radio Equipment which implements the EU Radio Equipment Directive (RED).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fb.gv.at/Markt/markt-recht/markt-regelungen.html|title=Nationale Regelungen|website=Nationale Regelungen|language=de|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/electrical-and-electronic-engineering-industries-eei/radio-equipment-directive-red_en|title=Radio Equipment Directive (RED) - Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs|website=single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* DSA-Begleitgesetz (DSA-BegG): On December 30, 2023, the DSA-BegG, which implements and supplements the EU Digital Services Act (DSA), entered into force.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digitalpolicyalert.org/|title=DPA|website=digitalpolicyalert.org|language=en|access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Terrorinhalte-Bekämpfungs-Gesetz (TIB-G): Having entered into force on September 1, 2023, the TIB-G, the Addressing Terrorist Content Act, regulates the enforcement of the EU Terrorist Content Online Regulation (TCO).&lt;ref&gt;RTR, Communications Report 42 (2024), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.rtr.at/rtr/publikationen/Kommunikationsbericht/RTR_Kommunikationsbericht_24_EngWeb_Final.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== (2) Federal Constitutional Law ====
Federal Constitutional Law is subordinate to the guiding principles of the Constitution and EU law. The Österreichische Bundesverfassung, the Federal Constitution of Austria, is not one single document, but rather several disconnected pieces of law assigned constitutional status.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/10/100-year-anniversary-of-the-austrian-constitution|title=100 Year Anniversary of the Austrian Constitution {{!}} In Custodia Legis|last=Gesley|first=Jenny|date=2020-10-01|website=The Library of Congress|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The centerpiece of the Federal Constitution is the Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz (B-VG), the Federal Constitutional Law.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Austria enacted the B-VG on October 1, 1920.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Anna Gamper, ''Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Austrian Federal Constitution'', 2 Vienna Online J. on Int’l Const. L. 92, 93 (2008).&lt;/ref&gt; The B-VG was critically amended with the Federal Constitutional Amendment of 1929.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 107.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex|title=A Brief Overview of the Austrian Legal Information System and Laws|website=GlobaLex {{!}} Foreign and International Law Research|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The B-VG, along with the 1929 amendments form the basis of modern Austrian constitutional law. Nevertheless, some key amendments have been made to the Constitution throughout the years, including: 23 amendments over the period of 1983-1995 concerning the manner in which Austrian law coincides with the laws of the European Union; and significant amendments in 2009, 2013, 2014, and 2016.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Olga-Andreea Urda, ''Austrian Constitution – General Aspects'', 2018 Rev. de Drept Const. 75, 76 (2018) (Rom.).&lt;/ref&gt;
===== &lt;u&gt;Right to Expression, Right to Privacy, Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion, and other Human Rights Related to Communications Law&lt;/u&gt; =====
The B-VG contains no Bill of Rights, however, in Article 149, the B-VG incorporates the Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals of 1867.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] [Constitution] BGBl No. 1/1930, as last amended by Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] BGBl I No. 89/2024, art. 149 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=B-VG&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=bd9e8a07-2b58-4907-ba9c-8b2f16edfa1c&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_1930_1; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/10/100-year-anniversary-of-the-austrian-constitution|title=100 Year Anniversary of the Austrian Constitution {{!}} In Custodia Legis|last=Gesley|first=Jenny|date=2020-10-01|website=The Library of Congress|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in 1955, after Austria joined the Council of Europe, Austria granted constitutional status to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and its first additional protocol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/10/100-year-anniversary-of-the-austrian-constitution|title=100 Year Anniversary of the Austrian Constitution {{!}} In Custodia Legis|last=Gesley|first=Jenny|date=2020-10-01|website=The Library of Congress|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ECHR and its first additional protocol grant certain rights in regard to communications principles, such as the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, the right to freedom of expression, and the right to privacy. These rights, and others such as media freedom, and the right to information, are key with regard to communications law as they grant individuals the right to communicate and are used protect vulnerable populations. Nevertheless, these core human rights may sometimes conflict and Austria must conduct a balancing between an individual's right to expression with another individual's right to privacy or right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The intersection and influence of these rights within communications law are addressed throughout the following sections. 

===== &lt;u&gt;Communications Law Granted Constitutional Status&lt;/u&gt; =====
Other laws might also be granted constitutional status due to their importance within Austria, and their relation to key constitutional principles. An example of such a law in the communications realm is the Bundersverfassungsgesetz über das Verbot der NSDAP (Verbotsgesetz 1947 – VerbotsG), or the National Socialism Prohibition Act of 1947. In May 1995, Austria passed the VerbotsG, a federal constitutional law that, among other things, criminalizes Holocaust denial in certain communications.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bunderverfassungsgesetz über das Verbot der NSDAP [VerbotsG], StGBI No. 13/1945, as amended, §§ 3h, 29 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?ResultFunctionToken=358fb178-96ba-49d4-9243-2cc9ec6b7580&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=True&amp;Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=NSDAP&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_1945_13&lt;/nowiki&gt; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt;

==== (3) International Treaties ====
Article 50 of the B-VG provides the ways in which international treaties may be adopted in Austria.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] [Constitution] BGBl No. 1/1930, as last amended by Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] BGBl I No. 89/2024, art. 50 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=B-VG&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=bd9e8a07-2b58-4907-ba9c-8b2f16edfa1c&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_1930_1; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; All treaties require approval of the National Council,&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. at art. 50(1). &lt;/ref&gt; one of Austria's parliamentary bodies, but treaties that amend the treaty foundations of the EU which will require a complete revision of the Constitution, require approval of the National Council and consent of the Federal Council, the other parliamentary body, with approval of two-thirds of a quorum of each.&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. at art. 50(4).&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, treaties, much like laws in Austria, may be granted constitutional status, or may hold the same value as ordinary federal law. Austria has adopted a number of international treaties related to communications law, including, but not limited to: 

* The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Austrian Commission for UNESCO, ''Periodic Report on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage'' 1 (2021), https://www.unesco.at/fileadmin/Redaktion/Kultur/IKE/Publikationen/2003_Konvention_Periodic_Report_2021.pdf. &lt;/ref&gt;
* UNESCO’s Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/herein-system/austria|title=Austria - Herein System - www.coe.int|website=Herein System|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Council of Europe’s Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society.&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. &lt;/ref&gt; 
* Budapest Convention on Cybercrime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/parties-observers|title=Parties/Observers to the Budapest Convention and Observer Organisations to the T-CY - Cybercrime - www.coe.int|website=Cybercrime|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/PAGES/ViewDetails.aspx?chapter=4&amp;clang=_en&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-4&amp;src=TREATY|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|website=treaties.un.org|language=EN|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== (4) Federal and Provincial Laws ====
Federal laws and provincial laws that are not awarded constitutional status are subordinate to Federal and Provincial Constitutional Law, but generally federal laws take no precedence over provincial laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://e-justice.europa.eu/topics/legislation-and-case-law/national-legislation/at_en#:~:text=Since%20Austria's%20accession%20to%20the,guiding%20principles%20of%20the%20Constitution|title=National legislation {{!}} European e-Justice Portal|website=e-justice.europa.eu|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some examples of federal and provincial laws in the communications sphere include but are not limited to:   

* Communication Platforms Act (KoPI-G).
* KommAustria Act (KOG). 
* Provisions related to communications law in the Austrian General Civil Code, Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch für die gesammten deutschen Erbländer der Oesterreichischen Monarchie (ABGB), and the Criminal Code, Bundesgesetz vom 23. Jänner 1974 über die mit gerichtlicher Strafe bedrohten Handlungen (Strafgesetzbuch – StGB). 
* Cultural Promotion Acts of the Austrian provinces.

==== (5) Regulations/Ordinances ====
Regulations or ordinances are legal provisions issued by the Federal Government, are binding on all persons, but are generally subordinate to federal and provincial laws which must directly authorize such regulations.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; The RTR issues ordinances in the field of communications law. Some such ordinances include, but are not limited to:

* The Nummernübertragungsverordnung 2022 (NÜV 2022), the Number Porting Ordinance of 2022, governs “the transfer of numbers between mobile voice communication service providers.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtr.at/TKP/aktuelles/veroeffentlichungen/veroeffentlichungen/Verordnungen/nummernuebertragungsverordnung_2022.de.html|title=Nummernübertragungs­verordnung 2022|website=RTR|language=de|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Telekom-Netzsicherheitsverordnung 2020 (TK-NSiV 2020), the ordinance on Telecom Network Safety of 2020, sets out provisions to ensure network security in the telecommunications sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtr.at/TKP/aktuelles/veroeffentlichungen/veroeffentlichungen/Verordnungen/Telekom-Netzsicherheitsverordnung_2020_(TK-NSiV_2020.en.html|title=Telekom-Netzsicherheitsverordnung 2020 (TK-NSiV 2020)|website=RTR|language=en|access-date=2025-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Regulation of the Means of Communication ==
This section explores the regulation of the means of communication in Austria. The TKG 2021 is the primary source of telecommunications regulation in Austria, while programs like the Digital Austria Act or the EU's Digital Decade set targets for the development and improvement of the means of communication. This section closes with a glimpse at the current makeup of the telecommunications and broadcasting industries of Austria. 

=== TKG 2021 ===
The TKG 2021 is one of Austria’s most comprehensive laws regulating the telecommunications industry. The stated purpose of the TKG 2021 “is to promote competition in the field of electronic communications so as to ensure the provision of reliable, low-cost, high-quality and innovative communications services to the population and the economy.”&lt;ref&gt;Telekommunikationsgesetz 2021 [TKG 2021], BGBl. I No. 190/2021, as amended, art. 1(1) https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=TKG+2021&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=b6c32737-6e18-4d17-8a77-a70e22b412c4&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_2021_1_190; (Austria). &lt;/ref&gt; Some key features of the TKG 2021 are as follows:

* General Authorization Regime: A notification-based system that allows any person or company to provide telecommunications networks and services upon notification to the relevant regulatory body, without the need for a license or permit, subject to set conditions such as protection against harmful interference.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dlapiperintelligence.com/telecoms/index.html?t=laws&amp;c=AT#:~:text=The%20Telekom-Control-Commission%20(TKK)%20is%20a%20panel,Supervisory%20body%20for%20electronic%20signatures|title=Key telecommunications laws, regulations and policies in Austria - DLA Piper Telecommunications Laws of the World|website=www.dlapiperintelligence.com|access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.plmj.com/en/knowledge/informative-notes/BEREC-consultation-Implementation-of-the-General-Authorisation-and-impact-on-the-EU-digital-market/33406/|title=BEREC consultation: Implementation of the General Authorisation and impact on the EU digital market - Informative Notes - Knowledge|website=PLMJ Transformative legal experts|language=en|access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Universal Service: “[A] minimum set of public communications services at affordable prices which ensures unlimited social and economic participation in society,” which shall include: “internet access service of adequate bandwidth[,] and ... voice communications services at a fixed location, whether wired or wireless.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Telekommunikationsgesetz 2021 [TKG 2021], BGBl. I No. 190/2021, as amended, sec. 9 art. 106 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=TKG+2021&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=b6c32737-6e18-4d17-8a77-a70e22b412c4&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_2021_1_190; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dlapiperintelligence.com/telecoms/index.html?t=laws&amp;c=AT#:~:text=The%20Telekom-Control-Commission%20(TKK)%20is%20a%20panel,Supervisory%20body%20for%20electronic%20signatures|title=Key telecommunications laws, regulations and policies in Austria - DLA Piper Telecommunications Laws of the World|website=www.dlapiperintelligence.com|access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Administration and Licensing of Frequency Spectrum: The Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism is to administer the frequency spectrum while the regulatory authority is to issue broadcasting licenses and allocate frequencies for public and private use.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Telekommunikationsgesetz 2021 [TKG 2021], BGBl. I No. 190/2021, as amended, sec. 3 arts. 10–16 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=TKG+2021&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=b6c32737-6e18-4d17-8a77-a70e22b412c4&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_2021_1_190; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dlapiperintelligence.com/telecoms/index.html?t=laws&amp;c=AT#:~:text=The%20Telekom-Control-Commission%20(TKK)%20is%20a%20panel,Supervisory%20body%20for%20electronic%20signatures|title=Key telecommunications laws, regulations and policies in Austria - DLA Piper Telecommunications Laws of the World|website=www.dlapiperintelligence.com|access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Digital Austria Act ===
The Austrian Federal Government adopted the Digital Austria Act in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Federal Chancellery, Digital Decade: The Austrian Way 7 (2024 Update), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.digitalaustria.gv.at/dam/jcr:dd1160c4-dceb-402f-abf9-96a18f648e32/Digitale%20Dekade%20Brosch%C3%BCre-Update%202024-EN-ed2025-v2.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; The Digital Austria Act is a strategic plan to build on and achieve the targets of the EU’s Digital Decade, a policy program with goals and targets to guide Europe’s digital transition through 2030.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/europes-digital-decade-digital-targets-2030_en|title=Europe’s digital decade: 2030 targets {{!}} European Commission|website=commission.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; The EU’s Digital Decade sets out four key objectives: (1) “[a] digitally skilled population and highly skilled digital professionals;” (2) “[s]ecure and sustainable digital infrastructure;” (3) “[s]uccessful digital transformation of companies;” and (4) “[d]igitali[z]ation of public services.”&lt;ref&gt;Federal Chancellery, Digital Decade: The Austrian Way 4 (2024 Update), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.digitalaustria.gv.at/dam/jcr:dd1160c4-dceb-402f-abf9-96a18f648e32/Digitale%20Dekade%20Brosch%C3%BCre-Update%202024-EN-ed2025-v2.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Secure and sustainable digital infrastructure is particularly important as it concerns the means of communication.

Austria’s Digital Austria Act sets out 36 digitalization principles and 117 measures designed to shape Austria’s digital transition and to meet the targets set by the EU’s Digital Decade.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 9. &lt;/ref&gt; With regard to achieving the Digital Decade’s objective of secure and sustainable digital infrastructure, Austria has established two key strategies. First, the 5G Strategy originally published in 2018, set out “to optimi[z]e the necessary framework conditions to accelerate the rollout of 5G mobile technology.”&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 14. &lt;/ref&gt; Next, the Broadband Strategy 2030 complemented the efforts of the 5G strategy and committed Austria to achieving the EU broadband expansion targets.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; The Broadband Strategy 2030 “aims to achieve nationwide coverage in Austria with symmetrical giga-bit-capable access networks by 2030.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 15. &lt;/ref&gt;

In its Country Report on the State of the Digital Decade of 2024, the European Commission notes that Austria has made notable progress in achieving the goals of the Digital Decade but notes some areas for improvement.&lt;ref&gt;Eur. Comm'n, Report on the State of the Digital Decade: Austria 2 (2024), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/report-state-digital-decade-2024&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Some of its findings related to the means of communication are as follows:

* 67.6% of households in Austria have access to Fixed Very High-Capacity Networks (VHCN),&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 3. &lt;/ref&gt; which are defined as fiber optic to the home or building (FTTH or FTTB), or upgraded cable networks (DOCSIS 3.1).&lt;ref&gt;Eur. Comm'n, Commission Staff Working Document: DESI 2024 Methodological Note 4 (July 2024), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/report-state-digital-decade-2024&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; This is below the EU average of 78.8% of households.&lt;ref&gt;Eur. Comm'n, Report on the State of the Digital Decade: Austria 3 (2024), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/report-state-digital-decade-2024&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 41.0% of households in Austria have access to Fiber to the Premises coverage (FTTP),&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; which is defined as FTTH or FFTB.&lt;ref&gt;Eur. Comm'n, Commission Staff Working Document: DESI 2024 Methodological Note 4 (July 2024), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/report-state-digital-decade-2024&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; This is below the EU average of 64.0% of households.&lt;ref&gt;Eur. Comm'n, Report on the State of the Digital Decade: Austria 3 (2024), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/report-state-digital-decade-2024&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 96.0% of populated areas are covered by overall 5G coverage,&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; which is defined as coverage by at least one 5G mobile network.&lt;ref&gt;Eur. Comm'n, Commission Staff Working Document: DESI 2024 Methodological Note 4 (July 2024), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/report-state-digital-decade-2024&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; This is above the EU average of 89.3% of populated areas.&lt;ref&gt;Eur. Comm'n, Report on the State of the Digital Decade: Austria 3 (2024), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/report-state-digital-decade-2024&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Telecommunications Service Providers ===
Austria has 3 primary telecommunications service providers: A1 Telekom, a formerly state-owned company that was privatized in 2000, has approximately a 35% share of the market; Magenta Telekom, formerly T-Mobile, has approximately a 32% share of the market; and Drei, which has approximately a 24% share of the market.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.workinaustria.com/en/your-personal-guide/relocation/telecommunications/|title=Telecommunications|last=Team|first=DEVSK|website=aba-workinaustria|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are growing numbers of Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs) in addition to these 3 primary service providers, however, these companies do not own their own infrastructure and instead rent capacity from the 3 primary providers.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Broadcasting Corporations ===
The broadcasting industry in Austria includes both public and private corporations. Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF) is the public broadcasting corporation and is Austria’s largest media provider.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://der.orf.at/unternehmen/austrian-broadcasting-corporation/index.html|title=ORF – The Austrian Broadcasting Corporation|website=der.ORF.at|language=de|access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; ORF operates four television channels, twelve radio channels, and a range of websites.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; ORF television had approximately a 34% share of the market in 2024, and ORF radio had approximately a 61% share of the market in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; 

There are many private corporations that make up the rest of the broadcasting industry in Austria. ATV, PULS 4, and ServusTV are private broadcasters that are broadcast nationwide, but there are several more private, regional, and foreign broadcasters that have a significant share of the market.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.advantageaustria.org/kz/zentral/business-guide/zahlen-und-fakten/oe-auf-einen-blick/medien/medien.en.html|title=Media|website=www.advantageaustria.org|language=en|access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Broadcasting Frequency Allocation ===
The allocation of broadcasting frequencies is done by KommAustria through a licensing scheme in which licenses are awarded in a “tendered criteria competition.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtr.at/medien/wer_wir_sind/RTR_Medien/frequenzmanagement/Homepage_Frequency_Management.en.html|title=Frequency Management|website=RTR|language=en|access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; RTR, specifically its media division, assists with licensing decisions by providing expert opinions which assess the “technical feasibility and possible use of the frequencies put out to tender.”&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Frequency allocation also necessarily involves international coordination since frequencies are not limited by national borders.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; KommAustria and the frequency management department of the media division of RTR participate in international working groups and conferences to coordinate with neighboring countries on the use and allocation of broadcasting frequencies.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; TKK decides on certain cross-border disputes.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Telekommunikationsgesetz 2021 [TKG 2021], BGBl. I No. 190/2021, as amended, art. 198(21) https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=TKG+2021&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=b6c32737-6e18-4d17-8a77-a70e22b412c4&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_2021_1_190; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Censorship in Austria ==
This section explores censorship in Austria. Freedom of expression, as well as freedom of the press are protected in Austria through the incorporation into the Constitution of the Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals of 1867,&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] [Constitution] BGBl No. 1/1930, as last amended by Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] BGBl I No. 89/2024, art. 149 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=B-VG&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=bd9e8a07-2b58-4907-ba9c-8b2f16edfa1c&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_1930_1; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/10/100-year-anniversary-of-the-austrian-constitution|title=100 Year Anniversary of the Austrian Constitution {{!}} In Custodia Legis|last=Gesley|first=Jenny|date=2020-10-01|website=The Library of Congress|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and its first additional protocol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/10/100-year-anniversary-of-the-austrian-constitution|title=100 Year Anniversary of the Austrian Constitution {{!}} In Custodia Legis|last=Gesley|first=Jenny|date=2020-10-01|website=The Library of Congress|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Mediengesetz (MedienG), first passed in 1981 and subsequently amended throughout the years, further “guarantee[s] complete freedom of media,” “in order to safeguard the right to freedom of expression and information.”&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Mediengesetz [MedienG], BGBl. I No. 314/1981, as amended, https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=MedienG&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=87145fb0-417f-4610-9bf8-491e46b2cc56&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_1981_314; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, there are certain restrictions on freedom of expression. Austrian law prohibits, for example: denial of, approval of, or justification for Nazi crimes; incitement, insult, or disparagement against a group because of race, nationality, religion, or ethnicity; defamation; terrorist messaging; and certain online hate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/austria/|title=Austria|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Austria also restricts access to certain websites that violate the law.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Recent Developments with Regard to Censorship ===
On January 1, 2021, the Austrian Communication Platforms Act (KoPI-G) entered into force.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://inplp.com/latest-news/article/austria-is-the-austrian-communication-platforms-act-contrary-to-eu-law/|title=Is the Austrian Communication-Platforms-Act contrary to EU law?|website=International Network of Privacy Law Professionals|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; The KoPI-G was passed with a package of laws as a measure to combat online hate speech,&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; more specifically, the Act was supposed to target a variety of offenses including, but not limited to: online harassment, pornographic representations of minors, blackmail, and dangerous threats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.article19.org/resources/austria-draft-communication-platforms-act-fails-freedom-of-expression/|title=Austria: the draft Communication Platforms’ Act fails to protect freedom of expression|date=2020-10-16|website=ARTICLE 19|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The KoPI-G purported to regulate both domestic and foreign communication platforms unless such platform had less than 100,000 registered Austrian users and made less than EUR 500,000 in the preceding calendar year.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Case C-376/22, Google Ireland Ltd., et al. v. KommAustria, ECLI:EU:C:2023:835, ¶ 11 ((Nov. 9, 2023), https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&amp;doclang=EN&amp;docid=279493.&lt;/ref&gt; The KoPI-G exempted platforms for the sale of goods or services, such as Amazon; non-profit platforms; and certain media platforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.article19.org/resources/austria-draft-communication-platforms-act-fails-freedom-of-expression/|title=Austria: the draft Communication Platforms’ Act fails to protect freedom of expression|date=2020-10-16|website=ARTICLE 19|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; The KoPI-G would have required covered platforms to remove or disable access to content, after receiving a complaint, (i) within 24 hours when the content’s illegality is “already evident to a legal layperson,” or (ii) within 7 days if the content required a more detailed examination to determine its illegality.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Failure to comply with the KoPI-G, as determined by KommAustria with support from the RTR media division,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://inplp.com/latest-news/article/austria-is-the-austrian-communication-platforms-act-contrary-to-eu-law/|title=Is the Austrian Communication-Platforms-Act contrary to EU law?|website=International Network of Privacy Law Professionals|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; was to result in fines to the communication platform of up to EUR 10 million depending on the circumstances of the failure to comply, and fines to the communication platform’s KoPI-G representative of up to EUR 50,000 for negligence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.article19.org/resources/austria-draft-communication-platforms-act-fails-freedom-of-expression/|title=Austria: the draft Communication Platforms’ Act fails to protect freedom of expression|date=2020-10-16|website=ARTICLE 19|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after the KoPI-G entered into force, Google, Meta, and Tik Tok, all through their European headquarters in Ireland, applied for a decision from KommAustria that the KoPI-G did not apply to them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://inplp.com/latest-news/article/austria-is-the-austrian-communication-platforms-act-contrary-to-eu-law/|title=Is the Austrian Communication-Platforms-Act contrary to EU law?|website=International Network of Privacy Law Professionals|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; KommAustria determined that the KoPI-G did apply to them, and the companies appealed to the Federal Administrative Court (BVwG), the lower Administrative Court, and then further to the VwGH, the Administrative Court, where the VwGH referred questions to the European Court of Justice for an opinion as to whether the law complied with EU law.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Case C-376/22, Google Ireland Ltd., et al. v. KommAustria, ECLI:EU:C:2023:835, ¶¶ 16-24 ((Nov. 9, 2023), https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&amp;doclang=EN&amp;docid=279493.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In ''Google Ireland Ltd., et al. v. KommAustria'', the Court generally held that at least as the KoPI-G purports to regulate companies based in other Member States, the law conflicts with EU law, in part, because “to allow the Member State of destination to adopt general and abstract measures aimed at regulating the provision of information society services by providers not established on its territory would undermine mutual trust between Member States and would be in conflict with the principle of mutual recognition.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. at ¶ 53.&lt;/ref&gt; The KoPI-G has not been officially repealed, however, this decision of the ECJ essentially nullifies any practical effect of the law due to the principle of primacy of EU law.

=== Terrorist Content ===

==== (1) Regulating Terrorist Content Pursuant to the Addressing Terrorist Content Act (TIB-G) and the EU Terrorist Content Online Regulation (TCO) ====
In Austria, the Addressing Terrorist Content Act (TIB-G) regulates the enforcement of the EU Terrorist Content Online Regulation (TCO) which together govern the regulation of terrorist content online.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Regulation (EU) 2021/784 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2021 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, 2021 O.J. (L 172) 79.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Terrorinhalte-Bekämpfungs-Gesetz [TIB-G], BGBl. I No. 80/2023, https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?ResultFunctionToken=1cf73759-9e44-44bd-82be-3b8077f29852&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=True&amp;Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=Terrorist&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_2023_1_80; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; Generally, the TCO provides that a “competent authority” in each Member State “shall have the power to issue a removal order requiring hosting service providers to remove terrorist content or to disable access to terrorist content.”&lt;ref&gt;Regulation (EU) 2021/784 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2021 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, 2021 O.J. (L 172) 79, art. 3(1).&lt;/ref&gt; The TCO requires that upon the issuance of a removal order, hosting service providers must remove or disable access to the terrorist content identified within one hour.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. art. 3(3).&lt;/ref&gt; Further, the TCO provides for cross-border removals, stating that should the hosting service provider not have its main establishment in the country that issued the removal order, the competent authority that submitted the removal order must also deliver a copy of the removal order to the competent authority of the country in which the hosting service provider has its main establishment.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. art. 4(1).&lt;/ref&gt; While the hosting service provider must still comply with the removal order within one hour, the competent authority of the country in which the hosting service provider has its main establishment may conduct an independent review to determine whether the removal order complies with the TCO or infringes on fundamental rights and freedoms.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. art. 4(3).&lt;/ref&gt;

The TIB-G establishes KommAustria as the competent authority to issue removal orders under the TCO, and the RTR media division is tasked with supporting KommAustria with regard to performance of these tasks.&lt;ref&gt;Terrorinhalte-Bekämpfungs-Gesetz [TIB-G], BGBl. I No. 80/2023, § 2 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?ResultFunctionToken=1cf73759-9e44-44bd-82be-3b8077f29852&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=True&amp;Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=Terrorist&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_2023_1_80; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; The TIB-G further establishes cooperation between KommAustria and the State Security and Intelligence Directorate for the purposes of identification of terrorist content.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. § 3.&lt;/ref&gt; 

RTR reports that in 2024, KommAustria issued eight removal orders to two hosting service providers whose main establishments were located in Belgium and Ireland.&lt;ref&gt;RTR, Communications Report 42 (2024), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.rtr.at/rtr/publikationen/Kommunikationsbericht/RTR_Kommunikationsbericht_24_EngWeb_Final.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; The hosting service providers in all cases removed the content in question within one hour of receiving the removal order.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; One order was appealed to the Federal Administrative Court (BVwG), however, the appeal was dismissed.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; In addition to these eight removal orders, on four separate occasions KommAustria also exercised their power to refer certain content to the hosting service provider with a request to review the content for potential violations of the TCO and compliance with the provider’s terms and conditions.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== (2) Criminalization of Terrorist Content ====
Austria also criminalizes association with terrorist organizations, instruction to commit terrorist acts, and approval of terrorist acts.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Steering Comm. on Counter-Terrorism of the Council of Europe, Profiles on Counter-Terrorist Capacity: Austria (Apr. 2021), https://rm.coe.int/profile-austria-april-2021-2772-0544-4355-v-1/1680a2b114. &lt;/ref&gt; These laws have been used to convict individuals for the dissemination of terrorist propaganda and the incitement of terrorist acts via social media or online chat rooms.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' 32 EUROJUST Terrorism Convictions Monitor 5-6 (2018), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/sites/default/files/Publications/Reports/2018-12_TCM-32_EN.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2018, for example, an individual was sentenced to six years imprisonment for membership in a terrorist organization after the individual shared Taliban propaganda via social media and online chat rooms.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Truth, Honor, and Tolerance Laws in Austria ==
This section explores truth, honor, and tolerance laws in Austria, laws which further regulate the type of content one may share publicly and set consequences for violations of these standards. Starting first with the “right to truth,” Austria makes use of memory laws to prohibit Holocaust denial and the glorification of Nazism. Next, defamation law in Austria is designed to protect the right to one’s honor, a right guaranteed in the Austrian General Civil Code, and the right to respect for private and family life guaranteed in the ECHR. Finally, Austria criminalizes certain acts of intolerance, establishing penalties for online harassment and the dissemination of communications which incite violence or hatred against certain groups.

=== Memory Laws ===
Due to the history of the ''Anschluss'' of March 1938,&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Hans-Georg Kantner, ''The Legal System of the Republic of Austria (Republic Österrich)'', ''in'' Modern Legal Systems Cyclopedia 4.30, 4.30.8–4.30.9 (Kenneth R. Redden &amp; Linda L Schlueter eds., 1989).&lt;/ref&gt; Austria has strict laws against the promotion or glorification of Nazism and bans Holocaust denial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/austria/|title=Austria|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Bundersverfassungsgesetz über das Verbot der NSDAP (Verbotsgesetz 1947 – VerbotsG), or the National Socialism Prohibition Act of 1947, is a federal constitutional law that was originally passed in May 1995, however, it was significantly amended in 1947 and 1992.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bunderverfassungsgesetz über das Verbot der NSDAP [VerbotsG], StGBI No. 13/1945, as amended, https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?ResultFunctionToken=358fb178-96ba-49d4-9243-2cc9ec6b7580&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=True&amp;Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=NSDAP&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_1945_13; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; Section 3h of the VerbotsG criminalizes Holocaust denial in “print media, in a broadcast or in any other medium or otherwise in a manner accessible to many people.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. at § 3h.&lt;/ref&gt; The Abzeichengesetz 1960, or the Badge Act of 1960, also criminalizes the wearing, display, presentation, or dissemination in public of badges, uniforms, symbols, or insignia of organizations banned in Austria, including the Nazi party.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bundesgesetz vom. 5. April 1960, mit dem bestimmte Abzeichen verboten warden [Abzeichengesetz 1960], BGBI. No. 84/1960, as amended, § 1 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10005262; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; 

These laws are regularly enforced to combat the spread of Nazi propaganda and Holocaust denial in the media. In 2022, the Vienna Higher Regional Court sentenced Philip Hassler, a rapper who went by the name “Mr. Bond,” to ten years in prison for distributing songs that glorified Nazism and the Holocaust.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/austria/|title=Austria|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://antisemitism.org/far-right-austrian-rapper-sentenced-to-ten-years-in-jail-for-glorifying-nazi-ideology/|title=Far-right Austrian rapper sentenced to ten years in jail for glorifying Nazi ideology|last=Feldman|first=Max|date=2022-04-05|website=Campaign Against Antisemitism|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; In another well-known case, in 2013, Gottfried Küssel was convicted and sentenced to nine years in prison for his role in creating and hosting a far-right website that glorified Nazism.&lt;ref&gt;''See Austrian Man Gets nine years for Neo-Nazi Website'', Reuters (Jan 11, 2013, 6:15 AM), https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/austrian-man-gets-nine-years-for-neo-nazi-website-idUSBRE90A0EM/.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Defamation ===
Defamation law is codified in both Austrian civil and criminal law.

First, § 1330 of the Austrian General Civil Code, Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch für die gesammten deutschen Erbländer der Oesterreichischen Monarchie (ABGB), states that an individual is entitled to demand compensation if they have suffered real damage due to defamation, and provides this protection, as well as the right to demand a retraction if someone publishes information that could jeopardize the individual’s credit, business, or advancement, if they were aware, or should have been aware of the falsity of those statements.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch für die gesammten deutschen Erbländer der Oesterreichischen Monarchie [ABGB], JGS No. 946/1811, as amended, § 1330 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10001622; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; The MedienG also provides remedies for criminal defamation, providing that if an offence of “criminal defamation, insult, ridicule, or false accusation” is committed via media, the individual impacted by the statements is entitled to claim from the owner of the media, indemnity for personal effects suffered.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Mediengesetz [MedienG], BGBl. I No. 314/1981, as amended, § 6 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=MedienG&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=2a1cec3c-67ac-40dd-a9dc-56b2405108a5&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_1981_314; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; 

In the criminal context, Austria criminalizes certain acts against one’s honor in the Criminal Code, Bundesgesetz vom 23. Jänner 1974 über die mit gerichtlicher Strafe bedrohten Handlungen (Strafgesetzbuch – StGB). Under § 111, accusations against another “of a contemptible characteristic or attitude, or of dishonorable or immoral conduct” that is likely to bring contempt or impact his reputation in public opinion is punishable with imprisonment of up to six months or a fine.&lt;ref&gt;Bundesgesetz vom 23. Jänner 1974 über die mit gerichtlicher Strafe bedrohten Handlungen [StGB], BGBl. No. 60/1974, as amended, § 111 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10002296; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; If such accusations are broadcast to the public however, through print media, radio, or via the internet, the act could be punished with up to a year in prison or a fine.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; The Criminal Code also provides for punishment of imprisonment of up to three months or a fine for (1) individuals who publicly accuse another person “of a criminal act for which the sentence has already been carried out,”&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at § 113.&lt;/ref&gt; and (2) for individuals who publicly “insult[], [or] mock[]” another person.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at § 115.&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, the Criminal Code also provides that offenses under § 111 and § 115 are punishable “if they are directed against the National Council, the Federal Council, the Federal Assembly or a state parliament, against the Federal Army, an independent division of the Federal Army, or a public authority.”&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at § 116.&lt;/ref&gt; Criminal offenses against one’s honor are prosecuted at the request of the victim, “[h]owever, they are prosecuted ex officio if they are directed against the Federal President, the National Council, the Federal Council, the Assembly or a state parliament, against the Federal Army, an independent division of the Federal Army, or a public authority.”&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at § 117.&lt;/ref&gt;

Defamation laws are regularly enforced and require a balancing of an individual’s right to honor, and an individual’s right to expression. Some critics have noted that the criminal consequences of defamation in Austria and that allegations of offenses against the honor of certain governmental figures/bodies are prosecuted ex officio, can create a chilling effect on speech and expression. To this point, a notable defamation case from this year involved three members of the far-right Freedom Party (FPÖ) of Austria who sued the newspaper Der Standard in the Vienna Criminal Court over an article that alleged that they attended a funeral in which a Nazi song was sung.&lt;ref&gt;''See Austrian Far-Right Lawmakers Win Defamation Case Against Newspaper Over Hymn'', Reuters (Jan. 16, 2025, 4:44 PM), https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/austrian-far-right-lawmakers-win-defamation-case-against-newspaper-over-hymn-2025-01-16/. &lt;/ref&gt; The article included a video that the Vienna Criminal Court determined was too poor in quality to determine whether the song was a Nazi song, and the court awarded the three plaintiffs 20,250 euros in damages.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;

In another case Der Standard applied to the European Court of Human Rights regarding defamation cases brought by political figures, alleging violations its right to freedom of expression as provided by Article 10 of the ECHR.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Standard Verlags GmbH v. Austria, App. No. 21277/05 (June 4, 2009), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp#{%22itemid%22:&amp;#x5B;%22001-92865%22&amp;#x5D;}.&lt;/ref&gt; The facts of ''Standard Verlags GmbH v. Austria'' involve an article published on May 14, 2004, in Der Standard, which commented on rumors that then Federal President, Mr. Klestil, and his wife were having marital issues, and further accused the Federal President’s wife of an affair with the head of the FPÖ parliamentary group.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. ¶ 6.&lt;/ref&gt; Both the then Federal President and his wife, and the head of the FPÖ parliamentary group brought proceedings against Der Standard under the MedienG, and the head of the FPÖ parliamentary group additionally brought proceedings under the ABGB.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. ¶¶ 8, 21, 29.&lt;/ref&gt; In both cases the Regional Court and the Court of Appeal found in favor of the plaintiffs and ordered damages. The European Court of Human Rights found that while there was an interference with Der Standard’s right to expression, it was justified due to the need to protect the plaintiffs’ right to protection of their private life.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. ¶¶ 42–56.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Intolerance ===
Austria criminalizes acts which incite violence or hatred, or insult with the intention of violating the human dignity of an individual, based on “race, color, language, religion or belief, nationality, descent or national or ethnic origin, gender, disability, age[,] or sexual orientation.”&lt;ref&gt;Bundesgesetz vom 23. Jänner 1974 über die mit gerichtlicher Strafe bedrohten Handlungen [StGB], BGBl. No. 60/1974, as amended, § 283(1) https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10002296; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; Further, an individual that commits an act described by § 283(1) “in a printed work, on radio or otherwise in a manner that makes the acts described ... accessible to a broad public,” may be punished with imprisonment of up to three years.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. § 283(2). &lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, Austria has recently made strides to combat cyberbullying and other online harassment. § 107c of the Criminal Code makes punishable by imprisonment of up to one year or a fine, acts which, “by means of telecommunications or using a computer system,” violate the honor of a person or make a fact or image of a person’s private sphere of live perceptible to a large number of people without their consent.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. § 107c(1).&lt;/ref&gt; The law also increases the punishment to imprisonment for up to three years if (1) the victim commits or attempts suicide, (2) the perpetrator continues to commit acts for longer than one year, or (3) if the content remains accessible to the public for more than one year.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. § 107c(2).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cultural and Religious Expression in Austria ==
This section explores the right to cultural and religious expression in Austria. In Austria, the right to cultural and religious expression is generally guaranteed by Articles 9 and 10 of the ECHR, which was granted constitutional status in Austria in 1955,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/10/100-year-anniversary-of-the-austrian-constitution|title=100 Year Anniversary of the Austrian Constitution {{!}} In Custodia Legis|last=Gesley|first=Jenny|date=2020-10-01|website=The Library of Congress|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; and by articles 12-16 of the Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals of 1867.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] [Constitution] BGBl No. 1/1930, as last amended by Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] BGBl I No. 89/2024, art. 149 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=B-VG&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=bd9e8a07-2b58-4907-ba9c-8b2f16edfa1c&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_1930_1; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/10/100-year-anniversary-of-the-austrian-constitution|title=100 Year Anniversary of the Austrian Constitution {{!}} In Custodia Legis|last=Gesley|first=Jenny|date=2020-10-01|website=The Library of Congress|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cultural expression is largely safeguarded by the individual provinces with some involvement from the Austrian federal government, while religious expression is largely safeguarded and codified in Federal law. This section first looks to cultural expression generally with a more specific glance into festivals that celebrate Austrian culture, and then turns to religious expression, its history in Austria and the current state of affairs.

=== Cultural Expression ===
Generally, Austria’s rich cultural history is safeguarded by the cultural promotion acts of the individual Austrian provinces, while Austrian national cultural policy is advanced by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Arts, Culture, the Civil Service and Sports.&lt;ref&gt;Veronika Ratzenböck and Klara Kostal, The Compendium of Cultural Pol’ys &amp; Trends, ''Austria: Short Cultural Policy Profile'' 2 (2023), https://www.culturalpolicies.net/wp-content/uploads/pdf_short/austria/Austria_short_01_2023.pdf. &lt;/ref&gt; At the Federal level, some of the objectives of the national cultural policy are: to support Austria’s art and culture; to protect Austrian cultural heritage; and to support cultural commemoration, among other goals.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, as a commitment to the protection of cultural expression, Austria has ratified the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which among other things, requires that Austria maintain a registry of intangible cultural heritage of Austria and carry out safeguarding measures to protect and bring awareness to such heritage.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Austrian Commission for UNESCO, ''Periodic Report on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage'' 1 (2021), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.unesco.at/fileadmin/Redaktion/Kultur/IKE/Publikationen/2003_Konvention_Periodic_Report_2021.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;/ref&gt; Austria has also ratified various other international treaties on cultural heritage including UNESCO’s Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, and the Council of Europe’s Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society, among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/herein-system/austria|title=Austria - Herein System - www.coe.int|website=Herein System|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Festivals ===
Community festivals are a common form of cultural expression. Austria has a rich array of festivals that take place regularly and contribute to the cultural landscape in Austria. Numerous cultural festivals and social practices have been deemed intangible cultural heritage under the UNESCO convention, but there are even more festivals that have not achieved such distinction but nonetheless remain a key part of Austria’s rich culture. Austrian festivals and other forms of cultural and religious expression are ordinarily safeguarded and funded by local associations and community groups but may also receive funding or support from the provincial or federal governments.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Austrian Commission for UNESCO, ''Periodic Report on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage'' 1 (2021), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.unesco.at/fileadmin/Redaktion/Kultur/IKE/Publikationen/2003_Konvention_Periodic_Report_2021.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, some controversy exists where Austria lists certain cultural festivities as intangible cultural heritage of Austria or otherwise promotes certain cultural festivities through funding measures or other support. For example, a few key cultural festivals deemed intangible cultural heritage in Austria have roots in paganism and may, as a result, be offensive to certain religions. Furthermore, government funding or support of certain festivals has come under scrutiny in recent years where such festivals are deemed inaccessible to the population at large due to ticket prices. A number of Austria’s many festivals are briefly examined below and some potential controversies regarding freedom of expression are identified.

==== (1) Perchtenlauf ====
[[File:Der Abtenauer Perchtenlauf 2017- 06.jpg|thumb|Perchtenlauf in Abtenau, Austria.]]
The Perchtenlauf is an Alpine tradition rooted in pagan beliefs that takes place traditionally between the Winter Solstice and Epiphany (December 21 – January 6).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.salzburg.info/en/salzburg/advent/krampus-percht|title=Krampus and Perchten : Advent in Salzburg : salzburg.info|website=www.salzburg.info|language=en|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tyrol.tl/en/highlights/tradition-and-culture/perchten-run/|title=Perchten Run - Tyrol - Austria|website=tyrol.tl|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The event features a “run” or a parade of Perchten, masked, devilish figures with horns, sharp teeth, fur, and bells who are said to ward off the dark spirits of winter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.salzburg.info/en/salzburg/advent/krampus-percht|title=Krampus and Perchten : Advent in Salzburg : salzburg.info|website=www.salzburg.info|language=en|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The event takes place annually in some parts of Austria, namely Tyrol or parts of Salzburg, or every four years in Gastein, in the Austrian province of Salzburg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tyrol.tl/en/highlights/tradition-and-culture/perchten-run/|title=Perchten Run - Tyrol - Austria|website=tyrol.tl|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.at/en/culture/intangible-cultural-heritage/national-inventory/news-1/article/perchten-in-gastein|title=&quot;Perchten&quot; in Gastein|website=Austrian UNESCO-Commission|language=en|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Perchtenlauf went through periodic bans throughout the centuries from both secular and church authorities, but in 2011, the Perchtenlauf of Gastein was recognized as intangible cultural heritage of Austria under the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.at/en/culture/intangible-cultural-heritage/national-inventory/news-1/article/perchten-in-gastein|title=&quot;Perchten&quot; in Gastein|website=Austrian UNESCO-Commission|language=en|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its recognition as intangible cultural heritage of Austria could potentially be controversial to some given its connection to paganism.

==== (2) Gauder Fest ====
Gauder Fest is an annual festival that takes place on the first weekend of May in Zell am Ziller, in the Austrian province of Tyrol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tyrol.com/activities/events/all-events/gauder-fest|title=Experience tradition: Gauder Fest in the Zillertal {{!}} Tyrol in Austria|website=www.tyrol.com|language=en|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The festival features live music, local beers, traditional sport competitions, and the largest traditional costume parade in the country.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; The festival was recognized as intangible cultural heritage of Austria under the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== (3) Kranzelreiten ====
Kranzelreiten, translated to “Wreath Riding,” is a traditional two-day festival held annually at Pentecost in Weitensfeld in the Austrian province of Carinthia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.at/en/culture/intangible-cultural-heritage/national-inventory/news-1/article/kranzelreiten-in-weitensfeld|title=Wreath Riding in Weitensfeld|website=Austrian UNESCO-Commission|language=en|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the first day of the festival the Kranzelreiter, or the “wreath riders,” parade through the town in traditional costumes, accompanied by a band, and sing songs about the events of the past year while inviting residents to the event held the following day.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; On Whit Monday, day two of the festival, the wreath riders compete in a race in which the winner receives a wreath, a silk scarf of the Stone Virgin, and is allowed to hug and kiss the Stone Virgen.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt;

This event has its historical roots in the 16th century when, as oral sources indicate, only four individuals survived the plague in Weitensfeld, one woman and three men.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; The story goes that the woman held a race and the winner was permitted to marry her.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; This annual festival was recognized as intangible cultural heritage of Austria under the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== (4) Salzburg Festival ====
The Salzburg Festival has taken place annually for over a century offering opera, theatre, and concerts in Salzburg for approximately one month of the summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.salzburg.info/en/salzburg/salzburg-festival|title=Festival City Salzburg : salzburg.info|website=www.salzburg.info|language=en|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The event is one of the most well-known celebrations of classical music and theatre in the world and is located, aptly, in the city that is the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''See'' E.B., ''The Salzburg Festival is a Boon to the Local Economy'', The Economist (Sept. 26, 2017),  &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.economist.com/prospero/2017/09/26/the-salzburg-festival-is-a-boon-to-the-local-economy&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;/ref&gt; In recent years the festival has sold more than 250,000 tickets, and hosted more than 50,000 individuals at free events throughout the city, a number of people that nearly doubles the 153,000 residents of the city.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' ''id''.&lt;/ref&gt;

The festival is funded by a number of sources including the provincial government of Salzburg, the Austrian federal government, and a number of private corporate donors including Nestlé, Audi, and Rolex.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; While ticket sales produce a substantial profit, the major economic benefit of the festival comes from increased tourism, job creation, and increased tax revenues.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; In 2017 there were reports from a study conducted by the Salzburg Economic Chamber which indicated that the festival produced 2,800 full-time jobs in Salzburg, brought in €77 million in tax revenue, and resulted in tourists spending an average of 6 days in the city, up from the normal average of 1.7 days.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Nonetheless, there is some controversy over this government funding, particularly because sponsoring the arts is generally seen as reaching only the upper echelon of society or tourists, rather than the average citizen.

==== (5) Almabtrieb ====
[[File:Almabtrieb nach Bad Kleinkirchheim (5148059819).jpg|thumb|Almabtrieb in Bad Kleinkirchheim, Austria. ]]
Almabtrieb is an alpine tradition that involves farmers, herders, and dairymaids parading decorated livestock from their mountain pastures back down to the valley where they will stay for the Fall and Winter months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.austria.info/en-gb/inspiration/cattle-processions/|title=Cattle processions in Austria|website=www.austria.info|language=en-gb|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awaiting the livestock in the valley is ordinarily a large festival with music, farmers and crafts markets, and other festivities.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Religious Expression ===
Austria is a secular state which guarantees the right of freedom of religious expression through its adoption of the ECHR and Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals of 1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.austria.org/religion|title=Religion|website=Austria in USA|language=en-US|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, religious expression was not always a guarantee in Austria and modern Austria has gone through a major shift with regard to religious freedom throughout the years.

==== (1) Brief History of Religious Expression in Austria ====
Austria’s transition to the modern secular state was a gradual process that did occur at any one specific time. Austria, while ruled by the Habsburg monarchy until after World War I, was staunchly Roman Catholic.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Through the 16th and 17th centuries other religions were repressed, but in 1781 Emperor Joseph II issued the Patent of Tolerance which allowed for limited freedom of worship of other Christian denominations.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Then in in the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Austro-Hungarian empire adopted the basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals and thus, guaranteed the right to join, leave, or abstain from any religion.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Next, in 1912, four years after the Austro-Hungarian empire annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina, Islam was recognized.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Then in 1919, the Allied and Associated Powers of World War I and the newly formed Republic of Austria signed the State Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye which, among other things, formally recognized dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, redefined the territory of the newly formed Republic of Austria, recognized the inalienable independence of Austria, and guaranteed freedom of religion or belief.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/austria/|title=Austria|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, the B-VG, the centerpiece of Austria’s current constitutional law, which was originally signed in 1920, guarantees the right to freedom of religious expression through incorporation of the ECHR and Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals of 1867.

Nevertheless, from 1938 until 1945, Nazi Germany occupied Austria in what was called the ''Anschluss''. Followers of Judaism, approximately 4% of the population at the time, were systematically persecuted and annihilated, sent to concentration camps, and deported to other parts of central and eastern Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/austria|title=Austria {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia|work=Holocaust Encyclopedia|access-date=2025-11-24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Synagogues were burned, and Jewish homes and businesses were ransacked.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Other religions were also looked at with suspicion. Catholic and Protestant leaders initially welcomed German rule but later condemned Nazism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.austria.org/religion|title=Religion|website=Austria in USA|language=en-US|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Catholic leaders and laypersons were persecuted for participating in the resistance.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/austrian-culture/austrian-culture-religion|title=Austrian - Religion|date=2018-01-01|website=Cultural Atlas|language=en|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the fall of the German army in 1945, Austria regained independence and the freedom of religious expression was restored.

==== (2) Current State ====
Today, individuals in Austria have the right to freedom of religious expression and can join, leave, or abstain from any religion. While Austria remains secular with no official state religion, the influence of the Roman Catholic church remains. As of 2022, Austria’s religious demographics are as follows&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/austria/|title=Austria|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Roman Catholics: 55.2% of the population.
* Muslims: 8.3% of the population.
** 92% of this population are Sunni Muslims, while 8% are Shia Muslims.
* Eastern Orthodox variants (Russian, Greek, Serbian, Antiochian, and Bulgarian): 4.9% of the population.
* Protestants: 3.8% of the population.
* Other religions: 5.4% of the population.
* Unaffiliated with any religion: 22.4% of the population. 

While individuals retain the right under article 16 of the Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals of 1867 to practice or join any religion so long as the religious practices are lawful and do not offend common decency, the Austrian federal government retains the right to establish the rights and status of individual religions under the 1874 law on the Legal Recognition of Religious Societies&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Gesetz vom 20. Mai 1874, betreffend die gesetzliche Anerkennung von Religionsgesellschaften, RGBl. No. 68/1874, as amended, https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10009173; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; and the 1998 Act on the Legal Status of Registered Religious Communities (BekGG).&lt;ref&gt;''See'' BekenntnisgemeinschaftenG [BekGG], BGBI. I No. 19/1998, as amended, https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10010098; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; These laws divide recognized religious groups into two categories, religious societies and religious communities, with religious societies having a higher legal status.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/austria/|title=Austria|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; A religious organization must apply to the Minister for Education, Arts, and Culture to be recognized as either a religious society or a religious community.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Gesetz vom 20. Mai 1874, betreffend die gesetzliche Anerkennung von Religionsgesellschaften, RGBl. No. 68/1874, as amended, § 2 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10009173; (Austria); BekenntnisgemeinschaftenG [BekGG], BGBI. I No. 19/1998, as amended, § 2 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10010098; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; 

In order for a religious organization to be approved as a religious society, the organization must prove either: (1) the existence of the religious organization in Austria for at least 20 years, 5 years of which the organization must be recognized as a religious community; (2) its association with an internationally active religious society that has existed for at least 100 years if they have also been active in Austria for at least 10 years; or (3) its association with an internationally active religious society that has existed for at least 200 years.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' BekenntnisgemeinschaftenG [BekGG], BGBI. I No. 19/1998, as amended, § 11 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10010098; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; The organization must also establish a membership of at least two per one thousand citizens of the Austrian population; the use of all income and assets for religious purposes; a positive attitude towards the State; and no disruption of the relationship with existing recognized religious societies and communities.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; If granted status as a religious society, the society receives legal personhood and is able to purchase and contract in its name, publicly conduct worship, may receive exemption from military and civilian service, has reduced tax liability, has the ability to provide government-funded religious instruction, may receive funding for the provision of pastoral care to members of the military, prisoners, or individuals in hospitals, and a number of other benefits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/austria/|title=Austria|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|access-date=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Austria currently recognizes 16 religious societies.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; 

In order to attain status as a religious community the religious organization must establish that it has 300 members and must submit an application that describes the rules and obligations of members of its organization; a list of its current officials; its financing information; and a description of its religious doctrine which must differ from that of an already recognized religious group.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; The Minister will then determine whether the religious organization is consistent with public safety, health, and the morals of the citizens.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; If a religious organization is granted status as a religious community, it is granted legal status in that it has the authority to conduct public worship, purchase or contract in its own name, and has certain tax exemptions, however, its legal status is less than that of a religious society.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Austria currently recognizes 11 religious communities.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; 

Austria’s religion laws have been examined by the European Court of Human Rights in some notable cases, one of which is the case of ''Religionsgemeinschaft Der Zeugen Jehovas and Others v. Austria'', discussed below.

In ''Religionsgemeinschaft Der Zeugen Jehovas and Others v. Austria'', the religious community of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Austria and four Austrian nationals brought this case to the European Court of Human Rights alleging generally that Austria’s refusal to grant the religious community legal personality, and subsequently, Austria’s decision to grant it a more limited legal status of a religious community, violated the applicants’ rights under articles 9, 11, and 14 of the ECHR.&lt;ref&gt;Religionsgemenschaft der Zeugen Jehovas and others v. Austria, App. No. 40825/98 (July 31, 2008), ¶ 3 https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp#{%22fulltext%22:&amp;#x5B;%22Jehovas%22&amp;#x5D;,%22itemid%22:&amp;#x5B;%22001-88022%22&amp;#x5D;}. &lt;/ref&gt; The European Court of Human Rights concluded first that the denial of legal personality of Jehovah’s Witnesses from 1978 until its recognition as a religious community in 1998 was a violation of Article 9 of the ECHR.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at ¶¶ 77-80.&lt;/ref&gt; The Court further concluded that with regard to Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Austrian Government did not apply its criteria for recognition as a religious society in a nondiscriminatory manner.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at ¶¶ 98-99.&lt;/ref&gt; In this regard, the court found a violation of Article 14 where the religious organization of Jehovah’s Witnesses was denied existence as a religious society because it had not existed as a registered religious community for ten years, while another religious organization was granted existence as a religious society despite only existing as a religious community for 5 years.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at ¶¶ 87-99.&lt;/ref&gt; The religious organization of Jehovah’s Witnesses was subsequently recognized as a religious society in 2009 by a regulation of the Federal Minister for Education, Arts and Culture.&lt;ref&gt;Verordnung der Bundesministerin für Unterrickt, Kunst und Kultur betreffend die Anerkennung der Anhänger von Jehovas Zeugen als Religionsgesellschaft, BGBI. II No. 139/2009, https://ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=20006285; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Blasphemy ===
The Austrian Criminal Code prescribes punishment for “[a]nyone who publicly denigrates or ridicules a person or object that is the object of veneration of a church or religious society in the country, or a doctrine, a legally permissible custom, or a permissible institution of such a church or religious society, under circumstances in which their conduct is likely to cause justifiable offense.”&lt;ref&gt;Bundesgesetz vom 23. Jänner 1974 über die mit gerichtlicher Strafe bedrohten Handlungen [StGB], BGBl. No. 60/1974, as amended, § 188 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10002296; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; Such an act is punishable with imprisonment of up to six months or a fine.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, various sources of international and regional law prohibits such actions.&lt;ref&gt;E.S. v. Austria, App. No. 38450/12 (October 25, 2018), ¶¶ 26-31 https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:&amp;#x5B;%22001-187188%22&amp;#x5D;}. &lt;/ref&gt; For example, article 20, § 2 of the 1966 United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides that “[a]ny advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.”&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at ¶ 26.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Recently, a prominent case on this topic was brought before the European Court of Human Rights in the case of ''E.S. v. Austria''.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; In this case, the applicant brought this case to the European Court of Human Rights alleging that her prosecution for statements implying that “Muhammad had paedophilic tendencies” was in violation of article 10 of the ECHR.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at ¶¶ 12-23.&lt;/ref&gt; The Court here concluded that there was no violation of article 10 because the Austrian courts “carefully balanced her right to freedom of expression with the rights of others to have their religious feelings protected and to have religious peace preserved in Austrian society.”&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at ¶ 57.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transparency, Privacy, and Data Protection in Austria ==
This section generally examines access to information, governmental and personal, in Austria. First, government transparency is briefly examined, looking at the ways in which Austria seeks to make government actions transparent and accessible to Austrian citizens. Next, looking at personal information and data, Austria’s privacy and data protection laws for the individual are identified and briefly examined.

=== Government Transparency and Access to Information ===
Austria generally ranks high amongst other countries with regard to transparency and limited perceptions of corruption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2024 Corruption Perceptions Index - Explore Austria’s results|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024|website=Transparency.org|date=2025-02-11|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Austria · Corruption Risk Forecast|url=https://corruptionrisk.org/country/?country=AUT#transparency|website=corruptionrisk.org|access-date=2025-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Transparency International’s 2024 Corruption Perception Index (CPI), Austria received a score of 67/100 and ranked 25th of 180 countries measured.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2024 Corruption Perceptions Index - Explore Austria’s results|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024|website=Transparency.org|date=2025-02-11|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The CPI measures how corrupt each country’s government is ''perceived'' to be based on the results of corruption surveys and assessments completed by experts and businesspeople.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is…|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated|website=Transparency.org|date=2025-02-11|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The surveys and assessments used to calculate the CPI specifically evaluate: bribery, diversion of public funds, officials using public office for private gain, measures to counter corruption, amounts of “red-tape” in the public sector, prevalence of nepotism, laws requiring disclosures of finances and conflicts of interest, legal protections for reporters of corruption, and access to information on government activities.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; 

Similarly, in CorruptionRisk.org’s 2024 Transparency Index Austria received a score of 14/20 and ranked 11th out of 143 countries measured.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Austria · Corruption Risk Forecast|url=https://corruptionrisk.org/country/?country=AUT#transparency|website=corruptionrisk.org|access-date=2025-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Transparency Index is calculated by looking at the existence of de facto components, existing online and freely accessible sources of public data, and the existence of de jure components, formal agreements that allow access to information.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Some of these components in the Austrian context are addressed below.

==== (1) Financial and Conflict of Interest Disclosures ====
Under the Unvereinbarkeits- und Transparenz-Gesetz, Incompatibility and Transparency Act, (Unv-Transparenz-G), Ministers of the Federal Government, certain provincial officials, and members of the National Council and the Federal Council must disclose and identify certain financial matters and conflicts of interest.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Unvereinbarkeits- und Transparenz-Gesetz [Unv-Transparenz-G], BGBI. No. 330/1983, as amended https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10000756; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; Under the law, the National Council and Federal Council must establish an Incompatibility Committee which will review the financial and conflict of interest disclosures of the National and Federal Councils, and the conflict of interest disclosures of the Ministers of the Federal Government and make determinations.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at §§ 2, 3, 6. &lt;/ref&gt; Under the law, the Court of Audit is to review the financial disclosures of the Ministers of the Federal Government.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at § 3a.&lt;/ref&gt;

Both Ministers of the Federal Government and members of the National and Federal Councils must disclose firm ownership, board membership, and other outside employment to the Incompatibility Committee who will decide by vote whether the position constitutes a conflict of interest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Austria Public Accountability Index|url=http://www.europam.org/?module=country-profile&amp;country=Austria|website=europam.eu|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministers of the Federal Government must also disclose real estate holdings, capital assets, debt, and any spouse’s stockholdings to the Court of Audit, a body independent of the Federal Government answerable only to the Parliament,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Controlling Bodies|url=https://www.archive.austria.org/controlling-bodies|website=Austria|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; within 3 months of taking and leaving office, and every two years while in office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Austria Public Accountability Index|url=http://www.europam.org/?module=country-profile&amp;country=Austria|website=europam.eu|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''See also'' Unvereinbarkeits- und Transparenz-Gesetz [Unv-Transparenz-G], BGBI. No. 330/1983, as amended, § 3a https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10000756; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; Members of the National and Federal Councils, on the other hand, must only declare income and benefits from the outside employment listed in their conflict of interest disclosure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Austria Public Accountability Index|url=http://www.europam.org/?module=country-profile&amp;country=Austria|website=europam.eu|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''See also'' Unvereinbarkeits- und Transparenz-Gesetz [Unv-Transparenz-G], BGBI. No. 330/1983, as amended, § 6(4)-(5) https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10000756; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, there are no conflict of interest or financial disclosures required of the Head of State given the largely ceremonial role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Austria Public Accountability Index|url=http://www.europam.org/?module=country-profile&amp;country=Austria|website=europam.eu|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The President of Parliament maintains a public list of the conflict of interest disclosures of Members of the National and Federal Councils, but this list excludes the income generated from these positions.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; None of the other disclosures are made public.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== (2) Past Expenditures ====
Each year in June the Austrian Court of Audit publishes a report on the Federal Financial Statements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Other special tasks|url=https://www.rechnungshof.gv.at/rh/home/was-wir-tun/was-wir-tun_3/Other_special_tasks.html|website=Der Rechnungshof|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Court of Audit audits government spending and the overall financial picture of the prior fiscal year and reports: the invoices of the country; the current financial state including assets, liabilities, financial position, profit, and loss; and the state of the federal debts.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Financial Statements are published online and are accessible to the general public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Berichte des Rechnungshofes im Jahr 2025|url=https://www.rechnungshof.gv.at/rh/home/home/home_3/Berichte_des_Rechnungshofes_im_Jahr_2025.html|website=Der Rechnungshof|access-date=2025-12-01|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, Austria does not maintain a budget tracker or other reporting mechanisms for the current fiscal year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Austria · Corruption Risk Forecast|url=https://corruptionrisk.org/country/?country=AUT#transparency|website=corruptionrisk.org|access-date=2025-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== (3) Federal Act on Access to Information [Freedom of Information Act] (IFG) ====
On October 1, 2025, Austria abandoned the old constitutional policy of official confidentiality and put into force the new Freedom of Information Act (IFG).&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Ajay Singh, ''Austria Ends a Century of Official Secrecy as new Freedom of Information Law Takes Effect'', Freedom (Sept. 2, 2025), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.freedommag.org/news/austria-ends-a-century-of-official-secrecy-as-new-freedom-of-information-law-takes-effect-b92284#:~:text=HUMAN%20RIGHTS-,Austria%20Ends%20a%20Century%20of%20Official%20Secrecy%20as%20New%20Freedom,Vienna%20legal%20scholar%20Christiane%20Wendehorst&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;/ref&gt; The IFG has two main components: a proactive publication requirement requiring government ministries to publish information of general interest, and a formal and informal request procedure which allows individuals to seek government information free of charge.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt;

The proactive publication requirement requires that federal and provincial governments publish, and make available online, all information of general interest as soon as possible.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Informationsfreiheitsgesetz [IFG], BGBI. I No. 5/2024, § 4 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?ResultFunctionToken=9731ee77-14d8-4721-9153-603c271c1e8d&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=True&amp;Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=IFG&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_2024_1_5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; The IFG defines information of “general interest” as “information that concerns or is relevant to a general group of persons, in particular such business classifications, rules of procedure, activity reports, official gazettes, official statistics, studies, expert opinions, surveys, statements and contracts prepared or commissioned by bodies required to provide information.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. § 2(2).&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, any contract with a value of at least EUR 100,000 are considered information of general interest under the law and subject to the proactive publication requirement.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, municipalities with fewer than 5,000 residents are not required to comply with this provision.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. § 4.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The law also sets forth a request procedure allowing any individual to request information, defined as “any record serving official or business purposes in the sphere of activity of a body, in the sphere of activity of a foundation, a fund or an institution or in the business area of a company, irrespective of the form in which it exists and is available.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. § 2(1).&lt;/ref&gt; Information requested must be delivered within four weeks of the request to a competent body, unless under certain specified reasons the government requires an additional four week extension.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. § 8.&lt;/ref&gt; If the request is going to be denied as requesting exempted information, the competent body must notify the requestor within the same time frame.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Information exempted from both the proactive publication and request procedures is information defined as confidential under the IFG.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. § 6.&lt;/ref&gt; This exemption includes information that should be kept confidential in the interest of: foreign policy; national security and national defense; maintaining public order and security; preventing significant economic or financial damage to certain bodies; and the protection of personal data, trade secrets, banking secrecy, editorial secrecy, or intellectual property.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; If information is not otherwise exempted but its disclosure may nonetheless impact other parties, those affected persons have a right to be heard prior to disclosure.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. § 10.&lt;/ref&gt; 

If a request for information has been denied, the competent body must issue a decision explaining the reasons for denial within two months of receipt of the request.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. § 11.&lt;/ref&gt; The requestor may then file an appeal to the administrative court which by law, must issue a decision within three weeks.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The Right to Privacy ===
In Austria the right to privacy is protected in a number of ways. First, as a part of Austrian constitutional law, the B-VG incorporates the Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals of 1867,&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz [B-VG] [Constitution] BGBl No. 1/1930, art. 149 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=B-VG&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=true&amp;ResultFunctionToken=bd9e8a07-2b58-4907-ba9c-8b2f16edfa1c&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_1930_1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=100 Year Anniversary of the Austrian Constitution {{!}} In Custodia Legis|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/10/100-year-anniversary-of-the-austrian-constitution|website=The Library of Congress|date=2020-10-01|access-date=2025-12-01|first=Jenny|last=Gesley}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in 1955, after Austria joined the Council of Europe, Austria granted constitutional status to the ECHR and its first additional protocol.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; The Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals of 1867 implies the right to privacy in a few provisions, namely articles 9 and 10 which protect the right to the home, and the right to privacy in communications.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Staatsgrundgesetz vom 21. December 1867, über die allgemeinen Rechte der Staatsbürger für die im Reichsrathe vertretenen Königreiche und Länder [StGG], RGBI No. 142/1867, arts. 9, 10 https://policehumanrightsresources.org/content/uploads/2016/08/Basic-Law-on-the-General-Rights-of-Nationals-Austria-1867.pdf?x18231; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; The ECHR also guarantees the right to respect for private and family life at article 8. Furthermore, Austria, as a member state of the UN, upholds the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which guarantees the right to privacy in article 12,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What are Human Rights?|url=https://www.austria.org/what-are-human-rights|website=Austria in USA|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Austria has also ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which protects an individual’s right to privacy in article 17.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|website=OHCHR|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Austrian federal law also protects and provides for an individual’s right to privacy. First, § 1328a of the General Civil Code (ABGB), provides that “[a]nyone who unlawfully and culpably infringes upon another person’s privacy, or discloses or exploits information from that person’s private life, is liable to compensate that person for the resulting damage.”&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch für die gesammten deutschen Erbländer der Oesterreichischen Monarchie [ABGB], JGS No. 946/1811, as amended, § 1328a(1) https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10001622; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; Second, the Austrian Criminal Code (StGB) establishes punishments for specific violations of an individual’s privacy.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bundesgesetz vom 23. Jänner 1974 über die mit gerichtlicher Strafe bedrohten Handlungen [StGB], BGBl. No. 60/1974, as amended, §§ 118-24 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10002296; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; The StGB specifically criminalizes violations of the secrecy of correspondence (§ 118); unauthorized access to computer systems (§ 118a); violations of telecommunications secrecy (§ 119); interception of data (§ 119a); misuse of sound recording or listening devices (§ 120); unauthorized use of image recordings (§ 120a); violations of professional secrecy (§ 121); violations of trade secrets (§ 122); and certain acts of espionage of business or trade secrets (§§ 123-24).

The right to privacy is relatively abstract and has been cited on a number of occasions in the European Court of Human Rights to question the validity of different state actions of Austria, including but not limited to, a ban on certain medically-assisted procreation techniques, and the state’s failure to furnish parents with the results of their son’s post-mortem examination. These two cases are examined briefly below.

In the case of ''S.H. and Others v. Austria'', four Austrian nationals petitioned the European Court of Human Rights alleging that Austria’s Artificial Procreation Act which prohibited “the use of ova from donors and sperm from donors for ''in vitro'' fertilization,” violated Article 8 of the ECHR.&lt;ref&gt;S.H. and Others v. Austria, App. No. 57813/00 (November 3, 2011), ¶ 1, 3 https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp#{%22fulltext%22:&amp;#x5B;%22\%22CASE%20OF%20S.H.%20AND%20OTHERS%20v.%20AUSTRIA\%22%22&amp;#x5D;,%22itemid%22:&amp;#x5B;%22001-107325%22&amp;#x5D;}. &lt;/ref&gt; The applicants first filed a petition with the Austrian Constitutional Court (VfGH) and argued there that the law violated their rights under Article 8 of the ECHR because it banned the only means of procreation possible for them.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' ''id''. ¶¶ 11-15.&lt;/ref&gt; The VfGH found that while their rights to procreation were protected by Article 8, but that Austria was justified and within the margin of appreciation in passing this law, given its concerns regarding the well-being of children and the ethical and moral considerations of ''in vitro'' fertilization.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' ''id''. ¶¶ 18-26.&lt;/ref&gt; The applicants then filed with the European Court of Human Rights. The Court found that where, as was the situation in this case, there is no consensus among member States that the interest at stake is important, or as to the best approach to protect the interest, the margin of appreciation granted to States is wider.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' ''id''. ¶¶ 94-97.&lt;/ref&gt; Due to this wide margin of appreciation the Court found that Austria did not breach Article 8 in banning certain methods of ''in vitro'' fertilization, but noted that as the science surrounding ''in vitro'' fertilization develops, and the law adapts, Austria should reconsider its outright ban.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' ''id''. ¶¶ 115-16, 117-18.&lt;/ref&gt;

The European Court of Human Rights did, however, find a violation of Article 8 of the ECHR in the case of ''Polat v. Austria''.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Polat v. Austria, App. No. 12886/16 (July 20, 2021) https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp#{%22fulltext%22:&amp;#x5B;%22polat%20v.%20austria%22&amp;#x5D;,%22itemid%22:&amp;#x5B;%22001-211365%22&amp;#x5D;}. &lt;/ref&gt; This case involved the death of a premature baby whose parents refused under religious reasons to consent to a post-mortem examination, and who were later denied full knowledge of the extent of the post-mortem examination that nonetheless occurred, and who were initially denied access to the boy’s internal organs removed during the exam.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' ''id''. ¶¶ 9, 14, 19-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The parents of the deceased child then entered into prolonged litigation with the Hospital in Austria’s domestic courts which ultimately resulted in a decision in favor of the Hospital.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' ''id''. ¶¶ 32-35.&lt;/ref&gt; The parents then petitioned the European Court of Human Rights alleging violations of Articles 8 and 9 of the ECHR, protecting privacy and religious expression.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' ''id''. ¶ 1.&lt;/ref&gt; The court here found a violation of Article 8 with regard to an inadequate balancing of the public interest in a post-mortem examination with the interests of the parents, and with regard to the failure to disclose information to the applicant regarding the post-mortem exam.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. ¶¶ 91, 120.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Data Privacy/Protection in Austria ===
Personal data protection in Austria is primarily governed by the European Union General Data Protection Regulation and Austria’s own Datenschutzgesetz which implements and supplements the EU law. Both of these laws are explored further below.

==== (1) General Data Protection Regulation ====
On May 25, 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) went into effect and became binding and directly applicable to all EU Member States, including Austria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is GDPR, the EU’s new data protection law?|url=https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/|website=GDPR.eu|date=2018-11-07|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en-US|first=Ben|last=Wolford}}&lt;/ref&gt; The GDPR codifies Europe’s firm stance on data privacy and security. Generally, the GDPR applies to all actors who process the personal data of EU citizens/residents, or offer goods or services to EU citizens/residents.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Most importantly, the regulation sets forth a set of seven data protection and accountability principles, specifies when data collection and processing is appropriate, and grants individuals new data privacy rights.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; 

First, an actor who will process the data of EU citizens/residents must process data in compliance with the seven data protection principles:&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt;

* data “[p]rocessing must be lawful, fair, and transparent to the data subject;”&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;
* processing must be only for the purposes specified to the data subject;
* data collection should be limited to the data absolutely necessary;
* stored personal data must be kept up to date and accurate;
* data may only be stored “for as long as necessary for the specified purpose;”&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;
* processing must be done to ensure confidentiality and security; and
* the processor is responsible for an affirmative demonstration of compliance.

Second, the GDPR requires that an actor seeking to process or collect an individual’s data must be able to show that it fits within one of the legal categories listed below:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is GDPR, the EU’s new data protection law?|url=https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/|website=GDPR.eu|date=2018-11-07|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en-US|first=Ben|last=Wolford}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* the individual gave “specific, unambiguous consent” to data processing;&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;
* data processing is necessary for the execution or formation of a contract;
* data processing is necessary to fulfill a legal obligation;
* data processing is necessary to preserve life;
* data processing is necessary for the public interest; or
* the actor has a legitimate interest in the data processing.

Finally, the GDPR sets out a new list of data privacy rights held by EU citizens and residents:&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt;

* the right to be informed as to what personal data of yours an actor has;
* the right of access to your personal data;
* the right to rectify incorrect or outdated data;
* the right to erasure of data, subject to legal limitations regarding retention;
* the right to restrict the processing of personal data;
* the right to data portability;
* the right to object to data processing; and
* rights in relation to automated decision making.   

==== (2) Datenschutzgesetz ====
On May 25, 2018, the Datenschutzgesetz 2000, was almost entirely replaced with the current version, the DSG, the Austrian Data Protection Act, which implements and supplements the GDPR.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Denise Stahleder, et al., ''Data Protection Law Guide: Austria'', The Glob. Legal Post (Feb. 2025), &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.globallegalpost.com/lawoverborders/data-protection-law-guide-1072382791/austria-579009824#:~:text=The%20Austrian%20Data%20Protection%20Act%20(DSG)%20stipulates,*%20**Fines%20up%20to%20EUR%2020%20million**&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; The DSG sets certain national specifics for Austria with regard to the provisions of the GDPR. For instance, the DSG establishes a Data Protection Council in the Federal Ministry of Justice, and the Data Protection Authority, an independent supervisory authority.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Datenschutzgesetz [DSG], BGBI. I No. 165/1999, as amended, §§ 14(1), 18-19 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Erv/ERV_1999_1_165/ERV_1999_1_165.pdf; (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; The Data Protection Council is to be made up of: 12 representatives of the political parties in proportion to their seats in the National Council; “one representative each of the Federal Chamber of Labour and the Austrian Economic Chamber;” “two representatives of the provinces;” “one representative each of the Association of Austrian Municipalities and the Association of Austrian Cities and Towns;” “one representative of the Federal Government delegated by the Federal Minister of Justice;” “one representative to be delegated by the Federal Government from among the data protection officers of the federal ministries;” and two experts in data protection named by the rest of the Data Protection Council.&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. § 15.&lt;/ref&gt; The Council is tasked with “comment[ing] on questions of fundamental importance for data protection, promot[ing] the uniform further development of data protection, and advis[ing] the Federal Government on legal policy in the case of projects relevant to data protection.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. § 14.&lt;/ref&gt; The Data Protection Authority, on the other hand, is tasked with, among other things, advising and consulting on future legislation and reviewing and responding to complaints lodged by data subjects.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. §§ 21, 24.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Right to Bodily, Spiritual, and Digital Identity in Austria ==
With regard to communications law, an individual’s right to identity is a key facet of their right to expression, right to reputation, and right to privacy, concepts discussed in previous sections. There are certain aspects of an individual’s identity that are malleable and subject to certain social constructions, while other aspects of an individual’s identity are immutable and unique to them alone. This section explores an individual’s right to identity in Austria looking first at the more malleable aspects of an individual’s identity, their right to self-determination, and how they wish to express or portray themselves publicly. Next, this section will look to the more immutable aspects of an individual’s core identity, biometric traits that have been used to track an individual through governmental systems and databases. Finally, this section will section will address the current legal landscape in Austria regarding legal identification methods.

=== Right to Self-Determination in Austria ===
The identity traits that most individuals likely hold most dear to themselves, are the traits that they portray publicly and use to identify or group themselves within society. These traits tend to be more malleable and based on social constructions around them. Key identity traits within this category may be sexuality, gender expression, cultural identity, religious identity, or other such categorizations. The right to cultural and religious expression in Austria has already been explored, but this section will delve into the right to express other deeply held identities in Austria.

==== (1) Gender/Sex Self-Determination ====
While Austria has not yet adopted laws protecting the right to gender self-determination, new regulations by the Federal Ministry of the Interior of the Federal Government, passed as a result of recent rulings of the VfGH and the Supreme Administrative Court, provide for some level of gender self-determination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/en/themen/persoenliche_dokumente_und_bestaetigungen/aenderung-der-geschlechtszugehoerigkeit|title=Changing assigned sex|website=www.oesterreich.gv.at|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''See also'' Enrique Anarte &amp; Rachel Savage, ''Austria Issues First Intersex Birth Certificate After Four-Year Battle'', Reuters (July 16, 2020, 3:42 PM).&lt;/ref&gt;

First, with regard to transgender individuals, or individuals with gender dysphoria, individuals may apply for a gender change or correction in the Central Civil Status Register which records the births and sex of all Austrian nationals, and everyone born in Austria, irrespective of their nationality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/en/themen/persoenliche_dokumente_und_bestaetigungen/aenderung-der-geschlechtszugehoerigkeit|title=Changing assigned sex|website=www.oesterreich.gv.at|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a ruling of the VfGH, gender reassignment surgery is not a requirement of a sex/gender correction on official documents, rather, one must show an “irreversible feeling of belonging to the other sex and a clear approximation to the external appearance of the other sex.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. &lt;/ref&gt; The Ministry of the Interior, in promulgating this regulation, has required that such evidence is proven by obtaining a report from a psychiatrist, psychotherapist or clinical phycologist that attests to the irreversible sense of belonging to the opposite sex and the approximation of the external appearance of the opposite sex.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; With this medical report, individuals can apply for a gender/sex correction within the Central Civil Status Register, and for updated documents including birth certificates or passports reflecting this change.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, the gender/sex classification in the Central Civil Status Register and on official documents cannot be left blank or removed, thus, individuals who do not feel like they belong to any gender do not have the possibility to delete the gender classification in whole.

Next, with regard to intersex individuals, people who cannot be classified as male or female due to “atypical chromosomes or sex characteristics,”&lt;ref&gt;Enrique Anarte &amp; Rachel Savage, ''Austria Issues First Intersex Birth Certificate After Four-Year Battle'', Reuters (July 16, 2020, 3:42 PM).&lt;/ref&gt; recent case law involving Alex Jürgen, has resulted in a change in regulations as well.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; The Ministry of the Interior has now promulgated a regulation allowing intersex individuals to receive documentation and registry in the Central Civil Status Register with one of the following terms: “divers,” “inter,” or “open.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/en/themen/persoenliche_dokumente_und_bestaetigungen/aenderung-der-geschlechtszugehoerigkeit|title=Changing assigned sex|website=www.oesterreich.gv.at|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; To apply for such a classification an individual must submit an expert report stating that the sex of the applicant cannot be assigned either male or female.

These recent court rulings and regulations go a long way to allow an individual to express one’s gender identity, nevertheless, they are not perfect systems. Some individuals still criticize these regulations as requiring medical assessments to be submitted alongside an application.&lt;ref&gt;Enrique Anarte &amp; Rachel Savage, ''Austria Issues First Intersex Birth Certificate After Four-Year Battle'', Reuters (July 16, 2020, 3:42 PM).&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== (2) Sexuality ====
The right to identify with one’s sexuality is generally protected in Austria and many view Austria as among the more progressive countries in the world with regard to expression of one’s sexuality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://queerintheworld.com/lgbt-rights-in-austria/|title=LGBT Rights In Austria: Everything You Should Know Before You Visit! 🇦🇹|date=2023-08-21|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/|title=LGBTQ+ Travel Safety Index: 203 Countries Ranked in 2023|date=2019-11-08|website=asherfergusson.com|language=en-US|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much like gender identity, much of the legal protections for an individual’s expression of sexuality have come from rulings of the VfGH, however, there are some legislative protections.

First, in 1971, a ban on homosexuality was repealed, and homosexuality, for men and women, was legalized.&lt;ref&gt;Danish Institute for Human Rights, ''The social situation concerning homophobia and discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation in Austria'' 3 (Mar. 2009), https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/361-fra-hdgso-part2-nr_at.pdf. &lt;/ref&gt; Further, as a Member State of the EU, Austria is bound by Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000, which established equal treatment in employment regardless of sexual orientation, among other protected characteristics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2000/78/oj/eng|title=Directive - 2000/78 - EN - EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Austria also criminalizes acts which incite violence or hatred, or insult with the intention of violating the human dignity of an individual, based on “sexual orientation,” among other protected characteristics.&lt;ref&gt;Bundesgesetz vom 23. Jänner 1974 über die mit gerichtlicher Strafe bedrohten Handlungen [StGB], BGBl. No. 60/1974, as amended, § 283(1), https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10002296 (Austria).&lt;/ref&gt; 

With regard to marriage equality, Austria has made strides in recent years based on the rulings of the VfGH. In 2010, the Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz (EPG), the Registered Partnership Act, entered into force and allowed same-sex couples to enter into a “registered partnership,” rather than a marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vfgh.gv.at/medien/Ehe_fuer_gleichgeschlechtliche_Paare.en.php|title=Same-sex marriage - Der Österreichische Verfassungsgerichtshof|website=www.vfgh.gv.at|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was thought to move towards the goal of eliminating discrimination while protecting the “traditional perception” of marriage.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, as the years passed and progressive attitudes have expanded, these “registered partnerships” began to have the same rights and legal consequences of marriages, despite a few differences.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Recently however, in a decision from December 4, 2017, the VfGH found that “[t]he distinction of the law between opposite-sex and same-sex relationships as two different legal institutions violates the principle of equal treatment, which forbids any discrimination of individuals on grounds of personal characteristics, such as their sexual orientation.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. &lt;/ref&gt; Effective as of January 1, 2019, both legal marriage and registered partnerships under the EPG are available to same-sex and opposite-sex couples.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biometric Data ===
Biometric traits, such as an individual’s fingerprint, may be viewed as less core to an individual’s personal identity and how they define themselves within society, but this information is essential for identifying individuals as some of this information can be unique to every person. Governments around the world use fingerprinting, facial recognition devices, and iris scans, among other tools to identify individuals in the country. Austria is no different, however, while these tools are effective for identifying individuals, they are doing so with traits inherent to the individual, and thus come with concerns regarding the right to privacy. Some of Austria’s use of biometric data is addressed briefly below.

For one, Austrian passports contain biometric data in the form of two fingerprints that are stored on a chip within the passport.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/austrian-embassy-kuwait/service-for-citizens/identity-papers-and-other-documents/passport,%20https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/austrian-embassy-kuwait/service-for-citizens/identity-papers-and-other-documents/passport|title=Passport|last=Österreich|first=Außenministerium der Republik|website=www.bmeia.gv.at|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/consular-section-of-the-austrian-embassy-in-washington/service-for-citizens/identity-papers-and-other-documents/austrian-passport,%20https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/consular-section-of-the-austrian-embassy-in-washington/service-for-citizens/identity-papers-and-other-documents/austrian-passport|title=Austrian Passport|last=Österreich|first=Außenministerium der Republik|website=www.bmeia.gv.at|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, children under 12 are not required to have their fingerprints stored within their passport.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/austrian-embassy-kuwait/service-for-citizens/identity-papers-and-other-documents/passport,%20https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/austrian-embassy-kuwait/service-for-citizens/identity-papers-and-other-documents/passport|title=Passport|last=Österreich|first=Außenministerium der Republik|website=www.bmeia.gv.at|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, beginning as recently as October 12, 2025, EU countries are beginning to implement biometric checks, including facial image collection and fingerprinting, for all non-EU residents at border entry sites under the EU’s Entry/Exit System (EES).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travel-europe.europa.eu/ees/data-held-by-ees|title=European Union - EES / ETIAS|website=travel-europe.europa.eu|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Austria entered full operational status of the EES as recently as November 29, 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.visahq.com/news/2025-11-30/at/eu-biometric-entryexit-system-goes-live-lengthening-queues-at-austrian-airports/|title=EU biometric Entry/Exit System goes live, lengthening queues at Austrian airports|website=VisaHQ|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Digital Identity Wallet/ID Austria ===
Separate from how one identifies, and the biometric traits inherent to an individual, countries must also maintain identification systems and distribute identification cards to their citizens and residents. In recent years there has been a push among countries to digitize these forms of identification for ease of access. The EU and Austria have both undergone this digitization process, and this is discussed briefly below.

In 2014, the EU passed the eIDAS regulation which provided that Member States could voluntarily implement electronic identification systems which other Member States were obliged to recognize.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eudi-regulation|title=European Digital Identity (EUDI) Regulation {{!}} Shaping Europe’s digital future|website=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Austria implemented such a system through ID Austria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.id-austria.gv.at/en/verwenden/eausweise|title=eAusweise|website=www.id-austria.gv.at|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ID Austria allows Austrian citizens to maintain digital IDs in a secure app which allows the individual to present their ID with only the specific information required.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, not all EU countries implemented an electronic identification system.

In 2024, recognizing the shortcomings of the eIDAS regulation, the EU adopted the eIDAS 2.0 regulation which introduces the European Digital Identity Wallet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eudi-regulation|title=European Digital Identity (EUDI) Regulation {{!}} Shaping Europe’s digital future|website=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The new regulation mandates Member State to offer citizens and business a digital wallet “which can link their national digital identities with proof of other personal attributes like driving licenses, diplomas, and bank accounts.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some key goals and benefits associated with the new Digital Identity Wallet are: allowing citizens “to choose which aspects of their identity and data they share with third parties;” improving access to government services online with ease; and reducing identity theft and fraud.&lt;ref&gt;''Id''.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Right to Cultural and Religious Clothing in Austria ==
In Austria, the government seeks to balance the right of the individual to express themselves via clothing, the right to express or participate in religion, and the need to safeguard community safety and security and community morals. Regulation and protection of the freedom of religion are primarily governed by federal law, while the safeguarding of cultural expression is generally under the jurisdiction of the various provinces. These topics are discussed more below.

One major form of expression and communication to others is accomplished through one’s choice of clothing. In particular, individuals use clothing to associate themselves with one’s culture or religion. Furthermore, with regard to religion, some religions view certain clothing as necessary for modesty and other religious purposes. This section looks further into the right to cultural and religious clothing in Austria and how Austria has balanced competing interests.

=== Cultural Clothing ===
In Austria, traditional clothing, known as Tracht, is an important part of Austrian culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oesterreichinstitut.com/en/austrian-traditional-clothing/|title=Traditional clothing in Austria » your guide to Dirndl &amp; Lederhosen|last=Kroiss|first=Alexandra|date=2025-08-28|website=Österreich Institut|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; As discussed previously, generally, Austria’s cultural history is safeguarded by the cultural promotion acts of the individual Austrian provinces, while Austrian national cultural policy is advanced by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Arts, Culture, the Civil Service and Sports.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Veronika Ratzenböck and Klara Kostal, The Compendium of Cultural Pol’ys &amp; Trends, ''Austria: Short Cultural Policy Profile'' 2 (2023), https://www.culturalpolicies.net/wp-content/uploads/pdf_short/austria/Austria_short_01_2023.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Traditional cultural attire is generally worn at important festivals throughout Austria, but some specifical regional attire is also memorialized as intangible cultural heritage under the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.
[[File:Innsbruck-Wilten, Tracht der Stadtmusikkapelle.jpg|thumb|One regional variation of Austrian Tracht.]]
Traditional cultural clothing in Austria dates back to the late Middle Ages when clothing could tell a lot about an individual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oesterreichinstitut.com/en/austrian-traditional-clothing/|title=Traditional clothing in Austria » your guide to Dirndl &amp; Lederhosen|last=Kroiss|first=Alexandra|date=2025-08-28|website=Österreich Institut|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Traditional clothing could be indicative of the region one was from, the wearer’s social status, or their jobs.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; The most standard or basic components of traditional cultural clothing in Austria is the Dirndl for women, and the Lederhosen for men.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; The Dirndl is a dress, generally worn over a white or black blouse, with an apron tied around the waist, while Lederhosen are traditionally leather trousers, that have over time been replaced with a heavy wool fabric.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; This traditional cultural attire is primarily worn in festivals, but they are sometimes worn in the hospitality industry as a display of Austria’s rich cultural history.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Dirndl-2011.JPG|thumb|306x306px|Austrian Dirndl.]]
Not only does this traditional cultural attire celebrate Austria’s rich cultural history, but it can also be used to express certain information about the individual wearing it. For example, with regard to the Dirndl, there is an etiquette regarding how to tie the bow on the apron. If a woman ties the bow on the left, that has traditionally represented that she is unmarried and available, while a bow tied on the right has traditionally indicated that the woman is in a committed relationship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.austria.info/en-gb/inspiration/traditional-costumes/|title=Lederhosen and Dirndl: Traditional costumes from Austria|website=www.austria.info|language=en-gb|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; A bow tied in the back, however, has traditionally indicated that the woman is in mourning and is a widower.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; The color of the Dirndl chosen is also used to express a variety of things, including emotions and region of origin. For example, red Dirndls typically express passion, love, and self-confidence, while blue Dirndls represent loyalty and steadfastness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oesterreichinstitut.com/en/austrian-traditional-clothing/|title=Traditional clothing in Austria » your guide to Dirndl &amp; Lederhosen|last=Kroiss|first=Alexandra|date=2025-08-28|website=Österreich Institut|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Blue Dirndls can also represent that the individual is from a place with large bodies of water, while green Dirndls can represent that the individual is from regions with forests and meadows.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. &lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Bregenz-Folk costume (Tracht)-01ASD.jpg|thumb|334x334px|Bregenz Traditional Costume]]
The traditional cultural attire also has a few regional variations, some of the most famous of which are classified as intangible cultural history in Austria. One such example is the Montafon traditional costume from Vorarlberg which is generally made up of a “[]black dress[], underbodice, ... []zigzag ties[], apron, apron ties, bow ribbons, petticoat, ... []jacket made of brocade or wool with white lace in the collar[], ... []robe with a red or green lined pleated ruffle at the back hem[], Montafon coat, scarf, ... []cylindrical headpiece[], ... []black straw hat[] or fur cap, shoe, stockings, and neck bow.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.at/en/culture/intangible-cultural-heritage/national-inventory/news-1/article/production-and-wearing-of-the-montafon-traditional-costume|title=Production and wearing of the Montafon traditional costume|website={$page.logo.alt}|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other such traditional costumes that have been memorialized as intangible cultural heritage of Austria are the Garnierspenzer, Hat, and Steppmieder of Salzburg,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.at/en/culture/intangible-cultural-heritage/national-inventory/news-1/article/garnierspenzer-mit-hut-steppmieder|title=Garnierspenzer, Hat, and Steppmieder|website={$page.logo.alt}|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Bregenz Forest Juppen of Vorarlberg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.at/en/culture/intangible-cultural-heritage/national-inventory/news-1/article/herstellung-der-bregenzerwaelder-juppen-und-das-tragen-der-frauentracht|title=Production of Bregenz Forest Juppen and Wearing of Women’s Traditional Dress|website={$page.logo.alt}|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religious Clothing ===
While individuals retain the right in Austria to practice or join any religion so long as the religious practices are lawful and do not offend common decency, in recent years Austria has placed controversial restrictions on religious clothing, specifically face coverings or headscarves commonly associated with Islam.

In 2017, Austria passed the Federal Act on the Prohibition of Face Covering in Public (AGesVG), which entered into force on October 1, 2017.&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Bundesgesetz über das Verbot der Verhüllung des Gesichts in der Öffentlichkeit [AGesVG], BGBl. I No. 68/2017, § 5 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?ResultFunctionToken=b946eac6-e776-414d-b575-b43faf1ee407&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=True&amp;Abfrage=Erv&amp;Titel=&amp;Quelle=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=face+covering&amp;Dokumentnummer=ERV_2017_1_68&lt;/nowiki&gt;; (Austria).

&lt;/ref&gt; The law states that the objective of this Act is “to promote integration by strengthening participation in society and to secure peaceful coexistence in Austria,” and provides that individuals face a fine for “cover[ing] or conceal[ing] his or her facial features with clothing or other objects in public places or in public buildings.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. at §§ 1, 2.&lt;/ref&gt; While this law applies generally to men and women, and does not specify that it restricts only religious head coverings, the consequence of the law clearly impacts Muslim women and makes it an administrative offense to wear garments such as Niqabs which cover the entire face except for the eyes.

Further, in 2019, Austria passed the Federal Act on the Organization of Teaching and Education in Schools Governed by the School Education Act (SchUG), which in section 43a banned children from wearing “ideologically and religiously connoted clothing associated with the covering of the head until the end of the school year in which they reach the age of ten.”&lt;ref&gt;Verfassungsgerichtshof [VfGH] [Constitutional Court], Dec. 11, 2020, G4/2020/27, part II, ¶ 1, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?ResultFunctionToken=29720c06-01f7-4300-918d-c8018920a829&amp;Position=1&amp;SkipToDocumentPage=True&amp;Abfrage=Vfgh&amp;Entscheidungsart=Undefined&amp;Sammlungsnummer=&amp;Index=&amp;SucheNachRechtssatz=False&amp;SucheNachText=True&amp;GZ=&amp;VonDatum=11.12.2020&amp;BisDatum=13.12.2020&amp;Norm=&amp;ImRisSeitVonDatum=&amp;ImRisSeitBisDatum=&amp;ImRisSeit=Undefined&amp;ResultPageSize=100&amp;Suchworte=&amp;Dokumentnummer=JFT_20201211_20G00004_00&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;/ref&gt; The law provided that should this prohibition be violated the parents would be summoned to a discussion regarding non-compliance, and if further violations occurred, the parents could be fined for an administrative offense.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; The ban was said to promote social integration and advance the equality of men and women.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In December 2020, the Constitutional Court issued a decision in a case brought by various applicants challenging the SchUG for its prohibition on head coverings.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at part III, ¶¶ 1.1.1.–1.1.5..&lt;/ref&gt; The applicants argued that the law violated their freedom of religion and their children’s freedom of religion and expression.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at part III, ¶¶ 1.1.1.–1.1.5.; part IV, ¶ 2.4..&lt;/ref&gt; The Government, countering these arguments, made the argument that the law was necessary in order to create the best possible environment for education, prevent gender-based inequality and treatment, and avoid stigmatization.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at part IV, ¶ 2.5..&lt;/ref&gt; After coming to the conclusion that the law exclusively affected female Muslim students, the Constitutional Court held that the law was “objectively unjustified,” and violated “Article 7 of the Constitution (B-VG) and Article 2 of the Basic State Law (StGG) in conjunction with Article 9 paragraph 1 of the ECHR and Article 14 paragraph 2 of the Basic State Law (StGG).”&lt;ref&gt;''Id''. at part IV, ¶ 2.6.6..&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, section 43a of the SchUG was repealed as unconstitutional.&lt;ref&gt;''See id''. at part V, ¶ 1.&lt;/ref&gt;
The Austrian parliament has not been deterred, however, from the recent Constitutional Court decision. On December 11, 2025, the Austrian National Council passed a new ban on head coverings in school for girls under the age of 14.&lt;ref&gt;''See, e.g.'', Francois Murphy, ''Austrian Lower House Passes Headscarf Ban for Under-14s in Schools'', Reuters (Dec. 11, 2025, 9:28 AM), https://www.reuters.com/world/austrian-lower-house-passes-headscarf-ban-under-14s-schools-2025-12-11/. &lt;/ref&gt; It is yet unclear whether this new ban will pass constitutional muster and protect the right to freedom of religion and expression, and the State’s need to be religiously neutral.

== References ==
[[Category:Austria]]
[[Category:Law in Europe]]
[[Category:Communication in Europe|Law in Austria]]</text>
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      <text bytes="38364" sha1="ixix7346x4wztdrkjpzoj8d03g8his6" xml:space="preserve">:''This summarizes lessons for the future from the first 37 episodes of the [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|Media &amp; Democracy]] series,&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref name=Pacifica&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|Network]].''&lt;ref name=PacificaList&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future.webm|thumb|2025-11-06 summary of research and interviews on media and democracy.]]
[[File:Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future.ogg|thumb|29-minute podcast recorded 2025-11-06 summarizing media &amp; democracy lessons for the future]]
[[File:Slides for a discussion of media and democracy.pdf|thumb|Slides summarizing the fortnightly Media &amp; Democracy series and related research]]

Spencer Graves&lt;ref name=sg&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; summarizes lessons for the future from the first 37 episodes of the [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|Media &amp; Democracy]] series,&lt;ref name=M&amp;D/&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref name=Pacifica/&gt; [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|Network]].&lt;ref name=PacificaList/&gt; Twenty-nine-minute podcasts of all episodes and videos of most are available with the descriptions of each episode. The series has been fortnightly since 2024-07-30. 

== Approximate transcript of the video ==

Welcome to Media and Democracy. I'm Spencer Graves with [[w:KKFI|KKFI]], [[w:Kansas City metropolitan area|Kansas City]] [[w:Community radio|Community Radio]]. You are about to hear a summary of what I think have been the most important things covered in (a) the 37 episodes of ''Media &amp; Democracy'' that I have produced so far and (b) over a decade of studying the research literature on this issue before that.

The views you are about to hear are mine and of the sources that I cite, and not of this radio station.

If the research summarized herein is replicable as described, then we can reverse the current trend towards increasing political polarization and violence and make progress much easier on virtually every other major issue facing humanity today.

A key observation that makes this possible is that progress on every substantive issue that I have studied is blocked because every countermeasure threatens someone with substantive control over the money or the medium.

=== The media and human cognition === 

To understand the role of the media in political economy, I feel a need to mention key results in human cognition. 

First, 

* Everything we think we know is coded in systems of connections between neurons in our brains. 
* These systems are more unique than fingerprints, and evolve over time.
* The words we use do not mean the same thing 
	- to two different humans, 
	- nor to the same human at two different points in time.

We can overcome differences of opinion and war and build a better world for all by teaching ourselves how to 
* talk
* politics, 
* calmly, 
* with respect and humility, 
* in a friendly, supportive manner, 
* with others with whom we may vehemently disagree, 

because the alternative may be killing people over misunderstandings.

This understanding, I believe, can help all of us understand how others believe different from us, because they find different media credible.

We can overcome some of these barriers by accepting others where they are and by trying to engage them in non-threatening civil discourse.&lt;ref&gt;Graves (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Behavioral economics === 

Virtually everyone thinks they know more than they do.&lt;ref&gt;Research on this is summarized in the Wikipedia articles on [[w:Overconfidence effect|Overconfidence effect]] and the [[w:Dunning–Kruger effect|Dunning–Kruger effect]]. The latter documents the difference between self perception and actual performance: The self perceptions of low achievers tend to be much higher than their actual performance, and this difference is smaller for high achievers and is slightly reversed for some tasks, though not by much.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This is a key result in a relatively new field called [[w:Behavioral economics|behavioral economics]] in the intersection between [[w:Human behavior|human behavior]] and [[w:Economics|economics]].

[[w:Daniel Kahneman| Daniel Kahneman]] won the 2002 [[w:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]], even though he was not an economist: He was a research psychologist. He won the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his leadership in developing this new subfield in the intersection between the Human Behavior and Economics.&lt;ref&gt;Nobel Prize Committee (2002).&lt;/ref&gt;

Major media exploit this feature of human cognition to please those who control most of the money for the media.

Over two years ago, I published an article on Wikiversity on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]], summarizing the research that I had found to that point on the role of the media in political economy, and recommending research -- experiments -- to quantify the extent to which those research results can actually be replicated.

Those concerns about the media also led me to become the primary content producer for Radio Active Magazine,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Radio Active Magazine--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57451712}}&lt;/ref&gt; a weekly half-hour, magazine-style radio program on [[w:KKFI|KKFI]] about [[w:Activism|activists]]. Since July 30 of last year, Radio Active Magazine has been alternating between local content and national and international experts on the increase in political polarization and violence, and what they think should be done about it. The episodes featuring experts are also distributed as the fortnightly ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series syndicated for the Pacifica Radio Network and made available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]], which supports moderated discussions of the issues raised in each episode.

The most important thing I think I have gotten from all this work is solid documentation of the value of ''accountability journalism'' relative to ''[[w:access journalism|access journalism]]'': 

* ''Accountability journalism'' is disseminating information that people with power do not want known.
* ''Access journalism'', by contrast, is giving people with power access to an audience to disseminate information they do want known.

On June 12 earlier this year, I interviewed [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher|University of San Diego journalism professor Nik Usher]]. With a co-author, they tallied all of the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 US federal court districts between 2003 and 2019. They found on average 1.4 more prosecutions for political corruption per year per member of [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|INN]] in each [[w:Federal judiciary of the United States|US federal court district]] the previous year. During that period, the number of journalists in the US fell by roughly a factor of 3, between 60 and 70 percent, with no statistically significant impact on federal prosecutions for political corruption.&lt;ref&gt;Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; 

You and I benefit, we all benefit, from accountability journalism that we have never read nor even heard of as long as enough others got those reports and took effective action to limit malfeasance.

Watchdogs protect the people who feed them.

For-profit media protect the major corporations, who are the only people who really count in the United States of America today.&lt;ref&gt;There is a long international  tradition on &quot;[[w:Corporate personhood|Corporate personhood]]. In the US, this dates from &quot;A headnote issued by the court reporter in the 1886 Supreme Court case ''[[w:Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.|Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.]]''. It has since been expanded many times in both statutes and Supreme Court decisions. For example, the [[w:Patriot Act|Patriot Act]] of 2001 makes &quot;[[w:Providing material support for terrorism|Providing material support for terrorism]] a felony punishable by life in prison, &quot;if the death of any person results,&quot; where 'the term “person” means any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property'. Under ''[[w:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project]]'', it is a felony to teach nonviolence to anyone designated as supporting a foreign terrorist organization. Apparently, if the US State Department claims that one business ceased operations as a result of the activities of such a foreign terrorist organization, you can get life in prison for teaching nonviolence to anyone the State Department claims supports said organization -- even if you do not know that the human(s) to whom you taught nonviolence are so designated by the State Department. More well-known is the 2010 Supreme Court decision in ''[[w:Citizens United v. FEC|Citizens United]]'', which confirms that corporations are &quot;people&quot; and money is speech.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Many local news outlets funded by advertisers are cheerleaders for local developers, according to [[Media Reform Coalition challenges anti-democratic media bias in the UK|British journalist and researcher Dan Hind, whom I interviewed just over a month ago]]. [[w:Community radio|community radio]] stations protect their supporters and their communities and might benefit from the research that I have studied.

I feel a need to describe examples.

=== Example: George Santos ===

[[w:George Santos| George Santos]] is a former representative of the [[w:United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]]. He was forced to resign in 2023 after numerous reports of questionable claims he had made to get elected. In 2024, he was convicted of identity theft and wire fraud in the [[w:United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York|Eastern District of New York]], which is a leader among US federal court districts for having the most members of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]], or INN.

=== Stadium subsidies === 

Another example: In 2024, April 2, voters in Kansas City rejected, money for sports stadiums.&lt;ref&gt;Lieb (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 

A few months earlier, I had alerted ''[[w:The Beacon (Kansas City)|The Kansas City Beacon]]'', a local member of INN, to the Wikipedia article on [[w:Stadium subsidy|stadium subsidy]], which cites serious research documenting the lack of benefits for the local economy from stadium subsidies. ''The Beacon'' published stories on that, which were picked up by other news outlets. I believe the coverage in the beacon probably contributed to the electoral defeat of that stadium subsidy -- and to improving the general welfare of the bottom 99% of the Kansas City population.

In general, access journalism is cheap as long as you never contradict any leading establishment figure nor ask questions they do not want to answer. 

''Accountability journalism'' is expensive: It costs money to check facts, and for-profit media know they could lose money by offending a major advertiser, even if they had all their facts straight.

However, if one news agency does it, like a member of INN, for-profit media are often forced to carry it or lose audience. 

Every media organization sells changes in audience behaviors to the people who give them money. If they lose their audience, they have nothing to sell.

=== ''The Kansas City Defender'' === 

Another example: ''[[w:The Kansas City Defender|The Kansas City Defender]]'': 

Kansas City has two members of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]]: ''The Beacon'' and ''The Kansas City Defender''. The latter is an online news outlet founded by a young [[w:African American|African American]].&lt;ref&gt;In addition to ''The Beacon'' and ''The Kansas City Defender'', the &lt;!--Kansas City Northeast News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q55667687}} is a nonprofit serving Northeast Kansas City. However, as of 2025-11-11, they are not listed as a member of INN and are not listed in the &lt;!--Local Journalism Directory--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136763718}}, maintained by the &lt;!--Media and Democracy Project--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136327862}}. The ''Northeast News'' only became a nonprofit in May of 2022. Their website says they comply with INN's membership standards.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Roughly 3 years ago, ''The Kansas City Defender'' published a report about missing women along the [[w:Prospect Avenue (Kansas City, Missouri)|Prospect Corridor]], a major thoroughfare in a traditionally red-lined African American part of Kansas City, Missouri. ''The Defender'' was vigorously denounced for irresponsible journalism by the chief of police, other local public officials, and news outlets across the nation.

Two weeks later, a woman dressed in trash bags was running down the street, knocking on doors, crying for help. An hour later, the owner of the house in which she had been imprisoned was arrested and charged with kidnapping and raping multiple women. In 2024, a body was found, and he was charged with murder. Without the Kansas City Defender, that poor woman might still have escaped, and that serial rapist and murderer might still have been arrested. But ''The Defender'' forced law enforcement and politicians to consider more seriously the charges of poor police protection in that part of Kansas City.

Now let me talk about news deserts.

=== News Deserts === 

There's a growing body of research describing what happens when local newspapers die. 

A 2018 research report by Gao et al. reported that the death of a local newspaper was followed by … increases in local tax revenue, averaging $85 per human per year.&lt;ref name = Gao2019&gt;Gao et al. (2018).&lt;/ref&gt; That $85 was roughly 13 hundredths of a percent of the 2019 US GDP. That's mentioned in the 2025-07-17 interview with [[Democratic delusions: Fix the media to fix democracy|Natalie Fenton about her new book, ''Democratic Delusions, How the Media Hollows out democracy and What We Can Do About It'']].

One of the most spectacular example of the cost of a news desert is the [[w:City of Bell scandal|Scandal of Bell, California]]. Their local newspaper died around 1999. Roughly a decade later the city was nearly bankrupt in spite of having property tax rates among the highest in the nation. The city manager, it turns out, had a compensation package worth $1.5 million a year, well over double that of the President of the United States. And other senior city officials were similarly well-remunerated. Some of the city officials went to jail over that. But it need not have happened if they had a local newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;There is also a growing body of research on the threats from loss of local newspapers: Malfeasance also increases in business as pollution and workplace accidents increase and the cost of capital, because investors know their money is not as secure without a local newspaper. That leads to a reduction in investments in new products, services and processes -- slowing economic growth. See &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot;, esp. Kim et al. (2021). And executive compensation in increases in nonprofits, so less of what people donate goes to the charitable purpose for which they donated, according to Felix et al. (2024). Also, voter participation and split-ticket voting decline, per Benton (2019) and other references discussed in &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;. And the ultra-right does better, as noted in [[News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today]] and the section on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Previous research|Previous research]]&quot; in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;. By contrast, Neff and Pickard (2024) document that the world's leading democracies devote between 0.05 and 0.25 percent of GDP to government funding for media.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Adjusted for inflation, 0.13 percent of GDP is roughly $120 per human per year today. With over 300 million humans in the U.S, that is roughly $40 billion nationwide. 

Other research documents that when a local newspaper dies pollution, workplace accidents, and cost of capital increases, and innovations declined for local businesses. When innovation declines, economic growth also tends to decline, jeopardizing the future of the nation. Nonprofit executive compensation also increases, so less of what you donate goes to the charitable purpose for which you donated, as documented in my [[Local newspapers limit malfeasance|February 25 interview with Arizona State Accounting Professor Richard White]]. Similarly, voter participation declines, and the far right does better, as documented in my [[News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today|June 8th interview with University of British Columbia professor Heidi Tworek]], author of ''News from Germany, the competition to control world communications, 1900-1945''.

=== Fox === 

Let me talk about [[w:Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]. My interview with City University of New York journalism professor Reece Peck last August 1 documents how during the [[w:Great Recession|Great Recession]] that began in 2007, Fox convinced many of its audience that President [[w:Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]]'s [[w:New Deal|New Deal]] actually made the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]] worse, not better.

That message helped prevent the US Congress from bailing out the fraud victims of that financial crisis. However, Congress agreed that money had to be injected back into the economy to avoid a repeat of the Great Depression.

So major banks that were too big to fail before the crisis were even bigger afterwards, and many financial executives that had created that crisis, many of whom should probably have been prosecuted for fraud instead got multi-million dollar bonuses at taxpayer expense.&lt;ref&gt;Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 3).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== US GDP per capita, Franklin Roosevelt, and war === 

Let me talk about average annual income, GDP per capita. [[US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita|I've analyzed data on that from 1790 to 2024]]. From 1790 to 1929, the GDP per capita increased at a rate of average about 1.5 percent per year. Then it fell like a rock at over 8% for the four years of the [[w:Presidency of Herbert Hoover|Herbert Hoover administration]]. Then it took off like a rocket at roughly 8% per year during the 12 years of the [[w:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt administration]]. Since the end of World War II, after a post-World War II recession that lasted only a couple of years, the US economy has grown on average 2% per year.

The data I found on the Franklin Roosevelt administration said that Roosevelt administration actually spent the money required to put humans back to work, and then win World War II with the highest effective tax rates on the ultra-wealthy in US history and with [[w:Office of Price Administration|wage and price controls during World War II]], which largely eliminated price gouging by major businesses that had generated inflation and stifled economic growth in previous wars.

During that period, the US had by far the highest rate of increase in average annual income, GDP per capita, adjusted for inflation, of any comparable period in US history, before or since, with only nominal inflation. And inequality also fell dramatically during that period, and only started to increase again around the time that [[w:Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan]] became president.

By comparison, there have been 3 other major wars in US history. The [[w:War of 1812|War of 1812]], the [[w:American Civil War|Civil War]], and [[w:World War I|World War I]]. All had substantial inflation with economic growth that did not differ substantially from the 1.5% per year that lifted the US from a little over $1,000 per human per year in 1790, adjusted for inflation, to the US's relatively dominant position in the international political economy. 

The Franklin Roosevelt administration, by contrast, averaged 6% per year in GDP per capita growth between 1933 and 1939, and over 10% during World War II. The US has averaged roughly 2% per year since then, showing how incredibly different the Franklin Roosevelt administration was from the rest of US history. 

The special circumstances of the Great Depression and World War II gave Franklin Roosevelt the political support needed to spend the money to put people back to work, to end this Depression, and then to win the Second World War.

This suggests to me that ''we can do this again'': We only need media that helps convince more humans that it is possible, and that indeed we need to tax the ultra-wealthy in proportion to the benefits they receive from government and do other things to prevent price gouging by major corporations.

The major corporate media are watchdogs protecting the people who feed them. And they do not want you know about things like this.

=== Two primary recommendations === 

I have two primary recommendations.

First, we need citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits with a firewall to prevent political interference in the content, supporting organizations like community radio and members of the Institute for Nonprofit News.&lt;ref&gt;There is a body of evidence that says that most humans trust local news more than non-local sources. See the discussion of news deserts above.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Second, we need to migrate to non-commercial social media like Blue Sky, Mastodon, and PeerTube that do not make money amplifying political polarization and violence.&lt;ref&gt;See the discussion below of the interview with Facebook whistlblower Frances Haugen.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Regarding the first, [[The Great American Paradox|the US Postal Service Act of 1792 provided postal subsidies enacted by the second US Congress and signed by President Washington]] during his first term arguably made major contributions to the long-term sustained growth in the US economy, which I mentioned earlier. Under that act newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first-class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. 

McChesney and Nichols estimated that in 1840 those subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of GDP.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt; That's roughly $64 billion in today's money, or $190 per human per year.

As a result of that act the US had more independent newspaper publishers per million population in the first half of the 19th century than probably at any other time or place in human history.&lt;ref&gt;The claim that the US led the world in independent newspaper publishers in discussed in &quot;[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]&quot; and John (1995), in particular. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.” See Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; That diversity of newspapers encouraged literacy and limited political corruption and created a political culture that I believe has been a major driver in the economic growth that has given the US its current leadership position in the international political economy. It helped the US stay together and grow, while other countries like contemporary New Spain, then Mexico, fractured, shrank, and stagnated economically.&lt;ref&gt;That diversity of newspaper publishers began to shrink in the 1850s with technology changes that increased the capital required to start a newspaper (John and Silberstein-Loeb, 2015, p. 80). That was followed by consolidation of ownership of newspapers led by [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]]. The introduction of broadcasting made consolidation of ownership easier; John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“. [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|That consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself, as documented with the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress]]&quot; (accessed 2025-11-11), which contains plots of data on the evolution of political polarization in the US Congress 1879-2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

McChesney and Nichols recommended an internet-savvy reincarnation of the newspaper subsidies that the US had 200 years ago. They recommended distributing 0.15 percent of GDP to local news nonprofits via local elections to provide a firewall to prevent political interference in the content.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Many municipalities can raise that kind of money by committing roughly 3% of their budget to subsidize local news nonprofits with a firewall that effectively prevents, as I said, political interference in the content.&lt;ref&gt;Roughly 1 percent of the US workforce are accountants and auditors. Roughly 2 percent of GDP is devoted to advertising. If local governments are comparable to the overall economy,accounting, advertising, and public relations may easily exceed 3% of their budget. More on this appears in the Wikiversity article on [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]].&lt;/ref&gt;

If this has an impact anywhere close to what is documented in the research that I cited above, it will substantially improve the prospects for broadly shared economic growth, while also reducing political polarization and violence and the prospects for war.

Victor Picard, whom I interviewed December 13 of last year, recommends directing such subsidies to local multimedia centers managed perhaps by boards selected at random. These multimedia centers might help fund so-called documenters who observe public meetings and write notes that can be used by professional journalists in reports disseminated to a wider audience. Such multimedia centers might include journalism classes at local high schools and colleges, that may encourage migration to non-commercial social media, thereby also reducing teen suicides and political polarization and violence.

=== Other interviews === 

I feel a need to mention 5 other interviews.

* August 19 of last year, I interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Francis Haugen]], who said that the shortest path to a click is anger or hate. Facebook executives had agreed that Facebook contributed to teen suicides and ethnic violence in several countries, including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|genocide of Rohingyan Muslims]] in Myanmar. Haugen was in charge of a department asked to reduce this problem. Then Facebook executives decided that if she were effective, it would reduce their profits. So they eliminated the department, and she became a whistleblower.

* July 30 of last year, [[Dean Baker on Internet companies threatening democracy internationally and how to fix that|Dean Baker, a co-founder of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, recommended changing Section 230 of Title 47 of the US Code]], which currently says that internet companies are not liable for content. Baker wants to change that so that internet companies are liable for content from which they make money boosting like print and broadcast media. Under the Supreme Court decision in ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|New York Times v. Sullivan]]'' (1964), but they would still be exempt when they are acting like common carriers, like a telephone company.

* [[Evidence-informed public policy|Last July 31, Nick Hart, President and CEO of the Data Foundation]], discussed evidence-based public policy. He noted that President Trump in his first term signed bipartisan legislation requiring evidence-based public policy for decisions of the United States Congress. However, apparently, politicians are only allowed to consider evidence that has been broadly discussed by the major media. Otherwise, the major media can demonize them, like, what happened to the two senators who voted against the [[w:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]] in 1964. Research currently says that [[w:Immigration|immigrants benefit both the sending and the receiving countries]]. Some research on [[w:Sanctuary city|sanctuary cities]] find no difference between sanctuary and non-sanctuary cities. Other research insists that sanctuary cities actually have less crime and higher median incomes. The current [[w:Immigration policy of the second Trump administration|anti-immigrant campaign of the Trump administration]], in my judgment, is primarily the product of a conspiracy of silence by the major media, even the so-called liberal media, as well as well as the conservative media, prior to last November's election. There may have been some discussion of these points in some so-called liberal media outlets since last November, but those discussions have so far not been enough to allow that research to be seriously considered in Congress: The evidence is not sufficiently widely known to allow the Congress to actually consider it.

* On August 28th I interviewed [[The role of the media in conflict|Doug Samuelson, who knows that before the first attack in a war, the different parties are polarized by their different media]]. He says he sometimes compares, for example, ''[[w:The New Republic|The New Republic]]'', known for its intellectual rigor and left-leaning political views, with the ''[[w:National Review|National Review]]'', an American conservative editorial magazine. Anything they agreed on was probably accurate. Disagreements clearly identified the spin. Primary drivers of any major conflict seem to be differences in the media that the different parties to conflict find credible. For example, supporters of Israel and supporters of Palestinians tend to find different media credible. Mira Sukharov, a Canadian Jew and professor of political science at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Mira Sukharov--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136764001}}&lt;/ref&gt; surveyed American Jews on Zionism: 58% self-reported as Zionists. 72% believed in a Jewish and democratic state. When asked if they believed in privileging Jews over non-Jews in Israel. 10% said yes, while 69% said no.&lt;ref&gt;Sucharov and Graves (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Few supporters of Israel, especially during the current war, have any awareness of the thousands of Palestinians, including hundreds of children, who have been routinely held for years without charges in Israeli prisons. Few supporters of Israel have any awareness of the [[w:Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel|routine destruction or confiscation of Palestinian property by Israeli settlers protected by the Israeli military]]. Most of the media that supporters of Israel find credible rarely, if ever, report on such, but such is widely known among supporters of the Palestinians. Student protesters supporting the Palestinians see many reports of such in their social media feeds, which are largely suppressed by the major media in the United States. The major media coverage of such protests rarely mention the need to support the right of people peaceably to assemble, as supposedly secured by the First Amendment to the US Constitution. Supporters of Israel and supporters of Palestinians each have a long list of legitimate grievances against the other, but fail to understand how some of their actions have motivated the actions they deplore in their opposition.

* Just over a month ago, [[Media Reform Coalition challenges anti-democratic media bias in the UK|I interviewed British journalist and researcher Dan Hind on the activities of the Media Reform Coalition]], which challenges anti-democratic bias in the UK. He claimed that before the US-led invasions of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003, elites in both the US and UK, the UK, told media executives that we were going to invade, and their job was to get the public behind those invasions. He also said that similar phenomena drove media coverage of the Cold War. I do not know if we can document such an elite conspiracy, but it is clear that major media organizations segment the media market in ways that increase political polarization and violence, and have contributed to the Cold War and the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq and other questionable actions by the United States government at least since the end of the Korean conflict.

=== Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson === 

Finally, I feel a need to summarize, and to mention last year's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics which went to [[w:Daron Acemoglu|Acemoglu]], [[w:Simon Johnson (economist)|Johnson]], and [[w:James A. Robinson|Robinson]] for their leadership in documenting how the [[w:Industrial Revolution|Industrial Revolution]] began in England, because the English were the first to convince enough commoners that they could innovate and build a better world for themselves and others. In most other times and places in human history, religious authorities and others and, increasingly since the 1600s, media outlets have convinced the vast majority of humanity that they must accept their inferior law in life.&lt;ref&gt;Acemoglu and Robinson (2012).&lt;/ref&gt; 

However, most economic growth, they note, has benefited only a few. To share the wealth more broadly, Acemoglu and Johnson recommend three things.

1. Change the narrative.

2. Build countervailing powers like organized labor. 

3. Develop technical and policy solutions that benefit all.&lt;ref&gt;Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 11).&lt;/ref&gt;

All three of these points can be helped with nonprofit media, like members of the Institute for Nonprofit News or community radio, because they are less likely to have conflicts of interest in reporting on anything that might offend people with power.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Acemoglu and Johnson (2023)  Power and Progress--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125292212}}
* &lt;!--Acemoglu and Robinson (2012) Why Nations Fail (Crown)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q7997840}} 
* &lt;!-- Joshua Benton (9 April 2019). &quot;When local newspapers shrink, fewer people bother to run for mayor&quot;. Nieman Foundation for Journalism --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63127216}}
* &lt;!--Robert Felix, Joshua A. Khavis, and Mikhail Pevzner (2024) &quot;The effects of local newspaper closures on nonprofits’ executive compensation&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132730972}}
* &lt;!--Pengjie Gao, Chang Lee, and Dermot Murphy (2018) &quot;Financing Dies in Darkness? The Impact of Newspaper Closures on Public Finance&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q55670016}}
* &lt;!--Spencer Graves (2025)  We have to talk--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136126262}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995)  Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|authors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Min Kim, Derrald Stice, Han Stice, and Roger M. White (2021)  &quot;Stop the presses! Or wait, we might need them: Firm responses to local newspaper closures and layoffs&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132459373}}
* &lt;!--David A. Lieb (2024-04-04) &quot; When voters say ‘no’ to new stadiums, what do professional sports teams do next?&quot;, AP--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136763641}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Nobel Prize Committee (2002) The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 2002--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136762831|author=Nobel Prize Committee}}
* &lt;!--Mira Sucharov and Spencer Graves (2024-06-04) &quot;Mira Sucharov on Israel-Palestine&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136764029}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}

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    <title>Differences between media outlets including coverage of Gaza</title>
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      <text bytes="18520" sha1="4ds9o1ov4iak1mks6eenq3vlpge43r5" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-11-20 interview with [[w:University of Denver|University of Denver]] journalism professor Kareem El Damanhoury&lt;ref name=Daman&gt;&lt;!--Kareem El Damanhoury--&gt;{{cite Q|Q113752441}}&lt;/ref&gt; about how different media cover similar issues. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-11-29 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Differences between media outlets including coverage of Gaza.webm|thumb|Differences between media outlets including coverage of Gaza per University of Denver Journalism Professor Kareem El Damanhoury]]
[[File:Differences between media outlets including coverage of Gaza.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from an interview conducted 2025-11-20 of University of Denver professor Kareem El Damanhoury about differences in how different media describe similar events including Gaza.]]

[[w:University of Denver|University of Denver]] journalism professor Kareem El Damanhoury&lt;ref name=Daman/&gt; compares how the same or similar issues are framed differently in different media outlets. This includes especially comparing how [[w:Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]], the [[w:BBC|BBC]]&lt;ref&gt;El Damanhoury et al. (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; and [[w:Fox News|Fox]]&lt;ref&gt;El Damanhoury and Saleh (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; have covered [[w:Gaza Strip|Gaza]]. 

El Damahoury is an Associate Professor of journalism at the University of Denver&lt;ref name=Daman/&gt; with numerous publications comparing different media outlets, e.g., on their coverage of Gaza and comparing the media in different counties in Colorado.&lt;ref&gt;El Damanhoury et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; He was born and raised in [[w:Egypt|Egypt]],&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Abdulaziz Al-Maosherji (undated) &quot;Multilingual Faculty Spotlight: Dr. Kareem El Damanhoury--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136829398}}&lt;/ref&gt; earned a bachelors' from [[w:Cairo University|Cairo University]], an MA from [[w:Ohio University|Ohio University]] and a PhD from [[w:Georgia State University|Georgia State]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Kareem El Damanhoury, Georgia State alum--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136830973}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is an expert with the [[w:International Panel on the Information Environment|International Panel on the Information Environment]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Kareem El Damanhoury, IPIE scientist--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136831147}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Professor El Damanhoury is interviewed by Spencer Graves&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Doug Samuelson.&lt;ref name = Samuelson&gt;&lt;!--Douglas A. Samuelson--&gt;{{cite Q|Q89781201}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights ==

Graves asked El Damanhoury to &quot;describe the differences in the coverage of Gaza between Al Jazeera, the BBC and Fox.&quot; 

=== Al Jazeera v. Fox === 

El Damanhoury began by summarizing his comparisons of media during the [[w:2014 Gaza War|2014 Gaza War]]. He said, &quot;there was a big statistically significant difference when it comes to clarifying who died. ... Hamas is synonymous in the West to terrorism, and when you don't&quot; differentiate between differentiate in reporting between militants, civilians, 2-year olds, etc., &quot;this can have a huge implications.&quot; 

Similarly, in May 2021 there was another war. El Damanhoury compared how Al Jazeera and Fox used photographs. Both were highly dependent for images on [[w:Reuters|Reuters]], the [[w:Associated Press|AP (Associated Press)]], and [[w:Agence France-Presse|AFP (Agence France-Presse)]]. &quot;Even though they were using the same images, the captions and the textual context was very different.&quot; For example, &quot;You would see rockets in the air, and Al Jazeera would caption this as the resistance firing rockets at the occupation. While, on the other hand, you'll find Fox saying something along the lines of terrorists firing rockets at Tel Aviv.&quot; Both Al Jazeera and Fox adopted similar &quot;David and Goliath&quot; narratives but flipped the protagonist and the antagonist. Al Jazeera referred to people &quot;dying in Gaza as martyrs. They would even draw comparisons to companions of Prophet Muhammad ... . [T]hey would call a mother of maybe like four kids who were killed by the Israeli military ... with the same name of the mother who was a companion to the Prophet over 1400 years ago. On the other hand, Fox would be hammering on the anti semitic tropes. ... as if the war that is happening in Gaza is actually impacting American Jews here physically and putting them in danger.&quot; 

In the current war, El Damanhoury is publishing multiple articles. A recent article discussed the sources being used. &quot;It is one thing that you would be talking about a war in Gaza and only talking to, let's say, Republican senators and Israeli officials. It's another thing to be talking to people on the ground. While Al Jazeera was doing much more of talking to people on the ground who are impacted, and also leaning more into humanitarian organizations, BBC shied away from that, comparatively speaking&quot;. 

Graves asked, &quot;Is it fair to summarize this by saying that collateral damage that our designated enemies commit proves to us that they are subhuman or at best criminally misled, while collateral damage that we commit is unfortunate but necessary&quot;? El Damanhoury agreed. 

El Damanhoury mentioned an interview that President Trump gave to British media just few days ago in which he said that Ukrainian refugees &quot;tend to assimilate well&quot;, implying that Palestinian refugees who may not be as white don't. 

=== Local news ===

Graves requested a summary of El Damanhoury's research on local news. He said they've published reports on local media in both Colorado and New Jersey. 

&quot;The Colorado trust wanted to pour in $5 million into the local news infrastructure in Colorado in order to bolster the news ecosystem, which, as you know, is struggling, not just in Colorado, but across the country. There are a lot of news deserts out there. ... [A news desert] is essentially a county that doesn't even have one newspaper ... covering its own city council, ... school districts, etc. [A lot of research] talks about how losing newspapers and counties can actually have devastating impacts on civic life, on politics, political engagement, ... the spread of misinformation and disinformation.&quot; El Damanhoury et al. got $100,000 from the Colorado Trust to study the local media in four counties focusing on the extent to which outlets actually described local events rather than something in another county. &lt;ref&gt;El Damanhoury et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; They focused on eight critical information needs described in a 2012 FCC report. These include health, education, environment and politics.&lt;ref&gt;Margolis (2012).&lt;/ref&gt; They also considered [[w:Framing (social sciences)#Psychological roots of media framing research|episodic vs. thematic framing]]. For example, {{quote|

[[w:George Floyd|George Floyd]] gets killed. A news outlet goes out there and talks about George Floyd and the incident that happens period. This is episodic. Why? Because it's talking about George Floyd as a separate incident, and it's just touching on it and not going to any other contextual information that is important in order to interpret what that happened. 

Another outlet goes out there and talks yes about the incident, yes. Talks about George Floyd. Yes, talks about what happened on that day or night. But then zooms out to ...[discuss the frequency of police killing Black people.] [W]hen you give the context, which is very important, this is thematic framing. ... 

We published an article in ''[[w:The Colorado Sun|The Colorado Sun]]'' [saying that very few articles touch] on critical information needs. For example, we came across radio outlets that were just copying and pasting Fox News articles. We came across newspapers that were essentially using newspapers from another big newspaper from the near city or nearest County. 

But the good news is that we found non traditional local news outlets that are doing fantastic work. One that jumps to mind is called the ''Southern Ute Drum''.&lt;ref&gt; Martinez (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; This is a newspaper that is catering to the Native population in [[w:La Plata County, Colorado|La Plata County]]. They were doing a fantastic, stellar job at providing context, aka thematic framing, touching on things that are happening locally in their own community, doing original content by their own newspapers and touching on critical information needs. 

So in a nutshell, what we found is good news and bad news.}} 

=== International Panel on the Information Environment === 

Graves asked about the [[w: International Panel on the Information Environment| International Panel on the Information Environment]] (IPIE). El Damanhoury said he did his [[w:Master's degree|master's]] at [[w:Ohio University|Ohio University]] in &quot;communication and development&quot;, which is the use of communication media to spread social messages and achieve positive change. He studied entertainment education like ''[[w:Sesame Street|Sesame Street]]'': You get educated while also getting entertained. 

And he interned in 2014 at the [[w:United Nations|UN]] with their [[w:United Nations Department of Global Communications|office of public information]] and specifically with their [[w:United Nations Messengers of Peace|Messengers of Peace]] including [[w:Leonardo DiCaprio|Leonardo DiCaprio]]. IPIE focuses on how communication can help spread messages that sound the alarm but also give tangible information about how we can prevent a tragedy further down the line.

=== Humor === 

Samuelson asked, &quot;What about what we laugh at? Late in the [[w:Presidency of George W. Bush|George W Bush administration]], somebody did a poll [asking for] the most trusted news source in the US, and the answer was [[w:Jon Stewart|Jon Stewart]] of ''[[w:The Daily Show|The Daily Show]]'', because they they got a good reputation for doing very careful fact checking before they made fun of anybody. ... Humor, I think conveys more than attempted straight reporting. What do you think?&quot; 

El Damanhoury agreed but added that [[w:John Oliver|John Oliver]] {{quote|is offering investigative entertaining journalism. ... This is evidenced by how many times he has won [[w:Emmy Awards|Emmy Awards]] and [[w:Peabody Awards|Peabodies]]. ... The amount of fact checking and research that goes into any episode that he does is just mind boggling. There is that thing that is called [[w:Transportation theory (psychology)|narrative persuasion]].&quot; For example, it's one thing to tell your listeners &quot;Don't smoke&quot;. But it's more powerful if &quot;I can show you somebody in a drama that you really associate with, and I can show you how they fell, and you can tear watching them, because there's something called [[w:Parasocial interaction|parasocial interaction]]&quot;, which is pseudo friendships. For example, &quot;you'll be watching ''[[w:Rocky|Rocky]]'', and you'll be like, 'Come on, Rocky. Hit him.' You know that this guy is called Sylvester. His name is not Rocky, but you opted to calling him his nickname, because you now feel that you have a relationship with him.&quot; 

=== Mispronouncing names === 

Samuelson noted that, &quot;Just the name you call somebody makes a difference.&quot; After [[w:September 11 attacks|9-11-01]], &quot;the name of the organization was being pronounced eight different ways in the meeting. I called up a friend who was fluent in Arabic. And said, 'How do you pronounce the name of that organization?' And he told me ... I noticed that some American officials were very deliberately&quot; mispronouncing the name as a way of diminishing or dismissing them. There any significance to how that's pronounced?

El Damanhoury connected this to the politician who just won the [[w:2025 New York City mayoral electionrace for Mayor of New York]]. ...&quot;They kept mispronouncing his name, very deliberate ... to the extent that [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]], I think, was tweeting at one point and even writing his name wrong. It's one thing to mispronounce the name and claim that you don't know how to pronounce it. It's another to actually spell it wrong.&quot;

=== News deserts === 

Graves asked about news deserts. El Damanhoury said, &quot;That's the million dollar question.&quot; Graves replied, &quot;I would say it's a several trillion dollar question.&quot; El Damanhoury agreed and added, &quot;I was trying not to sound alarmist, I guess.&quot; 

El Damanhoury teaches a class at the University of Denver on &quot;Media and terrorism&quot;, about how &quot;terrorists&quot; are covered across the spectrum, e.g., far fight, neo Nazis, environmentalists, etc.  {{quote|

Towards the end, we delve into how media can be used to counter those ideas that help lure youth into those rabbit holes. So one main thing is [[w:media literacy|media literacy]]. A Stanford study several years back found that middle schoolers and high schoolers were hardly able to differentiate between a paid ad and a news article. Another study found that folks were not able, or did not felt that they not have the chops in order to parse out what is true and what is not true. 

I am teaching a storytelling and reporting class in five prison facility correctional facilities in Colorado, and I was just grading before we hopped on a call, and one of my students was essentially saying, I try to avoid politics because I don't feel like I can discern what is factual and what is not. 

This is an epidemic ... that destroys the very premise of truth and facts and makes them very subjective. 

Media literacy is super important. Media Literacy ought not to be only provided in college. They ought to be, I argue, not only offered also in high school, but even in middle school.}} 

El Damanhoury and a colleague piloted a one week long media literacy class in high school to help students decide whether to pursue a career in media or engineering, business, physics, etc. {{quote|

This is very important for the health of democracy and for the diffusing the extent of polarization that we've been living in for years now.}}

Samuelson noted the need for reporters to consult two different sources. 

El Damanhoury agreed, noting that it's important for consumers as well as reporters to consult multiple sources -- especially with commercial media: If they are commercial, something sexy but not important will be covered. And it's important to know your sources. For example, the vast majority of his students did not know that [[w:RT (TV network)|RT]] was Russian.   

=== In sum ===

Graves noted that we are about out of time and invited final comments. El Damanhoury replied, {{quote|

There is a competition on our attention. That competition leads us to prioritize what we're consuming, Oftentimes we fall into the trap of [[w:cognitive dissonance|cognitive dissonance]]. We essentially try to gravitate to things that feed into our own predispositions. So I tell myself, and I suggest to anybody listening to get out of the comfort zone a bit. 

In my class of media and terrorism. I had once a former neo-Nazi come into class. He has since left and now has his own NGO working with youth to get them out of white supremacist and neo-Nazi groups ... . 

[S]tudents ... said, 'We've never had such an experience like this. When we talk to somebody who's been into that rabbit hole, came back and is now working to help people who are one where were in a position that he once was in.' ...[I]f I would have asked my students to go out there find the former neo-Nazi to speak to, probably nobody would have done that assignment. But ... getting that person into class was in a way, getting them out of their comfort zone. ... [T]the outcome was just stellar.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]].

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Kareem El Damanhoury, David Coppini, Brittany Johnson, and Geneva Rodriguez (2022-06-06) &quot;Local News in Colorado: Comparing Journalism Quality Across Four Counties&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136827833}}
* &lt;!--Kareem El Damanhoury and Faisal Saleh (2024-04-02) &quot;Mediated Clash of Civilizations: Examining the Proximity-Visual Framing Nexus in Al Jazeera Arabic and Fox News’ Coverage of the 2021 Gaza War&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136827630}}
* &lt;!--Kareem El Damanhoury, Faisal Saleh, and Madeleine Lebovic (2025-01-16) &quot;Covering the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Al Jazeera English and BBC’s Online Reporting on the 2023 Gaza War&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136826072}} 
* &lt;!--Daniel Margolis (2012)  Review of the Literature Regarding Critical Information Needs of the American Public--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136933744}}
* &lt;!--Fabian Martinez (2019-05-10) &quot;A brief history of the Southern Ute Drum&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136934060}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Israel]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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== False flag &quot;authority hack&quot; user page deletion ==
{{archive top|'''Not undeleted''', the requester dropped the request. See Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion v. 2803217.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:36, 10 May 2026 (UTC)}}
'''Undeletion requested'''

Hi, Juandev marked my user page as &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, and deleted it. 

First, I asked him for help with &quot;time limit for new users&quot;, and he replied - I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. 

Then he wrote me another message: Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. - probably referring to the intro of my About me page where I present me and my work. 

Before I could explain him the difference between the neutral information and advertising and promotion, he deleted my user page. 

Here is my answer I posted to the discussion today: 

: Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work.
:
: There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that.
:
: There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
:
: Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies.
:
: Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):

: == Introduction ==
: The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
:
: The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:
: == Theoretical foundations ==
: The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
:* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
:* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
:* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
: Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:
: == Experiential empiricism ==
: The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
:* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
:* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
:* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
:* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
:
: All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
:
: I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity.
:
: Best regards, Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]]


I suggest you check the deleted user page, and see for yourself if it is &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, or a legit author's page with one paragraph short presentation, while the rest of the page is about my research project. 

Thank you for undeleting my user page, so I can use it. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:26, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:Hi Senad,
:Welcome to Wikiversity.
:It looks like you tried adding similar content to Wikipedia and ran into similar difficulties over there ([[w:User talk:Senad Dizdarević]])? Perhaps that is what has led to you Wikiversity?
:Basically, if you'd like to collaborate and help build open educational resources, feel free to contribute to Wikiversity. But if the primary motivation is to promote your autobiographical work you're probably going to run into challenges.
:Sincerely,
:James
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
::James, Hi, and thank you for your answer. 
::Yes, in 2025, I created the autobiographic page on Wikipedia, which was removed because of the links to my books on Amazon. To admin, I explained that I did not know the rules, and agreed that page is removed. Now I know that somebody else must write a Wikipedia page for you. 
::On the deleted user page on Wikiversity, there were no links to Amazon or any other form of promotion, just neutral as possible basic presentation of my writing (one sentence) and current project (the rest of the page). 
::I created Wikiversity page to present my AIPA Method project, to invite researchers to read it, give their opinion, and conduct empirical researches in their institutions. Now, it is in a theoretical phase, and needs more empirical testing. 
::Best regards, 
::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:03, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It looks to me like the primary motivation for contributing to Wikiversity is to drive traffic / search engine ranking to your website?
:::* [[User:Senad Dizdarević]]
:::* [[AIPA Method]]
:::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:36, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
::::No, it is not. There is no link to my website, so &quot;driving traffic to my website&quot; is not possible. 
::::For your educational purposes: 
::::Copilot &quot;AI:  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:38, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::So do you still insist of undeleting your former version of your userpage if you have created the new one? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:15, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::No, because in the moment of undeletition, somebody could delete it again, and so on. Thank you for not deleting my new user page, as it is made in your user page image.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 08:59, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

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== [[:Category:LAMAI Theological Academy]] and all related content ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - Obviously useless content that fails to meet Wikiversity's scope. I've also filed a [[meta:Steward_requests/Checkuser#Bmlamai@en.wikiversity|Checkuser]] request on Meta for all the new accounts voting in favor of this page. 2 accounts have been indef'd on the grounds of spam/promotional use only due to obvious association with the pages. EDIT: And of course, a massive thank you to [[User:AKA MBG|AKA MBG]] for raising this issue and Dave for bringing it to WV:RFD. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:46, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See [[User_talk:Dave_Braunschweig#Theological_Academy]] for context. Based on a Google search, LAMAI appears to stand for the &quot;League of Arhats of the International Academy of Truth&quot;. Google AI indicates this &quot;is not a widely recognized organization, and there is no publicly available, verifiable information about its existence or activities through general search, legal records, or news reports.&quot; The only associated link is a telegram shortcut with a single member. Based on this background information, I agree with [[User:AKA MBG]] that it is very likely any user account associated with LAMAI is a single user and all of the related content was created in violation of a block from 2022.

While I am inclined to delete the content outright and block the associated user accounts, I am no longer active and want to defer to the community for confirmation.

[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:57, 11 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''' per Dave above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:16, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
::; “Marginality” of the LAMAI Theological Academy — on the merits
::# Syncretic personal doctrine
::#* Buddhism + Hinduism + Christianity + Communism + political figures (“Two prophets — Lenin and Stalin.” (p. 132; page numbers refer to the Russian-language version of the textbook, which I reviewed. The textbook is available on the traditio.wiki website in both Russian and English and is the source on which the LAMAI Theological Academy course on Wikiversity is based)).
::#* This is not a course about religions, but a course of a single authorial system.
::# Lack of external verification
::#* No academic sources.
::#* No recognition in religious studies.
::#* No neutral third-party overview.
::# Normativity. The text constantly states:
::#* “in fact”
::#* “this is an error”
::#* religions lied (quotation: “As for cause and effect, the Bible, of course, lied.” p. 24)
::This is not research, but preaching.
::; Evaluation of the textbook “LAMAI. A Textbook of Spiritual Practice”
::Below is an evaluation of the text on which the course is based.
::1) '''Plagiarism / borrowings'''. There is no formal plagiarism. The text is an authorial synthesis, but:
::* it actively redefines:
::** Buddhist terms (nirvana, karma, bodhisattva);
::** Christian concepts (God, the devil, the Holy Spirit);
::* this is done without references and in contradiction to canonical interpretations.
::This is not plagiarism, but incorrect authorial eclecticism.
::2) '''Potential harm to individuals''' is present in the textbook, and it is direct. A critically dangerous fragment:
:: “The state of samadhi is achieved through interval dry fasting… One must fast for ten days… Interval dry fasting eliminates almost any disease.” (quotations from different pages of the book; this text is also present in the annotation to the book on p. 1).
::This is:
::* a medically false statement;
::* a potentially dangerous recommendation;
::* capable of leading to dehydration, kidney failure, and death.
::Other dangerous theses:
::* “Almost all diseases are the result of karma” (p. 33);
:::* → risk of refusing medical care.
::* “Cancer is the result of the karma of greed” (p. 33);
:::* → psychological traumatization of patients.
::All of this can be described as harmful health misinformation.
::3) Contradictions with modern science and evidence-based medicine
::There are many contradictions, and they are systemic:
::* Denial of the biological nature of diseases.
::* The assertion that plants “do not have a psyche” (pp. 32–33), and that diseases directly depend on moral qualities.
::* A mystical cosmology presented as ontological reality.
::This is acceptable as an object of study, but unacceptable as an educational guide.
::; My personal opinion:
::# Does not meet Wikiversity standards as an educational course
::# Contains potentially dangerous health-related assertions
::# May exist only:
::#* in user space;
::#* or as an object of critical analysis (“analysis of the LAMAI doctrine”). -- [[User:AKA MBG|Andrew Krizhanovsky]] ([[User talk:AKA MBG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AKA MBG|contribs]]) 16:20, 13 December 2025 (UTC)

I am against the deletion of the &quot;LAMAI Academy&quot;. It is a very good and useful educational project. [[User:Lamaibum|Lamaibum]] ([[User talk:Lamaibum|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lamaibum|contribs]]) 05:23, 20 December 2025 (UTC)

I am against the deletion of the &quot;LAMAI Academy&quot;, because this is quite an
innovative project.

I am against deletion of the &quot;LAMAI Academy&quot;. [[User:Alexa89898|Alexa89898]] ([[User talk:Alexa89898|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexa89898|contribs]]) 15:54, 21 December 2025 (UTC)

I am against deletion. [[User:AndyLane13|AndyLane13]] ([[User talk:AndyLane13|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyLane13|contribs]]) 16:37, 22 December 2025 (UTC)

I, too, am against deletion. Whether the aforementioned critiques have merit or not, it is clear to me that this some kind of new theological/metaphysical framework. We wouldn't delete, say, Ayurveda or TCM courses just because they don't strictly adhere to the scientific method. They still represent a field of human knowledge/endeavour.
I think the same applies here. Thus I am against the deletion. [[User:GiacintoDelArco|GiacintoDelArco]] ([[User talk:GiacintoDelArco|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GiacintoDelArco|contribs]]) 11:35, 26 December 2025 (UTC)

I agree with what has been said here and I am against deletion. There is no need to delete it in my opinion. Leave it up. Otherwise, if one would really try to be consistent, one would have to delete a bazillion of other stuff as well. [[User:Bmlamai|Bmlamai]] ([[User talk:Bmlamai|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bmlamai|contribs]]) 11:53, 26 December 2025 (UTC)

: I am afraid, that [[User:Lamaibum]], [[User:Bmlamai]], [[User:Alexa89898]], [[User:AndyLane13]] and [[User:GiacintoDelArco]] are the same person. -- [[User:AKA MBG|Andrew Krizhanovsky]] ([[User talk:AKA MBG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AKA MBG|contribs]]) 07:55, 3 January 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Should Wiktionary avoid indefinite blocks of productive users?]] ==
{{archive top|'''deleted''' by Koavf. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 22:17, 19 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Page created by Dan Polanksy (now facing a 3-month block for disruptive editing), &quot;coincidentally&quot; created after his infinite block from the English Wiktionary. There are even more concerning pages listed [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Dan_Polansky/2020-2024#Debates_on_policies_of_other_Wikimedia_projects here] that show how much of a joke the &quot;Wikidebate&quot; realm of Wikiversity has turned into. Hell, this one argument which Dan made up is just absurd: &quot;An indefinite block is un-Christian, failing to implement Christian forgiveness.&quot;. How is this educational whatsoever? Who would benefit from such useless content?

I'm inclined to delete this page as an attack page and out of scope anyhow, but I'd thought I'd leave this here for a few days for anyone else to give an opinion for. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:38, 30 December 2025 (UTC)

:This is absurd again. I'm just deleting this. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:12, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Portal:Fencing]] ==
{{archive top|Closing, discussion had already reached a conclusion and an action was carried out [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Is this really a useful portal, there doesn't seem to be any relevant links to other pages? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:13, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:I'd invite {{ping|VidanaliK}} to this discussion, and to be honest I don't think this needed to come to RFD. I think the page should be moved into the mainspace &quot;Fencing&quot; page and it is not fit for Portal namespace (per [[Wikiversity:Portal]]). I'd like VidanaliK to understand this or provide their input before I move the page. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:22, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::I had no clue there was a mainspace fencing page: I had looked for that all over. I was going to add more pages that this could link to but exceeded my new user limit (see the three pages I've drafted in my sandbox). [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:22, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::OK, now there is a linked page to Rapier fencing, and also, I don't see any mainspace &quot;Fencing&quot;; I could move it to that if it is inappropriate for Portal namespace. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:46, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Hey {{ping|VidanaliK}} sorry that this is so messy. I've moved all of your recently created pages under the main Fencing learning project. You have some duplicates: [[Fencing/Thibault rapier]] &amp; [[Fencing/Rapier/Thibault]]. Please indicate which page you'd like to remove. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:52, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::I prefer [[Fencing/Rapier/Thibault]] and [[Fencing/Rapier/Capo Ferro]]. It's easier organisation. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:53, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::Also, I'd prefer that [[Fencing/Rapier fencing]] be moved to [[Fencing/Rapier]] since it's already implied that it's rapier. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:55, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::::Thanks for fixing everything! [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 18:58, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|VidanaliK}} I'd suggest making a main page, [[Fencing]], and the pages you are currently making ([[Capo Ferro rapier]], ex.) can be moved under this learning project. Ex, [[Capo Ferro rapier]] --&gt; [[Fencing/Capo Ferro rapier]]. See [[Help:Subpages]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:47, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::Noted, Thanks. I will remember this for the future. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 06:35, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Creating connected learning environments]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:07, 16 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped project with 2 authors who've been inactive for 5+ years. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:48, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:Delete [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:16, 22 January 2026 (UTC)

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== [[Political theory]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:22, 16 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped since 2006. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:23, 21 January 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:21, 21 January 2026 (UTC)

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== [[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' as out of scope + user has been gblocked. NOTE: I also want to make it clear I never gave permission for Harold to remove the RFD tag, per my message to him on his talk page, and this seems to have came out through a misunderstanding. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:09, 10 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Per [[w:Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#Evading block?]]. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 19:40, 10 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] Does this even belong to Wikiversity ([[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?]])? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 10:50, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] Yes it does. [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#Evading_block?|w:Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#Evading block]] has nothing to do with Wikiversity. So elaborate your question. 11:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC) [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::How is a biography got anything to do with wikiversity? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Since it will be part of an education section we are working on. Just curious, what brought you here? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:12, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::Can you elaborate how it will be part of it? I saw this while working on archiving this RFD page. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:13, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I understand, it is brought to Rfd by someone outside Wikiversity. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:29, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] did you get the curator flag? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:20, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::No, how is that part of this discussion? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:00, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::::It is not, just a question. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 12:36, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::It looks like a Wikipedia page to me. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 19:49, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::That's because it is one, by design. Foppele is currently subject to a block on En.Wikipedaia on “Creating new pages and uploading new files with an expiration time of indefinite” due to repeated issues with poor quality content. Foppele created the biography here, matching exactly the style and layout of a normal Wikipedia biography, and then created a cross-Wiki Wikilink to insert into a Wikipedia article, with the clear intent to game the system in order to evade the block. This is currently being discussed on the En.Wikipedia Administrators noticeboard [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Evading_block?], and may well result in further sanctions. I've no in-depth understanding of Wikiversity policy on such things, but I can't help wondering whether the project would consider such practices to be in accord with its stated purpose, which presumably isn't as a conduit for evading blocks from other projects. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-94094-0|&amp;#126;2026-94094-0]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-94094-0|talk]]) 22:39, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Why this hidden account this happend before ?[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 23:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I'm not attempting to hide anything - I'd just not realised that I wasn't signed in automatically, as normally happens between projects. Now how about giving an explanation for why you used the Wikiversity project to evade an En.Wikipedia block through deceptive linking? Do you consider that appropriate behaviour on either project? [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyTheGrump|contribs]]) 23:33, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::The discussion at WP is closed. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:43, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Indeed. Closed after you have been blocked for a week for what was &quot;blatantly an attempt at gaming the pblock&quot;, with a comment by the blocking admin that they were &quot;tempted to simply indef&quot;. So, where's the explanation for your behaviour '''here'''? Do you consider it appropriate to use Wikiversity project facilities for block evasion in other WMF projects? [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyTheGrump|contribs]]) 16:42, 12 February 2026 (UTC) 
::::::::The discussion is closed.[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 16:53, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::The discussion isn't actually closed, though you are blocked for a week for it. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 02:38, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::That closed the discussion. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:32, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::It’s not formally closed yet, you just got blocked for a week. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:48, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::So you want to keep discussing it here? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:51, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Correct and it need a lot of additions. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 21:31, 11 February 2026 (UTC)

* '''Keep''' since this will be part of future developments. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 12:42, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
*:What future developments are you talking about, by the way? [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 17:50, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
*::Q&amp;A [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 18:18, 12 February 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', User is just evading their block on English Wikipedia by creating the page here and making a interwiki link on English wiki. This also falls outside Wikiversity's scope. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 07:18, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::[[File:Information orange.svg|35px|alt=Information icon]] The evading or not evading WP has nothing to do with the existence of the page here.Whether it falls within WV scope is for admins to decide [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:46, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:Please see the related discussion [[#Wikipedia style personal profiles|below]] which includes this page. Consideration should be given to merging the discussions [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 11:17, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
: I have reverted an attempt by Harold Foppele to remove the RfD tag out of process. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 18:01, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
::I have reverted your revert. For information contact [[user:atcovi|atcovi]]. @[[User:Pppery|Pppery]] you have a [[W:WP:SPA|WP:SPA]] account at the moment. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 21:37, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
::: Nope. I'm not a SPA. Far less than half of my edits to Wikiversity are related to this topic. And your comment here is frankly incoherent. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 22:23, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
::::In this case you are. But I'm not discussing that with you. Your last visit here was aug. 18 2024. So you are only here as SPA. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 22:44, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} The creating editor has now repeatedly removed the RFD notice form this item. I have explained to them that this behaviour is choosing to volunteer for a block and that it must remain until the deletion process is closed and concluded. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 22:52, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
*{{comment}} Harold Foppele and two socks are now indef globally blocked for LTA/xwiki abuse/sock-related disruption. [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DMacks|contribs]]) 13:11, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Uploads by {{U|Harold Foppele}} ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per improper licensing. Images can be restored through VRT approval. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:08, 10 March 2026 (UTC)}}
* [[:File:Professor Tenio Popmintchev.png]]
* [[:File:Henry C. Kapteyn.png]]
* [[:File:Dimitar Popmintchev.png]]

The uploader appears unable to find correct licencing for these files, and I do not believe that they have the correct permissions to upload them. The have now stated that they are PD, but each has previously been nominated as a copyvio (please see individual file history). They cannot be other than copyvios and the subject of the photograph is very unlikely to be able to release the to be PD.

Ownership or possession of a photo, proprietorship of the equipment used to take the photo, or being the subject of the photo does not equate to holding the copyright. The copyright holder is the photographer (i.e. the person who took the photo), rather than the subject (the person who appears in the photo) or the person possessing the photo, unless transferred by operation of law (e.g. inheritance, etc.) or by contract (written and signed by the copyright holder, and explicitly transfers the copyright). Evidence of any transfer of licencing must be sent via [[WV:VRT]] [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 11:26, 13 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] I just found https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Copyright_issues. Quote: This declaration of consent needs to be sent from the author (or forwarded from the author) to permissions-en AT wikimedia DOT org. Unquote. Exact quote. Someone should re-write it maybe. So I shall get the correct info or have it sent by the respective owners. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:44, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] Please make sure that the '''copyright owner''' furnishes the correct permissions. If the files have been deleted then VRT will organise reinstatement. My second paragraph above is not only information for you, but is part of the deletion rationale. [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 12:10, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:The descriptions seem to have been changed to &quot;fair use&quot; with rationale &quot;Infobox picture&quot;, which I believe is not a valid rationale for using nonfree content. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:29, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] if there is a ''genuine'' educational prpupose,then it may be borderline, but VRT permission is always the best, and leaves no doubt.
::A decision is still needed of in or out of scope, though. [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 22:58, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] I see that your WV account is a [[Wikipedia:Single-purpose account|'''single-purpose''' '''account''']]  [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 22:37, 14 February 2026 (UTC)
*{{comment}} The uploader has now uploaded entirely different pictures with the same filename, something which is wholly inappropriate during a deletion discussion.  Each file page now shows that the file is copyright of the person featured. This is improbable because, as explained several times to the uploader:
*:{{Blue|Ownership or possession of a photo, proprietorship of the equipment used to take the photo, or being the subject of the photo does not equate to holding the copyright. The copyright holder is the photographer (i.e. the person who took the photo), rather than the subject (the person who appears in the photo) or the person possessing the photo, unless transferred by operation of law (e.g. inheritance, etc.) or by contract (written and signed by the copyright holder, and explicitly transfers the copyright). Evidence of any transfer of licencing must be sent via [[WV:VRT]]}}
:The claim of Fair Use is plausible ''&lt;u&gt;only&lt;/u&gt; if there is an education purpose as defined in the doctrine of Fair Use'', and only if the minimum possible of the original is used at the lowest reasonable resolution. Neither of these latter two is correct and I cannot see the educational purpose since the pictures are being used to decorate what took very much like enWiki articles as profile pictures, no more and no less. Wikiversity does not hold profile articles.
:For these pictures, these specific pictures, all of them under these three file names, to remain here I believe it is essential that prof of the right to upload them here is lodged via [[WV:VRT]], otherwise they must be deleted, each and every version of them. [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 22:45, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
::I read through the entire discussion, and some of the discussion on the users talk pages, and support this statement made by Timtrent. Proof should be lodged to VRT, and if that’s not they should be deleted. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:05, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} The uploader has today nominated [[:File:Henry C. Kapteyn.png]] fr speedy deletion stating that it is obsolete. They modified the nomination to mention it. I have reverted that and am leaving this comment as a servce to the eventual closer of this discussion.  [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 10:41, 19 February 2026 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} [[:File:Henry C. Kapteyn.png]] deleted as unused Fair use. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:33, 3 March 2026 (UTC)

:Has any response come from VRT? Note that the uploading user was globally blocked for sockpuppetry. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:29, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
::{{Comment}} @[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] Were it to come the usual process is for VRT to lodge the ticket number and the permissions on the file page(s). What I can see is that no such annotation has been placed there, nor has any &quot;Correspondence has been received&quot; been placed there. 
::Sijce the VRT process also requests undeletion of any files deleted before or during the permissions process I believe it woful be safe for this to be closed as ''delete'' knowing that the process will restore them if necessary. The Global Block may be appealed, but, unless and until that is done, I doubt that anyone will choose to use those files. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 23:00, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia style personal profiles ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - Pages are out of scope, user has been globally blocked, and pages have been moved to a private wiki. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:02, 10 March 2026 (UTC)}}
The following personal profiles fail [[Wikiversity:What Wikiversity is not]] in that they are are Wikipedia style articles. It is clear that ''Wikiversity is not Wikipedia''. Indeed, Wikipedia articles may be interwiki-linked where necessary to/from Wikiversity material:
*[[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]] 
::(being discussed [[#Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn|above]] with a suggestion that the earlier discussion should either continue there or be merged into this overall DR by any user in good standing) (See [[w:en:Henry Kapteyn]]}
*[[Quantum/Tenio Popmintchev]] 
::(See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tenio Popmintchev]])
*[[Quantum Ultra fast lasers/Dimitar popmintchev]]
They appear to be here because the creating user is blocked on enWiki - [[Special:CentralAuth/Harold Foppele]] with their block set to expire on 19 February.

We are not here to discuss the notability of these people, that is a Wikipedia issue. Assuming them to be notable they have a place there. We are here to determine whether they are items which should appear here.

We are not here to discuss enWiki block pseudo-evasion. That is irrelevant to Wikiversity (0.9 probability), though may be of concern to enWiki admins. We are only discussing whether they are items which should appear here.

&lt;small&gt;Courtesy pings to [[User:Pppery|Pppery]], [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]], [[Special:Contributions/~2026-94094-0|~2026-94094-0]], [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]], all participants in the discussion above. My apologies if I have missed any participants.&lt;/small&gt; [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 11:15, 17 February 2026 (UTC)

:While I'm not a Wikiversity regular, and thus not really familiar with all the details regarding WV's criteria for suitable topics, I'd have to agree that it would seem odd for WV to be acting as an alternative host for material that would normally be hosted on Wikipedia. One could quite reasonably assume that individuals looking for biographical material would be looking there, and not here. Projects are supposed to be complementary, and not competing for readers by hosting similar content. [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyTheGrump|contribs]]) 16:08, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
:&lt;small&gt;Some of the active custodians are on holidays, they should be back soon. &lt;/small&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:17, 18 February 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Gravitational torsion field]] ==
{{archive top|I have gone ahead and deleted this. I don’t see much point in moving to userspace as the users currently inactive. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)}}
The article [[Gravitational torsion field]] is proposed for deletion. Firstly, this article has no relation to the gravitational torsion field described in the article [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational torsion field]]. Secondly, the article's content is a mishmash of unrelated ideas and assumptions, many of which are not even related to gravitation.
[[User:Fedosin|Fedosin]] ([[User talk:Fedosin|обсуждение]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fedosin|вклад]]) 12:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''', which is quasi-deletion. Searching the article for &quot;Gravitational torsion field&quot; finds nothing, not in the text, not in the references. The article is not labeled as original research, yet the headword &quot;Gravitational torsion field&quot; does not trace anywhere (it cannot trace anywhere from the body text since the body text does not have the headword). These are red flags. Further reading: [[W:User_talk:Swbraithwaite]], [[W:User talk:SWBPAUSEWATCH]], more red flags. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:48, 9 November 2025 (UTC)
:'''Delete'''. Low quality. Out of scope. Author no longer active on Wikiversity and has problematic WMF editing history. More detail: [https://chatgpt.com/share/6911338b-99ac-8008-833a-fb64e569a010 ChatGPT review]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:40, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should move to user space unless we have a specific reason to outright delete, consistent with the position taken rather passionately by Guy vandegrift and supported by some other people, including probably by Dave Braunschweig who often moved pages to user space. Moreover, whether the page is out of scope, I am not sure; we do have author-specific articles (e.g.  [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational torsion field]]) and if the page was solid enough, it would not be out of scope, I think. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:33, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Wikiversity is not free hosting service. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:47, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
:'''Delete'''. I dont understand its conntent, but the major obstacle is how to use this conentent. It looks like the copy of Wikipedia article so I would delete it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:47, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

May be it is a simplest variant for the case.[[User:Fedosin|Fedosin]] ([[User talk:Fedosin|обсуждение]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fedosin|вклад]]) 14:10, 9 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Fairy Rings]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted, per consensus}}
The page and subpages do not show anything useful; this has been so since 2007, I think (maybe I do not concentrate). Author: [[User:Juandev]]. '''Move to user space''' (or delete if preferred by the author and co-authors?). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:57, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

For instance, [[Fairy Rings/Database/Lublaňská 25]] was created in 2014 by [[User:Juandev (usurped)]]; there are lat-lon coordinates and an empty section for observations.

In [[Fairy Rings/Database]], I entered auto subpage generation. It found:
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Lublaňská 25]]
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Test]]
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Test 2]]
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Test 2/May 14, 2014]]
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:02, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

The project has an introduction to the issue and clearly stated instructions. I don't see the lack of participation in the project yet as a problem. Wikiversity is not Wikipedia, we are not aiming for pages full of text here, however, if someone is bothered by it, it can be deleted. For me, it would be enough to edit and update the project a little. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:40, 20 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Keep'''. Clear objective that is in scope. '''Delete''' the test database pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:01, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: [[WV:Deletion]] indicates that pages for which &quot;learning outcomes are scarce&quot; (as is the case here) are to be deleted. I don't see any policy or guideline indicating that something having a clear objective that is in scope of the English Wikiversity is alone grounds for keeping, regardless of how useless or underdeveloped the page is (perhaps I was not looking carefully enough). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:29, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
:Thats a good point. I would '''delete''' test pages which I have created and I would '''keep''' the rest. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:52, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Theory of Everything (From Scratch) Project]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:19, 3 April 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped project since 2010. Original author has been inactive wiki-wide since then. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:45, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:Yup, I guess we can delete it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:57, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] Does this include, [[Theory of Everything (From Scratch) Project/The Origin]]? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:53, 28 March 2026 (UTC)
::Yes as its low-quality, is part of the project, has not been improved on since 2010. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:43, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
::Yes, the tradition is, that it includes all subpages if it is not stated otherwise. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:41, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{done}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:18, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Seven Heavens]] ==
{{archive top|moved to userspace. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:23, 2 April 2026 (UTC)}}
Seems to be someone's personal beliefs rather than educational content that reflects Wikiversity's learning policies. It is not even labeled as such either. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:36, 19 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems like '''speedy delete''' material to me. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:10, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
:Agree [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:26, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
::Moved to userspace. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:23, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Peace studies]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:23, 27 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped since 2006/2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:39, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
:'''Delete''' —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:22, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
:Delete [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:15, 22 January 2026 (UTC)

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== [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - AI-slop with no educational objectives}}
Clearly seems like an ai-generated article and it seems to be out of Wikiversity’s scope. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 10:08, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', copy of Wikipedia article. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:28, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}</text>
      <sha1>6qlmp9li6wuwqpj8spkpm2gta3ubhws</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811265</id>
      <parentid>2811258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T13:19:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum */ archive from [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2811265</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52687" sha1="jp7ocz08mhhygvw1noddymlgkusg0ka" xml:space="preserve">{{archive|Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion}}

== False flag &quot;authority hack&quot; user page deletion ==
{{archive top|'''Not undeleted''', the requester dropped the request. See Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion v. 2803217.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:36, 10 May 2026 (UTC)}}
'''Undeletion requested'''

Hi, Juandev marked my user page as &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, and deleted it. 

First, I asked him for help with &quot;time limit for new users&quot;, and he replied - I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. 

Then he wrote me another message: Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. - probably referring to the intro of my About me page where I present me and my work. 

Before I could explain him the difference between the neutral information and advertising and promotion, he deleted my user page. 

Here is my answer I posted to the discussion today: 

: Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work.
:
: There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that.
:
: There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
:
: Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies.
:
: Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):

: == Introduction ==
: The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
:
: The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:
: == Theoretical foundations ==
: The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
:* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
:* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
:* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
: Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:
: == Experiential empiricism ==
: The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
:* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
:* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
:* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
:* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
:
: All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
:
: I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity.
:
: Best regards, Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]]


I suggest you check the deleted user page, and see for yourself if it is &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, or a legit author's page with one paragraph short presentation, while the rest of the page is about my research project. 

Thank you for undeleting my user page, so I can use it. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:26, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:Hi Senad,
:Welcome to Wikiversity.
:It looks like you tried adding similar content to Wikipedia and ran into similar difficulties over there ([[w:User talk:Senad Dizdarević]])? Perhaps that is what has led to you Wikiversity?
:Basically, if you'd like to collaborate and help build open educational resources, feel free to contribute to Wikiversity. But if the primary motivation is to promote your autobiographical work you're probably going to run into challenges.
:Sincerely,
:James
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
::James, Hi, and thank you for your answer. 
::Yes, in 2025, I created the autobiographic page on Wikipedia, which was removed because of the links to my books on Amazon. To admin, I explained that I did not know the rules, and agreed that page is removed. Now I know that somebody else must write a Wikipedia page for you. 
::On the deleted user page on Wikiversity, there were no links to Amazon or any other form of promotion, just neutral as possible basic presentation of my writing (one sentence) and current project (the rest of the page). 
::I created Wikiversity page to present my AIPA Method project, to invite researchers to read it, give their opinion, and conduct empirical researches in their institutions. Now, it is in a theoretical phase, and needs more empirical testing. 
::Best regards, 
::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:03, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It looks to me like the primary motivation for contributing to Wikiversity is to drive traffic / search engine ranking to your website?
:::* [[User:Senad Dizdarević]]
:::* [[AIPA Method]]
:::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:36, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
::::No, it is not. There is no link to my website, so &quot;driving traffic to my website&quot; is not possible. 
::::For your educational purposes: 
::::Copilot &quot;AI:  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:38, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::So do you still insist of undeleting your former version of your userpage if you have created the new one? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:15, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::No, because in the moment of undeletition, somebody could delete it again, and so on. Thank you for not deleting my new user page, as it is made in your user page image.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 08:59, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

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== [[LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:36, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped resource, has not been edited for more than a decade. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:03, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:Looks like a test, '''delete'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
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== [[:Category:LAMAI Theological Academy]] and all related content ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - Obviously useless content that fails to meet Wikiversity's scope. I've also filed a [[meta:Steward_requests/Checkuser#Bmlamai@en.wikiversity|Checkuser]] request on Meta for all the new accounts voting in favor of this page. 2 accounts have been indef'd on the grounds of spam/promotional use only due to obvious association with the pages. EDIT: And of course, a massive thank you to [[User:AKA MBG|AKA MBG]] for raising this issue and Dave for bringing it to WV:RFD. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:46, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See [[User_talk:Dave_Braunschweig#Theological_Academy]] for context. Based on a Google search, LAMAI appears to stand for the &quot;League of Arhats of the International Academy of Truth&quot;. Google AI indicates this &quot;is not a widely recognized organization, and there is no publicly available, verifiable information about its existence or activities through general search, legal records, or news reports.&quot; The only associated link is a telegram shortcut with a single member. Based on this background information, I agree with [[User:AKA MBG]] that it is very likely any user account associated with LAMAI is a single user and all of the related content was created in violation of a block from 2022.

While I am inclined to delete the content outright and block the associated user accounts, I am no longer active and want to defer to the community for confirmation.

[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:57, 11 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''' per Dave above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:16, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
::; “Marginality” of the LAMAI Theological Academy — on the merits
::# Syncretic personal doctrine
::#* Buddhism + Hinduism + Christianity + Communism + political figures (“Two prophets — Lenin and Stalin.” (p. 132; page numbers refer to the Russian-language version of the textbook, which I reviewed. The textbook is available on the traditio.wiki website in both Russian and English and is the source on which the LAMAI Theological Academy course on Wikiversity is based)).
::#* This is not a course about religions, but a course of a single authorial system.
::# Lack of external verification
::#* No academic sources.
::#* No recognition in religious studies.
::#* No neutral third-party overview.
::# Normativity. The text constantly states:
::#* “in fact”
::#* “this is an error”
::#* religions lied (quotation: “As for cause and effect, the Bible, of course, lied.” p. 24)
::This is not research, but preaching.
::; Evaluation of the textbook “LAMAI. A Textbook of Spiritual Practice”
::Below is an evaluation of the text on which the course is based.
::1) '''Plagiarism / borrowings'''. There is no formal plagiarism. The text is an authorial synthesis, but:
::* it actively redefines:
::** Buddhist terms (nirvana, karma, bodhisattva);
::** Christian concepts (God, the devil, the Holy Spirit);
::* this is done without references and in contradiction to canonical interpretations.
::This is not plagiarism, but incorrect authorial eclecticism.
::2) '''Potential harm to individuals''' is present in the textbook, and it is direct. A critically dangerous fragment:
:: “The state of samadhi is achieved through interval dry fasting… One must fast for ten days… Interval dry fasting eliminates almost any disease.” (quotations from different pages of the book; this text is also present in the annotation to the book on p. 1).
::This is:
::* a medically false statement;
::* a potentially dangerous recommendation;
::* capable of leading to dehydration, kidney failure, and death.
::Other dangerous theses:
::* “Almost all diseases are the result of karma” (p. 33);
:::* → risk of refusing medical care.
::* “Cancer is the result of the karma of greed” (p. 33);
:::* → psychological traumatization of patients.
::All of this can be described as harmful health misinformation.
::3) Contradictions with modern science and evidence-based medicine
::There are many contradictions, and they are systemic:
::* Denial of the biological nature of diseases.
::* The assertion that plants “do not have a psyche” (pp. 32–33), and that diseases directly depend on moral qualities.
::* A mystical cosmology presented as ontological reality.
::This is acceptable as an object of study, but unacceptable as an educational guide.
::; My personal opinion:
::# Does not meet Wikiversity standards as an educational course
::# Contains potentially dangerous health-related assertions
::# May exist only:
::#* in user space;
::#* or as an object of critical analysis (“analysis of the LAMAI doctrine”). -- [[User:AKA MBG|Andrew Krizhanovsky]] ([[User talk:AKA MBG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AKA MBG|contribs]]) 16:20, 13 December 2025 (UTC)

I am against the deletion of the &quot;LAMAI Academy&quot;. It is a very good and useful educational project. [[User:Lamaibum|Lamaibum]] ([[User talk:Lamaibum|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lamaibum|contribs]]) 05:23, 20 December 2025 (UTC)

I am against the deletion of the &quot;LAMAI Academy&quot;, because this is quite an
innovative project.

I am against deletion of the &quot;LAMAI Academy&quot;. [[User:Alexa89898|Alexa89898]] ([[User talk:Alexa89898|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexa89898|contribs]]) 15:54, 21 December 2025 (UTC)

I am against deletion. [[User:AndyLane13|AndyLane13]] ([[User talk:AndyLane13|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyLane13|contribs]]) 16:37, 22 December 2025 (UTC)

I, too, am against deletion. Whether the aforementioned critiques have merit or not, it is clear to me that this some kind of new theological/metaphysical framework. We wouldn't delete, say, Ayurveda or TCM courses just because they don't strictly adhere to the scientific method. They still represent a field of human knowledge/endeavour.
I think the same applies here. Thus I am against the deletion. [[User:GiacintoDelArco|GiacintoDelArco]] ([[User talk:GiacintoDelArco|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GiacintoDelArco|contribs]]) 11:35, 26 December 2025 (UTC)

I agree with what has been said here and I am against deletion. There is no need to delete it in my opinion. Leave it up. Otherwise, if one would really try to be consistent, one would have to delete a bazillion of other stuff as well. [[User:Bmlamai|Bmlamai]] ([[User talk:Bmlamai|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bmlamai|contribs]]) 11:53, 26 December 2025 (UTC)

: I am afraid, that [[User:Lamaibum]], [[User:Bmlamai]], [[User:Alexa89898]], [[User:AndyLane13]] and [[User:GiacintoDelArco]] are the same person. -- [[User:AKA MBG|Andrew Krizhanovsky]] ([[User talk:AKA MBG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AKA MBG|contribs]]) 07:55, 3 January 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Should Wiktionary avoid indefinite blocks of productive users?]] ==
{{archive top|'''deleted''' by Koavf. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 22:17, 19 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Page created by Dan Polanksy (now facing a 3-month block for disruptive editing), &quot;coincidentally&quot; created after his infinite block from the English Wiktionary. There are even more concerning pages listed [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Dan_Polansky/2020-2024#Debates_on_policies_of_other_Wikimedia_projects here] that show how much of a joke the &quot;Wikidebate&quot; realm of Wikiversity has turned into. Hell, this one argument which Dan made up is just absurd: &quot;An indefinite block is un-Christian, failing to implement Christian forgiveness.&quot;. How is this educational whatsoever? Who would benefit from such useless content?

I'm inclined to delete this page as an attack page and out of scope anyhow, but I'd thought I'd leave this here for a few days for anyone else to give an opinion for. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:38, 30 December 2025 (UTC)

:This is absurd again. I'm just deleting this. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:12, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Portal:Fencing]] ==
{{archive top|Closing, discussion had already reached a conclusion and an action was carried out [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Is this really a useful portal, there doesn't seem to be any relevant links to other pages? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:13, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:I'd invite {{ping|VidanaliK}} to this discussion, and to be honest I don't think this needed to come to RFD. I think the page should be moved into the mainspace &quot;Fencing&quot; page and it is not fit for Portal namespace (per [[Wikiversity:Portal]]). I'd like VidanaliK to understand this or provide their input before I move the page. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:22, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::I had no clue there was a mainspace fencing page: I had looked for that all over. I was going to add more pages that this could link to but exceeded my new user limit (see the three pages I've drafted in my sandbox). [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:22, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::OK, now there is a linked page to Rapier fencing, and also, I don't see any mainspace &quot;Fencing&quot;; I could move it to that if it is inappropriate for Portal namespace. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:46, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Hey {{ping|VidanaliK}} sorry that this is so messy. I've moved all of your recently created pages under the main Fencing learning project. You have some duplicates: [[Fencing/Thibault rapier]] &amp; [[Fencing/Rapier/Thibault]]. Please indicate which page you'd like to remove. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:52, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::I prefer [[Fencing/Rapier/Thibault]] and [[Fencing/Rapier/Capo Ferro]]. It's easier organisation. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:53, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::Also, I'd prefer that [[Fencing/Rapier fencing]] be moved to [[Fencing/Rapier]] since it's already implied that it's rapier. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:55, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::::Thanks for fixing everything! [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 18:58, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|VidanaliK}} I'd suggest making a main page, [[Fencing]], and the pages you are currently making ([[Capo Ferro rapier]], ex.) can be moved under this learning project. Ex, [[Capo Ferro rapier]] --&gt; [[Fencing/Capo Ferro rapier]]. See [[Help:Subpages]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:47, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::Noted, Thanks. I will remember this for the future. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 06:35, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Creating connected learning environments]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:07, 16 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped project with 2 authors who've been inactive for 5+ years. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:48, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:Delete [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:16, 22 January 2026 (UTC)

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== [[Political theory]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:22, 16 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped since 2006. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:23, 21 January 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:21, 21 January 2026 (UTC)

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== [[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' as out of scope + user has been gblocked. NOTE: I also want to make it clear I never gave permission for Harold to remove the RFD tag, per my message to him on his talk page, and this seems to have came out through a misunderstanding. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:09, 10 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Per [[w:Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#Evading block?]]. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 19:40, 10 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] Does this even belong to Wikiversity ([[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?]])? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 10:50, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] Yes it does. [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#Evading_block?|w:Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#Evading block]] has nothing to do with Wikiversity. So elaborate your question. 11:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC) [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::How is a biography got anything to do with wikiversity? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Since it will be part of an education section we are working on. Just curious, what brought you here? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:12, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::Can you elaborate how it will be part of it? I saw this while working on archiving this RFD page. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:13, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I understand, it is brought to Rfd by someone outside Wikiversity. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:29, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] did you get the curator flag? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:20, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::No, how is that part of this discussion? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:00, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::::It is not, just a question. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 12:36, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::It looks like a Wikipedia page to me. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 19:49, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::That's because it is one, by design. Foppele is currently subject to a block on En.Wikipedaia on “Creating new pages and uploading new files with an expiration time of indefinite” due to repeated issues with poor quality content. Foppele created the biography here, matching exactly the style and layout of a normal Wikipedia biography, and then created a cross-Wiki Wikilink to insert into a Wikipedia article, with the clear intent to game the system in order to evade the block. This is currently being discussed on the En.Wikipedia Administrators noticeboard [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Evading_block?], and may well result in further sanctions. I've no in-depth understanding of Wikiversity policy on such things, but I can't help wondering whether the project would consider such practices to be in accord with its stated purpose, which presumably isn't as a conduit for evading blocks from other projects. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-94094-0|&amp;#126;2026-94094-0]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-94094-0|talk]]) 22:39, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Why this hidden account this happend before ?[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 23:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I'm not attempting to hide anything - I'd just not realised that I wasn't signed in automatically, as normally happens between projects. Now how about giving an explanation for why you used the Wikiversity project to evade an En.Wikipedia block through deceptive linking? Do you consider that appropriate behaviour on either project? [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyTheGrump|contribs]]) 23:33, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::The discussion at WP is closed. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:43, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Indeed. Closed after you have been blocked for a week for what was &quot;blatantly an attempt at gaming the pblock&quot;, with a comment by the blocking admin that they were &quot;tempted to simply indef&quot;. So, where's the explanation for your behaviour '''here'''? Do you consider it appropriate to use Wikiversity project facilities for block evasion in other WMF projects? [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyTheGrump|contribs]]) 16:42, 12 February 2026 (UTC) 
::::::::The discussion is closed.[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 16:53, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::The discussion isn't actually closed, though you are blocked for a week for it. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 02:38, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::That closed the discussion. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:32, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::It’s not formally closed yet, you just got blocked for a week. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:48, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::So you want to keep discussing it here? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:51, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Correct and it need a lot of additions. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 21:31, 11 February 2026 (UTC)

* '''Keep''' since this will be part of future developments. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 12:42, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
*:What future developments are you talking about, by the way? [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 17:50, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
*::Q&amp;A [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 18:18, 12 February 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', User is just evading their block on English Wikipedia by creating the page here and making a interwiki link on English wiki. This also falls outside Wikiversity's scope. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 07:18, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::[[File:Information orange.svg|35px|alt=Information icon]] The evading or not evading WP has nothing to do with the existence of the page here.Whether it falls within WV scope is for admins to decide [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:46, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:Please see the related discussion [[#Wikipedia style personal profiles|below]] which includes this page. Consideration should be given to merging the discussions [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 11:17, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
: I have reverted an attempt by Harold Foppele to remove the RfD tag out of process. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 18:01, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
::I have reverted your revert. For information contact [[user:atcovi|atcovi]]. @[[User:Pppery|Pppery]] you have a [[W:WP:SPA|WP:SPA]] account at the moment. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 21:37, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
::: Nope. I'm not a SPA. Far less than half of my edits to Wikiversity are related to this topic. And your comment here is frankly incoherent. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 22:23, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
::::In this case you are. But I'm not discussing that with you. Your last visit here was aug. 18 2024. So you are only here as SPA. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 22:44, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} The creating editor has now repeatedly removed the RFD notice form this item. I have explained to them that this behaviour is choosing to volunteer for a block and that it must remain until the deletion process is closed and concluded. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 22:52, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
*{{comment}} Harold Foppele and two socks are now indef globally blocked for LTA/xwiki abuse/sock-related disruption. [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DMacks|contribs]]) 13:11, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Uploads by {{U|Harold Foppele}} ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per improper licensing. Images can be restored through VRT approval. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:08, 10 March 2026 (UTC)}}
* [[:File:Professor Tenio Popmintchev.png]]
* [[:File:Henry C. Kapteyn.png]]
* [[:File:Dimitar Popmintchev.png]]

The uploader appears unable to find correct licencing for these files, and I do not believe that they have the correct permissions to upload them. The have now stated that they are PD, but each has previously been nominated as a copyvio (please see individual file history). They cannot be other than copyvios and the subject of the photograph is very unlikely to be able to release the to be PD.

Ownership or possession of a photo, proprietorship of the equipment used to take the photo, or being the subject of the photo does not equate to holding the copyright. The copyright holder is the photographer (i.e. the person who took the photo), rather than the subject (the person who appears in the photo) or the person possessing the photo, unless transferred by operation of law (e.g. inheritance, etc.) or by contract (written and signed by the copyright holder, and explicitly transfers the copyright). Evidence of any transfer of licencing must be sent via [[WV:VRT]] [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 11:26, 13 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] I just found https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Copyright_issues. Quote: This declaration of consent needs to be sent from the author (or forwarded from the author) to permissions-en AT wikimedia DOT org. Unquote. Exact quote. Someone should re-write it maybe. So I shall get the correct info or have it sent by the respective owners. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:44, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] Please make sure that the '''copyright owner''' furnishes the correct permissions. If the files have been deleted then VRT will organise reinstatement. My second paragraph above is not only information for you, but is part of the deletion rationale. [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 12:10, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:The descriptions seem to have been changed to &quot;fair use&quot; with rationale &quot;Infobox picture&quot;, which I believe is not a valid rationale for using nonfree content. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:29, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] if there is a ''genuine'' educational prpupose,then it may be borderline, but VRT permission is always the best, and leaves no doubt.
::A decision is still needed of in or out of scope, though. [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 22:58, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] I see that your WV account is a [[Wikipedia:Single-purpose account|'''single-purpose''' '''account''']]  [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 22:37, 14 February 2026 (UTC)
*{{comment}} The uploader has now uploaded entirely different pictures with the same filename, something which is wholly inappropriate during a deletion discussion.  Each file page now shows that the file is copyright of the person featured. This is improbable because, as explained several times to the uploader:
*:{{Blue|Ownership or possession of a photo, proprietorship of the equipment used to take the photo, or being the subject of the photo does not equate to holding the copyright. The copyright holder is the photographer (i.e. the person who took the photo), rather than the subject (the person who appears in the photo) or the person possessing the photo, unless transferred by operation of law (e.g. inheritance, etc.) or by contract (written and signed by the copyright holder, and explicitly transfers the copyright). Evidence of any transfer of licencing must be sent via [[WV:VRT]]}}
:The claim of Fair Use is plausible ''&lt;u&gt;only&lt;/u&gt; if there is an education purpose as defined in the doctrine of Fair Use'', and only if the minimum possible of the original is used at the lowest reasonable resolution. Neither of these latter two is correct and I cannot see the educational purpose since the pictures are being used to decorate what took very much like enWiki articles as profile pictures, no more and no less. Wikiversity does not hold profile articles.
:For these pictures, these specific pictures, all of them under these three file names, to remain here I believe it is essential that prof of the right to upload them here is lodged via [[WV:VRT]], otherwise they must be deleted, each and every version of them. [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 22:45, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
::I read through the entire discussion, and some of the discussion on the users talk pages, and support this statement made by Timtrent. Proof should be lodged to VRT, and if that’s not they should be deleted. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:05, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} The uploader has today nominated [[:File:Henry C. Kapteyn.png]] fr speedy deletion stating that it is obsolete. They modified the nomination to mention it. I have reverted that and am leaving this comment as a servce to the eventual closer of this discussion.  [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 10:41, 19 February 2026 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} [[:File:Henry C. Kapteyn.png]] deleted as unused Fair use. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:33, 3 March 2026 (UTC)

:Has any response come from VRT? Note that the uploading user was globally blocked for sockpuppetry. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:29, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
::{{Comment}} @[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] Were it to come the usual process is for VRT to lodge the ticket number and the permissions on the file page(s). What I can see is that no such annotation has been placed there, nor has any &quot;Correspondence has been received&quot; been placed there. 
::Sijce the VRT process also requests undeletion of any files deleted before or during the permissions process I believe it woful be safe for this to be closed as ''delete'' knowing that the process will restore them if necessary. The Global Block may be appealed, but, unless and until that is done, I doubt that anyone will choose to use those files. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 23:00, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia style personal profiles ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - Pages are out of scope, user has been globally blocked, and pages have been moved to a private wiki. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:02, 10 March 2026 (UTC)}}
The following personal profiles fail [[Wikiversity:What Wikiversity is not]] in that they are are Wikipedia style articles. It is clear that ''Wikiversity is not Wikipedia''. Indeed, Wikipedia articles may be interwiki-linked where necessary to/from Wikiversity material:
*[[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]] 
::(being discussed [[#Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn|above]] with a suggestion that the earlier discussion should either continue there or be merged into this overall DR by any user in good standing) (See [[w:en:Henry Kapteyn]]}
*[[Quantum/Tenio Popmintchev]] 
::(See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tenio Popmintchev]])
*[[Quantum Ultra fast lasers/Dimitar popmintchev]]
They appear to be here because the creating user is blocked on enWiki - [[Special:CentralAuth/Harold Foppele]] with their block set to expire on 19 February.

We are not here to discuss the notability of these people, that is a Wikipedia issue. Assuming them to be notable they have a place there. We are here to determine whether they are items which should appear here.

We are not here to discuss enWiki block pseudo-evasion. That is irrelevant to Wikiversity (0.9 probability), though may be of concern to enWiki admins. We are only discussing whether they are items which should appear here.

&lt;small&gt;Courtesy pings to [[User:Pppery|Pppery]], [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]], [[Special:Contributions/~2026-94094-0|~2026-94094-0]], [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]], all participants in the discussion above. My apologies if I have missed any participants.&lt;/small&gt; [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 11:15, 17 February 2026 (UTC)

:While I'm not a Wikiversity regular, and thus not really familiar with all the details regarding WV's criteria for suitable topics, I'd have to agree that it would seem odd for WV to be acting as an alternative host for material that would normally be hosted on Wikipedia. One could quite reasonably assume that individuals looking for biographical material would be looking there, and not here. Projects are supposed to be complementary, and not competing for readers by hosting similar content. [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyTheGrump|contribs]]) 16:08, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
:&lt;small&gt;Some of the active custodians are on holidays, they should be back soon. &lt;/small&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:17, 18 February 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Gravitational torsion field]] ==
{{archive top|I have gone ahead and deleted this. I don’t see much point in moving to userspace as the users currently inactive. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)}}
The article [[Gravitational torsion field]] is proposed for deletion. Firstly, this article has no relation to the gravitational torsion field described in the article [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational torsion field]]. Secondly, the article's content is a mishmash of unrelated ideas and assumptions, many of which are not even related to gravitation.
[[User:Fedosin|Fedosin]] ([[User talk:Fedosin|обсуждение]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fedosin|вклад]]) 12:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''', which is quasi-deletion. Searching the article for &quot;Gravitational torsion field&quot; finds nothing, not in the text, not in the references. The article is not labeled as original research, yet the headword &quot;Gravitational torsion field&quot; does not trace anywhere (it cannot trace anywhere from the body text since the body text does not have the headword). These are red flags. Further reading: [[W:User_talk:Swbraithwaite]], [[W:User talk:SWBPAUSEWATCH]], more red flags. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:48, 9 November 2025 (UTC)
:'''Delete'''. Low quality. Out of scope. Author no longer active on Wikiversity and has problematic WMF editing history. More detail: [https://chatgpt.com/share/6911338b-99ac-8008-833a-fb64e569a010 ChatGPT review]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:40, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should move to user space unless we have a specific reason to outright delete, consistent with the position taken rather passionately by Guy vandegrift and supported by some other people, including probably by Dave Braunschweig who often moved pages to user space. Moreover, whether the page is out of scope, I am not sure; we do have author-specific articles (e.g.  [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational torsion field]]) and if the page was solid enough, it would not be out of scope, I think. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:33, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Wikiversity is not free hosting service. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:47, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
:'''Delete'''. I dont understand its conntent, but the major obstacle is how to use this conentent. It looks like the copy of Wikipedia article so I would delete it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:47, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

May be it is a simplest variant for the case.[[User:Fedosin|Fedosin]] ([[User talk:Fedosin|обсуждение]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fedosin|вклад]]) 14:10, 9 November 2025 (UTC)
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== [[Fairy Rings]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted, per consensus}}
The page and subpages do not show anything useful; this has been so since 2007, I think (maybe I do not concentrate). Author: [[User:Juandev]]. '''Move to user space''' (or delete if preferred by the author and co-authors?). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:57, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

For instance, [[Fairy Rings/Database/Lublaňská 25]] was created in 2014 by [[User:Juandev (usurped)]]; there are lat-lon coordinates and an empty section for observations.

In [[Fairy Rings/Database]], I entered auto subpage generation. It found:
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Lublaňská 25]]
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Test]]
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Test 2]]
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Test 2/May 14, 2014]]
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:02, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

The project has an introduction to the issue and clearly stated instructions. I don't see the lack of participation in the project yet as a problem. Wikiversity is not Wikipedia, we are not aiming for pages full of text here, however, if someone is bothered by it, it can be deleted. For me, it would be enough to edit and update the project a little. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:40, 20 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Keep'''. Clear objective that is in scope. '''Delete''' the test database pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:01, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: [[WV:Deletion]] indicates that pages for which &quot;learning outcomes are scarce&quot; (as is the case here) are to be deleted. I don't see any policy or guideline indicating that something having a clear objective that is in scope of the English Wikiversity is alone grounds for keeping, regardless of how useless or underdeveloped the page is (perhaps I was not looking carefully enough). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:29, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
:Thats a good point. I would '''delete''' test pages which I have created and I would '''keep''' the rest. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:52, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Theory of Everything (From Scratch) Project]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:19, 3 April 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped project since 2010. Original author has been inactive wiki-wide since then. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:45, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:Yup, I guess we can delete it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:57, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] Does this include, [[Theory of Everything (From Scratch) Project/The Origin]]? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:53, 28 March 2026 (UTC)
::Yes as its low-quality, is part of the project, has not been improved on since 2010. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:43, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
::Yes, the tradition is, that it includes all subpages if it is not stated otherwise. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:41, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{done}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:18, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Seven Heavens]] ==
{{archive top|moved to userspace. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:23, 2 April 2026 (UTC)}}
Seems to be someone's personal beliefs rather than educational content that reflects Wikiversity's learning policies. It is not even labeled as such either. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:36, 19 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems like '''speedy delete''' material to me. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:10, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
:Agree [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:26, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
::Moved to userspace. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:23, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Peace studies]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:23, 27 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped since 2006/2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:39, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
:'''Delete''' —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:22, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
:Delete [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:15, 22 January 2026 (UTC)

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== [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - AI-slop with no educational objectives}}
Clearly seems like an ai-generated article and it seems to be out of Wikiversity’s scope. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 10:08, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', copy of Wikipedia article. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:28, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}</text>
      <sha1>jp7ocz08mhhygvw1noddymlgkusg0ka</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811267</id>
      <parentid>2811265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T13:20:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Canadian Wilderness */ archive from [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2811267</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="54336" sha1="07zxx7vycubcq7qqv0f85hw9m6jhaws" xml:space="preserve">{{archive|Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion}}

== False flag &quot;authority hack&quot; user page deletion ==
{{archive top|'''Not undeleted''', the requester dropped the request. See Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion v. 2803217.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:36, 10 May 2026 (UTC)}}
'''Undeletion requested'''

Hi, Juandev marked my user page as &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, and deleted it. 

First, I asked him for help with &quot;time limit for new users&quot;, and he replied - I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. 

Then he wrote me another message: Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. - probably referring to the intro of my About me page where I present me and my work. 

Before I could explain him the difference between the neutral information and advertising and promotion, he deleted my user page. 

Here is my answer I posted to the discussion today: 

: Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work.
:
: There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that.
:
: There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
:
: Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies.
:
: Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):

: == Introduction ==
: The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
:
: The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:
: == Theoretical foundations ==
: The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
:* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
:* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
:* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
: Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:
: == Experiential empiricism ==
: The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
:* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
:* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
:* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
:* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
:
: All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
:
: I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity.
:
: Best regards, Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]]


I suggest you check the deleted user page, and see for yourself if it is &quot;spam&quot; and &quot;authority hack&quot;, or a legit author's page with one paragraph short presentation, while the rest of the page is about my research project. 

Thank you for undeleting my user page, so I can use it. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:26, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:Hi Senad,
:Welcome to Wikiversity.
:It looks like you tried adding similar content to Wikipedia and ran into similar difficulties over there ([[w:User talk:Senad Dizdarević]])? Perhaps that is what has led to you Wikiversity?
:Basically, if you'd like to collaborate and help build open educational resources, feel free to contribute to Wikiversity. But if the primary motivation is to promote your autobiographical work you're probably going to run into challenges.
:Sincerely,
:James
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
::James, Hi, and thank you for your answer. 
::Yes, in 2025, I created the autobiographic page on Wikipedia, which was removed because of the links to my books on Amazon. To admin, I explained that I did not know the rules, and agreed that page is removed. Now I know that somebody else must write a Wikipedia page for you. 
::On the deleted user page on Wikiversity, there were no links to Amazon or any other form of promotion, just neutral as possible basic presentation of my writing (one sentence) and current project (the rest of the page). 
::I created Wikiversity page to present my AIPA Method project, to invite researchers to read it, give their opinion, and conduct empirical researches in their institutions. Now, it is in a theoretical phase, and needs more empirical testing. 
::Best regards, 
::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:03, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It looks to me like the primary motivation for contributing to Wikiversity is to drive traffic / search engine ranking to your website?
:::* [[User:Senad Dizdarević]]
:::* [[AIPA Method]]
:::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:36, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
::::No, it is not. There is no link to my website, so &quot;driving traffic to my website&quot; is not possible. 
::::For your educational purposes: 
::::Copilot &quot;AI:  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:38, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::So do you still insist of undeleting your former version of your userpage if you have created the new one? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:15, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::No, because in the moment of undeletition, somebody could delete it again, and so on. Thank you for not deleting my new user page, as it is made in your user page image.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 08:59, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

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== [[LQR Control for an Inverted Pendulum]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:36, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped resource, has not been edited for more than a decade. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:03, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:Looks like a test, '''delete'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Canadian Wilderness]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted per nom. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:07, 17 May 2026 (UTC)}}
This page doesn't seem to belong to wikiversity. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:55, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

:In principle there could be some material useful here but in practice, I don't see what this page is adding as an educational resource. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:54, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
:I can see this being a useful resource to a bigger project. Maybe we could move it to the &quot;[[Wikiversity:Drafts|Draft]]&quot; namespace vs. deleting it? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:28, 6 February 2026 (UTC)
::Does anyone plan to work on it? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:59, 8 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Next week the page has it's 17th birthday. Ever now and than someone added to it. With a lot of work it could be a nice encyclopedic article but making it educational .... Merging it may take more work than rewriting it. Move to Draft might be the best option. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:58, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
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== [[:Category:LAMAI Theological Academy]] and all related content ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - Obviously useless content that fails to meet Wikiversity's scope. I've also filed a [[meta:Steward_requests/Checkuser#Bmlamai@en.wikiversity|Checkuser]] request on Meta for all the new accounts voting in favor of this page. 2 accounts have been indef'd on the grounds of spam/promotional use only due to obvious association with the pages. EDIT: And of course, a massive thank you to [[User:AKA MBG|AKA MBG]] for raising this issue and Dave for bringing it to WV:RFD. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:46, 4 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See [[User_talk:Dave_Braunschweig#Theological_Academy]] for context. Based on a Google search, LAMAI appears to stand for the &quot;League of Arhats of the International Academy of Truth&quot;. Google AI indicates this &quot;is not a widely recognized organization, and there is no publicly available, verifiable information about its existence or activities through general search, legal records, or news reports.&quot; The only associated link is a telegram shortcut with a single member. Based on this background information, I agree with [[User:AKA MBG]] that it is very likely any user account associated with LAMAI is a single user and all of the related content was created in violation of a block from 2022.

While I am inclined to delete the content outright and block the associated user accounts, I am no longer active and want to defer to the community for confirmation.

[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:57, 11 December 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''' or, as a second best option, '''delete''' per Dave above. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:16, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
::; “Marginality” of the LAMAI Theological Academy — on the merits
::# Syncretic personal doctrine
::#* Buddhism + Hinduism + Christianity + Communism + political figures (“Two prophets — Lenin and Stalin.” (p. 132; page numbers refer to the Russian-language version of the textbook, which I reviewed. The textbook is available on the traditio.wiki website in both Russian and English and is the source on which the LAMAI Theological Academy course on Wikiversity is based)).
::#* This is not a course about religions, but a course of a single authorial system.
::# Lack of external verification
::#* No academic sources.
::#* No recognition in religious studies.
::#* No neutral third-party overview.
::# Normativity. The text constantly states:
::#* “in fact”
::#* “this is an error”
::#* religions lied (quotation: “As for cause and effect, the Bible, of course, lied.” p. 24)
::This is not research, but preaching.
::; Evaluation of the textbook “LAMAI. A Textbook of Spiritual Practice”
::Below is an evaluation of the text on which the course is based.
::1) '''Plagiarism / borrowings'''. There is no formal plagiarism. The text is an authorial synthesis, but:
::* it actively redefines:
::** Buddhist terms (nirvana, karma, bodhisattva);
::** Christian concepts (God, the devil, the Holy Spirit);
::* this is done without references and in contradiction to canonical interpretations.
::This is not plagiarism, but incorrect authorial eclecticism.
::2) '''Potential harm to individuals''' is present in the textbook, and it is direct. A critically dangerous fragment:
:: “The state of samadhi is achieved through interval dry fasting… One must fast for ten days… Interval dry fasting eliminates almost any disease.” (quotations from different pages of the book; this text is also present in the annotation to the book on p. 1).
::This is:
::* a medically false statement;
::* a potentially dangerous recommendation;
::* capable of leading to dehydration, kidney failure, and death.
::Other dangerous theses:
::* “Almost all diseases are the result of karma” (p. 33);
:::* → risk of refusing medical care.
::* “Cancer is the result of the karma of greed” (p. 33);
:::* → psychological traumatization of patients.
::All of this can be described as harmful health misinformation.
::3) Contradictions with modern science and evidence-based medicine
::There are many contradictions, and they are systemic:
::* Denial of the biological nature of diseases.
::* The assertion that plants “do not have a psyche” (pp. 32–33), and that diseases directly depend on moral qualities.
::* A mystical cosmology presented as ontological reality.
::This is acceptable as an object of study, but unacceptable as an educational guide.
::; My personal opinion:
::# Does not meet Wikiversity standards as an educational course
::# Contains potentially dangerous health-related assertions
::# May exist only:
::#* in user space;
::#* or as an object of critical analysis (“analysis of the LAMAI doctrine”). -- [[User:AKA MBG|Andrew Krizhanovsky]] ([[User talk:AKA MBG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AKA MBG|contribs]]) 16:20, 13 December 2025 (UTC)

I am against the deletion of the &quot;LAMAI Academy&quot;. It is a very good and useful educational project. [[User:Lamaibum|Lamaibum]] ([[User talk:Lamaibum|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lamaibum|contribs]]) 05:23, 20 December 2025 (UTC)

I am against the deletion of the &quot;LAMAI Academy&quot;, because this is quite an
innovative project.

I am against deletion of the &quot;LAMAI Academy&quot;. [[User:Alexa89898|Alexa89898]] ([[User talk:Alexa89898|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexa89898|contribs]]) 15:54, 21 December 2025 (UTC)

I am against deletion. [[User:AndyLane13|AndyLane13]] ([[User talk:AndyLane13|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyLane13|contribs]]) 16:37, 22 December 2025 (UTC)

I, too, am against deletion. Whether the aforementioned critiques have merit or not, it is clear to me that this some kind of new theological/metaphysical framework. We wouldn't delete, say, Ayurveda or TCM courses just because they don't strictly adhere to the scientific method. They still represent a field of human knowledge/endeavour.
I think the same applies here. Thus I am against the deletion. [[User:GiacintoDelArco|GiacintoDelArco]] ([[User talk:GiacintoDelArco|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GiacintoDelArco|contribs]]) 11:35, 26 December 2025 (UTC)

I agree with what has been said here and I am against deletion. There is no need to delete it in my opinion. Leave it up. Otherwise, if one would really try to be consistent, one would have to delete a bazillion of other stuff as well. [[User:Bmlamai|Bmlamai]] ([[User talk:Bmlamai|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bmlamai|contribs]]) 11:53, 26 December 2025 (UTC)

: I am afraid, that [[User:Lamaibum]], [[User:Bmlamai]], [[User:Alexa89898]], [[User:AndyLane13]] and [[User:GiacintoDelArco]] are the same person. -- [[User:AKA MBG|Andrew Krizhanovsky]] ([[User talk:AKA MBG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AKA MBG|contribs]]) 07:55, 3 January 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Should Wiktionary avoid indefinite blocks of productive users?]] ==
{{archive top|'''deleted''' by Koavf. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 22:17, 19 January 2026 (UTC)}}
Page created by Dan Polanksy (now facing a 3-month block for disruptive editing), &quot;coincidentally&quot; created after his infinite block from the English Wiktionary. There are even more concerning pages listed [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Dan_Polansky/2020-2024#Debates_on_policies_of_other_Wikimedia_projects here] that show how much of a joke the &quot;Wikidebate&quot; realm of Wikiversity has turned into. Hell, this one argument which Dan made up is just absurd: &quot;An indefinite block is un-Christian, failing to implement Christian forgiveness.&quot;. How is this educational whatsoever? Who would benefit from such useless content?

I'm inclined to delete this page as an attack page and out of scope anyhow, but I'd thought I'd leave this here for a few days for anyone else to give an opinion for. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:38, 30 December 2025 (UTC)

:This is absurd again. I'm just deleting this. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:12, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Portal:Fencing]] ==
{{archive top|Closing, discussion had already reached a conclusion and an action was carried out [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:30, 11 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Is this really a useful portal, there doesn't seem to be any relevant links to other pages? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:13, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:I'd invite {{ping|VidanaliK}} to this discussion, and to be honest I don't think this needed to come to RFD. I think the page should be moved into the mainspace &quot;Fencing&quot; page and it is not fit for Portal namespace (per [[Wikiversity:Portal]]). I'd like VidanaliK to understand this or provide their input before I move the page. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:22, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::I had no clue there was a mainspace fencing page: I had looked for that all over. I was going to add more pages that this could link to but exceeded my new user limit (see the three pages I've drafted in my sandbox). [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:22, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::OK, now there is a linked page to Rapier fencing, and also, I don't see any mainspace &quot;Fencing&quot;; I could move it to that if it is inappropriate for Portal namespace. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:46, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Hey {{ping|VidanaliK}} sorry that this is so messy. I've moved all of your recently created pages under the main Fencing learning project. You have some duplicates: [[Fencing/Thibault rapier]] &amp; [[Fencing/Rapier/Thibault]]. Please indicate which page you'd like to remove. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:52, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::I prefer [[Fencing/Rapier/Thibault]] and [[Fencing/Rapier/Capo Ferro]]. It's easier organisation. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:53, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::Also, I'd prefer that [[Fencing/Rapier fencing]] be moved to [[Fencing/Rapier]] since it's already implied that it's rapier. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:55, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::::Thanks for fixing everything! [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 18:58, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|VidanaliK}} I'd suggest making a main page, [[Fencing]], and the pages you are currently making ([[Capo Ferro rapier]], ex.) can be moved under this learning project. Ex, [[Capo Ferro rapier]] --&gt; [[Fencing/Capo Ferro rapier]]. See [[Help:Subpages]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:47, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::Noted, Thanks. I will remember this for the future. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 06:35, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Creating connected learning environments]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:07, 16 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped project with 2 authors who've been inactive for 5+ years. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:48, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:Delete [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:16, 22 January 2026 (UTC)

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== [[Political theory]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:22, 16 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped since 2006. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:23, 21 January 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:21, 21 January 2026 (UTC)

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== [[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' as out of scope + user has been gblocked. NOTE: I also want to make it clear I never gave permission for Harold to remove the RFD tag, per my message to him on his talk page, and this seems to have came out through a misunderstanding. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:09, 10 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Per [[w:Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#Evading block?]]. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 19:40, 10 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] Does this even belong to Wikiversity ([[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?]])? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 10:50, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] Yes it does. [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#Evading_block?|w:Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#Evading block]] has nothing to do with Wikiversity. So elaborate your question. 11:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC) [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::How is a biography got anything to do with wikiversity? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Since it will be part of an education section we are working on. Just curious, what brought you here? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:12, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::Can you elaborate how it will be part of it? I saw this while working on archiving this RFD page. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:13, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I understand, it is brought to Rfd by someone outside Wikiversity. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:29, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] did you get the curator flag? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:20, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::No, how is that part of this discussion? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:00, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::::It is not, just a question. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 12:36, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::It looks like a Wikipedia page to me. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 19:49, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::That's because it is one, by design. Foppele is currently subject to a block on En.Wikipedaia on “Creating new pages and uploading new files with an expiration time of indefinite” due to repeated issues with poor quality content. Foppele created the biography here, matching exactly the style and layout of a normal Wikipedia biography, and then created a cross-Wiki Wikilink to insert into a Wikipedia article, with the clear intent to game the system in order to evade the block. This is currently being discussed on the En.Wikipedia Administrators noticeboard [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Evading_block?], and may well result in further sanctions. I've no in-depth understanding of Wikiversity policy on such things, but I can't help wondering whether the project would consider such practices to be in accord with its stated purpose, which presumably isn't as a conduit for evading blocks from other projects. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-94094-0|&amp;#126;2026-94094-0]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-94094-0|talk]]) 22:39, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Why this hidden account this happend before ?[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 23:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I'm not attempting to hide anything - I'd just not realised that I wasn't signed in automatically, as normally happens between projects. Now how about giving an explanation for why you used the Wikiversity project to evade an En.Wikipedia block through deceptive linking? Do you consider that appropriate behaviour on either project? [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyTheGrump|contribs]]) 23:33, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::The discussion at WP is closed. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:43, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Indeed. Closed after you have been blocked for a week for what was &quot;blatantly an attempt at gaming the pblock&quot;, with a comment by the blocking admin that they were &quot;tempted to simply indef&quot;. So, where's the explanation for your behaviour '''here'''? Do you consider it appropriate to use Wikiversity project facilities for block evasion in other WMF projects? [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyTheGrump|contribs]]) 16:42, 12 February 2026 (UTC) 
::::::::The discussion is closed.[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 16:53, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::The discussion isn't actually closed, though you are blocked for a week for it. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 02:38, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::That closed the discussion. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:32, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::It’s not formally closed yet, you just got blocked for a week. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:48, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::So you want to keep discussing it here? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:51, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:::Correct and it need a lot of additions. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 21:31, 11 February 2026 (UTC)

* '''Keep''' since this will be part of future developments. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 12:42, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
*:What future developments are you talking about, by the way? [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 17:50, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
*::Q&amp;A [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 18:18, 12 February 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', User is just evading their block on English Wikipedia by creating the page here and making a interwiki link on English wiki. This also falls outside Wikiversity's scope. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 07:18, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::[[File:Information orange.svg|35px|alt=Information icon]] The evading or not evading WP has nothing to do with the existence of the page here.Whether it falls within WV scope is for admins to decide [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 08:46, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:Please see the related discussion [[#Wikipedia style personal profiles|below]] which includes this page. Consideration should be given to merging the discussions [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 11:17, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
: I have reverted an attempt by Harold Foppele to remove the RfD tag out of process. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 18:01, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
::I have reverted your revert. For information contact [[user:atcovi|atcovi]]. @[[User:Pppery|Pppery]] you have a [[W:WP:SPA|WP:SPA]] account at the moment. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 21:37, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
::: Nope. I'm not a SPA. Far less than half of my edits to Wikiversity are related to this topic. And your comment here is frankly incoherent. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 22:23, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
::::In this case you are. But I'm not discussing that with you. Your last visit here was aug. 18 2024. So you are only here as SPA. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 22:44, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} The creating editor has now repeatedly removed the RFD notice form this item. I have explained to them that this behaviour is choosing to volunteer for a block and that it must remain until the deletion process is closed and concluded. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 22:52, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
*{{comment}} Harold Foppele and two socks are now indef globally blocked for LTA/xwiki abuse/sock-related disruption. [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DMacks|contribs]]) 13:11, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Uploads by {{U|Harold Foppele}} ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per improper licensing. Images can be restored through VRT approval. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:08, 10 March 2026 (UTC)}}
* [[:File:Professor Tenio Popmintchev.png]]
* [[:File:Henry C. Kapteyn.png]]
* [[:File:Dimitar Popmintchev.png]]

The uploader appears unable to find correct licencing for these files, and I do not believe that they have the correct permissions to upload them. The have now stated that they are PD, but each has previously been nominated as a copyvio (please see individual file history). They cannot be other than copyvios and the subject of the photograph is very unlikely to be able to release the to be PD.

Ownership or possession of a photo, proprietorship of the equipment used to take the photo, or being the subject of the photo does not equate to holding the copyright. The copyright holder is the photographer (i.e. the person who took the photo), rather than the subject (the person who appears in the photo) or the person possessing the photo, unless transferred by operation of law (e.g. inheritance, etc.) or by contract (written and signed by the copyright holder, and explicitly transfers the copyright). Evidence of any transfer of licencing must be sent via [[WV:VRT]] [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 11:26, 13 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] I just found https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Copyright_issues. Quote: This declaration of consent needs to be sent from the author (or forwarded from the author) to permissions-en AT wikimedia DOT org. Unquote. Exact quote. Someone should re-write it maybe. So I shall get the correct info or have it sent by the respective owners. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:44, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] Please make sure that the '''copyright owner''' furnishes the correct permissions. If the files have been deleted then VRT will organise reinstatement. My second paragraph above is not only information for you, but is part of the deletion rationale. [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 12:10, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:The descriptions seem to have been changed to &quot;fair use&quot; with rationale &quot;Infobox picture&quot;, which I believe is not a valid rationale for using nonfree content. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:29, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] if there is a ''genuine'' educational prpupose,then it may be borderline, but VRT permission is always the best, and leaves no doubt.
::A decision is still needed of in or out of scope, though. [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 22:58, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] I see that your WV account is a [[Wikipedia:Single-purpose account|'''single-purpose''' '''account''']]  [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 22:37, 14 February 2026 (UTC)
*{{comment}} The uploader has now uploaded entirely different pictures with the same filename, something which is wholly inappropriate during a deletion discussion.  Each file page now shows that the file is copyright of the person featured. This is improbable because, as explained several times to the uploader:
*:{{Blue|Ownership or possession of a photo, proprietorship of the equipment used to take the photo, or being the subject of the photo does not equate to holding the copyright. The copyright holder is the photographer (i.e. the person who took the photo), rather than the subject (the person who appears in the photo) or the person possessing the photo, unless transferred by operation of law (e.g. inheritance, etc.) or by contract (written and signed by the copyright holder, and explicitly transfers the copyright). Evidence of any transfer of licencing must be sent via [[WV:VRT]]}}
:The claim of Fair Use is plausible ''&lt;u&gt;only&lt;/u&gt; if there is an education purpose as defined in the doctrine of Fair Use'', and only if the minimum possible of the original is used at the lowest reasonable resolution. Neither of these latter two is correct and I cannot see the educational purpose since the pictures are being used to decorate what took very much like enWiki articles as profile pictures, no more and no less. Wikiversity does not hold profile articles.
:For these pictures, these specific pictures, all of them under these three file names, to remain here I believe it is essential that prof of the right to upload them here is lodged via [[WV:VRT]], otherwise they must be deleted, each and every version of them. [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 22:45, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
::I read through the entire discussion, and some of the discussion on the users talk pages, and support this statement made by Timtrent. Proof should be lodged to VRT, and if that’s not they should be deleted. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:05, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} The uploader has today nominated [[:File:Henry C. Kapteyn.png]] fr speedy deletion stating that it is obsolete. They modified the nomination to mention it. I have reverted that and am leaving this comment as a servce to the eventual closer of this discussion.  [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 10:41, 19 February 2026 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} [[:File:Henry C. Kapteyn.png]] deleted as unused Fair use. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:33, 3 March 2026 (UTC)

:Has any response come from VRT? Note that the uploading user was globally blocked for sockpuppetry. [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:29, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
::{{Comment}} @[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] Were it to come the usual process is for VRT to lodge the ticket number and the permissions on the file page(s). What I can see is that no such annotation has been placed there, nor has any &quot;Correspondence has been received&quot; been placed there. 
::Sijce the VRT process also requests undeletion of any files deleted before or during the permissions process I believe it woful be safe for this to be closed as ''delete'' knowing that the process will restore them if necessary. The Global Block may be appealed, but, unless and until that is done, I doubt that anyone will choose to use those files. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 23:00, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia style personal profiles ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - Pages are out of scope, user has been globally blocked, and pages have been moved to a private wiki. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:02, 10 March 2026 (UTC)}}
The following personal profiles fail [[Wikiversity:What Wikiversity is not]] in that they are are Wikipedia style articles. It is clear that ''Wikiversity is not Wikipedia''. Indeed, Wikipedia articles may be interwiki-linked where necessary to/from Wikiversity material:
*[[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]] 
::(being discussed [[#Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn|above]] with a suggestion that the earlier discussion should either continue there or be merged into this overall DR by any user in good standing) (See [[w:en:Henry Kapteyn]]}
*[[Quantum/Tenio Popmintchev]] 
::(See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tenio Popmintchev]])
*[[Quantum Ultra fast lasers/Dimitar popmintchev]]
They appear to be here because the creating user is blocked on enWiki - [[Special:CentralAuth/Harold Foppele]] with their block set to expire on 19 February.

We are not here to discuss the notability of these people, that is a Wikipedia issue. Assuming them to be notable they have a place there. We are here to determine whether they are items which should appear here.

We are not here to discuss enWiki block pseudo-evasion. That is irrelevant to Wikiversity (0.9 probability), though may be of concern to enWiki admins. We are only discussing whether they are items which should appear here.

&lt;small&gt;Courtesy pings to [[User:Pppery|Pppery]], [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]], [[Special:Contributions/~2026-94094-0|~2026-94094-0]], [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]], all participants in the discussion above. My apologies if I have missed any participants.&lt;/small&gt; [[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Timtrent|contribs]]) 11:15, 17 February 2026 (UTC)

:While I'm not a Wikiversity regular, and thus not really familiar with all the details regarding WV's criteria for suitable topics, I'd have to agree that it would seem odd for WV to be acting as an alternative host for material that would normally be hosted on Wikipedia. One could quite reasonably assume that individuals looking for biographical material would be looking there, and not here. Projects are supposed to be complementary, and not competing for readers by hosting similar content. [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndyTheGrump|contribs]]) 16:08, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
:&lt;small&gt;Some of the active custodians are on holidays, they should be back soon. &lt;/small&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:17, 18 February 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Gravitational torsion field]] ==
{{archive top|I have gone ahead and deleted this. I don’t see much point in moving to userspace as the users currently inactive. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:30, 27 March 2026 (UTC)}}
The article [[Gravitational torsion field]] is proposed for deletion. Firstly, this article has no relation to the gravitational torsion field described in the article [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational torsion field]]. Secondly, the article's content is a mishmash of unrelated ideas and assumptions, many of which are not even related to gravitation.
[[User:Fedosin|Fedosin]] ([[User talk:Fedosin|обсуждение]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fedosin|вклад]]) 12:38, 9 November 2025 (UTC)
: '''Move to user space''', which is quasi-deletion. Searching the article for &quot;Gravitational torsion field&quot; finds nothing, not in the text, not in the references. The article is not labeled as original research, yet the headword &quot;Gravitational torsion field&quot; does not trace anywhere (it cannot trace anywhere from the body text since the body text does not have the headword). These are red flags. Further reading: [[W:User_talk:Swbraithwaite]], [[W:User talk:SWBPAUSEWATCH]], more red flags. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:48, 9 November 2025 (UTC)
:'''Delete'''. Low quality. Out of scope. Author no longer active on Wikiversity and has problematic WMF editing history. More detail: [https://chatgpt.com/share/6911338b-99ac-8008-833a-fb64e569a010 ChatGPT review]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:40, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I think we should move to user space unless we have a specific reason to outright delete, consistent with the position taken rather passionately by Guy vandegrift and supported by some other people, including probably by Dave Braunschweig who often moved pages to user space. Moreover, whether the page is out of scope, I am not sure; we do have author-specific articles (e.g.  [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational torsion field]]) and if the page was solid enough, it would not be out of scope, I think. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:33, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Wikiversity is not free hosting service. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:47, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
:'''Delete'''. I dont understand its conntent, but the major obstacle is how to use this conentent. It looks like the copy of Wikipedia article so I would delete it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:47, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

May be it is a simplest variant for the case.[[User:Fedosin|Fedosin]] ([[User talk:Fedosin|обсуждение]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fedosin|вклад]]) 14:10, 9 November 2025 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Fairy Rings]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted, per consensus}}
The page and subpages do not show anything useful; this has been so since 2007, I think (maybe I do not concentrate). Author: [[User:Juandev]]. '''Move to user space''' (or delete if preferred by the author and co-authors?). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:57, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

For instance, [[Fairy Rings/Database/Lublaňská 25]] was created in 2014 by [[User:Juandev (usurped)]]; there are lat-lon coordinates and an empty section for observations.

In [[Fairy Rings/Database]], I entered auto subpage generation. It found:
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Lublaňská 25]]
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Test]]
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Test 2]]
* [[Fairy Rings/Database/Test 2/May 14, 2014]]
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:02, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

The project has an introduction to the issue and clearly stated instructions. I don't see the lack of participation in the project yet as a problem. Wikiversity is not Wikipedia, we are not aiming for pages full of text here, however, if someone is bothered by it, it can be deleted. For me, it would be enough to edit and update the project a little. --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:40, 20 November 2025 (UTC)

'''Keep'''. Clear objective that is in scope. '''Delete''' the test database pages. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:01, 22 November 2025 (UTC)
: [[WV:Deletion]] indicates that pages for which &quot;learning outcomes are scarce&quot; (as is the case here) are to be deleted. I don't see any policy or guideline indicating that something having a clear objective that is in scope of the English Wikiversity is alone grounds for keeping, regardless of how useless or underdeveloped the page is (perhaps I was not looking carefully enough). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:29, 12 December 2025 (UTC)
:Thats a good point. I would '''delete''' test pages which I have created and I would '''keep''' the rest. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:52, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Theory of Everything (From Scratch) Project]] ==
{{archive top|Deleted [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:19, 3 April 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped project since 2010. Original author has been inactive wiki-wide since then. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:45, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:Yup, I guess we can delete it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:57, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] Does this include, [[Theory of Everything (From Scratch) Project/The Origin]]? [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:53, 28 March 2026 (UTC)
::Yes as its low-quality, is part of the project, has not been improved on since 2010. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:43, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
::Yes, the tradition is, that it includes all subpages if it is not stated otherwise. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:41, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{done}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:18, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Seven Heavens]] ==
{{archive top|moved to userspace. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:23, 2 April 2026 (UTC)}}
Seems to be someone's personal beliefs rather than educational content that reflects Wikiversity's learning policies. It is not even labeled as such either. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:36, 19 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems like '''speedy delete''' material to me. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:10, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
:Agree [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:26, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
::Moved to userspace. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:23, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== [[Peace studies]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' per consensus.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:23, 27 March 2026 (UTC)}}
Underdeveloped since 2006/2007. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:39, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
:'''Delete''' —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:22, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
:Delete [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:15, 22 January 2026 (UTC)

{{archive bottom}}

== [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] ==
{{archive top|'''Deleted''' - AI-slop with no educational objectives}}
Clearly seems like an ai-generated article and it seems to be out of Wikiversity’s scope. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 10:08, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

:'''Delete''', copy of Wikipedia article. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:28, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}</text>
      <sha1>07zxx7vycubcq7qqv0f85hw9m6jhaws</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>You can better protect yourself from Big Tech</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>325973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811289</id>
      <parentid>2779586</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T14:51:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="26174" sha1="l23i7wesi71st7pv47pwpqd4kms59v5" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-12-05 interview with Mark Hurst&lt;ref name=Hurst&gt;&lt;!--Mark Hurst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q65030170}}&lt;/ref&gt; about how you can better protect yourself from [[w:Big Tech|Big Tech]]. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-12-13 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:You can better protect yourself from Big Tech.webm|thumb| 2025-12-05 interview with Mark Hurst about how you can better protect yourself from Big Tech]]
[[File:You can better protect yourself from Big Tech.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-12-05 interview with Mark Hurst about how you can better protect yourself from Big Tech]]

Mark Hurst&lt;ref name=Hurst/&gt; discusses how you can better protect yourself from [[w:Big Tech|Big Tech]]. Among other things, Mark produces Techtonic, a one-hour weekly radio show about technology&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Techtonic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137087746}}&lt;/ref&gt;syndicated for Pacifica and for the [[w:Public Radio Exchange|Public Radio Exchange]] (PRX), a non-profit platform for digital distribution and licensing of radio programs, originally designed for [[w:National Public Radio |National Public Radio]] (NPR). The show originates with [[w:WFMU|WFMU]], a non-commercial, listener-supported, independent community radio station licensed to [[w:East Orange, New Jersey|East Orange, New Jersey]] with studios in [[w:Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], closer to [[w:Ellis IslandEllis Island]] and the [[w:Statue of Liberty|Statue of Liberty]] than [[w:New York City|New York City]].

Topics discussed include Big Tech surveillance, government takeover, other negative features of [[w:Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]] (AI) including how the public pays for Big Tech data centers, &quot;Private Equity and the Death of the American Dream&quot;,&lt;ref name=Greenwell&gt;Greenwell (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; protests against smartphones,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Techtonic episodes--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137110237}}&lt;/ref&gt; and alternatives to gmail, WhatsApp, Google search, Google Docs, Instagram, Windows, macOS, iPhone, and Android, among others.&lt;ref name=GR&gt;&lt;!--Good Reports--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137079965}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mark holds bachelor's and master's degrees in [[w:computer science|computer science]] from [[w:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]. He has published two books: 

* ''Customers Included'' (2015), and 
* ''Bit Literacy'' (2007). 

And he created &quot;Good Reports&quot;, which recommends alternatives to many popular Big Tech platforms. Mark insists that the alternatives he recommends do not show the &quot;shocking lack of respect for users and communities&quot; that is a feature of Big Tech.&lt;ref name=GR/&gt; 

He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Highlights == 

Graves asked for the most important things Hurst wanted to communicate to Media &amp; Democracy's audience. 

=== Age of extraction ===

Hurst replied, {{quote|

The first step towards improving anything in your technological life is gaining awareness. ... 

[I]n the words of Columbia law professor [[w:Tim Wu|Tim Wu]] in his new book, they are bringing us into ''The Age of Extraction''.&lt;ref&gt;Wu (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; These are extractive, exploitative, deceitful and unethical enterprises. And here I'm talking about Microsoft, Apple, Google, Amazon, and Facebook. There are others you could throw in there as well, but those are the main five.}}

Graves asked about China's investment in [[w:Artificial intelligence|AI]].&lt;ref&gt;Graves' question about China was inspired by Acemogu and Johnson (2023, ch. 10) discussing Chinese use of AI to identify and penalize potential dissidents. For more on this, see the [[#Discussion|Discussion]] section below.&lt;/ref&gt; Hurst replied that the leaders in investing in AI are China and the US through the [[w:Silicon Valley|Silicon Valley]]. The US in particular is investing trillions of dollars in excess of likely returns producing a bubble that has to pop. It could be cataclysmic, suddenly, or it could dissipate gradually, letting the air out of the bubble over a series of years.&lt;ref&gt;Hurst mentioned a cover story in a recent issue of ''[[w:The Economist|The Economist]]'' (2025-11-29), which said that, &quot;China is rapidly pressing ahead in two other frontier technologies, autonomous vehicles and new drugs&quot;, and not as much as in the previously reported areas of &quot;electric vehicles (EVs), solar panels and open-source artificial intelligence.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Hurst also said that Wu's ''Age of Extraction'' &quot;talks a lot about, past business cycles where there have been monopolies on technology. ... [T]he people holding the power and influence and money and the shares want to protect their investment. And so, once a company or, in this case, like Big Tech, a cartel, is in a monopolistic position, it ossifies, and there's less and less investment, or innovation. It's just trying to protect its power base. Eventually, the monopoly gets broken up. And that's when the benefits of the technology and the opportunity get spread out into middle-class entrepreneurs who take things in new and creative directions, and we see this explosion of interesting and new ideas. That, I think, could happen with AI.&quot; 

Graves asked for an example of a previous technology that was broken up. Hurst said, {{quote|

When [[w:Breakup of the Bell System|they broke up AT&amp;T]], it led to all sorts of innovation.&lt;ref&gt;Hurst said, &quot;Fiber optics came out of that breakup.&quot; To be precise, the ''demand'' for fiber optics may not have been nearly as great without the breakup of AT&amp;T, but the research and development that ultimately produced optical fibers that were cheaper and better than copper were done elsewhere, especially by scientists and engineers working for [[w:Corning Inc.|Corning Inc.]].&lt;/ref&gt; ... [T]hey liked things just how they were. ... [T]hey won the game, and they didn't want to change it at all. But there were many, many, breakthroughs and innovations, new ideas that came out of the breakup of AT&amp;T.

Tim Wu goes through other examples as well, but the pattern happens again and again that monopolies are really bad for an economy, and when you break them up, a lot of opportunity comes to the people, and a lot of good things come out of that. It comes with breaking up the centralization and concentration of power. That's what we're facing here, is an outrageous concentration of power, and I'm talking about market power, but also political power. You saw at the inauguration earlier this year. Who was standing behind the podium as the current occupant came and assumed his return to that office? It was the CEOs of the big tech companies. ... [T]he destruction of the east wing of the White House was paid for by the big tech companies, because they wanted to, again, show their alignment with the current occupant, and to try to get further favors.}}

=== What to do === 

Graves then asked what Hurst recommends our audience do. He replied, &quot;We need to act individually and collectively. ... I don't think that anybody's choosing this tool over that tool is gonna have any impact at all on the eventual breakup of that concentration of power. The breakup is going to happen from collective action -- voting in better, elected officials. Advocating for better policies. Starting ... and supporting unions where they can. Joining civic groups, knitting together a community fabric that companies like Facebook have done so much to rip apart. ... For your partner, if you have kids, or if you have relatives at any age, it's going to help if you and they get off of these toxic platforms. ... Your mental and emotional health will improve and you will be open to using better alternatives that are not built towards trying to addict you and drive you crazy. So for example, instead of [[w:WhatsApp|WhatsApp]], there is an app called [[w:Signal (software)|Signal]] ... It's free and it does everything that WhatsApp does except that the organization behind Signal is not trying to spy on you, or sell you anything, or destroy democracy. What a concept. There are organizations out there that make technology that are not trying to burn the world down.&quot; 

Graves asked where Signal gets their money? Hurst said {{quote|

It's a funny story. It's an independent foundation called the [[w:Signal Foundation|Signal Foundation]] ... . Then the next question is where did they get their funding? ... A guy named [[w:Brian Acton|Brian Acton]], who was a co-founder of an app called WhatsApp. ... This is way before it became part of [[w:Mark Zuckerberg|Zuckerberg]]'s, sludge factory. And these two guys said via WhatsApp to their users, we promise we will never sell your data. ... You can trust us. We're gonna encrypt everything, and it's gonna be a safe and secure way for you to communicate with your friends and loved ones and your communities.

And then Zuckerberg showed up and dangled several billion dollars under their noses. And all of a sudden, WhatsApp was part of Zuckerberg's sludge factory. And ... the WhatsApp community lost everything that had been promised by Acton and his partner. 

However, Acton had a bunch of money, and he felt guilty. And I know he feels guilty because [[w:Steven Levy|Stephen Levy]] wrote about this in his book on Facebook a couple of years ago,&lt;ref&gt;Levy (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; and I spoke to Stephen Levy about this on my show. ... Acton funded Signal, and Signal is now doing everything that WhatsApp had originally promised: Privacy, non-commercial, not selling people out. And they've got this president, [[w:Meredith Whittaker|Meredith Whitaker]], who's very highly regarded.}} 

=== Good Reports ===

Graves then asked if Hurst had an organization that was helping people migrate. Hurst could not recommend an organization, but his &quot;GoodReports.com&quot; website lists various alternatives, e.g., instead of WhatsApp, use Signal, etc. He invited anyone who wants help with this to email him.&lt;ref name=GR/&gt;

Graves mentioned he had interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Francis Haugen]], who said, &quot;The shortest path to a click is anger and hate.&quot; Hurst replied, &quot;Frances did great work, bringing to light what then became known as the [[w:2021 Facebook leak|Facebook Files]]. She testified to Congressional Committee showing that Facebook executives knew internally from their own research that [[w:Instagram|Instagram]] was encouraging teenage girls to self-harm.&quot; 

Graves said, &quot;Suicide.&quot; Hurst agreed. &quot;And they knew it. And when some well-meaning executives tried to bring this up to Zuckerberg and other senior leaders, They were waved away. 

Graves noted, &quot;They eliminated her job.&quot; Hurst agreed. They said, &quot;Don't tell us about this. In fact, if you found that something is driving more addiction and engagement, let's do more of it. Don't you understand what we are here? We are an unethical sludge factory.&quot; 

Graves added, &quot;That's not the term they use. The term they use is, &quot;We have an obligation to our shareholders to maximize shareholder value. And they could be sued if they do something different for not taking care of their fiduciary responsibility.&quot; 

=== Friedman on shareholder value === 

Hurst agreed, noting that he had recently interviewed [[w:Megan Greenwell|Megan Greenwell]], author of a book called, ''Bad Company'' about private equity and the private equity and the death of the American dream.&lt;ref name=Greenwell/&gt; They discussed {{quote|

how the financialization of the American economy is using this concept of [[w:Shareholder value|shareholder value]] to exploit and just suck dry all of the goodwill and good faith in the system in order to juice just a little more profit out of it. Especially, she writes about in healthcare. She has harrowing examples of how people are just being tortured to pay up for life-saving care. 

The genesis of the idea of shareholder value came from [[w:Milton Friedman|Milton Friedman]] from the [[w:Chicago school of economics|University of Chicago]]. Friedman is writing that businesses have a responsibility to grow and bring back returns to their shareholders.

What is not as well known today is that ... after he wrote about shareholder value, [Friedman] said, however. there are some cases in which this should not be taken too far, such as in healthcare. ... This is not the exact wording, but basically he's saying that human beings deserve good healthcare. Don't use that as an opportunity to exploit them to their last penny. That's wrong.

And yet, as a society, we accept the financialization now of everything, not just healthcare.}}

=== YouTube attacks activists === 

Graves noted that he's with PeaceWorks Kansas City.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- PeaceWorks Kansas City--&gt;{{cite Q|Q64287449}}&lt;/ref&gt;, which had videos posted to [[w:YouTube|YouTube]], and YouTube trashed them. YouTube had also deleted videos by Palestinian human rights organizations.&lt;ref&gt;The Cradle (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; Hurst replied, {{quote|

This is an example of centralized power and the alignment with the current occupant and his administration. We have arrived at a point where if somebody wants to share a video online, which should be a pretty straightforward activity, everything has to go through what is essentially a censorship board or a censorship algorithm within Google. A lot of people don't know, Spencer, YouTube is owned by Google. So I like to call it Google's YouTube, so people don't forget that the company that is spying on you when you use their search engine, spying on you when you use their Gmail, spying on you when you use their Android phones, Android is another Google surveillance operation. 

This company is also spying on you and censoring information when it gets posted to Google's YouTube. 

This, by the way, is another action people can take very easy. Don't ever, ever use Google for search. Just use anything else. You can use [[w:Brave Search|Brave]]. You can use [[w:DuckDuckGo|DuckDuckGo]]. You can use [[w:Ecosia|Ecosia]]. Again, GoodReports.com has some alternatives to look at. It's free and easy to switch off of Google Search.

But for Google YouTube, it's difficult to switch out, because where are you gonna post something where everybody can see it? Because of this increasing bad behavior from Google, there are some alternatives that are springing up on what's called the [[w: Fediverse|Fediverse]]. This is a decentralized, non-commercial, nobody owns it. It's an open source protocol. You can post social media posts. You can post images as an alternative to [[w:Instagram|Instagram]].  And there is a Fediverse service for posting videos.}}

Graves said, &quot;I've heard of [[w:PeerTube|PeerTube]]. Is that part of the Fediverse? Hurst replied, {{quote|

Yes, it is. PeerTube is, I think, the main instance of video sharing on the Fediverse. ... Post the videos there. Link people there. And if you can avoid it, don't ever share a link to Google's YouTube. 

In the same way that people should not use Google search, they shouldn't use gmail, they shouldn't use Android. They shouldn't use any Google service if they can avoid it, which is very difficult.}}

Graves added, &quot;Your GoodReports.com gives alternatives to Gmail, etc.&quot; Hurst replied, &quot;Yes ... I'm going to try to expand it. Right now, it's just one page. But I do have a whole membership organization, where people can get a bunch of other, resources behind a login wall.&quot;

=== Alternatives to macOS and Windows === 

Graves noted, &quot;You also are opposed to macOS and Windows, and you recommend elementary OS or other Linux distributions?&quot; Hurst replied, {{quote|

Yes. Now, I have to be careful here, because I'm speaking to you through an Apple, MacBook. And ... I use an Apple surveillance iPhone.

I'm on the journey like everybody else. ... I don't want to pretend that I am somehow, more pure or enlightened … than other people. I think everyone is doing their best day to day.

But my aspiration at some point is to get off of Big Tech, increasingly surveilled and manipulative operating system called macOS, and get onto an open source a system such as Linux, some sort of Linux distribution. I did a whole episode on Tectonic about Linux distributions. If people don't know what that means, they can go to techtonic.fm and they can find the Linux show.&lt;ref&gt;Hurst (2024-05-27).&lt;/ref&gt; There are lots of options out there for people who want to get off of Windows and macOS. Sometimes it's not as convenient or as easy, but that is all part of the journey, , getting yourself extracted from the grip of these Silicon Valley sludge factories.}} 

=== Cloud storage: Google Drive, ... === 

Graves noted that Hurst had discussed CryptPad&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--CryptPad--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106642861}}&lt;/ref&gt; and other alternatives to Google Drive. Hurst responded that the he main cloud options today are Google Drive, Apple's iCloud, and &quot;Dropbox, which is another Silicon Valley company. I use Dropbox myself. But what would be smarter, again, I'm on the journey like everybody else, is to use alternatives that are not part of the Silicon Valley cartel. Even better if they're not located in the US and liable to be raided by ICE or whoever might be giving them a call from the current occupant's office. There are lots of options. CripPad is one of them. ... They're not free. ... You have to trust them, but I think there are plenty of options outside the U.S. that are inherently more trustworthy than the likes of Google.&quot;

=== Zero-click surveillance === 

Graves asked about &quot;zero-click software that can be installed on your mobile phone without your knowledge or consent, like [[w:Pegasus|Pegasus]].&quot; Hurst said, {{quote|

There's an Israeli company called [[w:NSO Group|NSO Group]] that was found to have created spyware that can infiltrate a person's surveillance phone. 

Notice I'm not saying the word smartphone. I try to avoid using the word smart, because in this case, in technology, &quot;smart&quot; just means surveillance. ... 

The NSO Group created spyware ... . The camera could be turned on, and the microphone without any change to the screen, without any knowledge, obviously not the consent of the user. ... The bad guys around the world ... would love to have this kind of spyware. ... Authoritarian governments, corrupt governments, kleptocracies, narco states, all these bad guys with power want to shut down the journalists and the human rights activists -- the good guys and gals who are trying to do something to build a better world. ... The bad guys want to shut them down. And so they would buy this spyware from NSO Group. 

And they would get Pegasus installed on the good people's phones. Then that made it easier for them to get something that they could spin as incriminating evidence or maybe blackmail material, maybe sexual in nature. 

Or simply to threaten and bully these journalists and activists. Or to track them in order to then round them up and capture them, later to be imprisoned or even killed in some cases.

[[w:Pegasus Project (investigation)|There was a book]] ... . I had one of the authors on Techtonic. They talked about the process of discovering how this spyware worked, and who was behind it, and who NSO Group had sold it to.}}

Graves asked if there was some antivirus or something that can detect whether my surveillance phone is infected? Hurst replied, {{quote|

The easiest way to rest easy is to never do anything that challenges the existing power structure. If you simply align yourself with the power elite in Silicon Valley, there's no reason why they want to surveil you anyway. 

It's the journalists, it's the educators, it's the human rights activists who are at risk.

If you live a life like you and I do, Spencer, where you're committed to working towards some measure of justice and equity in the world, then you have to think, yes, how can I be sure that my surveillance phone is not, right at this moment, feeding audio of my voice to the bad guys? 

There is no technology, there is no antivirus for your surveillance phone. It is built to be a surveillance phone. 

You can switch to an open source phone. There are some initial forays now into open source. I would actually call them smartphones, because they're not designed for surveillance. That might be a little more secure.}} 

Graves noted that Hurst's website mentioned [[w:CalyxOS|Calyx]], but their website and a Wikipedia article on them says their development is currently paused. Hurst replied, {{quote|

These are all initial forays. There's not a huge addressable market just yet for open source private phones. ... In the meantime, what I'm trying to do is just raise the alarm so that more people understand what the risk is to help, you know, seed society with this sort of thinking, so that at some point, when it comes to fruition, then there's going to be a lot more people who are demanding better options.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

Beyond the problems with AI described in this interview, Acemogu and Johnson (2023, ch. 10) describe an AI-based &quot;social credit system&quot; used in China &quot;since 2017 ... in dozens of major cities ... . According to the Supreme People’s Court, “Defaulters [on court orders] had been restrained from purchasing about 27.3 million plane tickets and nearly 6 million train tickets so far [July 9, 2019].”' 

French researchers and journalists have expressed similar concerns. Jusquiame described, &quot;The city, a theater of fear&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Jusquiame (2025-11), in French.&lt;/ref&gt; updating his book, ''Move along. The city is under surveillance''.&lt;ref&gt;Jusquaime (2014), in French.&lt;/ref&gt; He also reviewed Tréguer's (2024) book, ''Technopolice: Police surveillance in the age of artificial intelligence''.&lt;ref&gt;Jusquiame (2025-01), in French.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Graves (2014) said we should, &quot;Restrict secrecy more than data collection&quot;, and Connelly (2023)   suggested that current US government secrecy rules encourage administration officials to do things that provoke foreign entities to commit attacks that can be denounced as &quot;unprovoked&quot; to stampede the public into supporting counterproductive uses of force.&lt;ref&gt;See also Connelly et al. (2023) and the [[w:Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy|Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy]]..&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Daron Acemoğlu and Simon Johnson (2023) Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125292212}}
* &lt;!--Matthew Connelly (2023)  The Declassification Engine: What History Reveals About America's Top Secrets--&gt;{{cite Q|Q116786691}}
* &lt;!-- Matthew Connelly and Spencer Graves (2023-03-14) &quot;Does US government secrecy threaten national security?&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125582094}}
* &lt;!--The Cradle (2025-11-05) YouTube removed reports from Palestinian human rights organizations--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137301573|author=''The Cradle''}}
* &lt;!--Megan Greenwell (2025) Bad Company: Private Equity and the Death of the American Dream--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137108069}}
* &lt;!--The Economist (2025-11-29) &quot;What China will dominate next&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137294129|author=''The Economist''}}
* &lt;!--Mark Hurst (2024-05-27)  We should all switch to Linux--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137302116}}
* &lt;!--Mark Hurst (2015) Customers Included: How to Transform Products, Companies, and the World – With a Single Step--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137084707}}
* &lt;!--Mark Hurst (2007) Bit Literacy: Productivity in the Age of Information and E-mail Overload--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137083974}}
* &lt;!-- Thomas C. Jusquaime (2025-11)  La Ville, théâtre de la peur--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137293208}}
* &lt;!--Thomas C. Jusquaime (2025-01)  Les livres du mois: Technopolice. la surveillance policière à l’ère de l’intelligence artificielle--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137293852}}
* &lt;!--Thomas C. Jusquaime (2024-04-29) Circulez ! La ville sous surveillence--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137294014}}
* &lt;!--Steven Levy (2020)  Facebook: The Inside Story--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130385521}}
* &lt;!-- Félix Tréguer (2024-10-11) Technopolice. la surveillance policière à l’ère de l’intelligence artificielle--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137293097}}
* &lt;!--Tim Wu (2025) The age of extraction : how tech platforms conquered the economy and threaten our future prosperity--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137274428}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
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    <title>John Maxwell Hamilton on American propaganda</title>
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      <text bytes="14164" sha1="mrfjriil2t3pvcorp8xv10sox683z11" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-12-11 interview with [[w:John Maxwell Hamilton|John Maxwell Hamilton]] about propaganda. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-12-27 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:John Maxwell Hamilton on American propaganda.webm|thumb|2025-12-11 interview with John Maxwell Hamilton on American propaganda]]
[[File:John Maxwell Hamilton on American propaganda.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-12-11 interview with John Maxwell Hamilton on Woodrow Wilson and American propaganda]]

[[w:John Maxwell Hamilton|John Maxwell Hamilton]] discusses [[w:Propaganda|propaganda]] with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Hamilton is a long-time journalist, author, educator, and public servant. He is the Hopkins P. Breazeale Professor and founding dean of the Manship School of Mass Communication&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Manship School of Mass Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137329468}}&lt;/ref&gt; at [[w:Louisiana State University|Louisiana State University]], where he has also served as [[w:Provost (education)|Provost]]. He has appointments as a global fellow at the [[w:Wilson Center|Woodrow Wilson International Center]] and as a senior associate at the [[w:Center for Strategic and International Studies|Center for Strategic and International Studies]], both in Washington, DC.

His journalistic work has been carried by many major outlets including [[w:ABC News Radio|ABC radio]], ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', ''[[w:The Washington Post|The Washington Post]]'', and many others. He was a long time commentator for [[w:Public Radio International|Public Radio International]]. He has had assignments in over 50 countries. 

As an educator, Hamilton has written extensively on foreign news gathering and has worked to improve it. In the 1980s he created and directed projects for local reporting of foreign news, especially on developing countries, for the [[w: Society of Professional Journalists|Society of Professional Journalists]] and the [[w:American Society of News Editors|American Society of Newspaper Editors]]. The ''[[w:National Journal|National Journal]]'' said Hamilton has shaped public opinion about the complexity of US - [[w:Third World|Third World]] relations “more than any other single journalist.”

In government, he oversaw [[w:Nuclear proliferation|nuclear non-proliferation]] issues for the [[w:United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Foreign Affairs Committee]], served in the [[w:United States Department of State|State Department]], and managed a [[w:World Bank Group|World Bank]] program to educate Americans about economic development. He served in [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam]] as a [[w:United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] [[w:platoon|platoon]] commander and in [[w:Okinawa|Okinawa]] as a [[w:Company (military unit)|company]] commander.&lt;ref name=JMHbio&gt;&lt;!--John Maxwell Hamilton, LSU biography--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137342251}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hamilton is an author of 8 books and editor of many more. Two of his more recent books are

* (2020) ''Manipulating the Masses: Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of American Propaganda'',&lt;ref&gt;Heidi Tworek, [[w:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today|who was interviewed for this series last July 3]], suggested Hamilton be interviewed for this series about this book.&lt;/ref&gt; and 
* (2009) ''Journalism’s Roving Eye: A History of American Foreign Reporting''. 

Each of them won multiple awards.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia article on [[w:John Maxwell Hamilton|John Maxwell Hamilton]], accessed 2025-12-10.&lt;/ref&gt; 

His most recent book, ''[[w:French 75 (cocktail)|The French 75]]'', describes a New Orleans cocktail named by French propagandists during World War I.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;   

== Highlights ==

Hamilton noted that early newspapers had lots of content that was just made up -- what would be called &quot;fake news&quot; today. He is spending a lot of time now reading those old newspapers, e.g., from the 19th century, because he is writing a book on fake news. He said those newspapers did some good. However, &quot;as the 19th century went on and into the 20th century, the number of newspapers declined,&quot; because more money was required for the presses that could print large volumes and a low cost per copy. Hamilton said that newspapers with a local monopoly did if relatively good job, because they had more capacity to acquire news and the public seemed to demand it. 

After the end of the [[w:World War I|&quot;Great War&quot;]], the press, which had supported Wilson during the war, began to realize that they had been used. The facts were materially different from what the administration claimed, a phenomenon that came to be called a &quot;credibility gap&quot; during the Vietnam War. 

When asked about the suggestion by McChesney and Nichols of distributing 0.15 percent of GDP to local news nonprofits with a firewall to prevent political interference,&lt;ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Hamilton said it was &quot;potentially a good idea.&quot; He said, &quot;Newspapers are never entirely independent.&quot; They have to get money someplace. In the twentieth century, advertising paid roughly 80 percent of their budget; subscriptions paid the other 20 percent. 

Philanthropies can help, but they tend to move from one idea to another, and a news outlet needs more reliable funding. 

Government already interferes with newspapers, e.g., by subsidizing postal rates. Newpaper boys, like he was, were getting a tiny fraction of the minimum wage, because the press lobbied effectively for an exemption, so they could get cheap carriers. 

Graves asked what Hamilton thought about the suggestion that the major media creates the stage upon which politicians read their lines. Hamilton replied that it's not that simple, because Trump -- and Obama before him -- were using social media in ways that suggested they did not need the major media. 

Graves asked about government secrecy,  noting the 1990s [[w:Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy|Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy]] and a book Moynihan published shortly after that commission published their final report.&lt;ref&gt;Moynihan (1998).&lt;/ref&gt; Hamilton said he thought Moynihan was correct: Secrecy is a problem. &quot;Moynihan was astute ... part of that group of people who learned to work across the aisles.&quot; 

He continued, &quot;Propaganda has two parts to it. The goal of propaganda is to get people to think a certain thing or to think a certain way, and there are two ways to do that. One way is to give them information, using taxpayer dollars to give them information to shape their views. The other way is to withhold information that you don't want them to have and would be inconvenient to the point you want to make, and secrecy can be one of the ways to do that.&quot; 

Graves said that &quot;my understanding is that primary drivers of every major conflict are differences in the media the different parties find credible.&quot; Maxwell noted that, {{quote|

War is always difficult. ... It's often difficult to even get on their side and understand well -- what they're thinking and why. The second thing is that if you start reporting what the other side says and you're favorable about it, you're going to lose a lot of readership and money. So that's a problem. And so war is inherently divisive in terms of what people listen to. ... 

A law of propaganda is that no one ever does propaganda. Only the enemy does propaganda. ... 

When I went through the British archives, when I was writing the book that you're referring to, about the birth of propaganda in World War I, I was astonished when I looked at memos the British Officials were writing to each other. These were not public memos. These were memos they wrote to each other and which they said, it's amazing how great the Germans are at propaganda and how little propaganda we actually do. They said this with what I guess you could call, metaphorically, a straight face. But in fact, the British were much better propagandists than the Germans were. 

But yes ... only the other side does propaganda. ... 

And that's part of the problem that you have not only in wars but ... in internal conflicts, polarization. ... Every side thinks the other side is doing propaganda and that they're telling the truth, but in fact, they ought to ask themselves ... sometimes, ... you're really telling the truth. ... 

There are ways to do propaganda where you just provide facts, and propaganda doesn't have to be awful. It can be a point of view. But the problem is that when the stakes are perceived as being high, propagandists believe that that achieving victory in terms of winning their point of view is more important than promoting democratic discussion. 

In fact, that's another law of propaganda. The propagandas are willing to sacrifice democracy even in ... what they think is a pursuit of democracy. The result is that the propaganda does not admit to the other side having anything to say, and it's also willing to shove aside democratic norms. And as soon as you shove aside democratic norms, you run the risk of shoving aside democracy. ... 

And it's shocking how little awareness there seems to be ... that both sides feel they're right, and both sides are willing to shove aside process in the interest of their point of view. And the costs of that are very high, ... and it's going to be hard to change. 

A new regime could come in, and ... if they're people who have been criticizing Trump, they may well decide that they're going to use all of Trump's tactics, or many of them that are problematic. ...  

We could find if President Trump, for example, is allowed to remove people from federal boards, ... I can tell you what the consequences of that will be. If the Supreme Court decides that the President can remove those people, it will mean that any President who comes in can remove everybody from boards and put his own or her own people on those boards. The purpose of those boards is to have balance and to have different experts debate on what's best. If every board is just going to be a function of a partisan agenda, that's a problem. Now, maybe it's constitutionally correct to do that, ... but whether it is or not, people ... will suffer the consequences later, when their party is not in power.}}

Graves said, &quot;It's a throwback to the spoil system that was kind of done away with ... to some degree, in the late 19th and early 20th century. Am I right?&quot; 

Hamilton agreed, &quot;Yep, absolutely. ... We have created these boards as a flywheel against ... capricious, unexpert ... executive branch decisions. ... My own view is that those expert, those panels, those quasi independent panels have been good. ... It would be much better if presidents, and in this case, I will say President Trump, was willing to allow these boards to continue functioning as they were with even if he had the power to get rid of the members of these committees, because in the long run, it was better for the state, it was better for the functioning of government. And I think ... he's trying to break that norm. And I think that has consequences.&quot;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--John Maxwell Hamilton (2024) The French 75--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137342456}}
* &lt;!--John Maxwell Hamilton (2020) Manipulating the Masses: Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of American Propaganda--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137342282}}
* &lt;!--John Maxwell Hamilton (2009) Journalism's Roving Eye: A History of American Foreign Reporting--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127311037}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1998) Secrecy: The American Experience (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137431706}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:World War I]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
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    <title>Lisa Loving on media literacy and how you can report for your community</title>
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      <text bytes="9558" sha1="pkyy82jz09lpy7s7trc8z3e8w5z3ttb" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-01-03 interview with Lisa Loving&lt;ref name=Loving&gt;{{cite Q|Q65115420}}&lt;/ref&gt; on how to counter political polarization and violence. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-01-10 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lisa Loving about media literacy and how you can report for your community.webm|thumb|2026-01-03 interview with Lisa Loving about media literacy and how you can report for your community]]
[[File:2026-01-03 interview with Lisa Loving about media literacy and how you can report for your community.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-01-03 interview with Lisa Loving about media literacy and how you can report for your community]]

Lisa Loving&lt;ref name=Loving/&gt; talks with Spencer Graves&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; about media literacy and how you can report for your community. Loving has a wide range of experience as a journalist, including as interim director of the evening news at [[w:KBOO|KBOO]], a non-commercial, listener-supported, community radio station in Portland, Oregon. Her experience with KBOO helped inform her 2019 book, ''Street Journalist''. She is working on another book with a tentative title, ''Watchdog: Investigative Tools for Community Reporters''. 

== Highlights == 

Lisa said, &quot;everyday people have the knowledge and skills to report on stuff. You don't have to get a master's degree in journalism ... . [S]ome of the very best newspapers in America today are high school newspapers. In my town, Portland, Oregon, [[w:Grant High School (Portland, Oregon)|Grant High School]]'s newspaper [is] amazing.&quot; 

Lisa also said that advertising people started newspapers.&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville ( 1835, 1840), who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, said, &quot;There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.&quot; ''And'' &quot;three-quarters of the enormous sheet are filled with advertisements&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; She described an ad salesman named Ford, who had previously sold used cars but did not drive himself. He made friends with every merchant in a major business district in Portland and brought in revenue that funded local media. 

But before you go very far as a journalist, you need to decide who do you want to be consuming the news you produce, and then go out, meet those folks. Make sure you understand their concerns and how they want to consume news. &quot;Some people want their information on a cell phone texted to them.&quot; Others want to read it on a website.  

You ''do'' need to attract an audience, preferably with careful fact checking and avoiding saying more than you can document. In that, it is also wise to consult multiple sources including looking for sources that might contradict your preconceptions. 

=== Hedge funds vs. mediocre men === 

Lisa compared the hedge funds that are destroying newspapers&lt;ref&gt;Hedge funds destroying newspapers was discussed in the 2025-03-06 Media &amp; Democracy interview, &quot;[[Vulture capitalists destroying newspapers]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; to [[w:The Doomsday Machine (Star Trek: The Original Series)|the doomsday machine planet killer in the ''Star Trek'' series]]. 

Graves claimed that the hedge funds are merely capitalizing on how newspapers have been losing advertising to the Internet. Lisa disagreed: &quot;My personal theory is the Internet did not destroy the newspapers. Newspapers were destroyed by generation after generation of mediocre men, many of whom inherited these newspapers. [Those men] wouldn't hire people that didn't look like them, and they wouldn't hire people that didn't think like them. That's what killed newspapers. ... This is the purpose of diversity, equity, and inclusion. ... [W]hen you have people from all these different communities, when you have people with a wide array of experiential knowledge, you have a better idea of what's going on&quot; -- and can attract a wider audience.&lt;ref&gt;Lacy et al. (1998), Griffin (2014), Volpe (2021),  Segal (2014), Analysis Desk (2025), Wells (2025).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== OSINT and FOIA ===

Lisa has been reading about [[w:Open-source intelligence|Open-source intelligence]] (OSINT). &quot;It's everything we've always done, where we were trying to get information where [[w:FOIA|FOIA]] wouldn't work.&quot;

=== BLM ===

Lisa asked, {{quote|

How do everyday people have an effect on political violence? How can everyday people have an effect on, even just violence in their community? Always the beginning is to understand what's going on. ... 

Even if you can't always find all of the secret data that may be someplace. Everyday people can start in a situation like this by defining a situation like the [[w:Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter]] movement. Black Lives Matter, BLM, hashtag was actually created by a couple of women. ... Ten years ago, we started to see this hashtag, BLM. ... All of a sudden, it exploded. The Black Lives Matter movement exploded. Because It had already been defined by its own community [because] so many Black men were killed by the cops. ... 

That's a perfect example of how community members can have an impact on political violence. ... 

You set up your system of information. You try to understand what the niche is. What is the need? What is the need for information in the environment that you're inhabiting? You set up your systems of information, and then you just keep doing what you're doing until something happens that brings the public eye to the issue that you're talking about. ... And then you cover that thing.

But you have to come up with your idea. You have to listen to people. And figure out what the need is in that environment that you're working in. ...

I want to encourage everyone ... to [find] your local independent media outlet, especially if it's a community media outlet, that invites members of the community in to participate, especially kids, ... and get involved. You don't have to have your voice on the air, but you could if you wanted. ... These outlets are all over the country, there's hundreds of them. They don't all look the same, they're not all radio. ... There's hybrid NPR Pacifica stations. ... [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|Pacifica Radio Network]] is an incredible institution. It's an information distribution system that's controlled by local communities. You should take ownership.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Analysis Desk (2025-09-04) &quot;Why Women’s Voices Still Remain Silenced in Global News Media?&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137723248}}
* &lt;!--Anna Griffin (2014-09-11) &quot;Where Are the Women? Why we need more female newsroom leaders--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137723111}}
* &lt;!--Stephen Lacy, Lucinda D. Davenport, Carolyn R. Miller (1998-03-02) &quot;Women in Newspaper Newsroom Management: 1949 to 1979&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137722968}}
* &lt;!--Lisa Loving (2019) Street Journalist--&gt;{{cite Q|Q65115459}}
* &lt;!--Corinne Segal (2014-09-12) &quot;Why journalism has a gender problem&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137723212}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Paul Volpe (2021-05-14) ‘These Blazing Stars … Just Disappeared’: The Missing Generation of Women at the Washington Post--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137723149}}
* &lt;!--Matt Wells (2025-09-05) &quot;The missing half: The urgent need for more women’s representation in the media&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137723267}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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    <title>Medill says you can help yourself by helping improve local media</title>
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      <text bytes="29299" sha1="6qkl54o70p17xoa34zmlm5ccb9ncuvi" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-01-15 interview with Professor Tim Franklin&lt;ref name=Franklin&gt;&lt;!-- Tim Franklin--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137763244}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Zach Metzger&lt;ref name=Zach&gt;&lt;!--Zach Metzger--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137803164}}&lt;/ref&gt; on you can help yourself by helping improve local media. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-01-24 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Professor Tim Franklin on how you can help yourself by helping improve local media.webm|thumb|2026-01-15 interview with Tim Franklin and Zach Metzger on how you can help yourself by helping improve local media.]]
[[File:Professor Tim Franklin on how you can help yourself by helping improve local media.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-01-15 interview with Tim Franklin and Zach Metzger on how you can help yourself by helping improve local media.]]

Professor Tim Franklin&lt;ref name=Franklin/&gt;  and Zach Metzger&lt;ref name=Zach/&gt; talk with Spencer Graves&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; about how you can help yourself by helping improve local media. Franklin is the leader of the Local News Initiative&lt;ref name=LNI&gt;&lt;!-- Local News Initiative--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137763493}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Metro Media Lab&lt;ref name=MML&gt;&lt;!-- Metro Media Lab--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137763924}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[w:Medill School of Journalism|Medill School of Journalism]] at [[w:Northwestern University|Northwestern University]] in [[w:Evanston, Illinois|Evanston, Illinois]], just north of [[w:Chicago|Chicago]] on [[w:Lake Michigan|Lake Michigan]]. Metzger is Director of their State of Local News&lt;ref name=StateOfNews&gt;&lt;!--The State of Local News Project--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124772497}}&lt;/ref&gt; subproject of the Local News Initiative. 

== Medill Local News Initiative == 

[[w:News desert|News desert]]s are growing, and democracy is under siege. The Local News Initiative is working to document how this is happening and highlight organizations that are bucking this trend. Their work includes six distinct projects:&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Understanding audiences and exploring new approaches--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137765492}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

1. What drives people to pay for local journalism&lt;/br&gt;
2. Human-centered design for local news products&lt;/br&gt;
3. Local news accelerator&lt;/br&gt; 
4. Understanding media markets&lt;/br&gt;
5. Medill news leaders project 2019&lt;/br&gt; 
6. The State of Local News Project&lt;ref name=StateOfNews/&gt;

Key results from each of these six projects can be summarized as follows: 

1. What drives people to pay for local journalism. Key findings of this project include the following:&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--What Drives People to Pay for Local Journalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137765516}}; Malthouse (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
:1.1. Find your own unique strength; don't mimic others.&lt;/br&gt; 
:1.2. Intense news consumers are more likely to drop a subscription, possibly annoyed by ads.&lt;/br&gt;
:1.3. News outlets should encourage regular visits over intense reading.&lt;/br&gt;
:1.4. Readers who use ad blockers are more likely to stay.&lt;/br&gt; 
:1.5. Both customers and companies benefit when consumers connect a product to their life goals.

2. Human-centered design (2018-2019): A key product of this project supports &quot;Timelines&quot;, which can attract audiences with a sequence of short (less than 20) slides with a strong chronological narrative.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Human-Centered Design for Local News Products--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137766330}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

3. Local news accelerator. This project included four sub-projects:&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Local News Accelerator--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137766701}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
:3.1. Shared services.&lt;/br&gt;
:3.2. Six-month cohort program in which local news organizations develop a project core to their missions.&lt;/br&gt;
:3.3. Day-long Chicago Local News Summit.&lt;/br&gt;
:3.4. Week-long innovation and leadership academy. 

4. Understanding media markets, which worked to correlate local news consumption with other demographics.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Understanding Media Markets--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137767590}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

5. Medill news leaders project 2019, which conducted over 50 interviews with news industry leaders (completed in 2019).&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Medill News Leaders Project 2019--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137767869}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6. The State of Local News Project:  This project is extending [[w:Penny Abernathy|Penny Abernathy]]'s path-breaking inventory of news deserts in the US, with annual reports since 2016. They now have two decades of data on news deserts and dynamic change in the news industry in the US.&lt;ref name=StateOfNews/&gt;

==Tim Franklin==

Franklin is the John M. Mutz Chair in Local News&lt;ref name=Franklin/&gt; in the [[w:Medill School of Journalism|Medill School of Journalism]] at [[w:Northwestern University|Northwestern]]. 

Franklin was appointed by Governor J.B. Pritzker to serve on the Illinois Local Journalism Task Force, a bipartisan group studying the local news crisis in the state and recommending potential policy solutions. He also serves as Secretary of the Board of Directors of the Local Media Foundation, the charitable trust affiliated with the Local Media Association, one of the largest local media trade associations in North America representing newspapers, TV stations, radio outlets, digital-only news sites and R&amp;D organizations.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Tim Franklin: Secretary, LMF Board--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137768087}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also serves on the board of the Alliance for Trust in Media&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Alliance for Trust in Media--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137768113}}&lt;/ref&gt; and The [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]] Standards Advisory Panel. He also recently served on the board of the Google News Creators Project.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--The News Creators Project: A research study focused on deepening understanding of news creators--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137768203}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has been at Medill since 2017. Between 2014 and 2017 he was ﻿﻿president of the [[w:Poynter Institute|Poynter Institute]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Tim Franklin, Sr. Associate Dean, Director, Medill Local News Initiative, John M. Mutz Chair in Local News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137767989}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[w:St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg, Florida]], where he almost doubled their revenue in three years.&lt;ref name=Franklin/&gt;'

==Highlights==

===Creative destruction===

Tim noted that we are living through a historic transformation of how news is consumed, produced, distributed, and paid for. Like transformations in other industries, there is both destruction and creation.&lt;ref&gt;For a discussion of the history and importance of creative distruction, see Aghion et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Right now, destruction is winning, but there is also a lot of creation. {{quote|

At the Local News Initiative, we're trying to chronicle both to provide a comprehensive view of the local news landscape across the country, so that everybody can understand what's happening. And the stakes are very high for communities across the country that rely on reliable, accurate news and information to make informed decisions for their own lives and for their local governments. 

And ultimately, I think the stakes are high for democracy. ... 

One of the ironies about this era that we're all living through is that people have never had more access to news and information, and in many ways they've never been more misinformed. ... 

We are living through ... a tsunami of misinformation and disinformation ... . I get how easy it can be for people to be confused about what's real and what isn't. ... Most of us are on social media, and this stuff comes at us into our feeds on a daily basis, on an hourly basis, and it's often difficult to tell what is credible and what isn't. ... 

Fake newspapers are out in the wild now. There are actually more of those than there are daily newspapers. And they deliberately look like a legitimate newspaper in terms of the topography and the design and the layout. But then you start reading it, and you realize, whoa, wait a minute. What is this? And it turns out that many of these are run by political action committees or political ideologues, both on the right and the left. 

So this is a time when consumers need to be very aware and conscious of news sources, where they're getting, news and information from.}}

===Local news ===

Zach continued, &quot;The sources of information that people have historically trusted the most are local sources of information, whether it's friends or family, but also their local news organizations, their local news outlets, the ones that feel like there is a connection to the source of information that you're receiving. And when local news disappears, you lose that trusted authority of information. Instead, if all you're seeing about a topic are national perspectives in the national conversation, which in our moment is incredibly polarized, then all you're seeing is a polarized perspective on whatever the topic is.&quot; 

Spencer asked, &quot;And people trust their local news because they are more likely to have a personal relationship with some of the staff?&quot; 

Tim agreed. {{quote|

It's like people hate Congress, but they like their local congressperson. In many cases, I think it's the same with news. In every survey I've seen, there's often ... a 50% point gap between trust in local news versus trust in national news. Trust in national news is now down in the 20% somewhere, depending on which survey you read. But trust in local news is often 70% plus. ... 

Zach is actually working on ... a survey now, polling people who live in news deserts: ... What happens when local news goes away? What do people do, and where do they turn for news and information? And anecdotally, many of them turn to [[w: Facebook|Facebook]] and Facebook groups, and others turn to national news sources, and especially national cable. ... Those tend to be, in some cases, more partisan. ... 

In almost all cases, there's no journalist in those Facebook groups doing what journalists do, fact-checking, checking documents, talking to sources, trying to set the record straight. Instead, what you often have is rumor-mongering or misinformation in these groups. ... That's concerning. 

And that's why the loss of local news is so important for communities.}} 

Spencer mentioned that everything we think we know is coded in systems of connections between neurons in our brains and how that's unique and evolves over time.&lt;ref&gt;Graves and Bailey (2025).&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim agreed and mentioned the recent [[w:Killing of Renee Good|shooting in Minnesota. Many people &quot;saw the ICE officer shoot the woman in the vehicle]] and saw self-defense. Others ... characterize it as murder. I'm not going to characterize it either way, but just to say that there was a video of the exact same event.&quot; 

Zach added that this &quot;emphasizes the importance of or the unique value proposition that local news has .. [for] these national conversations about whatever policy it is, immigration, tariffs. Local news provides a perspective of 'here's how that policy could affect you and your neighbors and your community and your main street, and how these issues are going to impact the community that you live in'. ... You lose that when you lose local news.&quot;

Spencer asked if the fact that the extreme right tends to do better in news deserts&lt;ref&gt;Flößer (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; is because humans may talk less to their neighbors if they do not have local news to talk about?

Tim said, {{quote| 

I grew up in a house where my mom was a hairstylist in a small town in Indiana. And I remember as a kid enjoying sitting there, because the conversation almost always turned to what was in the local paper. ...

The local news outlet, whether it's digital or print or audio does drive conversation. It does drive civic participation. ...}}

===News deserts and politics ===  

Tim said, &quot;We did a study at the end of last year on how people in news deserts voted in the presidential election.&quot; 

Zach continued, {{quote| 

In 90% of news deserts, Trump won, and won quite handily ... . 

We have to be careful about making a causative argument there. It's not necessarily that the lack of local news causes a community to shift more right. But I think that there's a lot of interrelated factors that kind of go into these places. They tend to be more rural, they tend to be poorer, and … more conservative-leaning. ... 

But ... in places with this lack of information, this last lack of connection. ... They're losing that local sense of community that the local paper so strongly provides.}} 

===Most successful news outlets===

Spencer asked, &quot;What are the most successful news outlets doing today to grow their audience and revenues that less successful news outlets are not doing?&quot; 

Tim replied, {{quote|

It used to be 15 years ago that 80% of a newspaper's revenue came from advertising. That advertising business model for local news has vaporized. We've seen declines of about 70% in advertising revenue just over the last decade to newspapers. No industry can lose that percentage of its primary revenue source and not feel the pain. 

But ... I'm actually getting more optimistic about the entrepreneurship that's happening in the industry these days. Most news organizations now get a majority of their revenue from readers, not from advertisers. That's through subscriptions, whether it's print or digital or both. Or memberships in some cases, especially with nonprofit news organizations. 

And so, how do you grow your reader revenue at a time when people are already doling out money for [[w:Netflix|Netflix]] and [[w:HBO|HBO]] and [[w:Hulu|Hulu]]?  ... It's through having a direct relationship with your audience. 

One of the best ways to build that direct relationship is through [[w:newsletter|newsletter]]s. Newsletters are like this friend that you invite into your inbox every day. You're getting a quick, curated summary of the news in your community or of the nation or the world. And if you want more information, you can click through and get it. But it's a very convenient way to get news, and it's great for news organizations, because it builds that one-to-one relationship with the audience that is so important. ...}}

===Facebook and artificial intelligence===

Tim continued, {{quote| 

We just did some research on this in the past couple of months. The 100 largest newspapers in America have lost about 45% of their digital traffic just in the last 4 years. 45% in the last 4 years! And why is that happening? It's happening in part, because in about 2022 Facebook de-emphasize news, which means that the average Facebook user is getting less news and information in their feed than they used to. And that had a big impact on traffic that was going to local news sites, which cut their audiences and also resulted in losses in programmatic ad revenue at the same time. 

The other thing we've seen in the past year is the influence of [[w:Artificial intelligence|AI]]. We've seen a significant decline in traffic from search to news organizations, and especially local news organizations. And that's because people are increasingly going to AI platforms like [[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]], [[w:Claude (language model)|Claude]], or [[w:Perplexity AI|Perplexity]], or pick your platform. You put a question in those answer machines, and it just spits back the answer. You don't need to click through a blue link to go to a local news site to go hunting for your answer. That is also having a really significant effect on traffic.}}

===Different ways to reach an audience=== 

Tim continued, {{quote|

Increasingly now, it's important for news organizations who don't want to be reliant on social media, who don't want to be reliant on search, to build that relationship directly with their audience. You can do it through newsletters. We've seen some news organizations that are doing it through [[w:Text messaging|text messaging]]. I'm thinking about Outlier Media in Detroit&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Outlier Media--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137808587}}&lt;/ref&gt; as a good example of that. There also are news organizations that are using [[w:WhatsApp|WhatsApp]] to distill the news and also to have a conversation with their audience. One of the most successful is an organization called Connecta Arizona,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Connecta Arizona--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137808652}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is doing a terrific job building audience through WhatsApp. And then they've built out other content verticals on top of that with radio, with a bilingual website, with newsletters, and other platforms. So, news organizations are having to get more creative about where they reach audience. ... 

There's a lot of growth that's happening in nonprofit news. ... There's been a net increase and growth in those in recent years. What happened in the past is every year we'd lose the same number of nonprofit startups as those that would actually start up. Now we're beginning to see a net increase in nonprofit news, which is great.

Keep in mind that about 90% of all local news organizations in the US are for-profit news organizations. ... Nonprofit news organizations are largely located in metro or urban areas, and a lot of the losses that we're seeing in newspapers are in smaller, more rural communities. And on top of that, many of those communities don't have [[w:Broadband|broadband]] access. It's actually kind of stunning in 2026 the number of areas in the U.S. that don't have access to broadband. And so doing a digital startup or a non-profit… digital startup, in a… in a sparsely populated news desert is probably just not going to work.

We want to continue to see this growth in nonprofits. There are some great examples of that. I'm thinking of ''[[w:The Baltimore Banner|The Baltimore Banner]]''. I used to be editor of ''[[w:The Baltimore Sun|The Baltimore Sun]]'', and the Banner has come in in a big way, made large investments in the newsroom. They just won a [[w:Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer Prize]] earlier this year, so they're doing very high-quality news and information that wouldn't exist otherwise. 

Of course, ''[[w:The Texas Tribune|The Texas Tribune]]'' is another great example of that. ''[[w:CalMatters|CalMatters]]'' in California. I'm thinking about ''[[w:Block Club Chicago|Block Club Chicago]]'' here in Chicago, which is covering hyper-local news in neighborhoods in the city that weren't being covered before. 

So there are a number of great examples. What I worry about is that the loss of these commercial for-profit newspapers is outpacing the growth in digital news, sites and non-profit news sites, and ... leading to the loss of all these local news outlets.}}

Zach added, &quot;Nonprofit is a tax status, it's not a business plan. As a nonprofit news organization, there still needs to be a strategy for generating revenue and income. In many cases, that strategy hasn't always existed. ... Both components need to be true for a nonprofit to be successful.&quot; 

Spencer asked about a nonprofit in Hawaii that was growing dramatically by going to perhaps 3 pop-ups per month &quot;to make sure that the audience knew who they were&quot;, described on the Local News Initiative website.&lt;ref&gt;Brewington (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim replied, &quot;Without speaking directly to the Hawaii situation, ... one of the hardest things that you can do is build an audience from scratch. It is really, really hard to do that, because, you have to build visibility, ... credibility, ... trust. And doing that from ground zero is really hard to do. There are a lot of examples of folks who've done it successfully, but it is tough&quot;. 

Zach added, &quot;The example of Hawaii is interesting, and I think the news organization that you're referring to is the ''[[w:Honolulu Civil Beat|Civil Beat]]''. ... There is a very densely populated central city, Honolulu. And then, outside of that, there's a lot of smaller rural communities. And when you're trying to spread beyond your audience and reach people in those smaller rural communities, it can be a lot of work to establish a buy-in to those places. And so these kinds of pop-ups and engaging directly with readers and audience members in those communities is essential for developing those bonds of trust, which ... is one of the most important things for a local news outlet that makes audiences keep coming back.&quot; 

Tim also commented, &quot;We just did a poll of more than 1,100 people in the 14-county Chicago metropolitan area. It included cities, suburbs, ex-urban, and rural folks who live in this region. And the fourth most popular source of news and information in that poll were [[w:Content creation|content creators]], were news creators. That's a category that, if we had done this survey 5 years ago, probably wouldn't have even shown up as a news provider. ... We're also seeing the growth of these news creators all over the country, many of them still doing national news, but they are building audiences. ,.. They're doing it through authenticity, through personality, through humor in many cases, and also through serious original journalism in many cases. And so, we're seeing ... this democratization of news and information, where content creators, whether on [[w:TikTok|TikTok]] or [[w:Instagram|Instagram]] or whether on [[w:Substack|Substack]].&quot; 

Spencer asked about government subsidies for local news, like the [[w:New Jersey Civic Information Consortium|New Jersey Civic Information Consortium]]? There's a long history of that dating back to the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act]] of 1792.&lt;ref&gt;The history of US postal subsidies is discussed, e.g., in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[The Great American Paradox]]&quot;, accessed 2026-01-18.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim noted that he had served {{quote|

on the bipartisan Illinois Local Journalism Task Force. We looked at this issue in depth and proposed some recommendations to the governor and the Illinois legislature. Happily, a package of bills were passed in late 2024 and took effect last year. I've been very concerned about having any government involvement in news, and an incursion of political influence on news coverage, which would not be a good thing. 

But through this process, I've come around, and I think what we did in Illinois was build a system of public policy to support local news that is not the government picking winners and losers. To give you an example, the centerpiece of this legislation is a tax credit program for local news outlets that hire and retain local journalists. It's $25 million over 5 years. 2025 was the first year, so about $5 million, went out the door, and it is literally first come, first serve. You apply with the state. You have to provide the state with your financials and your staffing numbers. If you qualify, then you get tax credits up to $150,000 per newsroom, or $250,000 per news company. And for a lot of smaller newsrooms, this is life-changing. $150,000 is easily a couple of journalists or maybe three journalists in a local newsroom. The hope is to incentivize local news organizations to hire and keep those journalists. If structured properly, I think that public policy can really play an important role right now or a bridge as we're going through these historic changes. 

The legislation also provides a scholarship program for journalism students like those at Medill, who agree to work at an Illinois local news outlet for the first two years after graduation. So that's an incentive for them to go into local news. We obviously like that program. 

There's also a requirement that if you're going to sell a local paper to an out-of-state entity, you have to provide I think it's 120 days notice to the community that you're going to do that to give the community a chance to make that acquisition. There are other models. California and New Mexico have scholarship, fellowship programs for local journalists. The New Jersey program, which has been around I think the longest, provides block grants for local newsrooms. And there's a bipartisan / nonpartisan committee that makes decisions on those grants. ...

There are also proposals to provide tax credits for small businesses that advertise in local news as a way to help both small businesses and local publications. I do think public policy done smartly and in a nonpartisan way can play a role in the sustainability of local news.}} 

===In sum===

Zach summarized by saying, &quot;We're really seeing a radical transformation within this industry, and a radical transformation that's really only taken place over the past two decades. The timeline here is incredibly accelerated compared to how these paradigm shifts have happened in other industries. We're seeing a lot of challenges because of that, but we're also seeing a lot of really vibrant innovation happen within the world of local news. And that means that it's a really exciting time to be in this space.&quot; 

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

===Moderating political polarization===

This discussion included the role of local journalism in moderating increases in political polarization. The polarization itself seems to be due to the desire of media outlets to segment their markets. Major organizations often benefit from segmenting markets. In media, market segmentation becomes political polarization. Plots of political polarization in the US Congress are included in the Wikiversity article on, &quot;[[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;accessed 2026-01-18.&lt;/ref&gt; Other thoughts on how to reduce this are discussed in other articles in this series, [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

===Subsidies as a percent of GDP===

The recent Illinois subsidies at $5 million per year are just under 0.0005 percent of the Illinois GDP of $1.1 trillion. That's substantially more than the 0.00008 percent of GDP for initial funding of the [[w:New Jersey Civic Information Consortium|New Jersey Civic Information Consortium]], but substantially less than the 0.21 percent of GDP provided in 1840 by the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act]] of 1792 or the 0.15 percent that McChesney and Nicols (2021, 2022) recommend or the roughly 2 percent of GDP devoted to each of accounting and advertising or the 2 percent annual growth in GDP since 1947, the end of the post-World War II recession. All this suggests we need serious statistical evaluation of such subsidies to find the best level and structure for such, as discussed in &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;accessed 2026-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Philippe Aghion, Céline Antonin, and Simon Bunel (2022) The Power of Creative Destruction: Economic Upheaval and the Wealth of Nations--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137641358}}
* &lt;!--AUTUMN BREWINGTON (2025) &quot;On Oahu, service journalism branches out&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137808865}}
* &lt;!--Maxim Flößer (2024-03-06) No local newspaper - More AfD--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125287792}}
* &lt;!--Graves and Bailey (2025)  We have to talk--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136126262}}
* &lt;!--Ed Malthouse (2020-02-11) What We’ve Learned About News Consumer Behavior: 5 Videos--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137765587}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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    <title>Conservative media are different</title>
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      <text bytes="25544" sha1="ndupdehu1xe233bpkw2k84udanib2h0" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-01-15 interview with Anthony Nadler&lt;ref name=Nadler&gt;&lt;!--Anthony Nadler--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135514734}}&lt;/ref&gt; about conservative media. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-02-07 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Anthony Nadler on how conservative media are different.webm|thumb|2026-01-30 interview of Anthony Nadler on how conservative media are different.]] 
[[File:2026-01-30 interview of Anthony Nadler about how conservative media are different.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-01-30 interview of Anthony Nadler about how conservative media are different.]]

Anthony Nadler&lt;ref name=Nadler/&gt; talks with Spencer Graves&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; about how he claims that conservative media are different. Nadler is a leading researcher on the social construction of conservative political identities in the US including how conservative media like [[w:Fox Corporation|Fox]] tell their audiences how they are routinely &quot;shamed and stigmatized by liberal elites&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Nadler and Taussig (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; cultivating self-righteous anger against the haughty, evil libs. For example, a week after the [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|attack on the US Capitol of 6 January 2001]], a conservative interviewee agreed that anyone who charged the building or entered or assaulted someone should be arrested, especially if violent, and charged with insurrection. However, this interviewee also insisted that the January 6 attack was understandable given how conservatives could be demoted or fired by a liberal manager or get a poor grade in a college class from a liberal professor.&lt;ref&gt;Nadler and Taussig (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; 

The basic theme of Nadler's work is that [[w:Conservatism|conservative]] media tend to segment media markets more on style and cultural identity with &quot;news&quot; that tends to be less consistent with other media than news from other sources. He says we need media that work harder to connect with working class humans and help their audience understand how public policies often benefit the ultra-wealthy at the expense of everyone else. 

Nadler is a communications professor at [[w:Ursinus College|Ursinus College]] in [[w:Collegeville, Pennsylvania|Collegeville, Pennsylvania]], roughly 20 miles (30 km) northwest of [[w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. His recent publications include the following: 

* Research reports:
:-(2025) &quot;The Social Construction of Right-Wing Reality&quot;, with Daron Taussig. 
:-(2022) &quot;Political Identity and the Therapeutic Work of U.S. Conservative Media&quot; 

* Op eds in the ''[[w:Los Angeles Review of Books|Los Angeles Review of Books]]'': 
:-(2025) &quot;The Left Needs Media That Competes - and wins&quot;, with Reece Peck. 
:-(2023) &quot;The Deep Story Beneath the Big Lie: The engine of the right-wing movement is a narrative about social disgrace&quot;, with Doron Taussig.  
:-(2020) &quot;The Great Anti-Left Show: Right-wing media defines itself by a caricature of what they’re against&quot;. 

* (2016) book: ''Making the News Popular: Mobilizing U.S. News Audiences''.  

* Edited volume (2020) ''News on the Right: Studying Conservative News Cultures'', co-edited with A. J. Bauer. This book consists of 13 chapters including the following: 
:-ch. 2. '“From a Christian Perspective”: News/Talk in Evangelical Mass Media' by Mark Ward Sr describes how [[w:Christian radio|Christian radio]] promotes a conservative political identity. 
:-ch. 3. 'Containing “Country Music Marxism”: How Fox News Conservatized [[w:John Rich|John Rich]]’s “[[w:Shuttin' Detroit Down|Shuttin’ Detroit Down]]”' by [[What the Left can learn from Fox|Reece Peck. (Peck was interviewed 2025-08-01]] for this Media &amp; Democracy series.) 
:-ch. 4. &quot;Weaponizing Victimhood: Discourses of Oppression and the Maintenance of Supremacy on the Right&quot; by Lee Bebout. 
:-ch. 5. &quot;NRA Media and Second Amendment Identity Politics&quot; by Dawn R. Gilpin. 
:-ch. 6. &quot;Making Media Safe for Corporate Power: Market Libertarian Discourse in the 1940s and Beyond&quot; by [[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|Victor Pickard. (Pickard was interviewed 2024-12-23]] for this series.)&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2020a).&lt;/ref&gt;
:-ch. 8. &quot;The British Right-Wing Mainstream and the European Referendum&quot; by [[w:Angela Phillips|Angela Phillips]], discusses the partisan nature of the British media and its impact on politics in the [[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], focusing especially on [[w:Brexit|Brexit]].
:-ch. 11. &quot;Slanting the News Media Bias and Its Effects&quot; by Anthony R. Dimaggio. This chapter includes quantitive comparisons of &quot;media consumption by ideology&quot;. His data documents how &quot;distrust of mass media sources was concentrated among Fox News viewers, not CNN or MSNBC viewers.&quot; This supports the claim of much of the rest of this book and other research focusing on &quot;News on the Right&quot; more generally, that Fox (and presumably other conservative media) consistently tell their audience about how the &quot;liberal elite&quot; treat conservatives with contempt, while consumption of [[w:CNN|CNN]] and [[w:MS NOW|MSNBC]] is much less predictive of the political positions of the audience. 

== Highlights == 

:''Quotes are lightly edited for readability.''

=== Views and emotions === 

Nadler said that the big question that interests him &quot;is how do people form both views and emotional attachments to the right?&quot; {{quote|

I really think that conservative media helps build views and cultivates emotional attachments. 

A lot of my research, though certainly not all of it, has been focused on interviewing conservative news consumers, mostly in my southeast [[w:Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] region. I've also interviewed some conservative editors and news producers as well. 

Starting with the views part, I think it's really important and helpful to understand that a lot of conservative media, and I think there's some exceptions here, but a lot of it, especially ... Fox News, some of the major podcasts, explain the way the world works, and why conservative positions, why Trumpist positions ... are right in a way that I think potentially could appeal to people coming from a wide range of values. 

You don't have to be rabidly xenophobic to come to some of the conclusions that they will lead you to on like restrictionist border controls based on the array of information that they're presenting. It seems that they make a lot of conservative positions seem sort of logical and reasonable through the way they select information. Sometimes people aren't truthful, but much more than misinformation or disinformation, I would emphasize, it's selective information and framing that helps lead you to that conclusion. 

And then on the emotional side, how do they cultivate emotional attachments? They tell very emotional stories. And most of the people that I have interviewed is really one thing they've wanted to talk with me about the most. And I try to see where do people get most emotionally animated? Most always when we're talking about their feelings that liberals and liberal institutions really look down on them and see them and see their communities as just sort of utter moral failures. It's not just just like they disagree on some things, they think they're wrong on some things, but that liberal institutions see their whole communities as just deeply flawed, unable to govern themselves, and in need of some kind of outside correction. That's not the only emotional story on the right. But that emotional story, I think, is just one of the most powerful.}}

=== Media literacy ===

Graves asked about [[w:media literacy|media literacy]], both looking for sources of information that could help one understand their opposition ''and'' &quot;reaching out to others with whom we may disagree and engaging them in friendly, supportive conversations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Graves and Bailey (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; Nadler replied, {{quote|

I think it's ultimately hard to imagine a cooperative and egalitarian society flourishing unless you have real thick social bonds cultivated throughout the society and bonds that include an ability to make sense of politics, make sense of public life together.}}

Graves said, &quot;That kind of turns the argument about 'we don't talk politics' on its head, right? It says we ''have to talk politics'', but with respect and humility. Nadler agreed: &quot;Yeah, polite inhibitions against politics are definitely detrimental to thriving democratic life.&quot; 

=== Social construction of right-wing reality === 

Graves asked about Nadler's research report on, &quot;The Social Construction of Right-Wing Reality&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Nadler and Taussig (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; Nadler said that he and his co-author, Doron Taussig, noted that there is a lot of research on how culture works, which says that we all depend on information gathering networks: We cannot figure out the world and what is happening on our own. Nadler and Taussig disagreed with those who claim that the dependency that people have on conservative media  for making sense of the world is pathological, starting with bad intent or resentment, and conservative media simply feeds the resentment that does already exist. Nadler and Taussig argue that we are all in rush, and conservative media operates in some of the same ways as mainstream media. 

=== Big divide not between Republicans and Democrats but between Fox and other media === 

Graves summarized statistical analyses in DiMaggio (2020), ch. 11 in Nadler and Bauer (2020), as saying that the big divide is not between Republican and Democrats but between the audiences for Fox vs. [[w:CNN| CNN]] and [[w:MS NOW|MSNBC (now MS NOW)]]. Nadler said that there has been a good bit of of research trying to understand the sources of people's attitudes about issues and their understanding of the world. Media sources are at least as useful for predicting people's attitudes as partisan identification. 

=== Identity politics === 

Graves said that the big divide in US politics seems not to be between conservative and liberal voters, Republicans and Democrats, as between the people who control most of the money for the media and the media executives and the politicians, who get most of their money from the major corporations,&lt;ref&gt;Nader (2014).&lt;/ref&gt; who are really the only &quot;people&quot; who really count.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[[w:Corporate personhood|Corporate personhood]]&quot; is a legal notion with a long history, including [[w:Corporate personhood#In the United States|in the United States]], where numerous US Supreme Court decisions have protected the rights of major corporations to spend substantial sums of money on politics. A moderately recent and controversial decision was ''[[w:Citizens United v. FEC|Citizens United v. FEC]]'' (2010).&lt;/ref&gt; Nadler said that, {{quote|

In terms of power, there's the owners and the rest of us. 

In terms of the means of mass communication, there are real differences in popular views and understandings of the world. ... I don't think that deep values are the major divide. But how do you determine somebody's deep values? I don't even think a survey is necessarily going to get at what those deep values are. ... [But] people who identify with the right really do have a very different understanding than people who identify more with the liberal or left of what's going on and what should go on in the world.}}

=== Victor Pickard ===

Graves asked about Pickard's chapter in Nadler and Bauer (2020).&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2020a).&lt;/ref&gt; Nadler said, &quot;Victor has been ... a really influential scholar telling the story of how corporate imperatives have shaped US media on, we would call it, an ideological plane. Most journalists would say they are free and independent to report based on their professional decisions. Victor details all the ways in which operating in a context that's controlled by both commercial imperatives and ultimately corporate control or ownership really shapes the way information is produced: What kinds of stories are more likely to be circulated and what kinds of stories are less likely to be circulated?&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2020b).&lt;/ref&gt; ... One study that that Victor Picard was involved in ... looked at local news in New Jersey and how much resources and how much money funds local news in different communities. They found just huge gaps between wealthier and less wealthy communities. ... I believe they found ... between 15 to 20 times the resources and funding available in the wealthiest and in the poorest communities. ... Commercial value is such a determining force, and ends up leading to incredibly unequal coverage and unequal care for different kinds of communities.&quot;

=== Media and conflict ===

Graves claims that primary drivers of every major conflict include differences in the media that different parties find credible and asked for Nadler's comment. He replied, {{quote| 

That sounds plausible to me. I shy away from absolute statements and especially from putting too much centrality on media power. Media power is limited by all sorts of other factors. ... 

We are in an era where associational life has declined in such a way that probably our media connections are even more important, or are more critical for group sense making than they were maybe in the middle of the 20th century. But yes, it sounds right. ... Mediated understandings of the world are at the heart of a lot of conflict. 

I've talked to many people who are on the right, who just make sense of the world in very different ways. ... I was talking to a woman who identified as being on the right, consumed largely right wing news sources, although not exclusively right wing news sources. And she was telling me a story about reading about an immigrant family crossing the [[w:Darién Gap|Darién Gap]], a dangerous crossing into central Panama. She literally was crying, she was so moved by the story and by the strife. I truly believe she wished the best for that family and for immigrant families as a whole. But this led her to very restrictionist enforcement policies, because she believed that Biden's open borders policy sent so many people to these terribly dangerous circumstances led by cartels to come to America to be exploited by American corporations looking for cheap labor, etc. ... Ultimately, everybody cares about humanity in general.}}

=== Polarization ===

Graves claimed that the US, [[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress|including the US Congress]], is more [[w:Political polarization|polarized politically]] than at any time since [[w:Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]] and asked Nadler's comments. Nadler replied as follows: {{quote|

There are at least two major types of polarization that political scientists talk about. One is ''issue based polarization''. Are people really polarized on different beliefs on abortion, immigration, economic policies, etc.? 

The other is what political scientists usually call ''affective polarization'', which [are] differences in feelings, affect and emotional responses to political opponents versus people who share the same political labels or sort of partisan identities. 

My understanding is that in the population at large, in the United States, there's really strong evidence for strong affective polarization among the population at large. I think the picture of issue based polarization is much murkier.

It is much easier to measure issue-based polarization than affective polarization. 

Change in media structures and the ways that people consume media matters a lot here. ... If you're looking in 1970 for instance, ... the United States is has some common reference points like the major CBS in NBC news organizations. There's actually more. Within a city or community, there were often one or two major local or regional papers that they're referencing. So there are many shared reference points. People are reading some of the same text. They are sharing some of the same culture. I don't want to either paint that as a golden era, because there was a lot that could be repressed or kept out of the news entirely. The late 1960s was an era of credible affective polarization in many ways. 

It's not simply media structures that drive it. At least on the left, you don't have the same kind of organized politicization that you had in 1960s maybe. ...}}

=== Social construction of crime ===

Graves said that around the year 2000 he did a literature search on &quot;[[w:Social constructionism|constructed reality]].&quot; He found literature on the [[w:United States incarceration rate#Editorial policies of major media|social construction of crime]], which noted that the incarceration rate [in state and federal prisons] in the US had been relatively constant at roughly 0.1 percent of the population for the 50 years between 1925 and 1975. Then it shot up by a factor of 4 or 5 over the next 25 years. The authors of that research attributed that increase to changes in the editorial policies of the major commercial broadcasters to fire nearly all the investigative journalists and replace them with the police blotter. So the public thought that crime was out of control, when there had been no substantive increase in crime. They voted in a generation of politicians promising to &quot;get tough on crime&quot;, and this was the result.&lt;ref&gt;Potter and Kapeller (1998). Sacco (1995, 2005).&lt;/ref&gt;  Nadler replied, &quot;I certainly believe there was a huge spike in incarceration rates around that era. I would think that media representations of crime play a role. I would be skeptical painting them as the primary driving force. Certainly there's political maneuvering. ... The [[w:war on drugs|war on drugs]] gets mobilized through political networks. ... Communities are sort of desperate and are not offered any resources other than heavy policing ... . There are probably a whole slew of factors that contribute to that terrible increase in the incarceration rate. Media is probably one of them, I'd be skeptical of the narrative that media is really the driving force.&quot; 

=== How loud does the watchdog bark ===

Graves asked Nadler's response to the research by Usher and Kim-Leffingwell that tallied all the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 [[w:United States federal judicial district|US Federal Court districts]] between 2003 and 2019. During that period, the number of journalists in the US fell by roughly a factor of three, between 60 and 70%, with no statistically significant impact on federal prosecutions for political corruption. Instead, they found on average 1.4 more such prosecutions per year per member of the [[w:Institute for nonprofit News|Institute for nonprofit News]] in each federal court district the previous year.&lt;ref&gt;Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; This suggests that since 2003 the investigative journalism done by major media outlets has been negligible. However, independent outlets like members of the Institute for Nonprofit News have been producing important investigative journalism. 

Nadler replied, {{quote|

If you're a newspaper, a local newspaper, and your reason for existence is to make profit, corruption investigations are challenging. You could face lawsuits. You could turn off certain advertisers. So there's not a huge incentive to invest the vast resources that it takes. ... One thing that maybe has counterbalanced that is a lot of people get into journalism because of idealism. ... But commercial journalism can sometimes produce some really good news.}} 

Graves agreed, &quot;And it has in the past, but that seems to be less true in recent decades.&quot; 

=== In sum === 

Asked for final words for the audience, Nadler said, &quot;I guess the final words, I'll talk about something that Reese Peck and I wrote about. The hope I have in the media sphere in coming from the left is that the left needs to develop media voices, media outreach to primarily non college educated, working class communities, across racial lines, across geographic lines. I see that as key to building the kind of super majority support that the left needs to make really big social changes. That's what Reece Peck and I were writing about. ... There are all sorts of barriers to that.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Nadler and Peck (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; 

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Lee Bebout (2020) Weaponizing Victimhood: Discourses of Oppression and the Maintenance of Supremacy on the Right, ch. 4 in Nadler and Bauer, eds.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137859123|publisher=in Nadler and Bauer, eds. (2020)}}
* &lt;!--Anthony R. Dimaggio (2020) &quot;Slanting the News Media Bias and Its Effects&quot;, ch. 11 in Nadler and Bauer--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137859694|publisher=in Nadler and Bauer, eds. (2020)}}
* &lt;!--Dawn R. Gilpin (2020) &quot;NRA Media and Second Amendment Identity Politics&quot;, ch. 5 in Nadler and Bauer, eds.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137859307|publisher=in Nadler and Bauer, eds. (2020)}}
* &lt;!--Graves and Bailey (2025) We have to talk--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136126262}}
* &lt;!--Ralph Nader (2014) Unstoppable: The Emerging Left-Right Alliance to Dismantle the Corporate State--&gt;{{cite Q|Q17183971}}
* &lt;!--Anthony Nadler (2016) Making the News Popular: Mobilizing U.S. News Audiences--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136280397}}
* &lt;!--Anthony Nadler (2020-10-02) &quot;The Great Anti-Left Show&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137857191}}
* &lt;!--Anthony Nadler (2022) &quot;Political Identity and the Therapeutic Work of U.S. Conservative Media&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137857770}}
* &lt;!--Anthony Nadler and A. J. Bauer, eds. (2020) News on the Right: Studying Conservative News Cultures--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137842210|author=Anthony Nadler and A. J. Bauer, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Anthony Nadler and Reece Peck (2025-03) &quot;The Left Needs Media That Competes - and wins&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135514015}}
* &lt;!--Anthony Nadler and Doron Taussig (2023-08-16) &quot;The Deep Story Beneath the Big Lie: The engine of the right-wing movement is a narrative about social disgrace, according to Anthony Nadler and Doron Taussig--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137858514}}
* &lt;!--Anthony Nadler and Doron Taussig (2025) &quot;The Social Construction of Right-Wing Reality&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137857779}}
* &lt;!--Reece Peck (2020) 'Containing “Country Music Marxism”: How Fox News Conservatized John Rich’s “Shuttin’ Detroit Down”'--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137858928|publisher=in Nadler and Bauer, eds. (2020)}}
* &lt;!--Angela Phillips (2020) &quot;The British Right-Wing Mainstream and the European Referendum&quot;, ch. 8 in Nadler and Bauer--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137859529|publisher=in Nadler and Bauer, eds. (2020)}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2020a) &quot;Making Media Safe for Corporate Power: Market Libertarian Discourse in the 1940s and Beyond&quot;, ch. 6 in Nadler and Bauer--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137859332|publisher=in Nadler and Bauer, eds. (2020)|date=2020a}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2020b) Democracy without journalism? : confronting the misinformation society--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398359|date=2020b}}
* &lt;!--Gary W. Potter and Victor E. Kappeler (1998) Constructing Crime: Perspectives on Making News and Social Problems--&gt;{{cite Q|Q96343487}}
* &lt;!--Vincent Sacco (1995) &quot;Media Constructions of Crime&quot;, ch. 2 in Potter and Kapeller (1998)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56805896}}
* &lt;!--Vincent Sacco (2005) When Crime Waves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q96344789}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Mark Ward Sr (2020) &quot;“From a Christian Perspective”: News/Talk in Evangelical Mass Media&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137858861|publisher=in Nadler and Bauer, eds. (2020)}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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    <title>Underserved serve themselves with low-power FM</title>
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        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
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      <text bytes="6377" sha1="7ksx0umhzhbfnhawre3gffcr2963glm" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-02-12 interview with Paul Bame&lt;ref name=Bame&gt;&lt;!--Paul Bame--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138057986}}&lt;/ref&gt; on how &quot;Underserved serve themselves with low-power FM&quot;. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-02-21 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Underserved serve themselves with low-power FM.webm|thumb|2026-02-12 interview of Paul Bame on how underserved serve themselves with low-power FM.]]
[[File:Underserved serve themselves with low-power FM.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-02-12 interview with Paul Bame on how underserved serve themselves with low-power FM.]]

Paul Bame,&lt;ref name=Bame/&gt; a volunteer broadcast engineer with the [[w:Prometheus Radio Project|Prometheus Radio Project]],&lt;ref name=Prometheus&gt;&lt;!--Prometheus Radio Project--&gt;{{cite Q|Q7249732}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses how underserved communities serve themselves with [[w:Low-power broadcasting|low-power FM]] and other Prometheus activities. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
 
The Prometheus Radio Project was founded in 1998 in [[w:Philadelphia |Philadelphia]], [[w:Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], by supporters of the unlicensed &quot;Radio Mutiny&quot; station after the US [[w:Federal Communications Commission|Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) shut down their station. The Prometheus mission statement says they build &quot;participatory radio as a tool for social justice organizing and a voice for community expression. To that end, we demystify media policy and technology, advocate for a more just media system, and help grassroots organizations build communications infrastructure to strengthen their communities and movements.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See &quot;Mission, Vision and Values&quot; under &quot;About Us&quot; on &lt;!--Prometheus Radio Project--&gt;{{cite Q|Q7249732}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2003 they initiated ''[[w:Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC|Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC]]'', a series of lawsuits that made it harder for the FCC to relax media outlet ownership regulations.

The Prometheus Radio Project has been a leader in helping communities create new low-power FM stations. This includes helping them through the application process, obtaining the equipment and getting the station on the air. They call the final step a &quot;[[w:Prometheus Radio Project#Barnraisings|radio barnraising]]&quot;, where humans from diverse locations come together to build a studio, raise an antenna mast, and achieve first broadcast in three days. The name comes from the rural &quot;Barn raising&quot; tradition. The Wikipedia article on &quot;Prometheus Radio Project&quot; lists eleven &quot;community radio barnraisings&quot; in the US from [[w:Spokane, Washington|Spokane, Washington]], to [[w:Immokalee, Florida|Immokalee, Florida]], and from [[w:Oroville, California|Oroville, California]], to [[w:Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth, New Hampshire]]. They have also helped groups in [[w:Guatemala|Guatemala]], [[w:Nepal|Nepal]], [[w:Colombia|Colombia]], [[w:Jordan|Jordan]], [[w:Kenya|Kenya]], and [[w:Tanzania|Tanzania]] get on the air.

Bame encourages all to look for low-power FM stations and support them. Give them feedback about what you like and what can be improved and maybe volunteer if they accept volunteers. [https://radio-locator.com/ Radio-Locator.com]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Radio-Locator--&gt;{{cite Q|Q67799625}} can help find radio stations near you, including low-power FM stations. A search for Kansas City, Missouri, on this tool on 2026-02-12 reported that, &quot;There are 84 radio stations that may be within distant listening range of
Kansas City, Missouri. (39° 04' 35&quot; N, 94° 33' 19&quot; W)&quot; Of those, 6 were labeled &quot;(LPFM)&quot;. When this was done three days later, Radio-Locator.com only found 83 radio stations in that range of which only 5 were LPFM: 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
! Call Sign !! FM Freq. !! Dist., mi. !! Signal strength !! City !! Format
|-
| KLHW || 90.5 || 10.2 || 2 || Kansas City, MO || Religious
|- 
| KPPZ || 98.5 || 11.2 || 5 || Kansas City, MO || Rhythmic Oldies
|- 
| KONN || 100.1 || 1.2 || 5 || Kansas City, MO || Variety
|- 
| KOJH || 100.5 || 1.0 || 5 || Kansas City, MO || Jazz
|- 
| KCGG || 100.7 || 8.3 || 3 || Kansas City, KS || Spanish Christian
|}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

&lt;!--== Bibliography ==--&gt;

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Radio]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
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    <title>Concerns about media, especially in Germany</title>
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      <text bytes="15216" sha1="a26216f9s4thgt1ww4g10tjuagivfq6" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-02-26 interview with {{interlanguage link|Stephan Russ-Mohl|de}}&lt;ref name=RussMohl&gt;&lt;!--Stephan Russ-Mohl--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2343781}}&lt;/ref&gt; on concerns about media, especially comparing Germany and the US. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-03-07 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Concerns about media, especially in Germany.webm|thumb|2026-02-27 interview with Stephan Russ-Mohl sharing concerns about media, especially in comparing Germany and the US.]]
[[File:Concerns about media, especially in Germany.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-02-26 interview with Stephan Russ-Mohl sharing concerns about media, especially comparing Germany and the US.]]

Communications professor {{interlanguage link|Stephan Russ-Mohl|de}}&lt;ref name=RussMohl/&gt; shares concerns about media, especially comparing Germany and the US. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Russ-Mohl is a prolific journalist, researcher and professor [[w:Emeritus|emeritus]] at the [[w:University of Lugano|University of Lugano]] in the Italian-speaking portion of [[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]]. He specializing in [[w:quality assurance|quality assurance]] and [[w:quality management|quality management]] in [[w:mass media|mass media]] focusing primarily but not exclusively on Germany. Between 1985 and 2001 he was primarily based at the [[w:Free University of Berlin|Free University of Berlin]]. Between 2002 and 2018 he served primarily on the faculty at the University of Lugano. He has also had [[w:Sabbatical|sabbatical]]s at the [[w:University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin–Madison]] and at [[w:Stanford University|Stanford]] in the US and at the [[w:European University Institute|European University Institute]] in [[w:Florence|Florence]], [[w:Italy|Italy]]. He has published primarily in German but some in English, and some of his work has been translated into many other languages. 

In a 2023 book on &quot;''Deep Journalism''&quot;, Russ-Mohl and co-editor Sebastian Turner described four categories of media based on people's willingness to pay:&lt;ref&gt;Turner and Russ-Mohl (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; 

# '''Job-related information''', where people pay to improve their abilities at work. 
# '''Consumer markets''', where people pay to help them get more value from what they buy. 
# '''Entertainment'''. 
# '''Politics and public life''', where willingness to pay is low,  because most individuals are &quot;[[w:Rational ignorance|rationally ignorant]]&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Downs (1957).&lt;/ref&gt; as their ability to influence public policy is limited. 

He has also written with Susanne Fengler&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Susanne Fengler--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2369192}}&lt;/ref&gt; about &quot;The (Behavioral) Economics of Media Accountability&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ruß-Mohl and Fengler (2014).&lt;/ref&gt; In this, they describe &quot;the journalist as ''[[w:Homo economicus|Homo oeconomicus]]'', citing [[w:Amos Tversky|Amos Tversky]], [[w:Daniel Kahneman|Daniel Kahneman]], and others in [[w:behavioral economics|behavioral economics]]. In 2024 he published a chapter on &quot;Strengths and Weaknesses of Corona Coverage&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Russ-Mohl (2024a).&lt;/ref&gt; in a book on ''Corona and the mass media''.&lt;ref&gt;Gräf and Hennig (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Shortly after the 2024 US presidential election, he discussed, &quot;The media power of billionaires&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Russ-Mohl (2024b).&lt;/ref&gt; Ten months after Trump's second inauguration, he noted that, &quot;Donald Trump manages to dominate the global media landscape even in his second term&quot;, then asked &quot;How does he do it? And what should journalists do about it?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Russ-Mohl (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Highlights== 

Among other things, Professor Russ-Mohl noted that {{quote|

In Germany, everybody has to pay a license fee, and this means that the public broadcasters, mainly the two public television networks, have 10 billion US dollars every year,&lt;ref&gt;10 billion = 0.2 percent of Germany's 2025 nominal GDP of 5 trillion USD.&lt;/ref&gt; and the way they are spending this cash is, unfortunately, in many cases, not as is foreseen by the media laws. It's rather spent for entertainment. It's spent for a huge increasing bureaucracy and, unfortunately, credibility of public media is decreasing about as fast as that of private media. ... And half of the audience is very unhappy with how the money is spent, and the other half is quite content. To change that, we will probably need in Germany a boycott of the license fee. The system may be moving in that direction, as our right Populist Party has become the strongest party in the country after the most recent federal election.&lt;ref&gt;Many humans find local news more credible than major media. Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2023) found that each member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN) in a US federal court district one year was associated with 1.4 more prosecutions for political corruption the following year between 2003 and 2019. Most members of INN are local news nonprofits. During that period, the number of journalists in the US fell by roughly a factor of 3 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- with no statistically significant impact on prosecutions for political corruption. This is consistent with the comment by the Executive Director of the Kansas Press Association that Kansans complain about &quot;fake&quot; news&quot;, but ''NOT'' their local newspaper with they love, Some may comment that the editor has wacky ideas, but they don't read the editorial page. See Bradbury et al. (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Russ-Mohl discussed what he calls &quot;deep journalism&quot; to describe the emergence of niche publications of small groups of journalists specializing providing specialized news for people doing business with China or Africa, and are willing to pay for information that is no longer as readily available from traditional outlets like the [[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]. Stories that are sufficiently important will leak from those specialty publications into the general press.&lt;ref&gt;Russ-Mohl was ''not'' asked how to avoid the problem of the 2007-2009 [[w:Great Recession|Great Recession]], which was predicted in nontraditional outlets but not in the major financial press, which have conflicts of interest in honestly reporting on that, as documented in the 2025-05-21 interview in this series, titled, &quot;[[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to his earlier book on &quot;deep journalism&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Turner and Russ-Mohl (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; he is working on a new book on that topic, surveying experts in different countries, hoping that all can benefit, learning from each other.&lt;ref&gt;The new book will be in English, unlike Turner and Russ-Mohl (2023), which is in German.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Russ-Mohl also described another big problem, that journalism is very much focusing on political and sports coverage. Its coverage of science, economics, business, and the media itself is getting more and more horrible.We have ever fewer specialists. These problems to contribute to a credibility gap, which journalism should still fight but has not found the means to do so.

Russ-Mohl also noted that [[w:confirmation bias|confirmation bias]] plays an unfortunate role in creating [[w:Filter bubble|filter bubble]]s and in people's willingness to pay for news. &quot;If you are partisan in a specific conflict, you will have a bias against media who are trying to find out what's going to happen, what's what's happening objectively and who are trying to provide a balanced picture. This is a major problem in a war including,&lt;ref&gt;Russ-Mohl recommended Dohle (2021 - in German citing sources mostly in English) and Vallone et al. (1985).&lt;/ref&gt; for example, in Ukraine and Russia&lt;ref&gt;A cover story in the 2023-03 issue of ''[[w:Le Monde diplomatique|Le Monde diplomatique]]'' complained, &quot;One year after the invasion of Ukraine, a debacle of journalism: The media, vanguard of the war party&quot;: Halimi and Rimbert (2023). For a poem inspired by this news, see Graves (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; and in Israel and Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;Differences between the media consumed by supporters of Israel and Palestine are discussed in the 2025-11-20 interview with University of Denver journalism professor Kareem El Damanhoury on &quot;[[Differences between media outlets including coverage of Gaza]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

He said that to be successful, journalists should study [[w:Behavioral economics|behavioral economics]]. When asked for his favorite reference on behavioral economics for journalists, he said, &quot;that is actually the book which I still would like to write and haven't written yet&quot;, then added that [[w:Rolf Dobelli|Rolf Dobelli]] has a wonderful book on that topic.&lt;ref&gt;Dobelli (2014). See also Ariely (2009, 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; 

When asked about [[w:News desert|news desert]]s, Russ-Mohl agreed that news deserts are problems contributing to political corruption because of the lack of oversight of government operations. He noted that the [[w:Fourth Estate|Fourth Estate]] provides a vital function in political economy of discouraging [[w:Political corruption|political corruption]]. He added that the global maps of press freedom and political corruption produced by [[w:Reporters Without Borders|Reporters Without Borders]] and [[w:Transparency International|Transparency International]], respectively, are nearly identical, with the sole exception of [[w:Singapore|Singapore]], which has very low press freedom but minimal corruption. Graves noted that these are actually ''perceived'' freedom and corruption; it may not be feasible to quantify the actual levels of freedom and corruption. Russ-Mohl agreed and added that that is an important distinction. 

Russ-Mohl has also written about the media power of billionaires as a threat to democracy. An interesting case is [[w:Silvio Berlusconi|Silvio Berlusconi]], a successful Italian businessman and media mogul, who serve three terms as Prime Minister between 1994 and 2011 totaling 9 years.&lt;ref&gt;For those who read Italian, Russ-Mohl recommended the biography of Berlusconi by Mazzoleni &amp; Anna Sfardini (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; Russ-Mohl said that Trump has learned a lot from Berlusconi, apparently copying his brash, populist style and ability to dominate the news media. 

To deal with these issues, Russ-Mohl recommends everyone, especially youth, work to improve their media literacy: Stay skeptical and try to find out what's really going on by checking different news sources. And don't even believe the fact checkers, because some of the fact checkers are also ideologically working as as activists instead of trying to serve you. To stay informed, you have to invest time and money.

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Dan Ariely (2009) Predictably Irrational--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138567732}}
* &lt;!--Dan Ariely (2012) The Honest Truth about Dishonesty--&gt;{{cite Q|Q20926312}}
* &lt;!--Emily Bradbury, Karl Brooks, Spencer Graves (2024-07-23) &quot;Kansas Newspapers: Challenges and opportunities&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138560766}}
* &lt;!--Rolf Dobelli (2014) The Art of Thinking Clearly--&gt;{{cite Q|Q105703397}}
* &lt;!--Marco Dohle (2021) Hostile-Media-Effekt--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138567533}}
* &lt;!--Anthony Downs (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q482418}}
* &lt;!--Fengler et al. (2104)  Journalists and Media Accountability: An International Study of News People in the Digital Age--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138414279|authors=Fengler et al., eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Dennis Gräf and Martin Hennig, eds. (2024-10-23) Corona und mediale Öffentlichkeiten--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138414760|authors=Dennis Gräf and Martin Hennig, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Spencer Graves (2023-05-04) &quot;One year after the invasion of Ukraine: The media, vanguard of the war party&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138556541}}
* &lt;!-- Serge Halimi and Pierre Rimbert (2023-03) &quot;Un an après l'invasion de l'Ukraine, une débâcle du journalisme: Les médias, avant-guarde du parti de la guerre&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q118225389}}
* &lt;!--Gianpietro Mazzoleni &amp; Anna Sfardini (2009) Politica pop. Da «Porta a porta» a «L'isola dei famosi»--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138567394}}* &lt;!--Stephan Ruß-Mohl and Susanne Fengler (2014) &quot;The (Behavioral) Economics of Media Accountability&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138414323}}
* &lt;!--Stephan Russ-Mohl (2024-10-23) &quot;Stärken und Schwächen der Berichterstattung über Corona&quot;, ch. 7 in Gräf und Hennig--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138414659|date=2024a}} 
* &lt;!-- Stephan Russ-Mohl (2024-11-29) &quot;Die Medienmacht der Milliardäre&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138416714|date=2024b}}
* &lt;!--Stephan Russ-Mohl (2025-11-13) &quot;Wie Trump alle Kanäle dominiert&quot;, Die Furche--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138416801}}
* &lt;!--Sebastian Turner and Stephan Ruß-Mohl, eds. (2023) Deep Journalism: Domänenkompetenz als redaktioneller Erfolgsfaktor--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138414099|authors=Sebastian Turner and Stephan Russ-Mohl, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Robert P. Vallone, Lee Ross, and Mark Lepper (1985-09-01) &quot;The hostile media phenomenon: biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q34200202}}

[[Category:Media in Europe]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Radio]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
[[Category:Germany]]
&lt;!--list of categories
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      <text bytes="28601" sha1="8bouj3p6lizna4phit4gtroc3823o08" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-03-12 interview with communications professor Bill Yousman&lt;ref name=Yousman&gt;&lt;!--Bill Yousman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138604097}}&lt;/ref&gt; on media literacy. The podcast was released 2026-03-21 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Media literacy to dispel myths and improve public policy.webm|thumb|Media literacy to dispel myths and improve public policy per Sacred Heart University communications professor Bill Yousman]]
[[File:Media literacy to dispel myths and improve public policy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from an interview conducted 2026-03-12 of Bill Yousman by Spencer Graves about media literacy to dispel myths and improve public policy]]

Communications professor Bill Yousman&lt;ref name=Yousman/&gt; discusses media literacy and dispelling myths about public policy. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Yousman is a professor of communications in the School of Communication, Media &amp; the Arts in [[w:Sacred Heart University|Sacred Heart University]] in [[w:Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport, Connecticut]]. Two of his research reports have appeared in [[w:Project Censored|Project Censored]]'s annuals for 2017 and 2025: 

* &quot;Eleven theses on disinformation (with apologies to Karl Marx)&quot; (2025)&lt;ref&gt;Yousman (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &quot;Who's afraid of critical media literacy?&quot; (2017).&lt;ref&gt;Yousman (2016).&lt;/ref&gt; 

In a section of a book scheduled to appear later this year, he quotes a 2021 tweet from conservative activist [[w:Christopher Rufo|Christopher Rufo]] that, “We have successfully frozen their brand—‘critical race theory’—into the public conversation and are steadily driving up negative perceptions. We will eventually turn it toxic, as we put all of the various cultural insanities under that brand category. ... The goal is to have the public read something crazy in the newspaper and immediately think 'critical race theory.' We have decodified the term and will recodify it to annex the entire range of cultural constructions that are unpopular with Americans.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Yousman (forthcoming).&lt;/ref&gt;  

Others of his publications relevant to the current discussion include the following: 

* '&quot;[IN]JUSTICE ROLLS DOWN LIKE WATER. . .&quot;: Challenging White Supremacy in Media Constructions of Crime and Punishment'.&lt;ref&gt;Yousman (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Challenging the media-incarceration complex through media education&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Yousman (2013a).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Prime Time Prisons on U.S. TV: Representation of Incarceration'' (2009).&lt;ref&gt;Yousman (2009).&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Spike Lee Enigma: Challenge and Incorporation in Media Culture'' (2013).&lt;ref&gt;Yousman (2013b).&lt;/ref&gt;  

And he is a co-editor of ''Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Reader'',&lt;ref&gt;Yousman et al. (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; a widely used collection of research reports on issues of power, identity, and ideology in popular culture.

He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.

== Highlights == 

=== Misinformation vs. disinformation ===

Yousman began by saying that, {{quote| 

critical media literacy is really more than an essential skill in today's media environment, and that what's needed is a way of understanding the role that media play in shaping our understanding of the world and learning how to discern the difference between reliable information and unreliable information, being able to discern between sensationalistic imagery and factual content, being able to think about the way that media play a role in shaping our consciousness and realizing some of the failures that have occurred over the decades and even more now, in the type of media environment that we're living in today. ...

My recent research has turned in the direction of disinformation. I usually start by trying to distinguish between misinformation and disinformation: 

* Misinformation is just simply mistaken ideas that people hold They may spread them on, but they don't realize that what they're spreading isn't accurate ... . 
* Disinformation is more sort of a subset of propaganda, in that it is messages that are deliberately engineered to deceive people, to create false realities, to make them believe things that either are simply not true or start with a nugget of truth and then, and then distort it. ...

In today's environment, it's more of an issue than ever before, because of the existence of social media, because of the way that now every single one of us can be a media producer. We carry media production devices around with us in our pockets, and it's really, really easy to disseminate things and have them take off. ... 

It's not just isolated individuals in their basements who are doing this, but this is now happening at the highest levels of power in governments across the world. Talking just about the US, because that's where I'm located, a lot of the disinformation that is coming at us is coming at us from the presidential administration. It's coming at us from the people who are actually in positions of power in our society ... .  His advisor, Steve Bannon, said that he admitted this, that that that their idea, their their method, is to flood the zone with ... excrement and then people can't keep up with all of it. ...

In terms of historical context, you know that the journalist [[w:Eric Alterman|Eric Alterman]], a few years ago, published a book called I think it was all presidents lie, or why presidents lie.&lt;ref&gt;Alterman (2004).&lt;/ref&gt; But then he published a new edition of it with the subtitle ''and why Trump is worse''.&lt;ref&gt;Alterman (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== Social media make money by increasing anger and hate ===

Graves noted that, &quot;In August of 2024 I interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Francis Haugen]], who said, 'The shortest path to a click is anger or hate.'&quot;

Yousman agreed. &quot;Absolutely. ... The whole strategy of the social media companies is to keep us on their sites as much as they can, because that's how they make their money. Right from from our exposure to the advertising, just like other forms of commercial media, we can't lose sight of the fact that social media is also a type of commercial media, and so they make money by engagement. They have found through their own research that ... inflammatory kind of material, sensationalistic material, anger driven material, is what's going to get the most clicks, the most views. That's going to keep people the most involved on their site. They know this. Their own internal reports and investigations have have revealed this. And so their algorithm is designed to push that sort of content at us.&quot;

=== The need for critical media literacy education === 

Graves then asked what he recommended individuals do to protect themselves. 

Yousman replied, {{quote|

I think this is where critical media literacy education comes comes into play. And I think the first part that we have to start with is that we don't really have extensive media education in America's schools. ...  

It actually needs to start in K through 12. It's never too early to start explaining to people, teaching them how to properly use the media that they're a wash with. You can start to do this even with really, really young kids by [asking] ... &quot;What's the difference between this advertisement for a toy and then, what does this toy actually look like when you take it home and open it up from the package?&quot; ... 

That's a really elementary thing, but you can do it with very young children. Then as they progress through their schooling, you adapt the lessons to reach their level of knowledge and their level of maturity. 

I think we should be working as a society toward making that a regular part of the curriculum in all of our schools. ... 

I think every college and university should have a mandatory media literacy course as part of their core curriculum, their general education requirements.}}

=== Countering confirmation bias ===

Graves asked what Yousman recommends to counter [[w:confirmaiton bias|confirmation bias]]? 

Yousman replied, {{quote|

I'm not a psychologist. That's that's not my background. My background is in media studies. 

But ... confirmation bias is that we are more likely to accept ideas that we are already prone to believe than we are ideas that challenge the way we think. 

So people who are listening to this show right now, if the things that I'm saying seem to them to fit the way they've already been thinking, then they're going to say, &quot;Oh, wow, this guy's really smart. He knows what he's talking about. This, this, this is great.&quot; But if they don't, &quot;This guy's a hack, ... he's a loony. He doesn't know what he's talking about.&quot;

I see this all the time in my own classes. ... I get a mixed bag of students who come from very conservative families to liberal families, to students who are just completely checked out of the political environment whatsoever. If I talk to them about liberal or conservative or Republican or Democrat, it doesn't even register with them.  

But you students from very conservative families who come into my classes might automatically reject any criticism that I might have of the Trump administration. They automatically push it out of their head because it doesn't confirm the biases that they already hold. 

When Biden was president, students from liberal or democratic families might do the same thing with any criticism that I would offer of that administration. ...

I think part of where our education needs to go is making people aware of that and encouraging them to look at information from across the ideological spectrum, to look at information that's coming from different international perspectives, that's coming from different sort of groups in our society, and weigh all of that so that they can get sort of a fuller picture. ... 

It's not that they have to accept everything that they hear ... but to be open to it and to consider it and weigh it. ...

What's important is not to complain about media bias but to see what's behind that bias. ... [Y]ou're watching Fox News, fine, but understand that's coming from a very, very conservative perspective. Keep that in mind when you hear what they're talking about. 

And the same thing applies if you're reading ''[[w:The Nation| The Nation]]'' magazine. ... It's not that all of these perspectives are equal, but that they all are going to represent a different perspective, a different view of the world, and check to see if their facts are accurate.}}

=== Rules of evidence in the court of public opinion ===

Graves noted that, &quot;it occurred to me that the rules of evidence in the court of public opinion is whatever will most please the people who control most of the money for the media.&quot;

Yousman responded, {{quote|

We have to put money into the picture. One of the things that I think has to be a part of a critical media literacy perspective is what's known as the political economy of the media. Work by people, in that vein, people like the late [[w:Robert W. McChesney|Robert McChesney]] or [[w:Edward S. Herman|Edward Herman]] or [[w:Ben Bagdikian|Ben Bagdikian]] has been very influential on my research and my teaching, because what that perspective has has taught us is that money is always going to play a crucial role in determining what media gets suppressed, and what media actually ends up in front of us on our television screens, on our laptop screens, on our phones, in the newspapers. Most of the media we consume is created by [[w:For-profit corporation|for-profit corporation]]s whose primary goal, and sometimes their only goal, is whatever will increase their profits. ... 

Several years ago, the [[w:Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[w:The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], at that time, [[w:Michael Eisner|Michael Eisner]] -- Disney is one of the world's biggest media corporations that's involved not just in children's media but across the media spectrum, news, sports, etc. The CEO of that company in a memo that was really meant just for their own shareholders admitted this: He said that the only goal of that corporation was to make a profit. ...  

This wasn't a critic saying it. It was the CEO of the company. ... I think that's always the case. That's the case with [[w:Facebook|Facebook]].  That's the case with [[w:X (social network)|X, what used to be called Twitter]]. That's the case with the entire social media spectrum, in addition to the news industry and the television industry and the film industry. The only exceptions to that are smaller, independent, nonprofit media like the sites that that you create content for.}}

=== Disconfirmation bias === 

Graves said that one of the things that has driven him since his years in the [[w:United States Air Force|US Air Force]] in the 60s during the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]], is actually a ''disconfirmation bias'': What do my designated enemies and adversaries have to say about this? Maybe I ought to know something about that and not accept the claims like President [[w:George W. Bush|George W. Bush]] talked about &quot;Why do they hate us?&quot; 

Yousman agreed: {{quote|
I think that's absolutely right. I think it's all tied with this idea that our media environment always includes propaganda. 
Who are the most effective at spreading propaganda? It's people with power ... .
It is important to not only look at our own biases and when the media we use might be flattering them, but also to look at what might be the problems and the issues of the people who are offering challenging perspectives, perspectives that challenge the way we see the world and think about, you know, whether it has any merit, or whether it really is, you know, a type of propaganda. 

Your example of George W. Bush after [[w:September 11 attacks|9/11]] saying they hate us for our freedoms.&lt;ref&gt;Bush (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; You know what? There were a lot of complicated relationships between the US and the Middle East that has resulted in the anger and the hatred that's directed at us from those nations, including right now in the current congress.}} 

=== Local news nonprofits ===
Graves mentioned the Usher and Kim-Leffingwell study that found that local news nonprofits added 1.4 additional prosecutions for political corruption in each federal court jurisdiction the following year between 2003 and 2016, while the number of journalists nationwide fell by a factor of three, between 60 and 70 percent, with no impact on prosecution for political corruption.&lt;ref&gt;Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Yousman replied, {{quote|

Local news is crucial. One of the things that has happened as smaller media companies have been bought up by these giant mega corporations is they've turned their news divisions over to the larger corporation. It used to be considered normal that the news division would run at a loss. It wasn't required to be a source of profit for the companies. 

But as they've gotten absorbed into these larger, larger corporate structures, that is less and less the case. They expect news to be a huge generator of profit, just like entertainment. ... These newspaper chains ... have eliminated so many jobs. They've closed small newspapers. There really is a dearth of local news that is so crucial. 

Local news television is still watched by a lot of people. But unfortunately, and this has been a case for a long time, television local news tends to focus on crime, related to my earlier research, research agenda. You know that old phrase, &quot;If it bleeds, it leads.&quot; You know that they're gonna open the broadcast with some, you know, terrible stabbing that happened. Even if it's five cities over. Or a fire or an arrest or something of that nature. ...

I think we need more support and economic resources for local newspapers, local news oriented websites, that sort of thing.}} 

=== Citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits ===

Graves replied, &quot;You mentioned Robert McChesney. He suggested that 0.15 percent of GDP be distributed to local news nonprofits with a firewall to prevent political interference.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022)&lt;/ref&gt; 

Yousman agreed, &quot;Fantastic idea, obvious.&quot; 

Graves continued, &quot;The devil's in the details. How do you get a firewall that is actually effective?&quot; 

Yousman agreed, &quot;Yeah, you need regulatory bodies that are not beholden to any particular political party, ... but I think it has to start with the funding, because without the funding, you can't do anything.&quot; 

Graves continued, &quot;I interviewed [[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|University of Pennsylvania media Professor Victor Picard]], who has recommended local multimedia centers possibly managed by boards of directors that were more or less selected at random, like jury duty. And they serve for relatively short terms, and they have regular meetings to give the journalists face to face with their local populace, who have concerns they want to address.&quot;

Yousman replied, {{quote|
Victor Picard is a great political economy of the media scholar, someone who I know personally, and who studied with McChesney, and who I think ... now that Bob is sadly gone, I think he's the person who is most carrying on that legacy. I think his work is fantastic. ... 

It would start with local media, where there are regular public hearings, and people can come in and talk about what issues aren't being covered, what's important, what biases have they seen. And these happen in public hearings. 

And they should be televised. That should be part of what a local local television station is required to do as part of their [[w:Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] granted license.}}

=== Christopher Rufo and criticial race theory ===

Graves then noted that, &quot;In a section of a forthcoming book, you quote conservative activist [[w:Christopher Rufo|Christopher Rufo]] as having tweeted that, 'We have successfully frozen their brand [[w:Critical race theory|critical race theory]] into the public conversation and are steadily driving up negative perceptions. We will eventually turn it toxic.&quot;

Yousman replied, {{quote|

Yeah. Christopher Rufo is one of a number of far right activists who have been really effective at using media. We now live in an era where I think the right actually understand media much more than the left. ... 

It actually started with radio, all the far right talk radio, the [[w:Rush Limbaugh|Rush Limbaugh]]'s and all the people who came after that. And now they're also using social media. Rufo has sort of made a career for himself of challenging what he considers leftist ideology. 


And you know, one of the things that he went on the attack about was so-called critical race theory, pretending that it's being taught in public schools, which it is not, pretending that it was a set of ideas that were actually discriminatory against white people, casting all white people as oppressors, designed to make white people feel bad about themselves, designed to tear people apart and polarize them. All of that is just disinformation about what critical race theory really is. 

Critical race theory is a set of ideas emerging first in law schools in the 1970s and still primarily only taught in law schools or in some higher education programs, and even then not very widespread. But that he effectively made that an issue that could become part of a political campaign ... against, quote, [[w:Woke|wokeness]].  

And it then became very much a part of the Trump administration's push for 2024. ... Legislating against the instruction of critical race theory in schools was part of his platform. 

And then, shortly after taking office, he signed all these executive orders related to that. And then Rufo came back, and in subsequent tweets, has said 'We've successfully destroyed critical race theory. Now we're going after [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|DEI, diversity, equity and inclusion]].}}

=== 2026 Iran war === 

Graves then asked if Yousman had any comments on the current [[w:2026 Iran war|US attacks on Iran]]? 

Yousman replied, {{quote|

Yeah. ... Trump ran both times on the idea that he was an anti-war candidate. And ... supposedly, there are eight wars that he stopped. But what really are they? And he thought he deserved the [[w:Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Peace Prize]]. And it was always propaganda. ... 

This is following right along with the [[w:Neoconservatism|neoconservative strategy]] coming before 911 and then being supercharged by 911. In neocon circles after the disastrous invasion of Iraq, a common phrase that was bandied about was, 'Anybody can go into Baghdad. Real men go into Tehran.'&lt;ref&gt;Ahmad (2026). This article by Ahmad appeared 2026-01-26, thirty-three days before 2026-02-28, when &quot;Israel and the United States launched surprise airstrikes on multiple sites and cities across Iran, killing Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and numerous other Iranian officials.&quot;, according to the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:2026 Iran war|2026 Iran war]]&quot;, accessed 2026-03-15.&lt;/ref&gt; They've been talking about this for three decades now, and so we're now seeing it unfold. It is a case study in disinformation.}}

=== Project Censored === 


Graves then noted that two of Yousman's articles and were featured in the 2017 in the 2025 annual reports by [[w:Project Censored|Project Censored]] of the most under reported stories of the year. 

Yousman replied, &quot;Project Censored is a great organization. I'm good friends with Mickey Huff, who has run it for many years,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Mickey Huff--&gt;{{cite Q|Q104530435}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Andy Lee Roth, who is a key figure,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andy Lee Roth--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138605121}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Shealeigh Voitl,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Shealeigh Voitl--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138605213}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:Nolan Higdon|Nolan Higdon]], Steve Macek,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Steve Macek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133651865}}&lt;/ref&gt; Robin Andersen,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Robin Andersen--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132982358}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allison Butler.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Allison Butler--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132918386}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

These are people that I work closely with. But aside from my own relationships with them, I think they are objectively a really great organization that's been around for a long time, and they've done tremendous work. Their mission is just like you said. They call themselves &quot;Project Censored&quot;, and what they really mean is they track the most ignored or under reported stories across the media environment on a wide number of issues, whether it's economics, foreign affairs, wars, the environment. And they go out and they research this every year, using alternative media sites, independent media, to try to look at what stories that the people should know about they don't know enough about because that you're not going to see them featured on the ''[[w:CBS Evening News|CBS Evening News]].'' 

=== The need for critical media literacy education ===

When asked for final words for the audience, Yousman replied, &quot;I think the last thing I would say would be just like where I started: Critical media literacy education is so important for students. ... Try to find those courses if you're a college student to pursue this. For parents who are listening, try to talk to your local school boards about the importance of this. Anybody who works with local governments try to get this on their legislative calendar.&quot; 

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Junaid S. Ahmad (2026-01-16) &quot; “Real men go to Tehran” — The Zion-Con fantasy of regime change in Iran&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138679702}}
* &lt;!--Eric Alterman (2004)  When presidents lie : a history of official deception and its consequences--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138679150}}
* &lt;!--Eric Alterman (2020)  Lying in State: Why Presidents Lie - And Why Trump Is Worse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138679460}}
* &lt;!--George W. Bush (2001-09-20)  Freedom and Fear Are at War--&gt;{{cite Q|Q19036080}}
* &lt;!--Stephen J. Hartnett, Eleanor Novek, and Jennifer K. Wood (2013) Working for Justice: A Handbook of Prison Education and Activism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136280770|authors=Stephen J. Hartnett, Eleanor Novek, and Jennifer K. Wood, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Mickey Huff and Andy Lee Roth (2016) Censored 2017--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138605277|authors=Mickey Huff and Andy Lee Roth, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Mickey Huff, Shealeigh Voitl, and Andy Lee Roth (2024-12-03) Project Censored's State of the Free Press 2025--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138605043|authors=Mickey Huff, Shealeigh Voitl, and Andy Lee Roth, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Rebecca Ann Lind (2026, forthcoming)  Race/Gender/Class/Media: Considering Diversity Across Audiences, Content, and Producers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138639711|date=2026 forthcoming}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Bill Yousman (forthcoming) &quot;We Will Eventually Turn It Toxic&quot;: Critical Race Theory, Disinformation, and the Weaponization of an Idea--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138605389|date=2026 forthcoming|editor=Lind}}
* &lt;!--Bill Yousman (2024-12-03) &quot;Eleven theses on disinformation (with apologies to Karl Marx)&quot;, ch. 6 in Huff et al., eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138604912|editor=Huff et al.}}
* &lt;!--Bill Yousman (2020-07-24) '&quot;[IN]JUSTICE ROLLS DOWN LIKE WATER. . .&quot;: Challenging White Supremacy in Media Constructions of Crime and Punishment', ch. 26 in Yousman et al.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138605400|editor=Yousman et al.}}
* &lt;!--Bill Yousman (2016) &quot;Who's afraid of critical media literacy?&quot;, ch. 10 in Huff and Roth--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138605267|editor=Huff and Roth}}
* &lt;!--Bill Yousman (2013a: 2013-06-01) &quot;Challenging the Media-Incarceration Complex through media education&quot;, ch. 7 in Hartnett et al., eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138605881|date=2013a|editor=Harnett et al.}}
* &lt;!--Bill Yousman (2013b: 2013-07-01) The Spike Lee Enigma: Challenge and Incorporation in Media Culture--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138608662|date=2013b}}
* &lt;!--Bill Yousman (2009) Prime Time Prisons on U.S. TV: Representation of Incarceration--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138608619}}
* &lt;!--Bill Yousman, Lori Bindig, Gail Dines, and Jean McMahon Humez, eds. (2020-07-24) Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Reader,  6th ed.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138605416|authors=Bill Yousman, Lori Bindig, Gail Dines, and Jean McMahon Humez, eds.}}

[[Category:Media]]
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      <text bytes="32224" sha1="s3grzh4iva5fnn7faqhqxtraobo29ez" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka&gt;&lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka--&gt;{{cite Q|Q118236581}}&lt;/ref&gt; on how US media threaten the health of all. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-04-04 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.webm|thumb|2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from an interview conducted 2026-04-09 of MD and public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka by Spencer Graves about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

Public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; discusses the role of the major US media, including social media, in threatening the health of all. Bezruchka is professor emeritus from the [[w:University of Washington School of Public Health|University of Washington School of Public Health]]&lt;ref name=UW&gt;&lt;!-- Stephen Bezruchka Associate Teaching Professor Emeritus, Health Systems and Population Health--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138762410}}&lt;/ref&gt; with multiple publications including books translated into several languages.&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; He holds an MD degree from Stanford and a Masters in Public Health from Johns Hopkins.&lt;ref name=UW/&gt; 

His recent books include the following focused especially on public health including the impact of the media in creating public health problems for the US: 

* (2022) ''Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World''.

* (2026) ''Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation''.

He also maintains a blog on [[w:Substack|Substack]] as [https://substack.com/@stephenbezruchka @stephenbezruchka]. 

Dr. Bezruchka is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Comparing Bezruchka with previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interviewees ==

Bezruchka (2022, 2026) highlights two primary drivers of poor health in the US:&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;  

# Stress from inequality. 
# Lack of attention to our early years.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2022) and other literature on the need for &quot;attention to our early years&quot; are discussed in &quot;[[Invest in children]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Life expectancy in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 1.  Life expectancy at birth in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Life Expectancy at Birth (e0) - Both Sexes in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

He also says, &quot;We need universal healthcare ...  However, that alone won’t fix the nation’s health problems. ... [T]he health of a nation results from political and historical factors&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1-2).&lt;/ref&gt; To support the latter, he notes that in 1950 the US was among the world leaders in life expectancy and infant mortality. However, more recently, the US has trailed the rest of the advanced industrialized democracies, as documented in Figures 1 and 2. 

[[File:Infant mortality in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 2.  [[w:Infant mortality|Infant mortality rate]] (IMR = deaths before first birthday per thousand live births) in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Democracy v. public funding for media.png|thumb|Figure 3. Economist Democracy Index v. public funding for media, ~2019, per Neff and Pickard (2024), discussed further in the Appendix, below. (''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data; we have not attempted to update their data.)]]

[[File:Share of US wealth 90p99.svg|thumb|Figure 4. Shares of US wealth - bottom 90 and top 1 percent, 1820-2023.&lt;ref&gt;Plots of percentile=='p0p90' and 'p99p100' for variable == 'shwealj999' in the US data in the World Inequality Database (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025). Copied from Figure 5 in [[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future]].&lt;/ref&gt;]]

One explanation for how the US came to lead the world in public health includes the observation that it had by far more independent newspaper publishers per million population in the early nineteenth century,&lt;ref&gt;See John (1995) and the rest of the discussion in episode 27 in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series on, ''[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; supported by newspaper subsidies of roughly 0.21 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|GDP]] in the early 1840s under the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act of 1792]].&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88). See also the section on ''[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment|US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment]]'' in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; That 0.21 percent of GDP is comparable to the public subsidies for media today in the world's leading democracies, per Figure 3, which also shows that comparable US subsidies for media had dropped to 0.005 percent of GDP in 2019 (before being cut to zero in 2025).&lt;ref&gt;Regarding the ending of public subsidies for media in the US, see [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

The rise of broadcasting since World War II has facilitated increasing concentration of ownership and control of the major media.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on  &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization#The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II|The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II]] in the chapter on &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization|Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization]]&quot; and other parts of the book-in-progress on ''[[Media Literacy and You]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; That consolidation of control of the major media seems to have driven first the commercialization of healthcare decried by Bezruchka and after 1981 the dramatic increase in inequality, documented in Figure 4.

One of the most important research reports discussed so far in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' is Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;ref&gt;See also the 2025-06-08 interview with Usher, available as [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher]].&lt;/ref&gt; They found no statistically significant impact of the dramatic drop in the number of journalists in the US between 2003 and 2019 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- on federal prosecutions for political corruption. However, each member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN) in a federal court district one year was associated with on average 1.4 additional prosecutions per federal court district the following year. 

If those prosecutions for political corruption actually help make government work more in the public interest, then everyone benefits from the reports published by members of INN that appear to have helped inspire those prosecutions, even humans who never read those reports nor heard of the news nonprofits that published them: 

:* You and I benefit, we all benefit from news reports we have never read by nonprofit news organization we have never heard of, if they help make government work more in the public interest. 

== Highlights == 

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is, of course, the accompanying video.''

Graves began by asking, &quot;What are the most important things you would like to communicate to our audience?&quot; Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

The most important thing is to create the awareness that because we live in the United States of America, the best health outcomes possible are not to be found in this country. ... [B]y health, I use the very simple concept of being alive and not dead. ... [A]s an emergency physician for 30 years, the easiest diagnosis I could make ... was that somebody was dead. It's hard to fake. ... 

[W]e in the United States rank behind 40 or 50 other countries in the world, including all the other rich ones, and quite a few not so rich. ... [W]e die younger than people in many, many other countries, despite spending an enormous amount of money on health care, over $6 trillion a sixth of our total economy, and almost the same as the rest of the world spends on health care together.&lt;ref&gt;On 2026-04-23 the &quot;History&quot; section of the webpage on &quot;National Health Expenditures&quot; of the website of the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) reported, &quot;U.S. health care spending grew 7.2 percent in 2024, reaching $5.3 trillion or $15,474 per person.  As a share of the nation's [[w:Gross Domestic Product|Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP), health spending accounted for 18.0 percent.&quot; The estimated [[w:United States|GDP for the US]] for 2026 was $32.4 trillion. Eighteen percent of that is $5.8 trillion, which rounds to $6 trillion. Also, 18 percent is just a little a sixth, mentioned by Bezruchka. See also the Wikipedia article on [[w:Health care finance in the United States|Health care finance in the United States]] and &quot;History&quot; on the web site of &lt;!--National Health Expenditures--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139505383}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Graves observed, &quot;But in 1950 the US was among the leaders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Life expectancy in the US vs. other countries is documented in Figure 1 above from  {{cite Q|Q41274869}}&lt;!-- World Population Prospects --&gt;downloaded 2020-11-22).}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote| 

Correct. Back in the mid century, 1950 to 60, we were somewhere, depending on the measure you use, in the top 10 countries. And in length of life, life expectancy, we were number one. We had the lowest deaths of women in childbirth. ... 

But what has happened since then is that many other countries have seen faster improvements in health than we have. And that has gone on until about the last 10 years, when not only is our health not improving, it's declining. ... 

It's the best kept secret in this country. 

You sometimes find mentions of it in the media, but nobody wants to point out that we die younger than people in all the other rich countries and quite a few others.}} 

Graves noted, &quot;But the rest of the advanced industrialized world is still improving in life expectancy and public health.&quot; 

Bezruchka concurred. {{quote| 

Absolutely yes. Countries suffered a little decline with [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID]] after 2020, but our decline was much, much bigger. One in 300 Americans was killed with covid, and that's essentially a higher rate than in other countries. We suffered a more precipitous decline ... and we have only now come to be where we were 20 years ago. ...

I used to think medical care was the most important thing in producing health along with personal behaviors. ... When I realized in the 1980s that other countries were seeing better health improvements than we were, I decided I couldn't understand that. So I went back to public health school at [[w:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]], the biggest such program in the world. There I learned that social and political factors matter most in producing health. 

I then began to expose myself to ideas that I hadn't considered before, and I found studies showing that income inequality, the gap in incomes in a country, were strongly related to its life expectancy. 

Studies on this began appearing in 1979. A critical study in 1992 in ''[[w:The BMJ|The British Medical Journal]]'' featured this material.&lt;ref&gt;Wilkinson (1992).&lt;/ref&gt;  With anything like these findings, I had to decide, &quot;Is this true or not?&quot; 

I sought out [[w:Richard G. Wilkinson|Richard Wilkinson]], who did these studies on income inequality and health&lt;ref&gt;WilkeNson (1992), Wilkinson and Pickett (2009), and other works by Wikerson cited in Bezruchka (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; and got to know him and found him to be credible. ... There were some contradictory messages out there, but they didn't hold water for me. 

And I sought out other people, one near me, Clyde Hertzman at the University of British Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Bio of Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139551676}}; &lt;!-- Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q16335533}}&lt;/ref&gt; I invited him down to give a series of lectures at the [[w:University of Washington|University]]. He brought up the idea of the importance of early life. Through him, I came across the studies that showed that a large portion of your health as an adult has been programmed sometime between conception and age two or three. So early life lasts a lifetime. ... 

Inequality kills, and early life lasts a lifetime. 

Income inequality results from political choices we make in society. ... [E]arly life also results from political choices. 

For example, there are only two countries in the world that don't [[w:Parental leave|give a working woman who's pregnant paid time off as a national policy, so she can spend time with her newborn]]. One is the United States. We say we can't afford that. The other is Papua New Guinea, half of a big island north of Australia. 

Only two populous countries in the world don't have a national policy of paid maternity leave. 

[[w:Parental leave in the United States|A handful of US states have enacted paid leave policies]], but none of them are more than 12 weeks. Here in [[w:Washington (state)|Washington]], we tried to do this back in 2013 but didn't [fund it]. Finally in 2019 we passed legislation funded by a payroll tax. Now there is a 12 week paid parental leave program in place in Washington. [[w:California|California]] was the first state, but 12 weeks of paid leave is the minimum end of what all the other countries provide. 

We're not very generous. ... 

What really matters is a gap between the rich and the poor and how much you support early life.  

The studies now suggest that roughly half of our health as adults has been programmed in that first 1,000 days after conception.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- 1,000 Days--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139550803}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

That's why I titled my book, ''Born Sick in the USA'',&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; after Bruce Springsteen's song ''[[w:Born in the U.S.A.|Born in the USA]]'', because by the time we're born, our health is compromised, and there's really not that much we can do to redress the problems in early life ... . Healthier societies have in place policies such as I mentioned, paid parental leave and a host of others. 

Take [[w:Sweden|Sweden]]. Sweden's considered a much healthier country than we are. Swedes pay high taxes, and they don't mind paying high taxes, because they get much in return. They get [[w:Healthcare in Sweden|free health care]], for example. They get a very generous paid parental leave program, 480 days at your full pay. It's split between the mother and the father. Father has to take at least 13 weeks. The rest of the second year is optional ... at about 70% pay. And then there's daycare. In Sweden, daycare costs $160 a month. It's quite affordable. And to work in a Swedish government-run daycare center, you have to have an advanced degree in play, because, you know what's daycare? It's socializing the child, and we need experts there. 

So for a host of reasons, healthier countries a have smaller gaps between the rich and the poor and privilege early life.}}

Graves asked, &quot;How do you compare California and other states that have liberal maternal aid policies relative to the rest of the rest of the nation? Do they have better public health?&quot; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Yes. You can look at life expectancy again, the measure that I think is the easiest to use to compare different populations. If you take the 50 states, and you look at their life expectancy from 1957 to 2005 or 2006, states with liberal political policies have seen substantial gains in life expectancy over that period, and states with conservative policies have seen smaller gains and some stagnation. That is, they stopped improving.  

California is one of those with more liberal policies, and [[w:Mississippi|Mississippi]] would be one with considerably with more conservative policies. Our longest lived state, thereby I would call &quot;the healthiest&quot;, is [[w:Hawaii|Hawaii]]. And the Department of Health of Hawaii recognizes politics as the most important determinant of health. They're quite explicit about this. 

Another healthy state is [[w:Minnesota|Minnesota]]. Its Department of Health similarly situates politics as being important. It situates medical care in a pie chart presented to the legislature as impacting about 10% of health. ...

[[w:Japan|Japan]] has been the longest lived country since 1978. ... I think United States was responsible for making Japan the longest lived country. 

But around 2000 I discovered that a lot of men smoke in Japan. ... How can Japanese men smoke so much and be the longest lived in the world? ... 

Personal behaviors, although important, aren't that important. Japanese men who smoke have worse health than Japanese men that don't smoke, but the difference between smokers and non smokers in Japan is considerably less than the difference here. ... 

One of the most important parts of health production that is the hardest to study is culture. What is culture? Somebody called it &quot;software of the mind.&quot; It's how you're programmed to be in a society. You're not taught your culture, you're exposed to it as you grow up. And then it's sort of wired inside you, programmed inside you. Japan has a cultural value of &quot;[[w:Wa|Wa]]&quot; or social harmony. One way I present this to people is to say, &quot;Do you ever see a lone Japanese tourist?&quot; No, they're always together. &quot;Do you ever see a lone American tourist?&quot; All the time.}}

Graves noted that he had plotted life expectancy for different countries, and confirmed that Japan trailed the advanced industrialized world in 1950 and now lead,&lt;ref&gt;Figure 1 above.&lt;/ref&gt; then asked how the culture changed? 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Remember back in 1945 we [[w:Bombing of Tokyo|fire bombed Tokyo]] and killed about 100,000 civilians. We dropped [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|two atomic bombs on the country]]. Basically, we destroyed it. And life expectancy in 1945 in Japan was estimated to be 24 or 25 years. ... 

After that, [[w:Occupation of Japan|the Allies]] occupied Japan. ... The head of the Allied occupation was a US Army five star general, [[w:Douglas MacArthur|Douglas MacArthur]]. He came in and he set up shop across from the Imperial Palace, and basically changed most aspects of the country through writing its [[w:Constitution of Japan|constitution. ... The Constitution]] embodies clause such as [[w:Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan|Article Nine, which says Japan shall never wage war]]. ... He also made suffrage universal. Everybody was given the vote. 

He gave [[w:Labor unions in Japan|labor unions the right to organize]] and bargain collectively in the Constitution. Our labor unions here are organized horizontally. I belong to a teachers' union. But in Japan, unions are organized within a company, and everybody from the sweeper, the lowest ranking, up to the boss, they organize and bargain collectively. That has made the pay gap between the person at the bottom and the person at the top much, much smaller than here. ... 

Japan was run by 13 big corporations, and MacArthur wrote in his memoirs that this concentration of wealth and power is inimical to being a democracy. So he broke up the corporations, ... called &quot;decentralization&quot;. So we had democratization, demilitarization and decentralization.  

Japan is a rice farming economy, and 37,000 land owners owned the land farmed by 50 million peasants. MacArthur said this is again too much concentrated power. So he bought the land from the landowners and sold it to the tenants at the same price. ... Ninety-four percent of the land in Japan changed hands, and historians call it the most successful [[w:Land reform|land reform]] program in history. 

So there followed the most rapid decline in death rates ever seen on the planet, so much so that by 1978 Japan was the longest lived country. 

So the United States knows how to produce health: It gave that medicine to Japan in the late 1940s. We could either take our own medicine or ask Japan to give it to us ... .}} 

Graves asked about data on public health in Japan before World War II or earlier. 

Bezruchka said, {{quote|

Back in the late 1800s health outcomes were pretty good in Japan. After the breakup of the [[w:Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]], things got pretty good, according to historical accounts. 

Then in the 20th century, the corporations began to exercise their power, and [[w:Japanese militarism|they fear mongered the people into wanting to go to war]]. We might be seeing something like that in the United States today. ... 

I call [[w:Stress (biology)|stress]] the 21st Century tobacco. We are one of the most stressed countries in the world. How do we cope with that stress? Not very well. We consume 80% of the world's [[w:Opioid|opioid]]s. Think of that, more than three quarters of the world's opioids are consumed in this country. [[w:United States strikes on alleged drug traffickers during Operation Southern Spear|Sinking a few boats in the Caribbean is kind of a silly idea]], because it's not going to stop the demand. ... 

Regarding our major media, the internet, radio, television, print media. ... You can go to a library and access the internet so you don't pay anything for it. In any business, there's a buyer, a seller and a product. And when I present this to my students, I ask them, follow the money. Since you don't pay anything to access the internet, you can't be the buyer. Where does the transfer of money go? If you're on [[w:YouTube|YouTube]], you'll get an ad. The advertiser pays money to the producer, YouTube, for a product. 

What's the product?  

You. ... 

This isn't my idea. The head of Apple, [[w:Tim Cook|Tim Cook]], said, &quot;If you're not paying for something on the internet, you're not the buyer, ... you're the product.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hogg (2021). For earlier sources expressing similar ideas, see Quote Investigator (2017).&lt;/ref&gt; ... 

Our health is not a saleable commodity. [[w:Health care|Health care]], on the other hand, is very saleable. You'll find lots of ads for drugs. ... The drugs they pitched were not the old standbys that were cheap. They were mostly expensive maintenance drugs. 

[[w:Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical companies]] do not want to produce a drug that's going to prevent something, because treating diseases is quite profitable. They're also not going to produce drugs that will cure something: If the disease is cured, where's the profit? 

What they do produce are expensive drugs to maintain people with a disease. Our diseases are mostly chronic. That is, they're there all the time, diabetes, heart disease, cancers, lung disease, kidney disease. Can't cure those, but you can try to ameliorate some of the bad effects of those conditions. And we're in a situation, for example, where almost half the population has either type two diabetes or is in some earlier stage of that. And so we have a huge industry of maintenance drugs for diabetes. ...

[[w:Epidemiology of obesity|We have the highest rates of obesity]] in the world, except for a few islands in the Pacific, ... [[w:Tahiti|Tahiti]] and [[w:Fiji|Fiji]] and places like that where women are bigger than US women. But other than that, we can win the gold medal in the &quot;Obesity Olympics&quot;. ... 

Why are we the most obese country in the world? ... We're highly stressed, and one of the ways of relieving stress is to eat so called [[w:comfort food|comfort foods]]. Comfort foods are those high in sugar and fat, salt. We consume those because they decrease the secretion of [[w:cortisol|cortisol]], our chronic stress hormone. And so they physiologically help us feel a little better from the stress that we're under. ...}}  

In sum, Dr. Bezruchka said, {{quote|

There's not a lot you can do to improve your own health. You may be able to do something for your children if they're young enough. We need to put in place policies to improve the health of future generations. 

That's a tall order. But anything else we can consider &quot;[[w:social murder|social murder]]&quot;, a term used by [[w:Frederick Engels|Frederick Engels]] in the 1800s looking at people in England. He found poor people were dying of the usual conditions and diseases. But there was no smoking gun. He called this &quot;social murder&quot;, and that's what we're doing in this country.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Appendix. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' and public funding for media as a percent of national income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP) for selected full and flawed democracies per Neff and Pickard (2024). ==

The following table is extracted from Neff and Pickard (2024), who presented &quot;national economic data and public media funding levels ... primarily for 2018 and 2019 but in some cases earlier, due to lack of available data&quot;. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' (EDI) for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data. &quot;Full democracy&quot; = EDI ≥ 8. &quot;Flawed democracy&quot; = EDI &lt; 8.

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style = &quot;text-align:center;&quot; 
! Country !! code !! ''Economist Democracy Index'' (2019) !! public funding % of GDP !! Multiyear?
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Norway || NO || 9.87 || .166 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Iceland || IS || 9.58 || .154 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Sweden || SE || 9.39 || .148 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  New Zealand || NZ || 9.26 || .061 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Finland || FI || 9.25 || .197 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Ireland || IE || 9.24 || .059 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Canada || CA || 9.22 || .052 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Denmark || DK ||9.22 || .155 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Australia || AU || 9.09 || .070 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Germany || DE || 8.68 || .253 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United Kingdom  || GB || 8.52 || .173 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Uruguay || UY || 8.38 || .066 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Spain || ES || 8.29 || .144 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Mauritius || MU || 8.22 || .134 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  France || FR || 8.12 || .154 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Chile || CL || 8.08 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Korea || KR || 8.00 || .035 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Japan || JP || 7.99 || .123 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United States || US || 7.96 || .005 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Estonia || EE || 7.90 || .143 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Israel || IL || 7.86 || .053 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Botswana || BW ||7.81 || .102 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Cabo Verde || CV || 7.78 || .216 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Taiwan || TW || 7.73 || .010 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Czech Republic || CZ || 7.69 || .139 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Italy || IT || 7.52 || .101 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Lithuania || LT || 7.50 ||.085 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Latvia || LV || 7.49 || .077 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Africa || ZA || 7.24 || .016 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Colombia || CO || 7.13 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Argentina || AR || 7.02 || .024 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  India ||IN || 6.90 || .018 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Tunisia || TN ||6.72 ||.026 ||0
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2022-11-28)  Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136047815}}
* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2026-02-19)  Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138749292}}
* &lt;!--Lea Hogg (2021-02-02) &quot;You are no longer the customer, you are the product – Tim Cook&quot;, SiGMA--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139553897}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Timothy Neff and Victor Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Quote Investigator (2017-07-16) &quot;Quote Origin: You’re Not the Customer; You’re the Product--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139555217|author=Quote Investigator}}
* &lt;!--United Nations (UN, 2023) World Population Prospects--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136236031|author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UN)|date=2022}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Richard G. Wilkinson (1992) &quot;Income distribution and life expectancy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q35819931}}
* &lt;!-- Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett (2009) The spirit level : why greater equality makes societies stronger--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132688521}}

[[Category:Media]]
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      <text bytes="32388" sha1="7z48hrbm86450fwdt0c3llvifgvd7yz" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-03-27 interview with Fordham University Professor Emerita of Communications [[w:Robin Andersen|Robin Andersen]]&lt;ref name=Andersen&gt;&lt;!--Robin Andersen--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132982358}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on media and war. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-04-04 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Media and war.webm|thumb|2026-03-27 interview of Fordham University Communications professor Robin Andersen about media and war.]]
[[File:Media and war.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-03-27 interview of Fordham University Communications professor Robin Andersen about media and war.]]

Fordham University Professor Emerita of Communications [[w:Robin Andersen|Robin Andersen]]&lt;ref name=Andersen/&gt; discusses her research on media and war with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andersen earned a PhD from UC-Irvine in 1986 with a dissertation on, &quot;The United States Press Coverage of Conflict in the Third World: The Case of El Salvador&quot;. She has expanded that work since with numerous publications including the 2006 book on ''A Century of Media, A Century of War'', which shared the [[w:Alpha Sigma Nu|Alpha Sigma Nu]] Book Award the following year with four others.&lt;ref&gt;Ralston (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; She also has ''THE COMPLICIT LENS: US Media Coverage of Israel’s Genocide in Gaza'', scheduled to be officially released this coming June 2. 

== Discussions of her work == 

=== ''A Century of Media, A Century of War'' ===

Anderson's (2006) ''A Century of Media, A Century of War'' was reviewed favorably by Richard Lance Keeble for [[w:Journalism (journal)|''Journalism'']].&lt;ref&gt;Keeble (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; Russell Branca&lt;ref&gt;Branca (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; ended his review of ''A Century of Media'' by quoting Anderson (2006, p. 317) that, {{quote| 

If America is to live up to its democratic principles, the process of war must be made transparent. If seeing “war as it really is,” turns the public against war, then a democratic process will put an end to war. Those who wish to perpetuate war have also declared war on freedom of thought, expression, and emotional autonomy.}}

Mark Hampton reviewed the book for ''[[w:American Journalism Historians Association#Publications|American Journalism]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Hapton (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; Jonathan Lawson in a review for ''Democratic Communiqué''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Democratic Communique--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797793}}&lt;/ref&gt; said, {{quote|

Independent, critical journalism, always a prerequisite for the informed debate that characterizes a functioning democracy, is especially important during times of crisis and war. The failure of the American establishment media to promote or sustain such public debate during the Bush administration's drive towards war in 2002 and 2003 has been catastrophic both for American democracy and for the hundreds of thousands of people whose lives have been torn apart in the rubble of lraq. ... In describing what she calls the &quot;military-entertainment complex,&quot; ... Andersen has provided the new essential casebook for anyone wishing to understand the linkages between media and militarism in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;Lawson (2007).&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== CIA - Contra - Cocaine ===

[[w:Paper Tiger Television|Paper Tiger Television]] featured her in a 1990 special titled, &quot;Robin Andersen Exposes the Real-Deal: CIA - Contra - Cocaine&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Andersen (1990).&lt;/ref&gt; later documented in chapter 9 of her (2006) ''A Century of Media: A Century of War''. 

=== Treme and Katrina ===

Andersen (2018) ''HBO’s Treme and the Stories of the Storm: From New Orleans as Disaster Myth to Groundbreaking Television'' documented how [[w:Treme (TV series)|''Treme'' (TV series)]] debunked the racist reporting following [[w:Hurricane Katrina|Hurricane Katrina]]. For example, one [[w:Yahoo|Yahoo]] report 'identified a black victim as “looting” food and a white victim as “finding” food.' One of the characters in ''Treme'' threw &quot;a newscaster’s microphone into the river after listening to the reporter tell an international audience that the city is too ramshackle to rebuild. Her book was featured in a report for ''Inside Fordham'',&lt;ref&gt;Sassi (2018).&lt;/ref&gt; reviewed for ''Democratic Communiqué'', &lt;ref&gt;Wittebols (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; and mentioned in a lead editorial for a 2019 issue of ''Critical Studies in Television: The International Journal of Television Studies''.&lt;ref&gt;McCabe et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Refugee crisis ===

Andersen and Bergman (2020) ''Media, Central American Refugees, and the U.S. Border Crisis: Security Discourses, Immigrant Demonization, and the Perpetuation of Violence'' document how &quot;media frames ... distort, mislead, and omit&quot; the role of US interventions in foreign countries, support the overthrow of democratically elected governments, denying equal protection of the laws to most of their citizens, so multinational businesses can confiscate the property of citizens, driving them to flee under threat of death of they remain, as summarized in a report on ''Fordham Now''.&lt;ref&gt;Verel (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights == 

The following are extracts from the podcast lightly edited for clarity; it may not be completely accurate and may be subject to change. 

=== Primary drivers === 

Graves asked Andersen, &quot;Is it fair to say that primary drivers of every major conflict include differences between the media that the different parties find credible?&quot; She replied, {{quote|

Absolutely. We're supposed to hear from both parties, aren't we? We're supposed to hear both sides of the story. The journalism principles that I talk about and how they were violated are frequently violated in the coverage of war. We don't hear what our quote-unquote enemy really says. We usually hear it through the mouths of somebody else. ... A lot about [[w:Hamas| Hamas]] [comes] from Israeli officials. Not very much real journalism, recorded speeches, actual recorded messages from Hamas.

Those enemies, once they become identified as our enemy, and we're going to go in and attack them, they're immediately demonized. This is the case in every war we can think of. Saddam Hussein was demonized during the [[w:war on terror|war on terror]].}}

Graves added, &quot;But in the 80s, he was a great friend of the United States.&quot;

Anderson replied, &quot;That's right.&quot;

Graves continued, &quot;To the point even that some of his nuclear weapons experts were invited to a top-secret briefing on a certain technology regarding the construction and production of nuclear weapons, right?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Milhollin (1992).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Andersen replied, &quot;That's exactly right. ... We actually funded both sides in the notorious [[w:Iran–Iraq War|Iran-Iraq War]].&quot; 

=== On ''The Complicit Lens'' ===

Graves asked Andersen to summarize the major claims of her ''Complicit Lens'', to be released June 2. 

Andersen replied, {{quote|

Richard Sanders&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Richard Sanders--&gt;{{cite Q|Q24705106}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a British filmmaker. He did a documentary about [[w:October 7 attacks|October 7th, 2023]], in which he points out that all over social media, Hamas was posting their training videos, kind of what they were doing. They were learning how to get on those balloons and blow them up, the ones they took over the fence into Israel from Gaza. The Israelis ignored those videos. Nobody seems to really know why. They weren't there protecting the border area. Richard Sanders looked at hours of footage from the helmets of Hamas fighters who were either killed or captured. ... They went immediately to Israeli military bases that surround Gaza and on the border of Israel. They weren't fortified. They weren't ready for an attack. ...

[But] they were certainly ready with their propaganda campaigns. ...

What I think of as incitement to a genocide, ... in Israeli media and the US and Western media, they were ... quoted and reported on without much pushback, without ... pointing out what this might mean as it moved forward, what the consequences would be. ... [Israeli Major General [[w:Ghassan Alian|Ghassan Alian]] said], &quot;Hamas has turned into ISIS, and the residents of Gaza, instead of being appalled, are celebrating. Human animals must be treated as such. There will be no electricity and no water in Gaza, there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell.&quot; 

Right there, he's declaring that he's going to commit war crimes, ... because war crimes are disproportionate violence, and the attacks on civilian populations for what their leaders did, what is called [[w:Collective punishment|collective punishment]]. ... 

In my view, it wasn't a war between Israel or Hamas or Israel, and an army. It was Israel attacks on a civilian population, but we never talked about them that way.}}

=== Compare with September 11, 2001 === 

Graves asked Andersen to compare that with [[w:September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]]. She said, {{quote|

In terms of media, there are quite a few parallels. If you remember, George W. Bush said to academics and all the people, you better watch what you say. ... Don't criticize U.S. foreign policy to at all. I remember down in Times Square in New York City. People were there, They had big talks and discussions. They had posters with explanations as to what our policies had been in the Middle East and why they would want to attack us and how we needed to change our policy. And within about a week, those things were completely removed. ...&lt;ref&gt;Nine days after the September 11 attacks, President [[w:George W. Bush|George W. Bush]] issued an &quot;Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People&quot;, which includes the claim that, &quot;Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.&quot; (Bush 2001). Hitchens (2006) described how President Bush's [[w:White House Press Secretary|Press Secretary]], [[w:Ari Fleischer|Ari Fleischer]], had worked to stifle dissent and public discussion of background and alternative responses. Miller (2007, &quot;Epilogue: After 9/11&quot;, pp. 200-201) describes how &quot;Questions of security and safety were ... used as justification for ... [t]he criminalization of spontaneous memorials ... . We can no longer represent our own memories and questions. ... What could possibly be of such compelling government interest that expressions of grief should be criminalized?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  

The big Sunday morning programs [featured] former generals, ... always tied to [[w:Military–industrial complex|military-industrial complex]]. Just as after 9-11, just as we started with the retaliation in Ukraine, and then the same with Israel: The people who are invited into the discussion about what's going to happen with Israel, what should we do, are primarily, ex-officials, ex-US military men who are heavily invested in the U.S. weaponry companies.}}

=== &quot;Anyone can go into Baghdad. Real men go into Tehran&quot; === 

Graves recalled that he had recently interviewed [[Media literacy to dispel myths and improve public policy|Sacred Heart University communications professor Bill Yousman]], who said that neocons have been planning this for a very long time. After the disastrous invasion of Iraq, a common neocon phrase was, &quot;Anyone can go into Baghdad. Real men go into Tehran.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ahmad (2026). This article by Ahmad appeared 2026-01-26, thirty-three days before 2026-02-28, when &quot;Israel and the United States launched surprise airstrikes on multiple sites and cities across Iran, killing Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and numerous other Iranian officials.&quot;, according to the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:2026 Iran war|2026 Iran war&quot;]], accessed 2026-03-15.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Andersen replied, &quot;I think you can see that horrible, macho, egotistical, testosterone-laden stuff from [[w:Pete Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. ... Tehran has ... proven that it has some staying power and was well prepared for this war, unlike the United States, which doesn't seem to be clear at all about what its goals are, how it's fighting the war, what it's doing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Andersen (2026a) describes how US &quot;militainment&quot; is &quot;Gaming the Iran war and the Gaza Genocide Syndrome&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== &quot;Jesus has anointed President Trump to initiate Armageddon in Iran.&quot; === 

Graves noted that the [[w:Military Religious Freedom Foundation|Military Religious Freedom Foundation]] reported on March 3 that they had received over 200 reports from active duty military in over 50 different installations saying that their commanders had told them that Jesus has anointed President Trump to initiate [[w:Armageddon|Armageddon]] in Iran.&lt;ref&gt;Mordowanec (2026).&lt;/ref&gt;

Andersen agreed that many believe in a &quot;[[w:Rapture|rapture]]&quot;. &quot;That explains a lot of the support for the war in Iran, and any war, really. They believe that there's going to be a rapture. [I]f these ideas and battles are carried through, it will be their end times. I don't even profess to understand how anybody could think that way. But ... I have read also that U.S. commanders have been telling soldiers that Trump, of all people, is the savior on Earth. And they're going to follow him into battle in Iran, and it is going to be Armageddon. If you recall, George W. Bush also called it a holy war.&quot; 

Graves suggested that if Hegseth and the right two or three generals or admirals believe that Jesus has anointed them to initiate a nuclear attack on Russia, they could make it happen and claim that Trump ordered it.&lt;ref&gt;Retired major general Randy Manner said Pete Hegseth is not qualified to be Secretary of defense and is a 'potential war criminal' according to Ghosh (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Andersen concurred that, &quot;there's a lot of people who are very worried about that. ...  They pulled out of treaties. ... Instead of mutual assured destruction, they went strategic nuclear weaponry. ...&quot; 

===Provocations for the &quot;unprovoked&quot; October 7 attacks===

Andersen continued, {{quote|

A program I watch on [[w:Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] is called ''[[w:The Listening Post|The Listening Post]]''. It is a media criticism program. I was on it a couple times talking about &quot;[[Wiktionary:militainment|militainment]]&quot;. They did a piece called &quot;The Pentagon's Grip on Hollywood,&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Muirhead (2012).&lt;/ref&gt; and I appeared in a couple of those. ...&lt;ref&gt;Andersen (2003) describes how embedded journalist turned war into &quot;Militainment&quot;, a reality show. Andersen (2007) describes how the US military fabricated public relations hero stories from the routine military mishaps experienced by [[w:Jessica Lynch|Jessica Lynch]] and [[w:Pat Tillman|Pat Tillman]]. The military assault to &quot;save private Lynch&quot; was staged and filmed by the military screaming, 'go, go, go,' with guns and blanks without bullets, and the sound of explosions after the Iraqi military had already left, handcuffing and terrifying patients and the doctors who had struggled to save her Lynch's life. When the hospital attempted to deliver Lynch to a US outpost the day before the raid, the ambulance driver was fired on and forced to retreat. Tillman was killed by friendly fire. The US military went to extreme lengths to prevent the truth from coming out including burning his uniform and body armor with bullet holes that could prove he had been killed with US weapons and fabricated a hero myth, claiming he was killed by enemy gunfire as he led his team to help another group of ambushed soldiers. See also Andersen and Jonathan Gray, eds. (2008, section on &quot;Presidential stagecraft and militainment&quot;, pp. 376-381).&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[w:2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|In 2021, in May, from about the 10th to the 15th, Israel started to kick Palestinian]] residents out of [[w:East Jerusalem|East Jerusalem]] in a neighborhood close to the [[w:Al-Aqsa Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]]. There were protests on the part of Palestinians. They were displacing them and making room for settlers. And they were also doing what they've been doing frequently to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, attacking worshippers, and getting Israelis in there. After that, Hamas lobbed some missiles into Israel, killing 12 Israelis. 

This is an example of what has happened before October 7th. Everyone said, this came out of nowhere, these are just terrorists with no explanation. It was such a surprise. We've done nothing. We're just innocent. We've done nothing to make this happen. 

After Hamas sent the missiles into Israel, Israel took out four large apartment buildings, including the media offices of Al Jazeera and the [[w:Associated Press|AP]]. And they killed over 200 people and wounded a bunch of people and basically destroyed that neighborhood. [[w:Amnesty International|Amnesty International]] said this looks a lot like war crimes. We should investigate it. And Amnesty called it disproportionate violence and collective punishment, which Israel continues to do. ... 

But a ''Listening Post'' story came out about the subsequent media coverage in Israel of those events, and they characterized it as incitement. They characterized the Israeli media as having incited and justified the attacks. The Israeli population seems to be  ... pretty much brainwashed. They don't understand what's going on, or they don't want to.

But I like to think of [[w:Gideon Levy|Gideon Levy]]'s work with Israel's oldest newspaper, ''[[w:Haaretz|Haaretz]]''. ... He says things like, this is not a war between Israel and Palestine, or Israel and Hamas. This is an occupation, and this occupation has been going on for years, and nothing will end unless the occupation stops.&lt;ref&gt;Andersen (2026b, p. 303) quotes Levy (2023) saying, &quot;There is no Israeli Palestinian conflict. There is a brutal Israeli Occupation that must come to its end.&quot; This matches conclusions by Samuelson (2025) based on analyzing a database of 60 insurgencies since World War II discussed in detail by Lawrence (2015), compiled by the &lt;!--The Dupuy Institute--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135969462}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

And he also says things like, &quot;There are three things that Israeli believe that cause this: (A) They're the chosen people, so how can they ever do anything wrong? Nobody can tell them anything, because they're the chosen people. (B) They're the victims. They're always the victims.&quot; And he quotes Golda Meir saying, &quot;I'll never forgive the Palestinians for forcing us to kill their children.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;The [[w:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]] article on [[q:Golda Meir|Golda Meir]] includes her saying, &quot;When peace comes, we will perhaps in time be able to forgive the Arabs for killing our sons, but it will be harder for us to forgive them for having forced us to kill their sons.&quot; For this, they cite Meier (1973, p. 242), edited by [[w:Marie Syrkin|Marie Syrkin]]. This Wikiquote article lists this quote as &quot;disputed&quot;, because Rachlin (2015) said he was unable to find a primary source to better document the exact wording and context. However, the book is listed as &quot;An Oral Autobiography by Golda Meir&quot;, edited by Syrkin. If the book was actually &quot;An Oral Autobiography by Golda Meir&quot;, then clearly Meir wanted to take credit for that statement -- unless Syrkin added that without consulting Meier. Jones (2025) repeated the quote while insisting that it is often not true, saying, &quot;Courageous exceptions aside, Israeli society is awash with genocidal mania. At best, there is indifference to the mass slaughter of Palestinian children and babies. Some have even relished it.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  

And then the last thing he says is that they truly believe that Palestinians are not human. ... They're some other form of being. They're not human like us.}}

=== Media coverage of Palestinian nonviolence === 

Graves noted that when the [[w:First Intifada|First Intifada]] began, [[w:Yitzhak Rabin|Yitzhak Rabin]] was the Israeli Defense Minister. He ordered his troops to shoot to wound. They got so much bad press, he couldn't do that. He issued clubs and ordered them to break bones. They got more bad press, and thousands of Israeli soldiers refused to serve in the West Bank and occupied territories in Lebanon. He court-martialed a hundred of them and sent them to prison. He realized he couldn't win that way, so he ran for prime minister on a platform of negotiating with the Palestinians. And he said, told his followers, &quot;I can get Arafat to end the nonviolence.&quot; And that's what he did.&lt;ref&gt;According to Usher (1993, p. 28), in 1993-09, Rabin explained that the Palestinians would be better at protecting Israeli interests in the occupied territories than the Israeli military, &quot;because they will allow no appeals to the Supreme Court and will prevent the Israeli Association of Civil Rights from criticizing the conditions there by denying it access to the area. They will rule by their own methods, freeing, and this is most important, the Israeli army soldiers from having to do what they will do.&quot; For more on this, see the section on [[How might the world be different if the PLO had followed Gandhi?#The nonviolence of the First Intifada|The nonviolence of the First Intifada]] in the Wikiversity article on [[How might the world be different if the PLO had followed Gandhi?]], accessed 2026-03-31.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Andersen replied, &quot;Everybody says that Hamas are the most violent terrorists. But ... I really think that&quot; the [[w:2018–2019 Gaza border protests|Great March of Return]] &quot;showed the world that Israel was not interested in peace in their country. It was not interested in a two-state solution and was not interested in any reform at all to their desires for what we now call [[w:Greater Israel|Greater Israel]]. One of the reasons they've never negotiated, really, over all these years, is that they've always never wanted to give up their expansion into future territories. ... From the end of March to December 2018 ... 60,000 Palestinians were injured doing peaceful protests, not organized by Hamas, organized by civil society in Gaza, and international groups helping. ... Every Friday, they went out and they marched. ... And they were constantly sniped by Israeli snipers. They aimed for their legs, so there were so many amputees and children were also killed. There were over 100 children that had to have prosthetic limbs. ... It was completely nonviolent. Human Rights Watch [and] other organizations said these are war crimes: They were not threatening Israeli security. They were not really threatening violence. No Israeli was killed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Andersen (2026b, pp. 33-36) includes a section on &quot;Closing Democratic and Non-Violent Pathways for Change&quot; with 13 notes citing 10 different sources. The Wikipedia article on these events consulted 2026-03-31 describes some Palestinian violence but are largely consistent with Andersen's summary.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Anderson noted that chapter 4 in her ''Complicit Lens'' discusses, &quot;A Compromised Media Landscape&quot;. The Israeli office of the ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'' are in a house that was occupied in 1948 by a BBC journalist. During the [[w:Nakba|Nakba]], that journalist and his family got in a cab and fled, leaving their house and all their belongings forever. An NYT Israel bureau chief contacted a daughter of the BBC journalist who fled with his family in 1948. The bureau chief said, &quot;You know, I think I live in your house.&quot; The woman went there and said, &quot;Yeah, this is my house.&quot; {{quote|

One of the NYT's public editors at one point said, &quot;Why don't we have some people living on the West Bank or in Gaza? They're going to get a very different view of this conflict than you're going to get from Jerusalem. That never happened. In recent years, lobbying groups like the [[w:Canary Mission|Canary Mission]] and [[w:HonestReporting|HonestReporting]] intervened with the New York Times and compelled them to fire one of their Palestinian journalists who worked in Gaza.}} 

At the same time, children of ''New York Times'' staff in Jerusalem were in the Israeli military. And the husband of [[w:Isabel Kershner|Isabel Kirshner]], who is still writing for the ''Times'', worked for a think tank, where his job was to promote the Israeli military.

=== Media and the US military === 

Regarding media and the US military, Andersen said, {{quote|

If your country is at war all the time, if you have no discussion of how the military budget is being spent, you have no real meaningful discussion within Congress about how much money and what you're going to give to this growing and expanding military that's 10 times bigger than the next ten biggest countries combined -- the biggest military ever known by humankind  -- then we are living under conditions where inherently, our freedom to express and freedom to dissent from that has already been curtailed. ... 

We only have enemies of our very own making. The media now is all over how [[w:Hezbollah|Hezbollah]] is a terrorist organization. ... Hezbollah was created in 1982 as resistance to what Israel and the United States were doing in Lebanon at the time. 

So, we have enemies of our own making. ...

We're the bad guys here now.&lt;ref&gt;Rodríguez et al. (2025) summarize the impact of economic sanctions by the US, the EU, and the UN between 1971 and 2021. Such sanctions have grown from 8% of countries in the 1960s to 25% of all countries in the 2010–22 period. They &quot;estimated that unilateral sanctions were associated with an annual toll of 564 258 deaths (95% CI 367 838–760 677), similar to the global mortality burden associated with armed conflict.&quot; Hickel et al. (2025) summarize this as, &quot;US and EU sanctions have killed 38 million people since 1970&quot;. Choonara et al. (2021) insist that economic sanctions target civilian populations and appear to involve multiple violations of international law.&lt;/ref&gt; We're the ones that are the real warmongers.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* &lt;!--Junaid S. Ahmad (2026-01-16) &quot;“Real men go to Tehran” — The Zion-Con fantasy of regime change in Iran&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138679702}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2003-05-01) &quot;That’s Militainment! The Pentagon's media-friendly 'reality' war&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138857764}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2006) ''A Century of Media, A Century of War''--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138795568}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2007-05-01)  &quot;Mission Accomplished,&quot; Four Years Later--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138857943}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2018)  HBO’s Treme and the Stories of the Storm: From New Orleans as Disaster Myth to Groundbreaking Television--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797871}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2026-03-29a) &quot;Gaming the Iran war and the Gaza Genocide Syndrome&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138858297|date=2026a}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2026-06-02b) THE COMPLICIT LENS: US Media Coverage of Israel’s Genocide in Gaza--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138796307|date=2026b}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen and Adrian Bergmann (2020) Media, Central American Refugees, and the U.S. Border Crisis: Security Discourses, Immigrant Demonization, and the Perpetuation of Violence---&gt;{{cite Q|Q138798059|}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen and Jonathan Gray, eds. (2008) Battleground the media, volumes 1 and 2--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138858084}}
* &lt;!--Russell Branca (2007-02)  A Century of Media, a Century of War by Robin Andersen--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797648}}
* &lt;!--George W. Bush (2001-09-20) &quot;Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138857242}}
* &lt;!--Imti Choonara, Maurizio Bonati, Paul Jonas (2021-12-14) &quot;Economic sanctions on countries are indiscriminate weapons and should be banned&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q114074519}}
* &lt;!--Sanchari Ghosh (2026-03-26) &quot; Retired Major General slams Pete Hegseth as a potential ‘war criminal,’ claiming his only real credential is being close to Trump&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138857614}}
* &lt;!--Mark Andrew Hampton (2007-01-01)  Book review : A century of media, a century of war--&gt;{{Cite Q|Q138797469}}
* &lt;!-- Jason Hickel, Dylan Sullivan, and Omer Tayyab (2025-09-03) &quot; US and EU sanctions have killed 38 million people since 1970&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138853438}}
* &lt;!--Christopher Hitchens (2006-09-11) &quot;Fear Factor: How did we survive Ari Fleischer’s reign of terror?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138855844}}
* &lt;!--Owen Jones (2025-09-07) &quot;We can forgive you for killing our sons. But we will never forgive you for making us kill yours.&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138858495}}
* &lt;!--Richard Lance Keeble (2007-12) Book review: Robin Andersen Century of Media: Century of War--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138796937}}
* &lt;!--Christopher A. Lawrence (2015)  America's Modern Wars: Understanding Iraq, Afghanistan, and Vietnam--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136130919}} 
* &lt;!--Jonathan Lawson (2007)  A Century of Media, A Century of War by Robin Andersen--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797828}}
* &lt;!--Gideon Levy (2023-12-12) &quot;Hidden Palestine&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138844167}}
* &lt;!--Janet McCabe, Hannah Andrews, Stephen Lacey, and Elke Weissmann (2019-08-12) Editorial for Volume 14, issue 3 of Critical Studies in Television--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797972}}
* &lt;!--Golda Meir (1973)  A Land of Our Own : An Oral Autobiography--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138844678}}
* &lt;!-- Gary Milhollin (1992-03-08) &quot;Building Saddam Hussein's bomb--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106044626}}
* &lt;!--Kristine F. Miller (2007)  Designs on the Public: The Private Lives of New York’s Public Spaces--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136189504}}
* &lt;!--Nick Mordowanec (2026-03-03) &quot;Commanders Accused of Framing Iran War as Biblical Mandate, Jesus' 'Return'&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138840951}}
* &lt;!--Nic Muirhead (2012-07-01) &quot;Listening Post - Feature: The Pentagon's grip on Hollywood&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138842873}}
* &lt;!--Harvey Rachlin (2015-06-10) &quot;The Mystery Of Golda’s Golden Gems--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138844617}} 
* &lt;!--David T. Ralston, Jr. (2007) &quot;2007 Alpha Sigma Nu Book Awards&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138796249}}
* &lt;!-- Francisco Rodríguez, Silvio Rendón, Mark Weisbrot (2025-08) &quot;Effects of international sanctions on age-specific mortality: a cross-national panel data analysis&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138853642}}
* &lt;!--Douglas A. Samuelson (2025-09-26)  Assessing Israel’s Approach in Gaza--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138843324}}
* &lt;!--Janet Sassi (2018)  A TV Show That Took On the Post-Katrina Disaster Myth--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797930}}
* &lt;!-- Graham Usher (1996) &quot;The Politics of Internal Security: The PA's New Intelligence Services&quot;, Journal of Palestine Studies--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127171442}}
* &lt;!--Patrick Verel (2019-08-08) &quot;New Book Presents Novel Perspective on Border Crisis&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138798081}}
* &lt;!--James Henry Wittebols (2020-03-25)  HBO’s Treme and the Stories of the Storm: From New Orleans as Disaster Myth to Groundbreaking Television bk rev.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797950}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Social media]]
[[Category:War History]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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    <title>Prediction Markets' Effects</title>
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[[File:Polymarket.svg|thumb|Polymarket, one of the bigger Prediction Markets. ]]
[[wikipedia:Prediction_market|Prediction Markets]] is how participants do trade-based actions on the outcomes of unknown future events. How [[wikipedia:Prediction_market|Prediction Markets]] work is traders submit a bet of the price, up or down, of the future event based on the traders' expectations and knowledge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/prediction-market.asp|title=Prediction Markets Explained: Types, Uses, and Real-World Examples|last=Peters|first=Katelyn|date=3/28/2026|website=Investopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Traders can bet on a variety of these future events such as election results, the temperature of a particular city, outcomes of sports games and what a politician would say in their speech or press conference to name a few. With a market volume of $44 billion dollars in 2025 across several markets such as [[wikipedia:Kalshi|Kalshi]] and [[wikipedia:Polymarket|Polymarket]], [[wikipedia:Prediction_market|Prediction Markets]] has become a valuable market to place bets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamblinginsider.com/in-depth/110180/prediction-market-statistics|title=Prediction Markets Statistics 2026: Market Size, Growth &amp; Trends|date=2026-03-04|website=Gambling Insider|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Effects: ==

=== Psychology: ===
The psychology is how the markets from the traders are treated as a collective intelligence. The markets act like a complex feedback system, taking in individuals' expectations into a shared belief about the future of the event.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/silicon-psyche/202510/betting-on-our-collective-mind-with-prediction-markets|title=Betting on Our Collective Mind With Prediction Markets {{!}} Psychology Today|website=www.psychologytoday.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; The human social system makes connections to direct activity and aligned expectations; The norms coordinate behavior, the price of the bet coordinate value and prediction markets can now direct beliefs about the future.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/silicon-psyche/202510/betting-on-our-collective-mind-with-prediction-markets|title=Betting on Our Collective Mind With Prediction Markets {{!}} Psychology Today|website=www.psychologytoday.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since the bets are anonymous, there is no understanding as to why the bets happened, but can only infer the odds of an event to the traders without said traders sharing knowledge with each other.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/silicon-psyche/202510/betting-on-our-collective-mind-with-prediction-markets|title=Betting on Our Collective Mind With Prediction Markets {{!}} Psychology Today|website=www.psychologytoday.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to the psychology of having a collective intelligence over an event, some traders can fall for common pitfalls that would be seen on other types of gambling. The pitfalls that occur are [[wikipedia:Fear_of_missing_out|FOMO]] or Fearing Of Missing Out when the trader makes a bet just because they don't want to miss out on potential gains, overconfidence with the traders' decision making can make traders inclined to do more risky bets and can be excessive if not checked correctly and a confirmation bias where the trader's bias will make a bet based on what is already known due to their bias which can lead to a misinformed bet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://predictionmarket.tools/news/psychology-prediction-market-trading|title=Understanding the Psychology of Prediction Market Trading: A Beginner's Guide|last=Tools|first=Prediction Market|date=2026-02-01|website=predictionmarket.tools|language=en|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, as more bets are made with the trader, the draw of the unknown with the trader making profit feeds an addiction loop where the brain gets hooked to the uncertainty and, creating wins, even small wins hooks them with more bets even if the trader has accumulated losses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globisinsights.com/career-skills/finance/betting-on-reality-the-promises-and-perils-of-prediction-markets/|title=Betting on Reality: The Promises and Perils of Prediction Markets - GLOBIS Insights|date=2026-03-16|website=globisinsights.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; With bets that can be on almost anything, traders can see any event whether it was a geopolitical event or an election result as a form of entertainment rather than an actual event.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globisinsights.com/career-skills/finance/betting-on-reality-the-promises-and-perils-of-prediction-markets/|title=Betting on Reality: The Promises and Perils of Prediction Markets - GLOBIS Insights|date=2026-03-16|website=globisinsights.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mental Health: ===
A person's mental health can be negatively affected when the person keeps refreshing on market data or anxious about missing on news that could affect the market, too focused on a few results, obsessing on the movement of the markets, indecisiveness to the point of anxiety and reduced productivity, foregoing responsibilities and sleep disruption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kindbridge.com/therapy/prediction-markets/|title=Therapy for Prediction Market Trading|website=Kindbridge Behavioral Health|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== Finances: ===
Participating in [[wikipedia:Prediction_market|Prediction Markets]] may not be financially rewarding for a lot of traders, especially for low end traders. From July 2025 to March 2026, a trader that is using a prediction market could see a return of 8% while a trader using a sports book outlet sees a return of 5%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2026/03/25/retail-traders-fare-worse-on-prediction-markets-than-sportsbooks|title=Retail traders fare worse on prediction markets than sportsbooks|website=www.coindesk.com|language=en|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;While the returns are slightly higher for prediction market traders, that comes with only traders that have betted more or up to  $500,000 dollars having a ROI or Return of Investment of 2.6%. Every other traders that have betted less than $500,000 dollars have a negative ROI, meaning traders are actively losing more money with the worst if the trader has betted less than $100 with a -26.8% Return of Investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2026/03/25/retail-traders-fare-worse-on-prediction-markets-than-sportsbooks|title=Retail traders fare worse on prediction markets than sportsbooks|website=www.coindesk.com|language=en|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, for every dollar that is bet on these markets like [[wikipedia:Kalshi|Kalshi]], 28 cents was lost compared to the 11 cents that a gambling hub would.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/analysis-just-found-something-extremely-200642040.html|title=An Analysis Just Found Something Extremely Unflattering About What Happens to Users of Prediction Markets|last=Landymore|first=Frank|date=February 6, 2026|website=Yahoo Finance}}&lt;/ref&gt; With all of the betting, it could lead traders to take debt that can go out of hand if not handled correctly and potential defaults on loans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mercury.bloomberg.com/news/T6AF51KJH6V5|title=Gambling, Prediction Markets Create New Credit Risks, BofA Warns|last=News|first=Bloomberg|date=2025-11-25|website=AdvisorHub|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, when states allowed online betting that includes prediction markets, a traders' credit score drops by 1% after four years and the probability of declaring bankruptcy increases by 28% along with any debt that is sent to debt collecting agencies also increased by 8%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mercury.bloomberg.com/news/T6AF51KJH6V5|title=Gambling, Prediction Markets Create New Credit Risks, BofA Warns|last=News|first=Bloomberg|date=2025-11-25|website=AdvisorHub|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, some traders missed on paying any bill dues and 45% of those traders not having enough money to cover living costs for three to six months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mercury.bloomberg.com/news/T6AF51KJH6V5|title=Gambling, Prediction Markets Create New Credit Risks, BofA Warns|last=News|first=Bloomberg|date=2025-11-25|website=AdvisorHub|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Citations: ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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      <text bytes="34909" sha1="d4bp7xl95fc1eniudp1om3uk5ex8f81" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-04-06 interview with Mickey Huff&lt;ref name=Huff&gt;&lt;!--Mickey Huff--&gt;{{cite Q|Q104530435}}&lt;/ref&gt; about news suppressed for those who control most of the money for the media. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-04-18 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:News suppressed for those who control money for the media.webm|thumb|2026-04-06 interview with Mickey Huff, Executive Director of Project Censored, about how news is suppressed for those who control money for the media]]
[[File:News suppressed for those who control money for the media.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-04-06 interview with Mickey Huff about how news is suppressed for those who control money for the media]]

Mickey Huff, Executive Director of [[w:Project Censored|Project Censored]] and Distinguished Director of the Park Center for Independent Media and Professor of Journalism&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Park Center for Independent Media--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138864997}}&lt;/ref&gt; at [[w:Ithaca College|Ithaca College]], New York,&lt;ref name=Huff/&gt; discusses news suppressed for those who control most of the money for the media and why you should care. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Huff is a professor of social science, history, and journalism, who served at [[w:Diablo Valley College|Diablo Valley College]] in the [[w:San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco Bay Area]] from 2000 until he joined Ithaca College in 2024. While at Diablo Valley he also taught at [[w:California State University, East Bay|California State -- East Bay]] and [[w:Sonoma State University|Sonoma State]]. He won awards from the National Whistleblower Summit&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Whistleblower Summit--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138920697}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2014 and the [[w:Society of Professional Journalists|Society of Professional Journalists]] in 2019.&lt;ref name=Huff/&gt; He became the third Director of Project Censored in 2010&lt;ref name=Huff2015&gt;&lt;!--Project Cexnsored: About us 2015-06-07--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138912000}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has managed substantial expansion of their budget&lt;ref&gt;Per 990 reports for the &quot;Media Freedom Foundation&quot; 501(c)(3), employer identification number (EIN) 94-3383394 affiliated with Project Censored available from the &lt;!--Tax Exempt Organization Search--&gt;{{cite Q|Q121698344}} for EIN = 94-3383394.&lt;/ref&gt; and activities since then. These include co-founding their weekly &quot;Project Censored&quot; shows&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--The Project Censored Show--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138921036}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2010, co-editing their ''Censored'' book since 2009 and founding their own &quot;Censored Press&quot; publishing imprint in 2021. His most recent books include the following: 

* ''Project Censored’s State of the Free Press 2026''&lt;ref&gt;Voitl et al. (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''The Media and Me: A Guide to Critical Media Literacy for Young People''&lt;ref&gt;Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Let’s Agree to Disagree: A Critical Thinking Guide to Communication, Conflict Management, and Critical Media Literacy''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (and what we can do about it)''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Huff/&gt;  

== Hightlights == 

:''This is excerpts from a rush transcript lightly edited for readability and may not be in its final form. The companion video and podcast are the primary sources. Concerned readers are encouraged to correct misrepresentations or raise questions on the associated &quot;Discuss&quot; page.''

Huff began by noting &quot;that citizens could exchange their ideas and understand differences, but instead, they act more like a torch or a flamethrower to further divide people on Team Red and Blue for ratings.&quot; If they could instead focus on areas of agreement rather than differences, they could likely benefit from collaborating on issues of common concern while agreeing to disagree agreeably on their differences. 

===Concentration of ownership of the major media===

Huff was asked about [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]]'s comment that, &quot;the shortest path to a click is anger or hate.&quot; Huff confirmed that social media &quot;algorithmically appeals to people's [[w:confirmation bias|confirmation bias]]es&quot;. And social media {{quote|

has really changed the landscape of who can communicate and how far. So in the 21st century, that's a pretty significant development in communications technology, particularly given the lack of regulations, the lack of accountability, and it really, to borrow a phrase from [[w:Steve Bannon|Steve Bannon]], it really floods the zone&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (2018) quoted Bannon as having said, &quot;The Democrats don’t matter. The real opposition is the media. And the way to deal with them is to flood the zone with shit.&quot; See also [[Wikiquote:Steve Bannon]], accessed 2026-04-13.&lt;/ref&gt; with so much misinformation, disinformation, malinformation. ...

It's not really healthy for any democratic society to have, basically, the public square subsumed by half a dozen big tech companies that essentially ... curate various narratives. And they really amplify and suppress various signals, depending upon whether or not they agree ... . 

If you go back to 1710, you might remember Jonathan Swift once quipped that falsehoods fly and truth comes limping after.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikiquote:Jonathan Swift]] quotes Swift from his newspaper ''The Examiner'', No. XIV (Thursday, November 9th, 1710), as saying, &quot;Falsehood flies, and truth comes limping after it, so that when men come to be undeceived, it is too late; the jest is over, and the tale hath had its effect: ... like a physician, who hath found out an infallible medicine, after the patient is dead.&quot; Consulted 2026-04-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Where are we now, Spencer? Falsehoods fly faster than they've ever gone before, and we don't teach critical media literacy enough.  We only have half a dozen states in the US that really mandate it, and even then, we don't get into the details. ...

We have more information at our fingertips than ever really before. But we have a paucity of understanding, ... and we still have to think critically about it. And no matter how fast our computers go, ... our brains go at the same speed. ...

Journalism is about storytelling. And storytelling requires forethought, intelligence, gathering facts and information. ... 

More than half of Americans get their news from social media. ... [B]ut we can't conflate media or social media with ethical public interest journalism. ... We have such a lack of media literacy in the United States, and because a quarter of the country lives in [[w:news desert|news desert]]s, many Americans have a hard time discovering what actually is news. What's opinion? What's propaganda? What does censorship look like in a world of a thousand channels and a million podcasts? ... [T]here's a lot of [[w:Echo chamber (media)|echo chamber]]s and media silos ... . 

[[w:Daniel Ellsberg|Dan Ellsberg]] once said, ... we need more people showing what he called civil courage. ... The desire and ability to go out and tell people what's really happening, and tell the public what they need to know, regardless of the consequences. That latter part is a tall order, because a lot of whistleblowers are really putting the interests of the public ahead of their own.}} 

===DiResta and &quot;Think before you share.&quot;===

Graves noted that [[w:Renée DiResta|Renée DiResta]] talked about replacing the &quot;like&quot; button with &quot;Think before you share&quot; and migrating to non-commercial social media that social media that do not make money off of amplifying political polarization and violence and increasing teen suicides.&lt;ref&gt;DiResta (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

Huff replied, {{quote| 

I resonate with that comment. I think that we should have the &quot;think before you click.&quot; It should be &quot;think, click, read, corroborate, cross-check.&quot; ... 

I'm afraid that the [[w:artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]] takeover of our digital space is replacing the real intelligence of human beings at record speeds. And so the think button on the computer or the phone and the outsourcing of fact-checking, I think, is problematic, because it kicks the can down the road. We, the people, need to be thinking critically. We need to be thinking independently. We need to be communicating, about our interests and the public interest, and not rely on algorithms and bots and computer chips to do it for us. ...

Nolan Higdon&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Nolan Higdon--&gt;{{cite Q|Q115632239}}&lt;/ref&gt; and I, a media scholar, wrote another book called ''United States of Distraction''.&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; It's about mass [[w:media manipulation|media manipulation]] in the [[w:post-truth|post-truth]] world. We offer prescriptions about what we can do about it that doesn't involve outsourcing those things or savior mentalities. ... 

We also wrote a book called ''Let's Agree to Disagree''.&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; I strongly believe that it's important to learn things from each other, to take things where we resonate, and to build on those things, and where we have disagreements, we take time and pause to see, &quot;Where are they coming from? And why are they amplified?&quot; &quot;Why do we amplify the differences more than we seem to amplify areas of agreement?&quot; ...}}

===Critical v. non-critical media literacy===

Graves asked, &quot;How does critical media literacy differ from media literacy that is somehow not critical?&quot;

Huff replied, {{quote|

[[w:Media literacy|Media literacy]] is the general catch-all term that we use for people to analyze and access and understand how media function, for whom, to what end. ... Adding the word &quot;critical&quot; is a reference to [[w:critical pedagogy|critical pedagogy]] and [[w:critical theory|critical theory]]. It means that we don't just do those basic questions. We also interrogate ownership. Who owns the media? Who curates the messages? Who wants me to know a certain thing for a certain reason?

Why are certain messages seemingly ubiquitous, and other facts and truths so difficult to find?

Critical media literacy is the process of always interrogating the sources and always asking critical questions. Are we sure? Are we sure this is accurate? Are there other views that we're missing? 

A lot of media literacy, particularly that championed by corporations, ... [talks] about the importance of media literacy. States like California, where I lived for more than a couple decades, were one of the states that passed media literacy education. They said it was very important and should be part of the curriculum. 

Guess who lined up first to lobby for the bill? It was [[w:Silicon Valley|Silicon Valley]] with all their gadgets and their software and all their quick fixes that make them billions of dollars. 

We also lined up, and we had our scholarship and our research and our teaching guides, and our curriculum. And they basically said, &quot;Well, that's really interesting. But Google and Apple got here first.&quot;

It's, again, this tendency to commercialize. And this is what we mean by critical media literacy: If it's outsourced, or we'll have something in a browser that tells us whether something is a green, or a yellow, or a red source, thanks to the mighty, friends at [[w:NewsGuard|NewsGuard]]. ... NewsGuard is populated by many people from former government agencies, military intelligence. Not the most trustworthy characters that you would want to put in charge of a lockbox of information telling us what's accurate or not. ... 

I think that's why we really need to teach critical media literacy. &quot;Critical&quot;'s not about being negative.

&quot;Critical&quot; doesn't mean finding out what's wrong. &quot;Critical&quot; means that we're open to asking questions, we're open to changing our mind, and it's a long process of probing and sharing information with others who can check us for our own biases, right? Because there's no such thing as objectivity in the real world of practiced information dissemination ... .

There's an effort from the corporate media and even government to sort of pile a lot of responsibility on individuals. One of those topics is the [[w:climate crisis|climate crisis]]. If I would just recycle more, use paper straws, get an [[w:electric car|electric car]], which also wildly pollutes with [[w:Lithium#Batteries|lithium mining]]&lt;ref&gt;Domonoske (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; ... .There's agency. We should be stewards of the earth. We should be mindful of the footprint that we leave. [[w:Native American cultures in the United States|Native American culture]] long promoted many of those kinds of theories and philosophies for the way that we interact with nature, because we are part of nature, we're not separate from it.&lt;ref&gt;Jordan (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; 

But the real change that needs to take place, once that's understood, is that the major corporations are the ones that are involved with [[w:microplastics|microplastics]] polluting the earth, [[w:fossil fuel#Environmental effects| fossil fuel]] contamination of the atmosphere. In fact, the world's largest polluter that is not subject to environmental rules and regulations, Spencer, is the [[w:United States Armed Forces|United States military]],&lt;ref&gt;Mordowanec (2025), which discusses Thombs et al. (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; which wantonly pollutes and causes mass destruction. That is the topic, by the way, of [[w:Abby Martin|Abby Martin]]'s latest film called ''Earth's Greatest Enemy''.&lt;ref&gt;Martin (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; That was a five-year journey she took looking into just how significant the impact is. ... 

We need individual agency, but also we need societal change and reform in our institutions, corporations, government, etc. Where are we addressing that elephant in the room around the [[w:climate crisis|climate crisis]] or [[w:climate change|climate change]]? Our institutions are not mentioning that. 

This movie is not commercially distributed. It was totally independent. There's no major movie theaters screening it, there's no production company platforming it ... because the corporate media benefits from advertising money from everything from fossil fuels to the [[w:Petrochemical industry|petrochemical companies]] to [[w:Big Pharma conspiracy theories|Big Pharma]],&lt;ref&gt;For an informed discussion of public health including mention of Big Pharma, see &quot;[[How US media threaten the health of all]], episode number 50 in this [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|Media &amp; Democracy]] series.&lt;/ref&gt; they don't always tell the facts about what's happening in those industries and how they affect [[w:We the People (disambiguation)|&quot;We the People&quot;]] in our society. That's censorship by proxy in many ways and how corporate censorship works. That's completely lawfully under the [[w:First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]], because the First Amendment only addresses prior restraint from government. 

That's what the work of Project Censored has been dedicated to for the last 50 years: Looking at the kinds of conflicts of interest that prevent otherwise respectable news outlets from consistently reporting about some controversial matters. 

The work that we do when we criticize corporate media isn't to denigrate it. The [[w:Fourth Estate|Fourth Estate]] is under massive assault, unprecedented assault from government, from corporate, hostile corporate takeovers.

And we need to speak out against all of it. Although we're proponents of the independent press and independent media, because we think it tends to operate more from the grassroots bottom up in the public interest, it's also a real problem in society, Spencer, when our major news organizations are regularly under attack, are wildly capitulating to ephemeral political interests ... .

It's something that we should all take seriously. Even though I will criticize ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'' and ''[[w:The Washington Post|The Washington Post]]'' for some of their tepid reporting and propaganda, they also simultaneously report very important things. ... Notice the nuance: It's not all black and white.

But in our fast world, Silicon Valley, &quot;[[w:Move fast and break things|move fast and break things]]&quot;, we should be delicate with the earth, we should be delicate with ourselves and our minds, because when those things break, they're hard to fix.

I think media could spur healthy reforms and changes in our society. But we have to help bring that about by demanding that we get this kind of public interest media and journalism, and not just settle for the [[w:Tabloid journalism|tabloidized]] distractions that are paying dividends to shareholders at the major networks.}}

=== McChesney: &quot;The closer a story gets to corporate power ... , the less reliable the corporate news media is.&quot; ===

Graves mentioned the late [[w:Robert W. McChesney|Robert McChesney]]'s comment that the closer a story gets to corporate power, the less reliable the major media become.&lt;ref&gt;The precise quote is McChesney (2015, p. xx): &quot;[T]he closer a story gets to corporate power and corporate domination of our society, the less reliable the corporate news media is.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Huff replied, {{quote|

The late, great Bob McChesney was a sage in so many ways. ... We were fortunate to have people like McChesney, [and] [[w:Ben Bagdikian|Ben Bagdikian]], like canaries in the coal mine when it came to media ownership. When Bagdikian published ''Media Monopoly'' in the early 1980s,&lt;ref&gt;Bagdikian (1983).&lt;/ref&gt; he was sounding the alarm when there were 50 corporations controlling the media. Now we're down to 5 ... . 

The model of the commercial press is to make profits rather than inform the public in a meaningful way. [[w:Henry George Seldes|George Seldes]] said this in the 1940s, when he was writing ''In Fact'', which was probably one of the earliest media criticism kind of publications during [[w:World War II|World War II]]. That was a precursor to the great [[w:I.F. Stone|I.F. Stone]], Izzy Stone, and Stone's ''Weekly'' a decade later. 

Seldes once said that the job of journalists isn't to provide objective or some kind of impartial reporting. It's to tell the public what's going on. It's to tell the public what's happening and help them see and navigate complicated situations. ... That's exactly what McChesney's referring to, the way in which our media ecosystem has been just completely gobbled up, controlled, and subsumed by corporations for profit. And we've now pulled the plug even on the [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]]. ... It's going to take a really long time to reverse some of the damages that we've seen come out of the [[w:Second presidency of Donald Trump|second Trump administration]] and [[w:Brendan Carr|Brendan Carr]]'s [[w:Federal Communications Commission|FCC]].}} 

=== Local news nonprofits === 

Graves asked Huff's thoughts about local funding for local news nonprofits like the [[w:New Jersey Civic Information Consortium|New Jersey Civic Information Consortium]]. 

Huff replied, {{quote|

I'm so glad you brought that up. I was just speaking to one of McChesney's protégés, one of his students, the great [[w:Victor Pickard|Victor Pickard]], who's a professor at the [[w:Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania|University of Pennsylvania]]. ... Wonderful human being, amazing scholar. We're really fortunate to have people like Victor and the work they do, really carrying the torch for McChesney's work in amazing ways. 

The Media, Inequality and Change Center, the MIC Center&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media, Inequality, and Change Center--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106419678}}&lt;/ref&gt; that Victor co-directs, great work. Amazing co-authored report he did for the [[w:Roosevelt Institute|Roosevelt Institute]] last December that I would strongly urge people to read on the current update regarding political economy of mass media in the present and what it means.&lt;ref&gt;Baydoun et al. (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; For an informed public, parts of the solutions to the hyper-commercialized media ... is that we have to find ways to fund local journalism. We have to rethink the ways that we fund and support local journalism, and in order to do that, we have to really call on the support of the general public, who has to at some point realize that living in a news desert is not good for their lives. It's not good for their communities, and it's not good for the future of their families or their children.

You'd think that a rectification of news deserts ... you'd think that many people would want that, regardless of other things they disagree on. But because we do live in such a hyper-commercialized ... media climate, a lot of folks don't know what that looks like.

Community radio, of course, for a long time has been a model of community media, working from the grassroots with listener and viewer support, but we need more than that. We really need a robust New Deal-style kind of program, where the FCC truly regulates media in the public interest, and that instead of dumping $1.5 trillion into the military empire next year, what if we just drop $30 billion into the media? ... 

We've really let commercialism and capitalism run amok, the degree to which that it's just eaten our civic institutions. It's corrupted our politics. Lobbying. The ownership of the press has corrupted the reporting, so we really have to look at the root of those challenges and problems. And oftentimes it's the corruptive influence of profit over people that I'm afraid we really can't get around. You see what's just happened at [[w:CBS|CBS]] with the [[w:David Ellison|Ellisons]] and [[w:Bari Weiss|Bari Weiss]]. ... It's like a controlled demolition from the inside. CBS is not perfect, none of them are. But this is the former seat of [[w:Edward R. Murrow|Ed Murrow]] and [[w:Walter Cronkite|Walter Cronkite]], who are obviously spinning in their graves right now. Because this is a once-venerated institution that's being turned into a disgraced propaganda rag for the .001% that already own most of the media, control three branches of government, all the [[w:regulatory capture|regulatory capture]]d agencies, and yet they still say that there's a pervasive liberal, &quot;[[w:woke|woke]]&quot; mind virus that's destroying the world, even though they're running it. Even though they're the ones running these institutions.}}

Graves noted that McChesney estimated that in the first half of the nineteenth century the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act]] of 1792 provided subsidies of roughly two-tenths of a percent of GDP to newspapers, and by some accounts [[The Great American Paradox|made major contributions to creating the political economy that has catapulted the United States into world leadership]]. He now recommends 0.15% of GDP. One tenth of a percent of GDP, is roughly $30 billion.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Sampling units / experimental polities|Many municipalities, probably most, can match that]] by matching roughly what they spend on accounting, advertising, and public relations with citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits.

Huff replied, {{quote|

You said it all, Spencer. I think that's exactly what we need. There are solutions, and they're often in front of us, and they're not wildly complicated. ... 

The Fourth Estate doesn't seem to cover itself very well. Many people are unaware of the root causes of what's wrong with media, because the media don't want to call attention to themselves, do they? They don't want to call attention to the issues that they're benefiting from. ... That creates an incredible barrier for us to transcend. 

But I think that the more media literate people become, the more news media literate people become, and the more people are exposed to these kinds of ideas and possibilities by seeing how media can function in other ecosystems, in other countries. I think that we could model that here ... . I think people are very tired of the divisiveness in the Team Red, Team Blue, and the constant shouting, [[w:Rage-baiting|rage bait]]. Outrage fatigue is real.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;  It's led to massive mistrust and a cratering of public trust in the media.

I mentioned [[w:Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] once already in the [[w:New Deal|New Deal]] by going back and looking at the significance of what makes our country unique, and what made it a flawed but a relatively principled democratic republic that appreciated the rights of people to believe and express and have speech. 

But they also had the rights of privacy, and they were free from want and fear. That was in Roosevelt's [[w:Four Freedoms|Four Freedoms]] speech. He talked about not just the freedoms of speech and expression that are so important for a democratic republic. He talked about creating the conditions whereby people could be trustworthy because their basic needs were met. ...}}

Graves said, &quot;I like your book about a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy. ... I'm working on a book-in-progress on ''[[Media Literacy and You]]''. ... And I'm trying to make a distinction between ''passive'' and ''active'' media literacy. ''Passive'' media literacy is a ''disconfirmation bias'': Looking for sources that might conflict with my preconceptions. ''Active'' is seeking out others, and engaging them in civil, respectful conversation.&quot; 

Huff replied, {{quote| 

I could not agree with you more. Despite the title of that book. I know that that's very difficult to do. Sometimes when we're talking with people, maybe who are ignorant or are unaware of certain things. And some people can be harmful and hostile. And so, when we talk about agreeing to disagree in civil discourse, it has to be something that's agreed upon by all engaged parties.

We can't have people operating outside of good faith that want to sabotage those kinds of discussions and conversations, because as you know, Spencer, poisoning the well is easy to do: It only takes one drop in many cases before people stop trusting each other. And people use phrases that are conversation or dialogue stoppers. When we start ''[[w:Ad hominem|ad hominem]]''-ing each other, and calling each other names, and … dividing into each side. It really requires good faith engagement. It's not about whether I'm right and you're wrong, or vice versa. It's, &quot;Here's some of my understandings about things. What are your understandings?&quot; &quot;Here's where I was getting my perspectives and information. Where were you getting those?&quot; &quot;How can we come together? Where are there things that we agree upon?&quot; And then we can talk about disagreements later. But when we start with disagreements, we tend to end with disagreements. When we start with areas where we may have common ground to build bridges, not walls, we might be able to mitigate the disagreements later on.}}

Graves noted that he had recently interviewed [[Conservative media are different|Anthony Nadler, who commented that Fox, especially, trains its viewers to be angry]], to create obstacles to civil discourse. 

Huff replied, {{quote|

Yeah. Fox is not the only one, but of course, [[What the Left can learn from Fox|Fox was started in 1996 by Rupert Murdoch]] and [[w:Roger Ailes|Roger Ailes]]. Ailes was a communications guy from the [[w:Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]]. The whole purpose basically comes out of the [[w:Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon administration]]. The press is the enemy of the people, which we've heard Trump reiterate in his first term, hearkening back to the [[w:Lying press|Lügenpresse]] in Germany, that the press is the enemy of the public. ... 

Fox came about on purpose as a way to counter what was seen as a liberal bias in media. ... The myth of the liberal media. ... It wasn't ''The New York Times'' or ''The Washington Post'' liberal bias about Nixon. It was about Nixon [[w:Watergate scandal|committing wanton crimes and lying to the public]] and getting caught doing it. ...

[[w:Robert Greenwald|Robert Greenwald]] said in the early film, ''[[w:Outfoxed|Outfoxed]]'', going back 22 years at least, You can't outfox Fox. They kind of cornered the market on that propaganda. ... They've been able to obstruct meaningful progress in media and in social reforms for the last several decades.}}

=== Closing comments ===

When asked for closing comments, Huff replied, {{quote|

I appreciate the opportunity to talk about media literacy, news media literacy, and the organizations that I have a great honor of working with. I work with some amazing people in the media literacy universe at Project Censored. This is our 50th anniversary. You can learn more about us at [https://www.projectcensored.org projectcensored.org]. I'm also the Director at the Park Center for Independent Media, Ithaca College, where I teach journalism and media literacy. You can learn more about that by going to [https://www.parkindymedia.org parkindymedia.org].

The Park Center gives out what's called the Izzy Award&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Izzy Award--&gt;{{cite Q|Q28792092}}&lt;/ref&gt; every year, named after the iconic I.F. Stone. This year, we are giving it out April 22nd, and this year's winners for the best independent writing in the public interest included ''[[w:The Texas Observer|The Texas Observer]]'', and also ''[[w:The City (website)|The City]]'' in New York for their story on the 26th Federal Plaza ICE detention that they were lying about,&lt;ref&gt;Chu and Hogan (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; and the film I mentioned earlier, Abby Martin's ''Earth's Greatest Enemy''.

If your listeners and viewers want to tune in to some of those things and get in contact with us about what they can do, if they're looking for educational materials around news literacy, feel free to get ahold of me at either of those sites.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Ben Bagdikian (1983)  The Media Monopoly--&gt;{{cite Q|Q137268834}}
* &lt;!--Bilal Baydoun, Shahrzad Shams, Victor W. Pickard (2025-12) &quot;The Political Economy of the US Media System: Excavating the Roots of the Present Crisis--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139377756}}
* &lt;!-- Haidee Chu and Gwynne Hogan (2025-07-22) &quot;'Like Dogs in Here’ — Videos Expose ICE Lockup Inside 26 Federal Plaza&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139381718}}
* &lt;!--Renée DiResta (2024) Invisible Rulers: The People Who Turn Lies into Reality--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135107164}}
* &lt;!--Camila Domonoske (2024-05-09) &quot;Their batteries hurt the environment, but EVs still beat gas cars. Here's why--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139373714}}
* &lt;!-- Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2022-02-22)  Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138914107}}
* &lt;!-- Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2019-08-20)  United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (and what we can do about it)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138919847}}
* &lt;!--Jordan (2025-10-19) &quot; Indigenous perspectives on environmental stewardship&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139373895}}
* &lt;!--Michael Lewis (2018-02-21) &quot;Has Anyone Seen the President?&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139301312}}
* &lt;!--Tanya Lewis (2024-12-30) &quot;Outrage Fatigue Is Real. These Tips May Help--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139381235}}
* &lt;!--Abby Martin (2025)  Earth's Greatest Enemy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139375251}}
* &lt;!--Robert W. McChesney (2015) Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communications Politics in Dubious Times, 3rd ed. (The New Press)__&gt;{{cite Q|Q118219867}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Nick Mordowanec (2025-07-03) &quot;World’s Biggest Polluter is in the US, Study Finds&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139373955}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2025-12) Reinventing Local Journalism: Carrying Forward Bob McChesney's Unfinished Project--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139377722}}
* &lt;!-- Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022-12-27) The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138912399}}
* &lt;!-- Ryan P. Thombs, Andrew K Jorgenson, and Brett Clark (2025-07-02) &quot; Reducing U.S. military spending could lead to substantial decreases in energy consumption&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139374021}}
* &lt;!-- Shealeigh Voitl, Mickey Huff, and Andy Lee Roth, eds. (2025-11-26)  Project Censored’s State of the Free Press 2026--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138912202|author=Shealeigh Voitl, Mickey Huff, and Andy Lee Roth, eds.}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Political economy]]
[[Category:Social media]]
[[Category:War History]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
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  <page>
    <title>Intuitive Calculus</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T00:07:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
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      <comment>/* 5/20/2026 [Fermet's Theorem] */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10615" sha1="avbpoxt7j73mjm09kwsz5619iupmx96" xml:space="preserve">{{mathematics}}'''&lt;u&gt;Book&lt;/u&gt;''': ''Infinite Powers'' by Steven Strogatz (ISBN#: 1328879984){{tertiary}}
{{Notes}}
{{juststarted}}
{{contrib-creator|[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]]}}
== Notes ==
[[File:Parts of Parabola.svg|thumb|A diagram of a parabola.]]

=== 4/11/2026 (Archimedes and the method of exhaustion) ===
* Archimedes and figuring out the ''quadratic'' (or computation of the area) of a parabolic segment. This is just basically spamming smaller triangles into a [[parabola]] to equal one big triangle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;=1&lt;/math&gt;) in order to figure out the area.

Total area of a parabolic segment from Archimedes findings: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1/4&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1/16&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1/64&lt;/math&gt; ← geometric series.

^each term is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1/4&lt;/math&gt; of the term preceding it as the daughter triangles always contribute a total of 1 quarter as much area as their parents do. 

Archimedes proved that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = 4/3&lt;/math&gt; through a '''double reductio ad absurdum'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Infinite powers: how calculus reveals the secrets of the universe|last=Strogatz|first=Steven|date=2020|publisher=Mariner Books ; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-87998-1|edition=First Mariner books edition|location=Boston New York|pages=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; using the '''method of exhaustion''', an analytical way of finding a result&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Infinite powers: how calculus reveals the secrets of the universe|last=Strogatz|first=Steven|date=2020|publisher=Mariner Books ; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-87998-1|edition=First Mariner books edition|location=Boston New York|pages=102}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== 5/2/2026 (Johannes Kepler) ===

==== [[w:Johannes_Kepler|Johannes Kepler]] ====

# '''[[w:Elliptic orbit|Elliptical orbits]]'''
#*'''Ellipse''': Plane curve where the sum of distances from any point on the curve to two fixed points (foci) is constant. For example, a circle is a type of ellipse. A circle is a set of points where distance from a given point (aka its center) is constant. Kepler stated that all planets follow an elliptical orbit. 
# '''[https://www.socratica.com/pages/keplers-second-law-of-motion Equal Areas in Equal Times]'''
#*'''Formula''': Time (P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; → P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) = Time (P&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; → P&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) [their sectors have equal areas]
# '''Third Law and the Sacred Frenzy'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Infinite powers: how calculus reveals the secrets of the universe|last=Strogatz|first=Steven|date=2020|publisher=Mariner Books ; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-87998-1|edition=First Mariner books edition|location=Boston New York|pages=84}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#*&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
#**&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; = how long it takes for a planet to go around the sun just once.
#**&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; = avg. of the planet's nearest and farthest distance from the sun.

=== 5/14/2026 (Calculus definitions, introduction to adequality) ===
* '''[[w:Differential_calculus|Differential calculus]]:''' cuts complicated problems into infinitely many simpler pieces. Ex, derivatives. 
* '''[[w:Integral_calculus|Integral calculus]]''': puts the pieces back together again to solve the original problem. Ex, integrals. 
[[File:Tangent function animation.gif|thumb|The derivative at different points of a differentiable function. In this case, the derivative is equal to &lt;math&gt;\sin \left(x^2\right) + 2x^2 \cos\left(x^2\right)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-04-13|title=Derivative|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derivative&amp;oldid=1348562692|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Cartesian-coordinate-system.svg|thumb|This is known as a ''Cartesian coordinate system''.|left]]
* '''[[w:Analytical_geometry|Analytical geometry]]''': Also known as Cartesian geometry, is geometry using a coordinate system (pictured towards the left). Analytical geometry is used in physics, engineering, and aviation. &quot;Analysis&quot; in analytic geometry is meant to be understood as a way of ''figuring out'' the results rather than proving the results&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Infinite powers: how calculus reveals the secrets of the universe|last=Strogatz|first=Steven|date=2020|publisher=Mariner Books ; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-87998-1|edition=First Mariner books edition|location=Boston New York|pages=101}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
==== Adequality ====
''See pages 103 to 107, which provide a breakdown of [[w:Pierre_de_Fermat|Pierre de Fermat]] and his concept of adequality.''

Pierre de Fermat's concept of adequality (meaning ''approximate equality''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-09-18|title=Number Theory: An Approach Through History from Hammurapi to Legendre|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number_Theory:_An_Approach_Through_History_from_Hammurapi_to_Legendre&amp;oldid=1246411217|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was a way of finding the maxima, minima, tangents, and other problems in calculus. For example, two nearly equal values, [let's say] ''a'' and ''b'' at the maximum of a parabola, are used to find the maxima of a parabola through a small 'nudge' in the variable&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Infinite powers: how calculus reveals the secrets of the universe|last=Strogatz|first=Steven|date=2020|publisher=Mariner Books ; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-87998-1|edition=First Mariner books edition|location=Boston New York|pages=106}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Fermat's ideas eventually led to the concept of derivatives (illustrated towards the right) in modern calculus. 
{{Notice|1=
'''5/14/2026''' - STOPPING POINT&lt;br&gt;
To watch for later: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOKoo_nQSts (6:01)

To read for later: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/triumphs_calculus/article/1011/&amp;path_info=M05_Fermats_Method_for_Finding_Maxima_and_Minima_2022_05_17.pdf&amp;cs=1&amp;hl=en-US&amp;biw=1280&amp;bih=631.3333740234375}}
=== 5/16/2026 (continuation of Fermat's adequality) ===
[[File:Week 9 Fermat and Adequality Proto-Calculus Notes - Part 1.jpg|thumb|438x438px|'''Figure 1.''' Written statements [in all caps] are as follows (from the top-down): 1. WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM VALUE? 2. TWO NEARBY X-VALUES, X&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; AND X&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, PRODUCE ALMOST THE SAME OUTPUT; l = left side, r = right side in the hill diagram]]
==== What does b - (x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; + x&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) = 0 represent? ====
b = x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; + x&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

Reference the hill diagram in '''Figure 1''' (you may have to open the file and zoom in). X&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and X&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; represent two nearby points on both sides of the &quot;hill&quot; which both produce almost the same output.  

For both of the values, adding both X&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and X&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; would equal &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; (the total length). B = x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; + x&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; would come out to B = 2x, with '''x = b/2''' (where the maxima occurs). This is the value of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; that would ideally give the highest value for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (see below).
==== Purpose of bx - x&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = c? ====
What is the purpose of the equation (see https://youtube.com/AOKoo_nQSts?si=1RfOYMAHm-Ll5sVT&amp;t [minute 4:17] for context/writing of this equation): &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;bx&lt;/math&gt; - &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;?

If we take a line (total = &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;), and make a cut at some point in the line (and designate the cut 'mark' as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;), how could we figure out &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (output produced by the equation, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;bx&lt;/math&gt; - &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;)? 

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; represents a portion of the line, while &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b - x&lt;/math&gt; represents the remaining portion of the line. The product of both &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b - x&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;bx&lt;/math&gt; - &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. The goal is to find the value of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; that would produce the highest &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; value.

=== 5/20/2026 [Fermet's Theorem] ===

* Pages 107 to 113 detail Fermat's concept of adequality and other mathematical findings led to the decompression of fingerprint files for the FBI in the 1990s. Read [https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/400027 this] for more about the FBI's decision to digitalize fingerprint files and the process behind it.
* ''[expand upon Fermat's optimization? Use the PDF?]''
* '''Fermet's Theorem =''' If a real-valued function, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt;, is differentiable&lt;ref&gt;function has a well-defined, smooth slope at every single point&lt;/ref&gt; in an interval &lt;math&gt;(a, b)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; has a maximum OR minimum at &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; ∈ &lt;math&gt;(a, b)&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f'(c)&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://old.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/fermat-s-method-for-finding-maxima-and-minima-a-mini-primary-source-project-for-calculus-1-students|title=Fermat’s Method for Finding Maxima and Minima: A Mini-Primary Source Project for Calculus 1 Students {{!}} Mathematical Association of America|website=old.maa.org|access-date=2026-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
** Explanation of ∈: essentially &quot;belongs to/inside/a member of.&quot; For example, &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; ∈ &lt;math&gt;(a, b)&lt;/math&gt; → &quot;the number c&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt; is inside the interval between &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;&quot;.

=== 5/23/2026 [Logarithmics] ===
[insert logarithmics introduction/lesson]

log(''a'' x ''b'') = log ''a'' + log ''b''

Multiply two numbers together, take the log = answer is the SUM of their individual logs

== Wikipedia/Study Links ==
[[w:Archimedes|'''Archimedes''']]
* [[w:Approximations_of_pi|approximations of pi]]
* quadrature (computation of area) of a parabolic segment
* [[w:Archimedes_Palimpsest|''Archimedes Palimpsest'']]
* [https://math.nyu.edu/Archimedes/Lever/LeverLaw.html Archimedes' Law of the Lever]
'''[[w:Pierre_de_Fermat|Pierre de Fermat]]'''

* [https://old.maa.org/sites/default/files/images/upload_library/46/Barnett_TRIUMPHS_MiniPSPs/MiniPSP_FermatsMethod_2023_02_20.pdf ''Fermat’s Method for Finding Maxima and Minima'']- Kenneth M Monks (2023)
'''Other'''

* [[w:Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols|Glossary of mathematical symbols]]

== See Also ==
* [[User:Addemf/sandbox/Who Invented Calculus?]]

== References/Sources ==
[[Category:Atcovi's Work]]
[[Category:Calculus]]</text>
      <sha1>avbpoxt7j73mjm09kwsz5619iupmx96</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811373</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T00:31:02Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
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      <comment>/* 5/23/2026 [Logarithmics] */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10616" sha1="cuthu598nq7cwvc2qzfwzzf4duadpiu" xml:space="preserve">{{mathematics}}'''&lt;u&gt;Book&lt;/u&gt;''': ''Infinite Powers'' by Steven Strogatz (ISBN#: 1328879984){{tertiary}}
{{Notes}}
{{juststarted}}
{{contrib-creator|[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]]}}
== Notes ==
[[File:Parts of Parabola.svg|thumb|A diagram of a parabola.]]

=== 4/11/2026 (Archimedes and the method of exhaustion) ===
* Archimedes and figuring out the ''quadratic'' (or computation of the area) of a parabolic segment. This is just basically spamming smaller triangles into a [[parabola]] to equal one big triangle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;=1&lt;/math&gt;) in order to figure out the area.

Total area of a parabolic segment from Archimedes findings: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1/4&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1/16&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1/64&lt;/math&gt; ← geometric series.

^each term is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1/4&lt;/math&gt; of the term preceding it as the daughter triangles always contribute a total of 1 quarter as much area as their parents do. 

Archimedes proved that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = 4/3&lt;/math&gt; through a '''double reductio ad absurdum'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Infinite powers: how calculus reveals the secrets of the universe|last=Strogatz|first=Steven|date=2020|publisher=Mariner Books ; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-87998-1|edition=First Mariner books edition|location=Boston New York|pages=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; using the '''method of exhaustion''', an analytical way of finding a result&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Infinite powers: how calculus reveals the secrets of the universe|last=Strogatz|first=Steven|date=2020|publisher=Mariner Books ; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-87998-1|edition=First Mariner books edition|location=Boston New York|pages=102}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== 5/2/2026 (Johannes Kepler) ===

==== [[w:Johannes_Kepler|Johannes Kepler]] ====

# '''[[w:Elliptic orbit|Elliptical orbits]]'''
#*'''Ellipse''': Plane curve where the sum of distances from any point on the curve to two fixed points (foci) is constant. For example, a circle is a type of ellipse. A circle is a set of points where distance from a given point (aka its center) is constant. Kepler stated that all planets follow an elliptical orbit. 
# '''[https://www.socratica.com/pages/keplers-second-law-of-motion Equal Areas in Equal Times]'''
#*'''Formula''': Time (P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; → P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) = Time (P&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; → P&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) [their sectors have equal areas]
# '''Third Law and the Sacred Frenzy'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Infinite powers: how calculus reveals the secrets of the universe|last=Strogatz|first=Steven|date=2020|publisher=Mariner Books ; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-87998-1|edition=First Mariner books edition|location=Boston New York|pages=84}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#*&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
#**&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; = how long it takes for a planet to go around the sun just once.
#**&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; = avg. of the planet's nearest and farthest distance from the sun.

=== 5/14/2026 (Calculus definitions, introduction to adequality) ===
* '''[[w:Differential_calculus|Differential calculus]]:''' cuts complicated problems into infinitely many simpler pieces. Ex, derivatives. 
* '''[[w:Integral_calculus|Integral calculus]]''': puts the pieces back together again to solve the original problem. Ex, integrals. 
[[File:Tangent function animation.gif|thumb|The derivative at different points of a differentiable function. In this case, the derivative is equal to &lt;math&gt;\sin \left(x^2\right) + 2x^2 \cos\left(x^2\right)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-04-13|title=Derivative|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derivative&amp;oldid=1348562692|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Cartesian-coordinate-system.svg|thumb|This is known as a ''Cartesian coordinate system''.|left]]
* '''[[w:Analytical_geometry|Analytical geometry]]''': Also known as Cartesian geometry, is geometry using a coordinate system (pictured towards the left). Analytical geometry is used in physics, engineering, and aviation. &quot;Analysis&quot; in analytic geometry is meant to be understood as a way of ''figuring out'' the results rather than proving the results&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Infinite powers: how calculus reveals the secrets of the universe|last=Strogatz|first=Steven|date=2020|publisher=Mariner Books ; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-87998-1|edition=First Mariner books edition|location=Boston New York|pages=101}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
==== Adequality ====
''See pages 103 to 107, which provide a breakdown of [[w:Pierre_de_Fermat|Pierre de Fermat]] and his concept of adequality.''

Pierre de Fermat's concept of adequality (meaning ''approximate equality''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-09-18|title=Number Theory: An Approach Through History from Hammurapi to Legendre|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number_Theory:_An_Approach_Through_History_from_Hammurapi_to_Legendre&amp;oldid=1246411217|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was a way of finding the maxima, minima, tangents, and other problems in calculus. For example, two nearly equal values, [let's say] ''a'' and ''b'' at the maximum of a parabola, are used to find the maxima of a parabola through a small 'nudge' in the variable&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Infinite powers: how calculus reveals the secrets of the universe|last=Strogatz|first=Steven|date=2020|publisher=Mariner Books ; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-87998-1|edition=First Mariner books edition|location=Boston New York|pages=106}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Fermat's ideas eventually led to the concept of derivatives (illustrated towards the right) in modern calculus. 
{{Notice|1=
'''5/14/2026''' - STOPPING POINT&lt;br&gt;
To watch for later: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOKoo_nQSts (6:01)

To read for later: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/triumphs_calculus/article/1011/&amp;path_info=M05_Fermats_Method_for_Finding_Maxima_and_Minima_2022_05_17.pdf&amp;cs=1&amp;hl=en-US&amp;biw=1280&amp;bih=631.3333740234375}}
=== 5/16/2026 (continuation of Fermat's adequality) ===
[[File:Week 9 Fermat and Adequality Proto-Calculus Notes - Part 1.jpg|thumb|438x438px|'''Figure 1.''' Written statements [in all caps] are as follows (from the top-down): 1. WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM VALUE? 2. TWO NEARBY X-VALUES, X&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; AND X&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, PRODUCE ALMOST THE SAME OUTPUT; l = left side, r = right side in the hill diagram]]
==== What does b - (x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; + x&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) = 0 represent? ====
b = x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; + x&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

Reference the hill diagram in '''Figure 1''' (you may have to open the file and zoom in). X&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and X&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; represent two nearby points on both sides of the &quot;hill&quot; which both produce almost the same output.  

For both of the values, adding both X&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and X&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; would equal &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; (the total length). B = x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; + x&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; would come out to B = 2x, with '''x = b/2''' (where the maxima occurs). This is the value of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; that would ideally give the highest value for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (see below).
==== Purpose of bx - x&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = c? ====
What is the purpose of the equation (see https://youtube.com/AOKoo_nQSts?si=1RfOYMAHm-Ll5sVT&amp;t [minute 4:17] for context/writing of this equation): &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;bx&lt;/math&gt; - &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;?

If we take a line (total = &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;), and make a cut at some point in the line (and designate the cut 'mark' as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;), how could we figure out &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (output produced by the equation, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;bx&lt;/math&gt; - &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;)? 

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; represents a portion of the line, while &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b - x&lt;/math&gt; represents the remaining portion of the line. The product of both &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b - x&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;bx&lt;/math&gt; - &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. The goal is to find the value of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; that would produce the highest &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; value.

=== 5/20/2026 [Fermet's Theorem] ===

* Pages 107 to 113 detail Fermat's concept of adequality and other mathematical findings led to the decompression of fingerprint files for the FBI in the 1990s. Read [https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/400027 this] for more about the FBI's decision to digitalize fingerprint files and the process behind it.
* ''[expand upon Fermat's optimization? Use the PDF?]''
* '''Fermet's Theorem =''' If a real-valued function, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt;, is differentiable&lt;ref&gt;function has a well-defined, smooth slope at every single point&lt;/ref&gt; in an interval &lt;math&gt;(a, b)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; has a maximum OR minimum at &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; ∈ &lt;math&gt;(a, b)&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f'(c)&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://old.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/fermat-s-method-for-finding-maxima-and-minima-a-mini-primary-source-project-for-calculus-1-students|title=Fermat’s Method for Finding Maxima and Minima: A Mini-Primary Source Project for Calculus 1 Students {{!}} Mathematical Association of America|website=old.maa.org|access-date=2026-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
** Explanation of ∈: essentially &quot;belongs to/inside/a member of.&quot; For example, &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; ∈ &lt;math&gt;(a, b)&lt;/math&gt; → &quot;the number c&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt; is inside the interval between &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;&quot;.

=== 5/23/2026 [Logarithmics] ===
[insert logarithmics introduction/lesson]

log(''a'' x ''b'') = log ''a'' + log ''b''

Multiply two numbers together, take the log = answer is the SUM of their individual logs.

== Wikipedia/Study Links ==
[[w:Archimedes|'''Archimedes''']]
* [[w:Approximations_of_pi|approximations of pi]]
* quadrature (computation of area) of a parabolic segment
* [[w:Archimedes_Palimpsest|''Archimedes Palimpsest'']]
* [https://math.nyu.edu/Archimedes/Lever/LeverLaw.html Archimedes' Law of the Lever]
'''[[w:Pierre_de_Fermat|Pierre de Fermat]]'''

* [https://old.maa.org/sites/default/files/images/upload_library/46/Barnett_TRIUMPHS_MiniPSPs/MiniPSP_FermatsMethod_2023_02_20.pdf ''Fermat’s Method for Finding Maxima and Minima'']- Kenneth M Monks (2023)
'''Other'''

* [[w:Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols|Glossary of mathematical symbols]]

== See Also ==
* [[User:Addemf/sandbox/Who Invented Calculus?]]

== References/Sources ==
[[Category:Atcovi's Work]]
[[Category:Calculus]]</text>
      <sha1>cuthu598nq7cwvc2qzfwzzf4duadpiu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Online platforms' effects on public health, safety and democracy</title>
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        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
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      <text bytes="33268" sha1="c9gzs5434hd2zu74v3644uibmt0snd6" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-05-06 interview with [[w:Yael Eisenstat|Yael Eisenstat]] about the impact of online platforms on public health, safety and democracy. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-05-16 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Online platforms' effects on public health, safety and democracy.webm|thumb|2026-05-06 interview with [[w:Yaël Eisenstat| Yaël Eisenstat]] about how some online platforms have been degrading public health, safety and democracy]]

[[File:Online platforms' effects on public health, safety and democracy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from 2026-05-06 interview with [[w:Yaël Eisenstat|Yaël Eisenstat]] about how some online platforms have been degrading public health, safety and democracy.]]

[[w:Yaël Eisenstat|Yaël Eisenstat]] discusses the impact of online platforms on public health, safety and democracy. She is currently&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Yael Eisenstat--&gt;{{cite Q|Q82046593}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Director of Policy and Impact at Cybersecurity for Democracy (C4D),&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Cybersecurity for Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139568543}}&lt;/ref&gt; working on policy solutions for how to hold [[w:Social media|social media]] and other online platforms accountable for their effects on public safety and democracy. Previously, she was Vice President at the [[w:Anti-Defamation League|Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) Center for Technology &amp; Society (CTS). She was a [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] election integrity head in 2018 and later became a whistleblower, speaking publicly about the dangers to democracy stemming from the company's decisions and products. She has held other other positions protecting democracy including as an intelligence officer, diplomat, and White House advisor.  C4D contributed to the recent March 24, 2026, jury verdict in a civil case against Internet companies in [[w:New Mexico|New Mexico]].&lt;ref name=NM&gt;McQue (2026), &lt;!--C4D and the Courts: Meta Guilty Verdicts--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139572464}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Eisenstat is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Eisenstat's work == 

Eisenstat's work includes a [[w:TED (conference)|TED Talk]] and an [[w:South by Southwest|SXSW panel]] in 2020 and a 2024 research report on tech platforms and political violence. 

=== 2020 TED talk === 

In Eisenstat's (2020) TED talk, she said that around 2015 she began to notice that she was losing the ability to engage with others who were thought differently. Conversations with others in the US were becoming more difficult than conversations she had had as a CIA officer and diplomat drinking tea and talking with outspoken anti-Western clerics and suspected terrorists in Africa. Many of those engagements began with mutual suspicion but none degenerated into shouting or insults. In some cases she built collaboration on areas of mutual interest. Her most powerful tools were to listen, learn and build empathy. Most of her contacts wanted to feel heard, validated and respected. But social media companies like [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] incentivize inflammatory content contributing to a culture of political polarization and mistrust. This generates revenue for Facebook and similar companies that make money from clicks, &quot;because the shortest path to a click is anger or hate&quot;, in the words of [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]], interviewed 2024-08-19 for this Media &amp; Democracy series. When Facebook asked Eisenstat in 2018 to lead their work to support global elections integrity for political ads, she agreed. She left six months later, speaking openly about Facebook's inability to meet its responsibility to secure elections, subsequently documented, e.g., in the thousands of internal Facebook documents that [[w:Frances Haugen|Haugen]] released to the [[w:Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] and ''[[w:The Wall Street Journal|The Wall Street Journal]]'' in 2021.

=== 2020 SXSW panel === 

Eisenstat was part of a &quot;panel about the Future of Tech Responsibility&quot; for the 2020 [[w:South by Southwest|South by Southwest]] festival. The festival was cancelled due to COVID-19, but the panel was held virtually. This panel included a discussion of [[w:Section 230|Section 230]] of the [[w:Communications Act of 1934|Communications Act of 1934]], as amended by the [[w:Communications Decency Act|Communications Decency Act]] of 1996.&lt;ref&gt;Reid (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; It was &quot;written before platforms such as [[w:Facebook|Facebook]], [[w:YouTube|YouTube]] and [[w:X (social network)|Twitter]] existed&quot; -- written while [[w:Google|Google]] was a research project by [[w:Stanford University|Stanford]] [[w:Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] students [[w:Larry Page|Larry Page]] and [[w:Sergey Brin|Sergey Brin]]. Section 230 includes, &quot;No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--47 U.S. Code § 230 - Protection for private blocking and screening of offensive material--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139570261}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eisenstat says that it's time to revisit Section 230, to demand accountability where Internet companies promote or suppress information based on the content while protecting web freedom otherwise. This is similar to the [[Dean Baker on Internet companies threatening democracy internationally and how to fix that|recommendations of]] [[w:Dean Baker|Dean Baker]] that when Internet companies make money by promoting information differentially based on content, they should be liable as are legacy media under the US Supreme Court decision in ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|NYT v. Sullivan]]'' (1964). In other cases, they should be treated as [[w:Common carrier|common carrier]]s like telephone companies. 

=== 2024: Tech platforms and political violence === 

More recently, Eisenstat et al. (2024a, b) are insisting that, &quot;Tech Platforms Must Do More to Avoid Contributing to Potential Political Violence&quot;. ''The New York Times'' had reported that, &quot;a steady undercurrent of violence and physical risk has become a new normal,&quot; particularly targeting public officials and democratic institutions. A survey from the Brennan Center found that 38% of election officials have experienced violent threats. They attributed these threats primarily to tech platforms and gave seven recommendations in four themes &quot;congruent with any number of papers that academics and civil society leaders have published over the years.&quot; They said that platforms 
* must develop robust standards for threat assessment and engage in scenario planning, crisis training, and engagement with external stakeholders, with as much transparency as possible.
* should enforce clear and actionable content moderation policies that address election integrity.
* should enforce their rules uniformly, not exempting politicians and other political influencers. 
* must clearly explain important content moderation decisions, ensuring transparency especially when it comes to high profile accounts.

They hope that increasing demands for accountability will prompt platforms to act more responsibly and prioritize the risk of political violence both in the United States and abroad.

== Highlights ==

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is the accompanying video.''

===Most important issues ===

When asked about the most important things she wanted to communicate to this audience, Eisenstat replied, {{quote|

There's been a debate for a number of years now on whether or not or how social media companies and online platforms are affecting our democracy, whether or not they're contributing to the rise in extremism, to threats to our elections, to democratic backsliding. These have been really important questions we've been interrogating for a number of years now. I think we've really arrived at a tipping point now, especially with some of the cases that we have seen happening in this space recently, that really show that some of the things that many of us have been saying for years are really starting to be proven, both by the actions and statements of some of the leaders of these companies themselves, or some of the documents that are showing up in court cases now. 

But I like to start by debunking some of the myths that surround these conversations. No, I am ''not'' saying that social media is the end all, be all cause of all of our grievances, and that democracy would be a perfect thriving thing if not for social media. I have never said that. That is not actually the point of the conversation. 

The question is: What role have these companies been playing, whether it's undermining elections, perhaps bringing more extremist fringe views to the mainstream and contributing to radicalization of certain people and populations and also as tools for some authoritarian regimes and leaders to truly influence not just the space in which we make sense of our information and in which we engage, both in political debate and democracy and all of it, but fundamentally, what effect are they also having on our safety, our public health, all of these issues? 

And so I think, you know, we're at a real tipping point where what was long viewed as some activists screaming from a mountaintop, some academics proving things through their scientific rigor, some journalists exposing things. I think we're actually at the point now where enough of the public has understood that these issues really matter, and so let's figure out how to course correct and hopefully fix some of them.}}

===Recommendations===

Graves then asked for her recommended course corrections. She replied, {{quote|

We have allowed a very small handful of companies and tech leaders to have an unimaginable amount of control over how information flows, how political campaigning is communicated, how we are actually making sense of the information that underpins a healthy democracy. We have allowed that to be controlled by such a small handful of people. The irony is the original promise of the Internet was to create a much more open system, where the traditional small set of gatekeepers would be disrupted. ...

I love the idea of democratizing both access to information and access to be the voices of issues. All of these things, all of these aspirations, were wonderful ideas. 

But let's be very clear, that is not how it is shaped up. Once a very small handful of people figured out how to both dominate this industry, scale their ideas recklessly, ensure that they could do so with all the legal protections, more than any other industry has ever been granted in place and with no accountability for the outcomes of their actions. 

There's no one silver bullet. ... The public needs to understand how these technologies are affecting them. Because even let's say you wanted legal and legislative changes, which I do, ... you need a constituency that believes that that change has to happen to pressure their lawmakers to actually undertake that process of fixing some of these issues. 

There's public education of really helping people understand, and I think that we've made some really great strides in that. If you just look at these recent court cases, more and more of the public -- they don't need to understand how an algorithm works. ... They just need to understand there is something that is not working here. I've seen enough to know I don't like how it's addicting my child or I don't like how it's making conversations so extreme that nobody feels safe to disagree with anyone anymore. I don't like how it's allowing foreign state actors to intervene in our elections in a way that was never so easy and, frankly, cheap in the past. 

They only need to understand that they don't like that and then say that something has to change. They don't have to be the ones to figure out exactly what that change is. And then it's on lawmakers. It's on courts, but also public pressure to the companies. ...}} 

=== Migrating from for-profit to non-profit social media and Internet companies? ===

Graves then asked if she had suggestions about how to migrate from for-profit to non-profit social media and Internet companies? She replied, {{quote|

It is really challenging right now. I want to be clear, I still use these companies. I would be a hypocrite if my takeaway was to tell everybody to get off of [[w:Instagram|Instagram]], [[w:TikTok|TikTok]], [[w:Facebook|Facebook]], whatever platform people are using. ... 

I don't want to imply that I think everybody needs to get off all of these platforms. At the end of the day, it's very hard to put the toothpaste back in the tube. These companies are part of every ounce of our being. I'll give you an example.

A man I know around 57 years old never joined Instagram. Never used it. And then his child went off to college, and the parents group around all of the freshmen that were all in a group together created a group on Instagram to communicate with each other about their kids' experience and whatnot. And that person at 57 years old had to join Instagram if he wanted to be part of the parents group for his kid that just went off to school. 

I hate that. I wish they would have figured out a different way to create a parents group. But at the end of the day, telling people &quot;You just need to get off these platforms&quot; is a bit of an unfair fight, when these platforms are so ubiquitous and such a part of our everyday life. 

That said, people can understand how to use it in a more healthy way. ... I don't see a nonprofit social media space growing to the scale of something like [[w:Meta Platforms|Meta]] to have the [[w:Network effect|network effects]] of basically engaging almost everybody on the planet. ...  

If you look at [[w:Bluesky|Bluesky]] as the answer to '''[[w:X (social network)|X]]''', that's not really the answer to what you're talking about. That's still a very niche community. ... 

I would just like to get to the point where there's enough understanding that the status quo is not okay, and that we get to figure out how to differentiate product safety from this sort of false narrative that every single thing about a social media company is just about [[w:Freedom of speech|free speech]], and therefore it's untouchable. Hopefully, some of these recent cases have started to prove that there are real business decisions, deceptive practices, design features that are not necessarily about content, but that cause real harm in the world. 

These are the things we need to start grappling with, as opposed to telling everybody how to just get off the platforms. 

I would love to give you a recipe for how to rely more on nonprofit social media. I hope that happens someday, because at the end of the day, as long as these companies entire existence is to make money, and the only way they can truly believe they're going to make money is through this [[w:Surveillance capitalism|surveillance advertising business model]]. These issues are going to be very hard to solve, but I don't think you're going to find the nonprofit platforms catching up yet.}} 

===Frances Haugen ===

Graves noted that he had interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Francis Haugen in 2024]], who said, {{quote|

The shortest path to a click is anger or hate.}}

Graves asked for Eisenstat's thoughts on that. She replied that Haugen was referring to Meta's business model: {{quote|

When a social media company's business model is predicated on being able to sell you personalized, targeted ads, they want to keep you on the platform as long as humanly possible, so they can [[Wiktionary:hoover|hoover]] up as much of your data as possible so they can sell this idea to an advertiser. ... For example, they know exactly which sneaker you're going to click on, as opposed to just sending that ad to like everybody on the platform. That doesn't sound so harmful. Cool: Maybe I'll get an ad for something that's interesting to me. 

The point about the anger and the emotion, which is something actually I really dug into in my TED Talk in 2020, ... that algorithm is coded with a goal in mind. Let's be very clear, it is a human being who is making a decision when designing that algorithm. It is not some mysterious thing that created itself. ... 

This is not something unique to social media. I spent the first half of my career in the field, on the ground, before social media existed. I was one of our government's top counter extremism officials. I was working with communities susceptible to extremist messaging in the early 2000s to help figure out how to inoculate them from being exploited by extremists who were going to prey on those vulnerabilities to then radicalize them in the future. 

And what we're seeing online is the same exact thing but at a much huger scale. The algorithms know what is going to keep you engaged. And we all know that's going to be emotional content. We all know that's usually going to be something that gets your blood racing. So it's usually going to be something gets you really upset, really angry, really outraged. And that's what's going to keep you going and engaging and sharing and commenting. They're not doing that because they care about that content. They're doing that because the more you share, click, engage, the more they're able to sell you and your data and your behavioral profile to an advertiser. ...  

That is fundamentally the problem with this business model. It's why all the [[w:Externality|externalities]] are what's really concerning to me. 

I don't know that Mark Zuckerberg purposely said ever. -- I doubt he did -- &quot;I want to make sure that more [[w:QAnon|QAnon]] content is recommended to people.&quot; Or, &quot;I want to make sure that more and more people are watching these misogynistic content creators talking about how to do terrible things to women.&quot; ... 

There is enough evidence that that is exactly what his algorithms have been incentivizing, and because it has been incentivizing that content, there is a real world consequence of taking what was once more fringe and making it more and more mainstream. And what the most important thing to understand is what happens online has real consequences offline.}} 

=== Externalities ===

Graves noted that Eisenstat mentioned [[w:Externality|externalities]]  and asked if she had suggestions about internalizing those externalities? She replied, {{quote|

&quot;Some of them fall into areas that unfortunately are harder to solve because they're not actually illegal, but they are causing real harm. There are different categories. I look a lot at how these platforms are helping to fuel things like political violence, extremism, radicalization -- things that are, I think many would agree, quite harmful to our democracy and our society. Again, repeating what I said earlier, I'm not saying social media is the end all, be all singular reason that these things are happening. 

But as others have said (I am not alone in this), they are certainly the gasoline being poured on the fire. ... 

Some of the documents that Francis exposed are really important in proving some of these points. ... There was an article written called &quot;Carol's Journey to QAnon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Bidar et al. (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; ... It was based on Facebook's own internal research at the time. It showed that Facebook internal researchers had set up this account, named her Carol, made her a mom from, I think, like the Midwest somewhere, had her start to follow a few things online, including, I think, a few politicians. 

But it didn't start with, &quot;I am following QAnon&quot; and all these crazy like right wing conspiracies. And it showed that within a very short period of time, the recommendation engines were recommending her QAnon content. 

We've replicated studies like that outside of Facebook. We did a study called something like the amplification of [[w:antisemitism|antisemitism]] and hate.&lt;ref&gt;Center for Technology &amp; Society (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; It also showed that the recommendation engines themselves were recommending children, teenagers who weren't even searching for conspiracy theories or antisemitic or other kinds of hate filled content, were recommending these things to them. 

But the reason I bring up the documents that Francis exposed is that proves that the company knew it. ... They knew these things were happening. That's a very critical point ... going back to the idea of a business model that does end up incentivizing the most extreme and salacious content. ... I think that &quot;Carol's Journey to AQnon&quot; is the perfect example. 

We started looking also at like the profiles of some of the people who commit mass violence in the United States. ... It has been skewing more and more towards young men or committing acts of political violence. I'm not going to sit here and say every single one that's ever happened. But if you look at the profile online of a lot of these people ... are spending a lot of time online in these conspiracy theory sort of rabbit holes ... . 

After the [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6, 2021, insurrection on the Capitol]], you started to look at the online activity of certain individuals that were involved and implicated. You can see it. You can see that they were going more and more into very extreme content, reposting some very harmful conspiracy theories. ... Whether it's '''[[w:X (social network)|X]]''', whether it's [[w:TikTok|TikTok]], whether it's [[w:Instagram|Instagram]], I get that they are not personally responsible for the [[w:White supremacy|White supremacist]] or [[w:Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazi]] out there who wants to spread hate. 

But I cannot accept that they bear no responsibility for how their own engines that they have designed not only amplify that, but actually connect people to it. Actually recommend it to children. ... 

Actually recommend a 57 year old predator online. &quot;Oh, these are your likes. Here's a 13 year old girl you might want to connect with.&quot; 

And, yes, that has been proven to happen. Both the investigation that the New Mexico Attorney General did&lt;ref&gt;Lee (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; and some other independent civil society and academics have done research in this space showing that the recommendation engines connect predators with children. 

These are the things that, to me, are inexcusable, that we allow companies to do with absolutely no repercussions.}}

Graves interrupted, &quot;No: There are big repercussions. They make money doing it.&quot; Eisenstat agreed, {{quote| 

Correct, and those are the things that we need to change. ...

A lot of the work that I'm involved in right now, or have been for years, is really trying to disentangle this idea of what about what online really is speech, and I believe in some of the core spirit of this original law from 1996 called [[w:Section 230|Section 230]], which, at its core, preemptively immunizes these platforms for the speech of their users ... while also immunizing them so that they can engage in content moderation. ...

That second part people forget about a lot. ... 

What we've been trying to do for years ... are disentangling what is truly product design that's not actually about somebody else's speech, but is about trying to elicit a particular behavior from what is third party speech so that everything doesn't get thrown out before even getting to see the light of day in court. 

And so that is why these two cases, Los Angeles&lt;ref&gt;Allyn (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; and New Mexico,&lt;ref name=NM/&gt; these two big cases against Meta and Los Angeles was also against Google.

These were the first two cases that actually went to a jury, because for so many years, they've been preemptively immunized by Section 230 and what was different in these cases, and you can read some of our work on this. 

We filed an amicus brief for the big MDL, the multi district litigation.&lt;ref&gt;Eisenstat and Murray (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; We've written a lot about these cases. Some of our research underpinned some of it ... showing that these are products ... using computer science and technological research to prove that some of the products are designed 100% to have nothing to do with content itself, but to elicit a behavior. 

You can just read their patents, which is what we did. If you read our amicus brief, we did a lot of patent analysis. If you read their patents behind things like infinite scroll, or behind things like their intermittent reward, variable rewards, they patent this technology. They're very clear of what goal they are trying to achieve with it. Regardless of the content, those design features, those technologies, if they are, in the end, contributing to an illegal activity or to harm, that's what we should be addressing. 

I might hate some of the racist, homophobic, antisemitic speech that's happening online. That's not the core of what I'm trying to go after. ... Even if I hate it, it's free speech, it's [[w:First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] protected. It's part of what makes us an open society, 

But how a company itself is designing its tools to keep us on the platform, to elicit a certain behavior, to allow people to even monetize the worst of the worst. And then what harm is that creating? That's the important question.}}

=== Can Zuckerberg be prosecuted for perjury? ===

Graves noted that Zuckerberg testified in one of these trials and asked if he could be prosecuted for [[w:Perjury|perjury]]? Eisenstat replied, {{quote|

That's an interesting question. ... I'm not a lawyer, so I don't know the exact answer to that. I will say that for years, we have heard, especially senior executives from Meta lie about what they know about their own products. We've heard it in congressional testimonies. ... I wasn't at the trial in Los Angeles. I don't know whether he lied or not on the stand ... .  

Part of why it's so important for a case like this to go to trial is because ... then you get to go into [[w:Discovery (law)|discovery]]. And what happens during discovery? You get a bunch of documents from internal communications. And the internal communications are showing exactly what they knew and what they decided to do with what they knew. 

And my understanding from these cases, and part of the reason the juries returned the verdicts they did, was it was proven very clearly where they keep lying about what they knew, where they keep lying about the fact that they knew their products are harming children or other issues involved there, and whether or not they decided to do anything about it. 

Whether he can be held for perjury, I don't know. ... I don't know if he actually lied on the stand in Los Angeles. I have heard multiple Facebook senior executives say untrue things, both in the media and in congressional hearings, but I'm not sure about in the case itself.}}

=== In sum ===

Graves then noted that we are about out of time and asked for final words for the audience. Eisenstat replied, {{quote|

For parents right now, it can feel very overwhelming, because you keep getting told that social media is the most terrible thing in the world, and predators are going to stalk your children, and it's going to create terrorists around every corner. I'm not saying that's the case. 

I do think it can be quite dangerous, and especially for parents. They really need to get to understand the platform. Have an open conversation with their children about how they're using it. Explain to them the healthy ways to use it. Engage as a parent with your child's experience online. 

That said a lot of adults aren't using it in a healthy way either. ... Not everything that happens on social media is terrible. It's not. I use it still.

Government's job, whether it's regulators, whether it's courts, whether it's legislators, their job is to protect the vulnerable from illegal activity, from exploitation, while hopefully also allowing innovation to thrive. ...

The amount of money and power that is at stake here is unprecedented in US history. A lot of people don't understand why it has taken so long. I've been screaming about this since I left the company in 2018 and I decided to go public as a whistleblower and speak about what I saw happening there. People were speaking out before I did, and people continue to take really serious risks to try to expose what is happening in these companies. 

But the amount of money and power at stake is why it is so hard to find the solutions. There are so many constituents yelling at legislators, &quot;If you do this, you're going to break the whole internet. If you do that, like the world will cease to exist.&quot;  

But I would just ask people to keep supporting those who are truly doing the work. It is a long battle, but I think we are starting to see real success. The ultimate goal is not to shut down every social media company. The ultimate goal is to figure out what a safer online experience looks like and what accountability looks like when something unsafe happens.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Bobby Allyn (2026-03-25) &quot;Jury finds Meta and Google negligent in social media harms trial--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139572103}}
* &lt;!--Musadiq Bidar, Laurie Segall, Dan Patterson, Michael Kaplan, Jessica Kegu (2021-10-25) &quot;Facebook internal documents show execs knew platform spread misinformation and failed to act at times&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139719521}}
* &lt;!--Center for Technology &amp; Society (2023-08-16) &quot;From Bad To Worse: Amplification and Auto-Generation of Hate--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139719742|author=Center for Technology &amp; Society }}
* &lt;!--Yaël Eisenstat (2020-08) &quot;Dear Facebook, this is how you're breaking democracy&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138844363}}
* &lt;!--Yaël Eisenstat (2021) &quot;Section 230 Revisited: Web Freedom vs Accountability--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139568755|date=2021}}
* &lt;!-- Yaël Eisenstat, Justin Hendrix, and Daniel Kreiss (2024-05-22, 2024a) &quot;
Preventing Tech-Fueled Political Violence: What online platforms can do to ensure that they do not contribute to election-related violence&quot;, The Bulletin of Technology &amp; Public Life--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139571027|date=2024a}} 
* &lt;!-- Yaël Eisenstat, Justin Hendrix, and Daniel Kreiss (2024-05-22, 2024b) &quot;
Tech Platforms Must Do More to Avoid Contributing to Potential Political Violence
&quot;, Tech Policy Press and Just Security--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139571163|date=2024b}}
* &lt;!-- Yael Eisenstat and Christopher Murray (2025-07-08)  C4D partners with legal and social media experts on amicus brief in MDL case against Meta--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139720052}}
* &lt;!--Morgan Lee (2026-01-31)  Undercover investigation of Meta heads to trial in New Mexico in first stand-alone case by state--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139719943}}
* &lt;!--Katie McQue (2026-04-24) &quot; Meta ordered to pay $375m after being found liable in child exploitation case--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139572337}}
* &lt;!--Blake E. Reid (2020-09-04) &quot;Section 230 of… what?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139570229}} 

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Suicide]]
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[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with [[:w:Wisdom|wisdom]]). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of the &quot;[[:w:Prime number|prime number]] [[:w:Greater than|&gt;]] ''b''&quot; [[:w:Numerical digit|digit]] [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s in the [[:w:Positional numeral system|positional numeral system]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' for the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]]. (A string ''x'' is a subsequence of another string ''y'', if ''x'' can be obtained from ''y'' by deleting zero or more of the [[:w:Character (computing)|character]]s in ''y''. For example, 514 is a subsequence of 352148, &quot;string&quot; is a subsequence of &quot;meistersinger&quot;. In contrast, 758 is not a subsequence of 378259, &quot;abc&quot; is not a subsequence of &quot;cbacacba&quot;, since the characters must be in the same order) (Unlike [[:w:Substring|substring]], subsequence is not required to occupy consecutive positions within the original sequences, e.g. the [[:w:Longest common subsequence|longest common subsequence problem]] is different from the [[:w:Longest common substring|longest common substring problem]])

Using [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] terminology, Athena problem is finding the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the [[:w:Formal language|language]] of base-''b'' [[:w:Representation (mathematics)|representation]]s of the [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s [[:w:Greater than|&gt;]] ''b'' (which is a set of [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s of [[:w:Symbol|symbol]]s over the [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; := {0, 1, ..., ''b''−1}), under the subsequence ordering (i.e. the [[:w:Binary relation|binary relation]] &quot;is a subsequence of&quot;, which is a [[:w:Partially ordered set|partial ordering]]), for a given natural number ''b'' &gt; 1. (You can draw this partial ordering as [[:w:Hasse diagram|Hasse diagram]] to find all [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s)

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering (i.e. the subsequence ordering is always a [[:w:Well-quasi-ordering|well quasi order]]) (i.e. under the subsequence ordering (i.e. the [[:w:Binary relation|binary relation]] &quot;is a subsequence of&quot;, which is a [[:w:Partially ordered set|partial ordering]]), every set of pairwise incomparable (i.e. not [[:w:Comparability|comparable]]) strings is finite), thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]], e.g. in [[:w:Decimal|decimal]] (base ''b'' = 10), this set has exactly 77 [[:w:Element of a set|element]]s: {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}.

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s are allowed. For the unsolved bases ''b'' = 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, Athena problem is solved (if probable primes are allowed) except 771 [[:w:Indexed family|families]] of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be [[:w:Empty string|empty]]) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'') = sequence {''xz'', ''xyz'', ''xyyz'', ''xyyyz'', ''xyyyyz'', ''xyyyyyz'', ...} (i.e. &quot;''xy''&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;''z''&quot; in [[:w:Regular expression|regular expression]]), all of these 771 families contain no primes &gt; ''b'' or probable primes &gt; ''b'' with length ≤ 100000.

== Solve the problem ==

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elements up to families of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b''), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families.

We call families of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'') &quot;linear&quot; families, and we reduce these families by removing all trailing digits ''y'' from ''x'', and removing all leading digits ''y'' from ''z'', to make the families be easier, e.g. family 12333{3}33345 in base ''b'' is reduced to family 12{3}45 in base ''b'', since they are in fact the same family. Our [[:w:Algorithm|algorithm]] then proceeds as follows:

* 1. ''M'' := {minimal primes in base ''b'' of length 2 or 3}, ''L'' := union of all ''x''{''Y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'') such that ''x'' ≠ 0 and ''gcd''(''z'', ''b'') = 1 and ''Y'' is the set of digits ''y'' in base ''b'' such that ''xyz'' has no subsequence in ''M''.
* 2. While ''L'' contains nonlinear families (families which are not linear families): Explore each family of ''L'', and update ''L''. Examine each family of ''L'' by:
* 2.1. Let ''w'' be the shortest string in the family. If ''w'' has a subsequence in ''M'', then remove the family from ''L''. If ''w'' represents a prime, then add ''w'' to ''M'' and remove the family from ''L''.
* 2.2. If possible, simplify the family.
* 2.3. Using the techniques below (covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them), check if the family can be proven to only contain composites (only count the numbers &gt; ''b''), and if so then remove the family from ''L''.
* 3. Update ''L'', after each split examine the new families as in step 2.

e.g. in decimal (base ''b'' = 10):

''M'' := {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991}

''L'' := {2{0,2}1, 2{0,8}7, 3{0,3,6,9}3, 3{0,3,6,9}9, 4{6}9, 5{0,5,8}1, 5{0,2}7, 6{0,3,6,9}3, 6{0,3,4,6,9}9, 7{0,7}7, 8{0,5}1, 8{0}7, 9{0,2,5,8}1, 9{0,3,6,9}3, 9{0,3,4,6,9}9}

and since 2221 is prime, it follows that the family 2{0,2}1 splits into the families 2{0}1 and 2{0}2{0}1

and since the family 2{0}1 can be proven to contain no primes &gt; base (since all numbers in this family are divisible by 3), it can be removed

and since 20201 is prime, it follows that the family 2{0}2{0}1 splits into the families 2{0}21 and 22{0}1

221 and 2021 are composites, but 20021 is prime, thus add 20021 to ''L''

none of 221, 2201, 22001, 220001, 2200001 are primes, but 22000001 is prime, thus add 22000001 to ''L''

and since the family 3{0,3,6,9}3 can be proven to contain no primes &gt; base (since all numbers in this family are divisible by 3), it can be removed

etc.

Shrinking the family ''x''{''Y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''Y'' is a set of digits in base ''b'')

* If ''y'' ∈ ''Y'' and the string ''xyyz'' represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'' (in this case, add this prime to the list) or has a subsequence which represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'', then ''x''{''Y''}''z'' can be replaced with ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''}''z'' ∪ ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''}''y''{''Y'' \ ''y''}''z''.
* If ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ≠ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and the string ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'' (in this case, add this prime to the list) or has a subsequence which represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'', then ''x''{''Y''}''z'' can be replaced with ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;}{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}''z''.
* If ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ≠ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and both the strings ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' and ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' represent a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'' (in this case, add this prime to the list) or have a subsequence which represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'', then ''x''{''Y''}''z'' can be replaced with ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;}''z'' ∪ ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}''z''.

e.g. in decimal (base ''b'' = 10):

* 2221 is a prime &gt; 10, thus the family 2{0,2}1 splits into the two families 2{0}1 and 2{0}2{0}1.
* 227 is a prime &gt; 10, and it is a subsequence of 5227, thus the family 5{0,2}7 splits into the two families 5{0}7 and 5{0}2{0}7.
* 449 is a prime &gt; 10, and it is a subsequence of 6449, thus the family 6{0,3,4,6,9}9 splits into the two families 6{0,3,6,9}9 and 6{0,3,6,9}4{0,3,6,9}9.
* Both 5051 and 5501 are primes &gt; 10, thus the family 5{0,5}1 splits into the two families 5{0}1 and 5{5}1 = {5}1.
* 8501 is a prime &gt; 10, thus the family 8{0,5}1 splits into the family 8{0}{5}1.
* 887 is a prime &gt; 10, and it is a subsequence of 2887, also 2087 is a prime &gt; 10, thus the family 2{0,8}7 splits into the two families 2{0}7 and 28{0}7.
* 349 and 449 are primes &gt; 10, and they are subsequences of 9349 and 9449, respectively, also 9049, 9649, 9949 are primes &gt; 10, thus the family 9{0,3,4,6,9}9 splits into the two families 9{0,3,6,9}9 and 94{0,3,6,9}9.
* 251, 281, 521, 821, 881 are primes &gt; 10, and they are subsequences of 9251, 9281, 9521, 9821, 9881, respectively, also 9001, 9221, 9551, 9851 are primes &gt; 10, thus the family 9{0,2,5,8}1 splits into the numbers {91, 901, 921, 951, 981, 9021, 9051, 9081, 9201, 9501, 9581, 9801, 90581, 95081, 95801}.

If the methods we have discussed cannot be used to rule out or shrink ''x''{''Y''}''z'' where ''Y'' = {''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ..., ''y''&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;}, then we can replace ''x''{''Y''}''z'' by ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;{''Y''}''z'' ∪ ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;{''Y''}''z'' ∪ ... ∪ ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;{''Y''}''z'' and re-run the methods on this new [[:w:Formal language|language]].

If all remain families are linear families (i.e. of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'', where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b''), then we search the smallest (probable) primes in these families and add these primes to the list.

e.g. in decimal (base ''b'' = 10):

* The smallest prime in the family 5{0}27 is 5000000000000000000000000000027.
* The smallest prime in the family {5}1 is 555555555551.
* The smallest prime in the family 8{5}1 is 8555555555555555555551, but 8555555555555555555551 is not a minimal element since 555555555551 is a subsequence of 8555555555555555555551.

There is no guarantee that the techniques discussed will ever terminate, but in practice they often do. They are able to determine the set of the minimal elements in base ''b'' for 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 16 and ''b'' = 18, 20, 22, 24, 30. The bases ''b'' = 17, 19, 21, 23, 25 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 29, 31 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36 are solved with the exception of 771 families of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'').

The following is a &quot;[[:w:Semi-algorithm|semi-algorithm]]&quot; that is guaranteed to solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', but it is not so easy to implement:

# ''M'' = ''[[:w:Empty string|∅]]''
# while (''L'' ≠ ''∅'') do
# choose ''x'', a shortest string in ''L''
# ''M'' := ''M'' ∪ {''x''}
# ''L'' := ''L'' − ''sup''({''x''})

In practice, for arbitrary ''L'', we cannot feasibly carry out step 5. Instead, we work with ''L''&amp;#39;, some regular overapproximation to ''L'', until we can show ''L''&amp;#39; = ''∅'' (which implies ''L'' = ''∅''). In practice, ''L''&amp;#39; is usually chosen to be a finite [[:w:Union (set theory)|union]] of sets of the form ''L''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;{''L''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}''L''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, where each of ''L''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, ''L''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ''L''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is finite. In the case we consider in this project, we then have to determine whether such a family contains a prime or not.

Thus, Athena problem in bases ''b'' around 500 may be [[:w:NP-complete|NP-complete]] or [[:w:NP-hard|NP-hard]], or an [[:w:Undecidable problem|undecidable problem]], or an example of [[:w:Gödel's incompleteness theorems|Gödel's incompleteness theorems]] (like the [[:w:Continuum hypothesis|continuum hypothesis]] and the [[:w:Halting problem|halting problem]]).

To solve the Athena problem, we need to determine whether a given family contains a prime. In practice, if family ''x''{''Y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''Y'' is a set of digits in base ''b'') could not be ruled out as only containing composites and ''Y'' contains two or more digits, then a relatively small prime &gt; ''b'' could always be found in this family. Intuitively, this is because there are a large number of small strings in such a family, and at least one is likely to be prime (e.g. there are 2&lt;sup&gt;''n''−2&lt;/sup&gt; strings of length ''n'' in the family 1{3,7}9, and there are over a thousand strings of length 12 in the family 1{3,7}9, thus it is very impossible that these numbers are all composite). In the case ''Y'' contains only one digit, this family is of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'', and there is only a single string of each length &gt; (the length of ''x'' + the length of ''z''), and it is not known if the following [[:w:Decision problem|decision problem]] is recursively solvable (just like [[:w:Sierpiński number|Sierpiński problem]] and [[:w:Riesel number|Riesel problem]], Sierpiński problem and Riesel problem can be generalized to other bases ''b'', in fact, Athena problem in base ''b'' covers the Sierpiński problem in base ''b'' and the Riesel problem in base ''b'' with ''k'' &lt; ''b'', i.e. finding the smallest prime of the form ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 (or prove such prime does not exist) with ''k'' &lt; ''b'', since the smallest prime of the form ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 (if exists) must be a minimal element in base ''b''):

Problem: Given strings ''x'', ''z'' (may be empty), a digit ''y'', and a base ''b'' (''x'' does not [[:w:Leading zero|start with the digit 0]], ''z'' ends with a digit which [[:w:Coprime integers|coprime]] to ''b'', ''y'' is not 0 if ''x'' is empty, ''y'' is coprime to ''b'' if ''z'' is empty), does there exist a prime number whose base-''b'' expansion is of the form ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' for some ''n'' ≥ 0?

Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Probability|chance]] that a [[:w:Random number|random]] ''n''-digit base ''b'' number is prime is [[:w:Asymptotic analysis|approximately]] 1/''n'' (more accurately, the chance is approximately 1/(''n''×''ln''(''b'')), where ''ln'' is the [[:w:Natural logarithm|natural logarithm]]). If one conjectures the numbers ''x''{''y''}''z'' behave similarly (i.e. the numbers ''x''{''y''}''z'' is a [[:w:Pseudorandomness|pseudorandom sequence]]) you would expect [[:w:Harmonic_series (mathematics)|1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... = ∞]] primes of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (of course, this does not always happen, since some ''x''{''y''}''z'' families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them), but it is at least a reasonable conjecture in the absence of evidence to the contrary. Hence, the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'') if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''y''}''z'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits. In such a case, the only way to proceed is to [[:w:Primality test|test the primality]] of larger and larger numbers of such form and hope a prime is eventually discovered. e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, its algebraic form is (41×13&lt;sup&gt;592198&lt;/sup&gt;+27)/4, when written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

== Data ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36 (we stop at base 36 since this base is the maximum base for which it is possible to write the numbers with the [[:w:Symbol|symbol]]s 0, 1, 2, ..., 9 and A, B, C, ..., Z (i.e. the 10 [[:w:Arabic numerals|Arabic numerals]] and the 26 [[:w:Latin script|Latin letters]]): (some large primes are only probable primes, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proved]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61, however, all primes &lt; 10&lt;sup&gt;25000&lt;/sup&gt; for bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 36 are definitely primes, most of them &gt; 10&lt;sup&gt;299&lt;/sup&gt; are proven primes with [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]], others &gt; 10&lt;sup&gt;299&lt;/sup&gt; are proven primes with [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|''N''−1 or ''N''+1 proving]])

All numbers are written in base ''b'', [[:w:Senary#Base 36 as senary compression|using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35]], &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits, it is 11, and its decimal value is 3): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits, it is 111, and its decimal value is 13): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits, it is 221, and its decimal value is 41): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits, it is 10&lt;sub&gt;93&lt;/sub&gt;13, and its algebraic form is 5&lt;sup&gt;95&lt;/sup&gt;+8): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits, it is 40041, and its decimal value is 5209): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits, it is 3&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;1, and its algebraic form is 7&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;−5)/2): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits, it is 4&lt;sub&gt;220&lt;/sub&gt;7, and its algebraic form is (4×8&lt;sup&gt;221&lt;/sup&gt;+17)/7): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits, it is 30&lt;sub&gt;1158&lt;/sub&gt;11, and its algebraic form is 3×9&lt;sup&gt;1160&lt;/sup&gt;+10): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits, it is 50&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt;27, and its algebraic form is 5×10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt;+27): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;), the largest of which has 62669 digits (it is 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;, and its algebraic form is (57×11&lt;sup&gt;62668&lt;/sup&gt;−7)/10), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel11 Data of Athena problem base 11]

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits, it is 40&lt;sub&gt;39&lt;/sub&gt;77, and its algebraic form is 4×12&lt;sup&gt;41&lt;/sup&gt;+91): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A), the largest of which has 592199 digits (it is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, and its algebraic form is (41×13&lt;sup&gt;592198&lt;/sup&gt;+27)/4), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel13 Data of Athena problem base 13]

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits (it is 4D&lt;sub&gt;19698&lt;/sub&gt;, and its algebraic form is 5×14&lt;sup&gt;19698&lt;/sup&gt;−1), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel14 Data of Athena problem base 14]

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits (it is 7&lt;sub&gt;155&lt;/sub&gt;97, and its algebraic form is (15&lt;sup&gt;157&lt;/sup&gt;+59)/2), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel15 Data of Athena problem base 15]

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF), the largest of which has 116139 digits (it is 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF, and its algebraic form is (16&lt;sup&gt;116139&lt;/sup&gt;+619)/5), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel16 Data of Athena problem base 16]

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel17 Data of Athena problem base 17] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left17 Data of unsolved families for base 17]

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits (it is C0&lt;sub&gt;6268&lt;/sub&gt;C5, and its algebraic form is 12×18&lt;sup&gt;6270&lt;/sup&gt;+221), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel18 Data of Athena problem base 18]

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel19 Data of Athena problem base 19] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left19 Data of unsolved families for base 19]

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits (it is G0&lt;sub&gt;6269&lt;/sub&gt;D, and its algebraic form is 16×20&lt;sup&gt;6270&lt;/sup&gt;+13), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel20 Data of Athena problem base 20]

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel21 Data of Athena problem base 21] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left21 Data of unsolved families for base 21]

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5), the largest of which has 22003 digits (it is BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5, and its algebraic form is (251×22&lt;sup&gt;22002&lt;/sup&gt;−335)/21), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel22 Data of Athena problem base 22]

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel23 Data of Athena problem base 23] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left23 Data of unsolved families for base 23]

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits (it is N00N&lt;sub&gt;8129&lt;/sub&gt;LN, and its algebraic form is 13249×24&lt;sup&gt;8131&lt;/sup&gt;−49), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel24 Data of Athena problem base 24]

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel25 Data of Athena problem base 25] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left25 Data of unsolved families for base 25]

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel26 Data of Athena problem base 26]

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel27 Data of Athena problem base 27] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left27 Data of unsolved families for base 27]

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel28 Data of Athena problem base 28]

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel29 Data of Athena problem base 29] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left29 Data of unsolved families for base 29]

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D), the largest of which has 34206 digits (it is OT&lt;sub&gt;34205&lt;/sub&gt;, and its algebraic form is 5×30&lt;sup&gt;34205&lt;/sup&gt;−1), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel30 Data of Athena problem base 30]

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel31 Data of Athena problem base 31] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left31 Data of unsolved families for base 31]

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel32 Data of Athena problem base 32] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left32 Data of unsolved families for base 32]

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel33 Data of Athena problem base 33] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left33 Data of unsolved families for base 33]

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel34 Data of Athena problem base 34] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left34 Data of unsolved families for base 34]

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel35 Data of Athena problem base 35] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left35 Data of unsolved families for base 35]

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel36 Data of Athena problem base 36]

== The fully proof of Athena problem in decimal (base ''b'' = 10) ==

'''Bold''' for the minimal elements, ''x'' ◁ ''y'' means ''x'' is a subsequence of ''y''.

Assume ''p'' is a prime &gt; 10, and the last digit of ''p'' must lie in {1,3,7,9}.

Case 1: ''p'' ends with 1.

In this case we can write ''p'' = ''x''1. If ''x'' contains 1, 3, 4, 6, or 7, then (respectively) '''11''' ◁ ''p'', '''31''' ◁ ''p'', '''41''' ◁ ''p'', '''61''' ◁ ''p'', or '''71''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 2, 5, 8, or 9.

Case 1.1: ''p'' begins with 2.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 2''y''1. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''251''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''281''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then 29 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 2.

If 22 ◁ ''y'', then '''2221''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains zero or one 2's.

If ''y'' contains no 2's, then ''p'' ∈ 2{0}1. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If ''y'' contains exactly one 2, then we can write ''p'' = 2''z''2''w''1, where ''z'',''w'' ∈ {0}. If 0 ◁ ''z'' and 0 ◁ ''w'', then '''20201''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume either ''z'' or ''w'' is empty.

If ''z'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 22{0}1, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 22{0}1 is '''22000001'''.

If ''w'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 2{0}21, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 2{0}21 is '''20021'''.

Case 1.2: ''p'' begins with 5.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 5''y''1. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''521''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then 59 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0, 5, or 8.

If 05 ◁ ''y'', then '''5051''' ◁ ''p''. If 08 ◁ ''y'', then '''5081''' ◁ ''p''. If 50 ◁ ''y'', then '''5501''' ◁ ''p''. If 58 ◁ ''y'', then '''5581''' ◁ ''p''. If 80 ◁ ''y'', then '''5801''' ◁ ''p''. If 85 ◁ ''y'', then '''5851''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0} ∪ {5} ∪ {8}.

If ''y'' ∈ {0}, then ''p'' ∈ 5{0}1. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 6, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If ''y'' ∈ {5}, then ''p'' ∈ 5{5}1, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 5{5}1 is '''555555555551'''.

If ''y'' ∈ {8}, since if 88 ◁ ''y'', then 881 ◁ ''p'', hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'',8}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {51,581}, but 51 and 581 are both composite.

Case 1.3: ''p'' begins with 8.

In this case we can write p = 8''y''1. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''821''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''881''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then 89 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 5.

If 50 ◁ ''y'', then '''8501''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume y ∈ {0}{5}.

If 005 ◁ ''y'', then '''80051''' ◁ p. Hence we may assume y ∈ {0} ∪ {5} ∪ 0{5}.

If y ∈ {0}, then ''p'' ∈ 8{0}1. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 9, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If y ∈ {5}, since if 55555555555 ◁ ''y'', then 555555555551 ◁ ''p'', hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'', 5, 55, 555, 5555, 55555, 555555, 5555555, 55555555, 555555555, 5555555555}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {81, 851, 8551, 85551, 855551, 8555551, 85555551, 855555551, 8555555551, 85555555551, 855555555551}, but all of these numbers are composite.

If y ∈ 0{5}, since if 55555555555 ◁ ''y'', then 555555555551 ◁ ''p'', hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0, 05, 055, 0555, 05555, 055555, 0555555, 05555555, 055555555, 0555555555, 05555555555}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {801, 8051, 80551, 805551, 8055551, 80555551, 805555551, 8055555551, 80555555551, 805555555551, 8055555555551}, and of these numbers only 80555551 and 8055555551 are primes, but 80555551 ◁ 8055555551, thus only '''80555551''' is a minimal element.

Case 1.4: ''p'' begins with 9.

In this case we can write p = 9''y''1. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''991''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0, 2, 5, or 8.

If 00 ◁ ''y'', then '''9001''' ◁ ''p''. If 22 ◁ ''y'', then '''9221''' ◁ ''p''. If 55 ◁ ''y'', then '''9551''' ◁ ''p''. If 88 ◁ ''y'', then 881 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains at most one 0, at most one 2, at most one 5, and at most one 8.

If ''y'' only contains at most one 0 and does not contain any of {2,5,8}, then ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'',0}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {91,901}, but 91 and 901 are both composite. If ''y'' only contains at most one 0 and only one of {2,5,8}, then the sum of the digits of ''p'' is divisible by 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains at least two of {2,5,8}.

If 25 ◁ ''y'', then 251 ◁ ''p''. If 28 ◁ ''y'', then 281 ◁ ''p''. If 52 ◁ ''y'', then 521 ◁ ''p''. If 82 ◁ ''y'', then 821 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains no 2's (since if ''y'' contains 2, then ''y'' cannot contain either 5's or 8's, which is a contradiction).

If 85 ◁ ''y'', then '''9851''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {58,580,508,058}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {9581,95801,95081,90581}, and of these numbers only 95801 is prime, but 95801 is not a minimal element since 5801 ◁ 95801.

Case 2: ''p'' ends with 3.

In this case we can write p = ''x''3. If ''x'' contains 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, or 8, then (respectively) '''13''' ◁ ''p'', '''23''' ◁ ''p'', '''43''' ◁ ''p'', '''53''' ◁ ''p'', '''73''' ◁ ''p'', or '''83''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9, and thus all digits of ''p'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. But then, since the digits of ''p'' all have a common factor 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

Case 3: ''p'' ends with 7.

In this case we can write ''p'' = ''x''7. If ''x'' contains 1, 3, 4, 6, or 9, then (respectively) '''17''' ◁ ''p'', '''37''' ◁ ''p'', '''47''' ◁ ''p'', '''67''' ◁ ''p'', or '''97''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 2, 5, 7, or 8.

Case 3.1: ''p'' begins with 2.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 2''y''7. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''227''' ◁ ''p''. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''257''' ◁ ''p''. If 7 ◁ ''y'', then '''277''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 8.

If 08 ◁ ''y'', then '''2087''' ◁ ''p''. If 88 ◁ ''y'', then 887 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0} ∪ 8{0}.

If ''y'' ∈ {0}, then ''p'' ∈ 2{0}7. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 9, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If y ∈ 8{0}, then ''p'' ∈ 28{0}7. But then ''p'' is divisible by 7, since for ''n'' ≥ 0 we have 7 × 40&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;1 = 280&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;7.

Case 3.2: ''p'' begins with 5.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 5''y''7. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''557''' ◁ ''p''. If 7 ◁ ''y'', then '''577''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''587''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 2.

If 22 ◁ ''y'', then 227 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains zero or one 2's.

If ''y'' contains no 2's, then ''p'' ∈ 5{0}7. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 12, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If ''y'' contains exactly one 2, then we can write ''p'' = 5''z''2''w''7, where ''z'',''w'' ∈ {0}. If 0 ◁ ''z'' and 0 ◁ ''w'', then '''50207''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume either ''z'' or ''w'' is empty.

If ''z'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 52{0}7, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 52{0}7 is '''5200007'''.

If ''w'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 5{0}27, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 5{0}27 is '''5000000000000000000000000000027'''.

Case 3.3: ''p'' begins with 7.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 7''y''7. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''727''' ◁ ''p''. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''757''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''787''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 7, and thus all digits of ''p'' are 0 or 7. But then, since the digits of ''p'' all have a common factor 7, ''p'' is divisible by 7, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

Case 3.4: ''p'' begins with 8.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 8''y''7. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''827''' ◁ ''p''. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''857''' ◁ ''p''. If 7 ◁ ''y'', then '''877''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''887''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0}, and thus ''p'' ∈ 8{0}7. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 15, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

Case 4: ''p'' ends with 9.

In this case we can write ''p'' = ''x''9. If ''x'' contains 1, 2, 5, 7, or 8, then (respectively) '''19''' ◁ ''p'', '''29''' ◁ ''p'', '''59''' ◁ ''p'', '''79''' ◁ ''p'', or '''89''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 3, 4, 6, or 9.

If 44 ◁ ''x'', then '''449''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''x'' contains zero or one 4's.

If x contains no 4's, then all digits of ''x'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9, and thus all digits of ''p'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. But then, since the digits of ''p'' all have a common factor 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime. Hence we may assume that ''x'' contains exactly one 4.

Case 4.1: ''p'' begins with 3.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 3''y''4''z''9, where all digits of ''y'', ''z'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. We must have '''349''' ◁ ''p''.

Case 4.2: ''p'' begins with 4.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 4''y''9, where all digits of ''y'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. If 0 ◁ ''y'', then '''409''' ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''y'', then 43 ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''499''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {6}, and thus ''p'' ∈ 4{6}9. But then ''p'' is divisible by 7, since for ''n'' ≥ 0 we have 7 × 6&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;7 = 46&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;9.

Case 4.3: ''p'' begins with 6.

In this case we can write p = 6''y''4''z''9, where all digits of ''y'', ''z'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. If 0 ◁ ''z'', then 409 ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''z'', then 43 ◁ ''p''. If 6 ◁ ''z'', then '''6469''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''z'', then 499 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''z'' is empty.

If 3 ◁ ''y'', then 349 ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''6949''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 6.

If 06 ◁ ''y'', then '''60649''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {6}{0}.

If 666 ◁ ''y'', then '''666649''' ◁ ''p''. If 00000 ◁ ''y'', then '''60000049''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'', 0, 00, 000, 0000, 6, 60, 600, 6000, 60000, 66, 660, 6600, 66000, 660000}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {649, 6049, 60049, 600049, 6000049, 6649, 66049, 660049, 6600049, 66000049, 66649, 666049, 6660049, 66600049, 666000049}, and of these numbers only '''66000049''' and '''66600049''' are primes.

Case 4.4: ''p'' begins with 9.

In this case we can write p = 9''y''4''z''9, where all digits of ''y'', ''z'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. If 0 ◁ ''y'', then '''9049''' ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''y'', then 349 ◁ ''p''. If 6 ◁ ''y'', then '''9649''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''9949''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' is empty.

If 0 ◁ ''z'', then 409 ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''z'', then 43 ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''z'', then 499 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''z'' ∈ {6}, and thus ''p'' ∈ 94{6}9, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 94{6}9 is 946669.

[[Category:Number theory]]</text>
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      <id>2811376</id>
      <parentid>2811375</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T01:08:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
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      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/2811375|2811375]] by [[Special:Contributions/雅典娜241|雅典娜241]] ([[User talk:雅典娜241|talk]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="49723" sha1="772c1rr3vnki4d2si7emq1v4jezexup" xml:space="preserve">{{mathematics}}
'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with [[:w:Wisdom|wisdom]]). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of the &quot;[[:w:Prime number|prime number]] [[:w:Greater than|&gt;]] ''b''&quot; [[:w:Numerical digit|digit]] [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s in the [[:w:Positional numeral system|positional numeral system]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' for the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]]. (A string ''x'' is a subsequence of another string ''y'', if ''x'' can be obtained from ''y'' by deleting zero or more of the [[:w:Character (computing)|character]]s in ''y''. For example, 514 is a subsequence of 352148, &quot;string&quot; is a subsequence of &quot;meistersinger&quot;. In contrast, 758 is not a subsequence of 378259, &quot;abc&quot; is not a subsequence of &quot;cbacacba&quot;, since the characters must be in the same order) (Unlike [[:w:Substring|substring]], subsequence is not required to occupy consecutive positions within the original sequences, e.g. the [[:w:Longest common subsequence|longest common subsequence problem]] is different from the [[:w:Longest common substring|longest common substring problem]])

Using [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] terminology, Athena problem is finding the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the [[:w:Formal language|language]] of base-''b'' [[:w:Representation (mathematics)|representation]]s of the [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s [[:w:Greater than|&gt;]] ''b'' (which is a set of [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s of [[:w:Symbol|symbol]]s over the [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; := {0, 1, ..., ''b''−1}), under the subsequence ordering (i.e. the [[:w:Binary relation|binary relation]] &quot;is a subsequence of&quot;, which is a [[:w:Partially ordered set|partial ordering]]), for a given natural number ''b'' &gt; 1. (You can draw this partial ordering as [[:w:Hasse diagram|Hasse diagram]] to find all [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s)

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering (i.e. the subsequence ordering is always a [[:w:Well-quasi-ordering|well quasi order]]) (i.e. under the subsequence ordering (i.e. the [[:w:Binary relation|binary relation]] &quot;is a subsequence of&quot;, which is a [[:w:Partially ordered set|partial ordering]]), every set of pairwise incomparable (i.e. not [[:w:Comparability|comparable]]) strings is finite), thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]], e.g. in [[:w:Decimal|decimal]] (base ''b'' = 10), this set has exactly 77 [[:w:Element of a set|element]]s: {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}.

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s are allowed. For the unsolved bases ''b'' = 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, Athena problem is solved (if probable primes are allowed) except 771 [[:w:Indexed family|families]] of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be [[:w:Empty string|empty]]) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'') = sequence {''xz'', ''xyz'', ''xyyz'', ''xyyyz'', ''xyyyyz'', ''xyyyyyz'', ...} (i.e. &quot;''xy''&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;''z''&quot; in [[:w:Regular expression|regular expression]]), all of these 771 families contain no primes &gt; ''b'' or probable primes &gt; ''b'' with length ≤ 100000.

== Solve the problem ==

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elements up to families of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b''), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families.

We call families of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'') &quot;linear&quot; families, and we reduce these families by removing all trailing digits ''y'' from ''x'', and removing all leading digits ''y'' from ''z'', to make the families be easier, e.g. family 12333{3}33345 in base ''b'' is reduced to family 12{3}45 in base ''b'', since they are in fact the same family. Our [[:w:Algorithm|algorithm]] then proceeds as follows:

* 1. ''M'' := {minimal primes in base ''b'' of length 2 or 3}, ''L'' := union of all ''x''{''Y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'') such that ''x'' ≠ 0 and ''gcd''(''z'', ''b'') = 1 and ''Y'' is the set of digits ''y'' in base ''b'' such that ''xyz'' has no subsequence in ''M''.
* 2. While ''L'' contains nonlinear families (families which are not linear families): Explore each family of ''L'', and update ''L''. Examine each family of ''L'' by:
* 2.1. Let ''w'' be the shortest string in the family. If ''w'' has a subsequence in ''M'', then remove the family from ''L''. If ''w'' represents a prime, then add ''w'' to ''M'' and remove the family from ''L''.
* 2.2. If possible, simplify the family.
* 2.3. Using the techniques below (covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them), check if the family can be proven to only contain composites (only count the numbers &gt; ''b''), and if so then remove the family from ''L''.
* 3. Update ''L'', after each split examine the new families as in step 2.

e.g. in decimal (base ''b'' = 10):

''M'' := {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991}

''L'' := {2{0,2}1, 2{0,8}7, 3{0,3,6,9}3, 3{0,3,6,9}9, 4{6}9, 5{0,5,8}1, 5{0,2}7, 6{0,3,6,9}3, 6{0,3,4,6,9}9, 7{0,7}7, 8{0,5}1, 8{0}7, 9{0,2,5,8}1, 9{0,3,6,9}3, 9{0,3,4,6,9}9}

and since 2221 is prime, it follows that the family 2{0,2}1 splits into the families 2{0}1 and 2{0}2{0}1

and since the family 2{0}1 can be proven to contain no primes &gt; base (since all numbers in this family are divisible by 3), it can be removed

and since 20201 is prime, it follows that the family 2{0}2{0}1 splits into the families 2{0}21 and 22{0}1

221 and 2021 are composites, but 20021 is prime, thus add 20021 to ''L''

none of 221, 2201, 22001, 220001, 2200001 are primes, but 22000001 is prime, thus add 22000001 to ''L''

and since the family 3{0,3,6,9}3 can be proven to contain no primes &gt; base (since all numbers in this family are divisible by 3), it can be removed

etc.

Shrinking the family ''x''{''Y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''Y'' is a set of digits in base ''b'')

* If ''y'' ∈ ''Y'' and the string ''xyyz'' represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'' (in this case, add this prime to the list) or has a subsequence which represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'', then ''x''{''Y''}''z'' can be replaced with ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''}''z'' ∪ ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''}''y''{''Y'' \ ''y''}''z''.
* If ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ≠ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and the string ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'' (in this case, add this prime to the list) or has a subsequence which represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'', then ''x''{''Y''}''z'' can be replaced with ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;}{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}''z''.
* If ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ≠ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and both the strings ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' and ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' represent a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'' (in this case, add this prime to the list) or have a subsequence which represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'', then ''x''{''Y''}''z'' can be replaced with ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;}''z'' ∪ ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}''z''.

e.g. in decimal (base ''b'' = 10):

* 2221 is a prime &gt; 10, thus the family 2{0,2}1 splits into the two families 2{0}1 and 2{0}2{0}1.
* 227 is a prime &gt; 10, and it is a subsequence of 5227, thus the family 5{0,2}7 splits into the two families 5{0}7 and 5{0}2{0}7.
* 449 is a prime &gt; 10, and it is a subsequence of 6449, thus the family 6{0,3,4,6,9}9 splits into the two families 6{0,3,6,9}9 and 6{0,3,6,9}4{0,3,6,9}9.
* Both 5051 and 5501 are primes &gt; 10, thus the family 5{0,5}1 splits into the two families 5{0}1 and 5{5}1 = {5}1.
* 8501 is a prime &gt; 10, thus the family 8{0,5}1 splits into the family 8{0}{5}1.
* 887 is a prime &gt; 10, and it is a subsequence of 2887, also 2087 is a prime &gt; 10, thus the family 2{0,8}7 splits into the two families 2{0}7 and 28{0}7.
* 349 and 449 are primes &gt; 10, and they are subsequences of 9349 and 9449, respectively, also 9049, 9649, 9949 are primes &gt; 10, thus the family 9{0,3,4,6,9}9 splits into the two families 9{0,3,6,9}9 and 94{0,3,6,9}9.
* 251, 281, 521, 821, 881 are primes &gt; 10, and they are subsequences of 9251, 9281, 9521, 9821, 9881, respectively, also 9001, 9221, 9551, 9851 are primes &gt; 10, thus the family 9{0,2,5,8}1 splits into the numbers {91, 901, 921, 951, 981, 9021, 9051, 9081, 9201, 9501, 9581, 9801, 90581, 95081, 95801}.

If the methods we have discussed cannot be used to rule out or shrink ''x''{''Y''}''z'' where ''Y'' = {''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ..., ''y''&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;}, then we can replace ''x''{''Y''}''z'' by ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;{''Y''}''z'' ∪ ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;{''Y''}''z'' ∪ ... ∪ ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;{''Y''}''z'' and re-run the methods on this new [[:w:Formal language|language]].

If all remain families are linear families (i.e. of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'', where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b''), then we search the smallest (probable) primes in these families and add these primes to the list.

e.g. in decimal (base ''b'' = 10):

* The smallest prime in the family 5{0}27 is 5000000000000000000000000000027.
* The smallest prime in the family {5}1 is 555555555551.
* The smallest prime in the family 8{5}1 is 8555555555555555555551, but 8555555555555555555551 is not a minimal element since 555555555551 is a subsequence of 8555555555555555555551.

There is no guarantee that the techniques discussed will ever terminate, but in practice they often do. They are able to determine the set of the minimal elements in base ''b'' for 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 16 and ''b'' = 18, 20, 22, 24, 30. The bases ''b'' = 17, 19, 21, 23, 25 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 29, 31 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36 are solved with the exception of 771 families of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'').

The following is a &quot;[[:w:Semi-algorithm|semi-algorithm]]&quot; that is guaranteed to solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', but it is not so easy to implement:

# ''M'' = ''[[:w:Empty string|∅]]''
# while (''L'' ≠ ''∅'') do
# choose ''x'', a shortest string in ''L''
# ''M'' := ''M'' ∪ {''x''}
# ''L'' := ''L'' − ''sup''({''x''})

In practice, for arbitrary ''L'', we cannot feasibly carry out step 5. Instead, we work with ''L''&amp;#39;, some regular overapproximation to ''L'', until we can show ''L''&amp;#39; = ''∅'' (which implies ''L'' = ''∅''). In practice, ''L''&amp;#39; is usually chosen to be a finite [[:w:Union (set theory)|union]] of sets of the form ''L''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;{''L''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}''L''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, where each of ''L''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, ''L''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ''L''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is finite. In the case we consider in this project, we then have to determine whether such a family contains a prime or not.

Thus, Athena problem in bases ''b'' around 500 may be [[:w:NP-complete|NP-complete]] or [[:w:NP-hard|NP-hard]], or an [[:w:Undecidable problem|undecidable problem]], or an example of [[:w:Gödel's incompleteness theorems|Gödel's incompleteness theorems]] (like the [[:w:Continuum hypothesis|continuum hypothesis]] and the [[:w:Halting problem|halting problem]]).

To solve the Athena problem, we need to determine whether a given family contains a prime. In practice, if family ''x''{''Y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''Y'' is a set of digits in base ''b'') could not be ruled out as only containing composites and ''Y'' contains two or more digits, then a relatively small prime &gt; ''b'' could always be found in this family. Intuitively, this is because there are a large number of small strings in such a family, and at least one is likely to be prime (e.g. there are 2&lt;sup&gt;''n''−2&lt;/sup&gt; strings of length ''n'' in the family 1{3,7}9, and there are over a thousand strings of length 12 in the family 1{3,7}9, thus it is very impossible that these numbers are all composite). In the case ''Y'' contains only one digit, this family is of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'', and there is only a single string of each length &gt; (the length of ''x'' + the length of ''z''), and it is not known if the following [[:w:Decision problem|decision problem]] is recursively solvable (just like [[:w:Sierpiński number|Sierpiński problem]] and [[:w:Riesel number|Riesel problem]], Sierpiński problem and Riesel problem can be generalized to other bases ''b'', in fact, Athena problem in base ''b'' covers the Sierpiński problem in base ''b'' and the Riesel problem in base ''b'' with ''k'' &lt; ''b'', i.e. finding the smallest prime of the form ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 (or prove such prime does not exist) with ''k'' &lt; ''b'', since the smallest prime of the form ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 (if exists) must be a minimal element in base ''b''):

Problem: Given strings ''x'', ''z'' (may be empty), a digit ''y'', and a base ''b'' (''x'' does not [[:w:Leading zero|start with the digit 0]], ''z'' ends with a digit which [[:w:Coprime integers|coprime]] to ''b'', ''y'' is not 0 if ''x'' is empty, ''y'' is coprime to ''b'' if ''z'' is empty), does there exist a prime number whose base-''b'' expansion is of the form ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' for some ''n'' ≥ 0?

Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Probability|chance]] that a [[:w:Random number|random]] ''n''-digit base ''b'' number is prime is [[:w:Asymptotic analysis|approximately]] 1/''n'' (more accurately, the chance is approximately 1/(''n''×''ln''(''b'')), where ''ln'' is the [[:w:Natural logarithm|natural logarithm]]). If one conjectures the numbers ''x''{''y''}''z'' behave similarly (i.e. the numbers ''x''{''y''}''z'' is a [[:w:Pseudorandomness|pseudorandom sequence]]) you would expect [[:w:Harmonic_series (mathematics)|1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... = ∞]] primes of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (of course, this does not always happen, since some ''x''{''y''}''z'' families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them), but it is at least a reasonable conjecture in the absence of evidence to the contrary. Hence, the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'') if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''y''}''z'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits. In such a case, the only way to proceed is to [[:w:Primality test|test the primality]] of larger and larger numbers of such form and hope a prime is eventually discovered. e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, its algebraic form is (41×13&lt;sup&gt;592198&lt;/sup&gt;+27)/4, when written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

== Data ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36 (we stop at base 36 since this base is the maximum base for which it is possible to write the numbers with the [[:w:Symbol|symbol]]s 0, 1, 2, ..., 9 and A, B, C, ..., Z (i.e. the 10 [[:w:Arabic numerals|Arabic numerals]] and the 26 [[:w:Latin script|Latin letters]]): (some large primes are only probable primes, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proved]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61, however, all primes &lt; 10&lt;sup&gt;25000&lt;/sup&gt; for bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 36 are definitely primes, most of them &gt; 10&lt;sup&gt;299&lt;/sup&gt; are proven primes with [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]], others &gt; 10&lt;sup&gt;299&lt;/sup&gt; are proven primes with [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|''N''−1 or ''N''+1 proving]])

All numbers are written in base ''b'', [[:w:Senary#Base 36 as senary compression|using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35]], &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits (it is 11, and its value is 3 in decimal)): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits (it is 111, and its value is 13 in decimal)): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits (it is 221, and its value is 41 in decimal)): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits (it is 10&lt;sub&gt;93&lt;/sub&gt;13, and its algebraic form is 5&lt;sup&gt;95&lt;/sup&gt;+8)): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits (it is 40041, and its value is 5209 in decimal)): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits (it is 3&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;1, and its algebraic form is (7&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;−5)/2)): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits (it is 4&lt;sub&gt;220&lt;/sub&gt;7, and its algebraic form is (4×8&lt;sup&gt;221&lt;/sup&gt;+17)/7)): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits (it is 30&lt;sub&gt;1158&lt;/sub&gt;11, and its algebraic form is 3×9&lt;sup&gt;1160&lt;/sup&gt;+10)): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits (it is 50&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt;27, and its algebraic form is 5×10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt;+27)): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;), the largest of which has 62669 digits (it is 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;, and its algebraic form is (57×11&lt;sup&gt;62668&lt;/sup&gt;−7)/10), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel11 Data of Athena problem base 11]

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A), the largest of which has 592199 digits (it is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, and its algebraic form is (41×13&lt;sup&gt;592198&lt;/sup&gt;+27)/4), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel13 Data of Athena problem base 13]

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits (it is 4D&lt;sub&gt;19698&lt;/sub&gt;, and its algebraic form is 5×14&lt;sup&gt;19698&lt;/sup&gt;−1), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel14 Data of Athena problem base 14]

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits (it is 7&lt;sub&gt;155&lt;/sub&gt;97, and its algebraic form is (15&lt;sup&gt;157&lt;/sup&gt;+59)/2), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel15 Data of Athena problem base 15]

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF), the largest of which has 116139 digits (it is 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF, and its algebraic form is (16&lt;sup&gt;116139&lt;/sup&gt;+619)/5), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel16 Data of Athena problem base 16]

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel17 Data of Athena problem base 17] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left17 Data of unsolved families for base 17]

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits (it is C0&lt;sub&gt;6268&lt;/sub&gt;C5, and its algebraic form is 12×18&lt;sup&gt;6270&lt;/sup&gt;+221), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel18 Data of Athena problem base 18]

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel19 Data of Athena problem base 19] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left19 Data of unsolved families for base 19]

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits (it is G0&lt;sub&gt;6269&lt;/sub&gt;D, and its algebraic form is 16×20&lt;sup&gt;6270&lt;/sup&gt;+13), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel20 Data of Athena problem base 20]

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel21 Data of Athena problem base 21] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left21 Data of unsolved families for base 21]

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5), the largest of which has 22003 digits (it is BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5, and its algebraic form is (251×22&lt;sup&gt;22002&lt;/sup&gt;−335)/21), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel22 Data of Athena problem base 22]

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel23 Data of Athena problem base 23] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left23 Data of unsolved families for base 23]

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits (it is N00N&lt;sub&gt;8129&lt;/sub&gt;LN, and its algebraic form is 13249×24&lt;sup&gt;8131&lt;/sup&gt;−49), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel24 Data of Athena problem base 24]

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel25 Data of Athena problem base 25] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left25 Data of unsolved families for base 25]

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel26 Data of Athena problem base 26]

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel27 Data of Athena problem base 27] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left27 Data of unsolved families for base 27]

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel28 Data of Athena problem base 28]

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel29 Data of Athena problem base 29] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left29 Data of unsolved families for base 29]

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D), the largest of which has 34206 digits (it is OT&lt;sub&gt;34205&lt;/sub&gt;, and its algebraic form is 25×30&lt;sup&gt;34205&lt;/sup&gt;−1), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel30 Data of Athena problem base 30]

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel31 Data of Athena problem base 31] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left31 Data of unsolved families for base 31]

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel32 Data of Athena problem base 32] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left32 Data of unsolved families for base 32]

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel33 Data of Athena problem base 33] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left33 Data of unsolved families for base 33]

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel34 Data of Athena problem base 34] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left34 Data of unsolved families for base 34]

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel35 Data of Athena problem base 35] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left35 Data of unsolved families for base 35]

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel36 Data of Athena problem base 36]

== The fully proof of Athena problem in decimal (base ''b'' = 10) ==

'''Bold''' for the minimal elements, ''x'' ◁ ''y'' means ''x'' is a subsequence of ''y''.

Assume ''p'' is a prime &gt; 10, and the last digit of ''p'' must lie in {1,3,7,9}.

Case 1: ''p'' ends with 1.

In this case we can write ''p'' = ''x''1. If ''x'' contains 1, 3, 4, 6, or 7, then (respectively) '''11''' ◁ ''p'', '''31''' ◁ ''p'', '''41''' ◁ ''p'', '''61''' ◁ ''p'', or '''71''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 2, 5, 8, or 9.

Case 1.1: ''p'' begins with 2.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 2''y''1. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''251''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''281''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then 29 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 2.

If 22 ◁ ''y'', then '''2221''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains zero or one 2's.

If ''y'' contains no 2's, then ''p'' ∈ 2{0}1. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If ''y'' contains exactly one 2, then we can write ''p'' = 2''z''2''w''1, where ''z'',''w'' ∈ {0}. If 0 ◁ ''z'' and 0 ◁ ''w'', then '''20201''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume either ''z'' or ''w'' is empty.

If ''z'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 22{0}1, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 22{0}1 is '''22000001'''.

If ''w'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 2{0}21, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 2{0}21 is '''20021'''.

Case 1.2: ''p'' begins with 5.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 5''y''1. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''521''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then 59 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0, 5, or 8.

If 05 ◁ ''y'', then '''5051''' ◁ ''p''. If 08 ◁ ''y'', then '''5081''' ◁ ''p''. If 50 ◁ ''y'', then '''5501''' ◁ ''p''. If 58 ◁ ''y'', then '''5581''' ◁ ''p''. If 80 ◁ ''y'', then '''5801''' ◁ ''p''. If 85 ◁ ''y'', then '''5851''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0} ∪ {5} ∪ {8}.

If ''y'' ∈ {0}, then ''p'' ∈ 5{0}1. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 6, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If ''y'' ∈ {5}, then ''p'' ∈ 5{5}1, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 5{5}1 is '''555555555551'''.

If ''y'' ∈ {8}, since if 88 ◁ ''y'', then 881 ◁ ''p'', hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'',8}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {51,581}, but 51 and 581 are both composite.

Case 1.3: ''p'' begins with 8.

In this case we can write p = 8''y''1. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''821''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''881''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then 89 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 5.

If 50 ◁ ''y'', then '''8501''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume y ∈ {0}{5}.

If 005 ◁ ''y'', then '''80051''' ◁ p. Hence we may assume y ∈ {0} ∪ {5} ∪ 0{5}.

If y ∈ {0}, then ''p'' ∈ 8{0}1. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 9, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If y ∈ {5}, since if 55555555555 ◁ ''y'', then 555555555551 ◁ ''p'', hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'', 5, 55, 555, 5555, 55555, 555555, 5555555, 55555555, 555555555, 5555555555}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {81, 851, 8551, 85551, 855551, 8555551, 85555551, 855555551, 8555555551, 85555555551, 855555555551}, but all of these numbers are composite.

If y ∈ 0{5}, since if 55555555555 ◁ ''y'', then 555555555551 ◁ ''p'', hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0, 05, 055, 0555, 05555, 055555, 0555555, 05555555, 055555555, 0555555555, 05555555555}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {801, 8051, 80551, 805551, 8055551, 80555551, 805555551, 8055555551, 80555555551, 805555555551, 8055555555551}, and of these numbers only 80555551 and 8055555551 are primes, but 80555551 ◁ 8055555551, thus only '''80555551''' is a minimal element.

Case 1.4: ''p'' begins with 9.

In this case we can write p = 9''y''1. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''991''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0, 2, 5, or 8.

If 00 ◁ ''y'', then '''9001''' ◁ ''p''. If 22 ◁ ''y'', then '''9221''' ◁ ''p''. If 55 ◁ ''y'', then '''9551''' ◁ ''p''. If 88 ◁ ''y'', then 881 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains at most one 0, at most one 2, at most one 5, and at most one 8.

If ''y'' only contains at most one 0 and does not contain any of {2,5,8}, then ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'',0}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {91,901}, but 91 and 901 are both composite. If ''y'' only contains at most one 0 and only one of {2,5,8}, then the sum of the digits of ''p'' is divisible by 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains at least two of {2,5,8}.

If 25 ◁ ''y'', then 251 ◁ ''p''. If 28 ◁ ''y'', then 281 ◁ ''p''. If 52 ◁ ''y'', then 521 ◁ ''p''. If 82 ◁ ''y'', then 821 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains no 2's (since if ''y'' contains 2, then ''y'' cannot contain either 5's or 8's, which is a contradiction).

If 85 ◁ ''y'', then '''9851''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {58,580,508,058}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {9581,95801,95081,90581}, and of these numbers only 95801 is prime, but 95801 is not a minimal element since 5801 ◁ 95801.

Case 2: ''p'' ends with 3.

In this case we can write p = ''x''3. If ''x'' contains 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, or 8, then (respectively) '''13''' ◁ ''p'', '''23''' ◁ ''p'', '''43''' ◁ ''p'', '''53''' ◁ ''p'', '''73''' ◁ ''p'', or '''83''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9, and thus all digits of ''p'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. But then, since the digits of ''p'' all have a common factor 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

Case 3: ''p'' ends with 7.

In this case we can write ''p'' = ''x''7. If ''x'' contains 1, 3, 4, 6, or 9, then (respectively) '''17''' ◁ ''p'', '''37''' ◁ ''p'', '''47''' ◁ ''p'', '''67''' ◁ ''p'', or '''97''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 2, 5, 7, or 8.

Case 3.1: ''p'' begins with 2.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 2''y''7. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''227''' ◁ ''p''. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''257''' ◁ ''p''. If 7 ◁ ''y'', then '''277''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 8.

If 08 ◁ ''y'', then '''2087''' ◁ ''p''. If 88 ◁ ''y'', then 887 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0} ∪ 8{0}.

If ''y'' ∈ {0}, then ''p'' ∈ 2{0}7. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 9, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If y ∈ 8{0}, then ''p'' ∈ 28{0}7. But then ''p'' is divisible by 7, since for ''n'' ≥ 0 we have 7 × 40&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;1 = 280&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;7.

Case 3.2: ''p'' begins with 5.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 5''y''7. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''557''' ◁ ''p''. If 7 ◁ ''y'', then '''577''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''587''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 2.

If 22 ◁ ''y'', then 227 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains zero or one 2's.

If ''y'' contains no 2's, then ''p'' ∈ 5{0}7. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 12, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If ''y'' contains exactly one 2, then we can write ''p'' = 5''z''2''w''7, where ''z'',''w'' ∈ {0}. If 0 ◁ ''z'' and 0 ◁ ''w'', then '''50207''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume either ''z'' or ''w'' is empty.

If ''z'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 52{0}7, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 52{0}7 is '''5200007'''.

If ''w'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 5{0}27, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 5{0}27 is '''5000000000000000000000000000027'''.

Case 3.3: ''p'' begins with 7.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 7''y''7. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''727''' ◁ ''p''. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''757''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''787''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 7, and thus all digits of ''p'' are 0 or 7. But then, since the digits of ''p'' all have a common factor 7, ''p'' is divisible by 7, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

Case 3.4: ''p'' begins with 8.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 8''y''7. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''827''' ◁ ''p''. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''857''' ◁ ''p''. If 7 ◁ ''y'', then '''877''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''887''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0}, and thus ''p'' ∈ 8{0}7. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 15, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

Case 4: ''p'' ends with 9.

In this case we can write ''p'' = ''x''9. If ''x'' contains 1, 2, 5, 7, or 8, then (respectively) '''19''' ◁ ''p'', '''29''' ◁ ''p'', '''59''' ◁ ''p'', '''79''' ◁ ''p'', or '''89''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 3, 4, 6, or 9.

If 44 ◁ ''x'', then '''449''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''x'' contains zero or one 4's.

If x contains no 4's, then all digits of ''x'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9, and thus all digits of ''p'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. But then, since the digits of ''p'' all have a common factor 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime. Hence we may assume that ''x'' contains exactly one 4.

Case 4.1: ''p'' begins with 3.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 3''y''4''z''9, where all digits of ''y'', ''z'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. We must have '''349''' ◁ ''p''.

Case 4.2: ''p'' begins with 4.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 4''y''9, where all digits of ''y'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. If 0 ◁ ''y'', then '''409''' ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''y'', then 43 ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''499''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {6}, and thus ''p'' ∈ 4{6}9. But then ''p'' is divisible by 7, since for ''n'' ≥ 0 we have 7 × 6&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;7 = 46&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;9.

Case 4.3: ''p'' begins with 6.

In this case we can write p = 6''y''4''z''9, where all digits of ''y'', ''z'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. If 0 ◁ ''z'', then 409 ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''z'', then 43 ◁ ''p''. If 6 ◁ ''z'', then '''6469''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''z'', then 499 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''z'' is empty.

If 3 ◁ ''y'', then 349 ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''6949''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 6.

If 06 ◁ ''y'', then '''60649''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {6}{0}.

If 666 ◁ ''y'', then '''666649''' ◁ ''p''. If 00000 ◁ ''y'', then '''60000049''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'', 0, 00, 000, 0000, 6, 60, 600, 6000, 60000, 66, 660, 6600, 66000, 660000}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {649, 6049, 60049, 600049, 6000049, 6649, 66049, 660049, 6600049, 66000049, 66649, 666049, 6660049, 66600049, 666000049}, and of these numbers only '''66000049''' and '''66600049''' are primes.

Case 4.4: ''p'' begins with 9.

In this case we can write p = 9''y''4''z''9, where all digits of ''y'', ''z'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. If 0 ◁ ''y'', then '''9049''' ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''y'', then 349 ◁ ''p''. If 6 ◁ ''y'', then '''9649''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''9949''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' is empty.

If 0 ◁ ''z'', then 409 ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''z'', then 43 ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''z'', then 499 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''z'' ∈ {6}, and thus ''p'' ∈ 94{6}9, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 94{6}9 is 946669.

[[Category:Number theory]]</text>
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'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with [[:w:Wisdom|wisdom]]). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of the &quot;[[:w:Prime number|prime number]] [[:w:Greater than|&gt;]] ''b''&quot; [[:w:Numerical digit|digit]] [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s in the [[:w:Positional numeral system|positional numeral system]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' for the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]]. (A string ''x'' is a subsequence of another string ''y'', if ''x'' can be obtained from ''y'' by deleting zero or more of the [[:w:Character (computing)|character]]s in ''y''. For example, 514 is a subsequence of 352148, &quot;string&quot; is a subsequence of &quot;meistersinger&quot;. In contrast, 758 is not a subsequence of 378259, &quot;abc&quot; is not a subsequence of &quot;cbacacba&quot;, since the characters must be in the same order) (Unlike [[:w:Substring|substring]], subsequence is not required to occupy consecutive positions within the original sequences, e.g. the [[:w:Longest common subsequence|longest common subsequence problem]] is different from the [[:w:Longest common substring|longest common substring problem]])

Using [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] terminology, Athena problem is finding the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the [[:w:Formal language|language]] of base-''b'' [[:w:Representation (mathematics)|representation]]s of the [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s [[:w:Greater than|&gt;]] ''b'' (which is a set of [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s of [[:w:Symbol|symbol]]s over the [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; := {0, 1, ..., ''b''−1}), under the subsequence ordering (i.e. the [[:w:Binary relation|binary relation]] &quot;is a subsequence of&quot;, which is a [[:w:Partially ordered set|partial ordering]]), for a given natural number ''b'' &gt; 1. (You can draw this partial ordering as [[:w:Hasse diagram|Hasse diagram]] to find all [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s)

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering (i.e. the subsequence ordering is always a [[:w:Well-quasi-ordering|well quasi order]]) (i.e. under the subsequence ordering (i.e. the [[:w:Binary relation|binary relation]] &quot;is a subsequence of&quot;, which is a [[:w:Partially ordered set|partial ordering]]), every set of pairwise incomparable (i.e. not [[:w:Comparability|comparable]]) strings is finite), thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]], e.g. in [[:w:Decimal|decimal]] (base ''b'' = 10), this set has exactly 77 [[:w:Element of a set|element]]s: {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}.

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s are allowed. For the unsolved bases ''b'' = 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, Athena problem is solved (if probable primes are allowed) except 771 [[:w:Indexed family|families]] of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be [[:w:Empty string|empty]]) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'') = sequence {''xz'', ''xyz'', ''xyyz'', ''xyyyz'', ''xyyyyz'', ''xyyyyyz'', ...} (i.e. &quot;''xy''&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;''z''&quot; in [[:w:Regular expression|regular expression]]), all of these 771 families contain no primes &gt; ''b'' or probable primes &gt; ''b'' with length ≤ 100000.

== Solve the problem ==

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elements up to families of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b''), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families.

We call families of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'') &quot;linear&quot; families, and we reduce these families by removing all trailing digits ''y'' from ''x'', and removing all leading digits ''y'' from ''z'', to make the families be easier, e.g. family 12333{3}33345 in base ''b'' is reduced to family 12{3}45 in base ''b'', since they are in fact the same family. Our [[:w:Algorithm|algorithm]] then proceeds as follows:

* 1. ''M'' := {minimal primes in base ''b'' of length 2 or 3}, ''L'' := union of all ''x''{''Y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'') such that ''x'' ≠ 0 and ''gcd''(''z'', ''b'') = 1 and ''Y'' is the set of digits ''y'' in base ''b'' such that ''xyz'' has no subsequence in ''M''.
* 2. While ''L'' contains nonlinear families (families which are not linear families): Explore each family of ''L'', and update ''L''. Examine each family of ''L'' by:
* 2.1. Let ''w'' be the shortest string in the family. If ''w'' has a subsequence in ''M'', then remove the family from ''L''. If ''w'' represents a prime, then add ''w'' to ''M'' and remove the family from ''L''.
* 2.2. If possible, simplify the family.
* 2.3. Using the techniques below (covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them), check if the family can be proven to only contain composites (only count the numbers &gt; ''b''), and if so then remove the family from ''L''.
* 3. Update ''L'', after each split examine the new families as in step 2.

e.g. in decimal (base ''b'' = 10):

''M'' := {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991}

''L'' := {2{0,2}1, 2{0,8}7, 3{0,3,6,9}3, 3{0,3,6,9}9, 4{6}9, 5{0,5,8}1, 5{0,2}7, 6{0,3,6,9}3, 6{0,3,4,6,9}9, 7{0,7}7, 8{0,5}1, 8{0}7, 9{0,2,5,8}1, 9{0,3,6,9}3, 9{0,3,4,6,9}9}

and since 2221 is prime, it follows that the family 2{0,2}1 splits into the families 2{0}1 and 2{0}2{0}1

and since the family 2{0}1 can be proven to contain no primes &gt; base (since all numbers in this family are divisible by 3), it can be removed

and since 20201 is prime, it follows that the family 2{0}2{0}1 splits into the families 2{0}21 and 22{0}1

221 and 2021 are composites, but 20021 is prime, thus add 20021 to ''L''

none of 221, 2201, 22001, 220001, 2200001 are primes, but 22000001 is prime, thus add 22000001 to ''L''

and since the family 3{0,3,6,9}3 can be proven to contain no primes &gt; base (since all numbers in this family are divisible by 3), it can be removed

etc.

Shrinking the family ''x''{''Y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''Y'' is a set of digits in base ''b'')

* If ''y'' ∈ ''Y'' and the string ''xyyz'' represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'' (in this case, add this prime to the list) or has a subsequence which represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'', then ''x''{''Y''}''z'' can be replaced with ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''}''z'' ∪ ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''}''y''{''Y'' \ ''y''}''z''.
* If ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ≠ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and the string ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'' (in this case, add this prime to the list) or has a subsequence which represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'', then ''x''{''Y''}''z'' can be replaced with ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;}{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}''z''.
* If ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ ''Y'' and ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ≠ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and both the strings ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' and ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' represent a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'' (in this case, add this prime to the list) or have a subsequence which represents a prime &gt; ''b'' in base ''b'', then ''x''{''Y''}''z'' can be replaced with ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;}''z'' ∪ ''x''{''Y'' \ ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}''z''.

e.g. in decimal (base ''b'' = 10):

* 2221 is a prime &gt; 10, thus the family 2{0,2}1 splits into the two families 2{0}1 and 2{0}2{0}1.
* 227 is a prime &gt; 10, and it is a subsequence of 5227, thus the family 5{0,2}7 splits into the two families 5{0}7 and 5{0}2{0}7.
* 449 is a prime &gt; 10, and it is a subsequence of 6449, thus the family 6{0,3,4,6,9}9 splits into the two families 6{0,3,6,9}9 and 6{0,3,6,9}4{0,3,6,9}9.
* Both 5051 and 5501 are primes &gt; 10, thus the family 5{0,5}1 splits into the two families 5{0}1 and 5{5}1 = {5}1.
* 8501 is a prime &gt; 10, thus the family 8{0,5}1 splits into the family 8{0}{5}1.
* 887 is a prime &gt; 10, and it is a subsequence of 2887, also 2087 is a prime &gt; 10, thus the family 2{0,8}7 splits into the two families 2{0}7 and 28{0}7.
* 349 and 449 are primes &gt; 10, and they are subsequences of 9349 and 9449, respectively, also 9049, 9649, 9949 are primes &gt; 10, thus the family 9{0,3,4,6,9}9 splits into the two families 9{0,3,6,9}9 and 94{0,3,6,9}9.
* 251, 281, 521, 821, 881 are primes &gt; 10, and they are subsequences of 9251, 9281, 9521, 9821, 9881, respectively, also 9001, 9221, 9551, 9851 are primes &gt; 10, thus the family 9{0,2,5,8}1 splits into the numbers {91, 901, 921, 951, 981, 9021, 9051, 9081, 9201, 9501, 9581, 9801, 90581, 95081, 95801}.

If the methods we have discussed cannot be used to rule out or shrink ''x''{''Y''}''z'' where ''Y'' = {''y''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, ''y''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ..., ''y''&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;}, then we can replace ''x''{''Y''}''z'' by ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;{''Y''}''z'' ∪ ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;{''Y''}''z'' ∪ ... ∪ ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;{''Y''}''z'' and re-run the methods on this new [[:w:Formal language|language]].

If all remain families are linear families (i.e. of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'', where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b''), then we search the smallest (probable) primes in these families and add these primes to the list.

e.g. in decimal (base ''b'' = 10):

* The smallest prime in the family 5{0}27 is 5000000000000000000000000000027.
* The smallest prime in the family {5}1 is 555555555551.
* The smallest prime in the family 8{5}1 is 8555555555555555555551, but 8555555555555555555551 is not a minimal element since 555555555551 is a subsequence of 8555555555555555555551.

There is no guarantee that the techniques discussed will ever terminate, but in practice they often do. They are able to determine the set of the minimal elements in base ''b'' for 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 16 and ''b'' = 18, 20, 22, 24, 30. The bases ''b'' = 17, 19, 21, 23, 25 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 29, 31 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36 are solved with the exception of 771 families of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'').

The following is a &quot;[[:w:Semi-algorithm|semi-algorithm]]&quot; that is guaranteed to solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', but it is not so easy to implement:

# ''M'' = ''[[:w:Empty string|∅]]''
# while (''L'' ≠ ''∅'') do
# choose ''x'', a shortest string in ''L''
# ''M'' := ''M'' ∪ {''x''}
# ''L'' := ''L'' − ''sup''({''x''})

In practice, for arbitrary ''L'', we cannot feasibly carry out step 5. Instead, we work with ''L''&amp;#39;, some regular overapproximation to ''L'', until we can show ''L''&amp;#39; = ''∅'' (which implies ''L'' = ''∅''). In practice, ''L''&amp;#39; is usually chosen to be a finite [[:w:Union (set theory)|union]] of sets of the form ''L''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;{''L''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}''L''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, where each of ''L''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, ''L''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ''L''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is finite. In the case we consider in this project, we then have to determine whether such a family contains a prime or not.

Thus, Athena problem in bases ''b'' around 500 may be [[:w:NP-complete|NP-complete]] or [[:w:NP-hard|NP-hard]], or an [[:w:Undecidable problem|undecidable problem]], or an example of [[:w:Gödel's incompleteness theorems|Gödel's incompleteness theorems]] (like the [[:w:Continuum hypothesis|continuum hypothesis]] and the [[:w:Halting problem|halting problem]]).

To solve the Athena problem, we need to determine whether a given family contains a prime. In practice, if family ''x''{''Y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''Y'' is a set of digits in base ''b'') could not be ruled out as only containing composites and ''Y'' contains two or more digits, then a relatively small prime &gt; ''b'' could always be found in this family. Intuitively, this is because there are a large number of small strings in such a family, and at least one is likely to be prime (e.g. there are 2&lt;sup&gt;''n''−2&lt;/sup&gt; strings of length ''n'' in the family 1{3,7}9, and there are over a thousand strings of length 12 in the family 1{3,7}9, thus it is very impossible that these numbers are all composite). In the case ''Y'' contains only one digit, this family is of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'', and there is only a single string of each length &gt; (the length of ''x'' + the length of ''z''), and it is not known if the following [[:w:Decision problem|decision problem]] is recursively solvable (just like [[:w:Sierpiński number|Sierpiński problem]] and [[:w:Riesel number|Riesel problem]], Sierpiński problem and Riesel problem can be generalized to other bases ''b'', in fact, Athena problem in base ''b'' covers the Sierpiński problem in base ''b'' and the Riesel problem in base ''b'' with ''k'' &lt; ''b'', i.e. finding the smallest prime of the form ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 (or prove such prime does not exist) with ''k'' &lt; ''b'', since the smallest prime of the form ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and ''k''×''b''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 (if exists) must be a minimal element in base ''b''):

Problem: Given strings ''x'', ''z'' (may be empty), a digit ''y'', and a base ''b'' (''x'' does not [[:w:Leading zero|start with the digit 0]], ''z'' ends with a digit which [[:w:Coprime integers|coprime]] to ''b'', ''y'' is not 0 if ''x'' is empty, ''y'' is coprime to ''b'' if ''z'' is empty), does there exist a prime number whose base-''b'' expansion is of the form ''xy''&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;''z'' for some ''n'' ≥ 0?

Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Probability|chance]] that a [[:w:Random number|random]] ''n''-digit base ''b'' number is prime is [[:w:Asymptotic analysis|approximately]] 1/''n'' (more accurately, the chance is approximately 1/(''n''×''ln''(''b'')), where ''ln'' is the [[:w:Natural logarithm|natural logarithm]]). If one conjectures the numbers ''x''{''y''}''z'' behave similarly (i.e. the numbers ''x''{''y''}''z'' is a [[:w:Pseudorandomness|pseudorandom sequence]]) you would expect [[:w:Harmonic_series (mathematics)|1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... = ∞]] primes of the form ''x''{''y''}''z'' (of course, this does not always happen, since some ''x''{''y''}''z'' families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them), but it is at least a reasonable conjecture in the absence of evidence to the contrary. Hence, the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''y''}''z'' (where ''x'' and ''z'' are strings (may be empty) of digits in base ''b'', ''y'' is a digit in base ''b'') if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''y''}''z'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits. In such a case, the only way to proceed is to [[:w:Primality test|test the primality]] of larger and larger numbers of such form and hope a prime is eventually discovered. e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, its algebraic form is (41×13&lt;sup&gt;592198&lt;/sup&gt;+27)/4, when written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

== Data ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36 (we stop at base 36 since this base is the maximum base for which it is possible to write the numbers with the [[:w:Symbol|symbol]]s 0, 1, 2, ..., 9 and A, B, C, ..., Z (i.e. the 10 [[:w:Arabic numerals|Arabic numerals]] and the 26 [[:w:Latin script|Latin letters]]): (some large primes are only probable primes, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proved]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61, however, all primes &lt; 10&lt;sup&gt;25000&lt;/sup&gt; for bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 36 are definitely primes, most of them &gt; 10&lt;sup&gt;299&lt;/sup&gt; are proven primes with [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]], others &gt; 10&lt;sup&gt;299&lt;/sup&gt; are proven primes with [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|''N''−1 or ''N''+1 proving]])

All numbers are written in base ''b'', [[:w:Senary#Base 36 as senary compression|using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35]], &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits (it is 11, and its value is 3 in decimal)): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits (it is 111, and its value is 13 in decimal)): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits (it is 221, and its value is 41 in decimal)): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits (it is 10&lt;sub&gt;93&lt;/sub&gt;13, and its algebraic form is 5&lt;sup&gt;95&lt;/sup&gt;+8)): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits (it is 40041, and its value is 5209 in decimal)): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits (it is 3&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;1, and its algebraic form is (7&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;−5)/2)): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits (it is 4&lt;sub&gt;220&lt;/sub&gt;7, and its algebraic form is (4×8&lt;sup&gt;221&lt;/sup&gt;+17)/7)): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits (it is 30&lt;sub&gt;1158&lt;/sub&gt;11, and its algebraic form is 3×9&lt;sup&gt;1160&lt;/sup&gt;+10)): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits (it is 50&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt;27, and its algebraic form is 5×10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt;+27)): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;), the largest of which has 62669 digits (it is 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;, and its algebraic form is (57×11&lt;sup&gt;62668&lt;/sup&gt;−7)/10), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel11 Data of Athena problem base 11]

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits (it is 40&lt;sub&gt;39&lt;/sub&gt;77, and its algebraic form is 4×12&lt;sup&gt;41&lt;/sup&gt;+91)): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A), the largest of which has 592199 digits (it is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, and its algebraic form is (41×13&lt;sup&gt;592198&lt;/sup&gt;+27)/4), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel13 Data of Athena problem base 13]

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits (it is 4D&lt;sub&gt;19698&lt;/sub&gt;, and its algebraic form is 5×14&lt;sup&gt;19698&lt;/sup&gt;−1), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel14 Data of Athena problem base 14]

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits (it is 7&lt;sub&gt;155&lt;/sub&gt;97, and its algebraic form is (15&lt;sup&gt;157&lt;/sup&gt;+59)/2), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel15 Data of Athena problem base 15]

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF), the largest of which has 116139 digits (it is 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF, and its algebraic form is (16&lt;sup&gt;116139&lt;/sup&gt;+619)/5), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel16 Data of Athena problem base 16]

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel17 Data of Athena problem base 17] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left17 Data of unsolved families for base 17]

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits (it is C0&lt;sub&gt;6268&lt;/sub&gt;C5, and its algebraic form is 12×18&lt;sup&gt;6270&lt;/sup&gt;+221), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel18 Data of Athena problem base 18]

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel19 Data of Athena problem base 19] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left19 Data of unsolved families for base 19]

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits (it is G0&lt;sub&gt;6269&lt;/sub&gt;D, and its algebraic form is 16×20&lt;sup&gt;6270&lt;/sup&gt;+13), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel20 Data of Athena problem base 20]

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel21 Data of Athena problem base 21] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left21 Data of unsolved families for base 21]

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5), the largest of which has 22003 digits (it is BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5, and its algebraic form is (251×22&lt;sup&gt;22002&lt;/sup&gt;−335)/21), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel22 Data of Athena problem base 22]

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel23 Data of Athena problem base 23] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left23 Data of unsolved families for base 23]

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits (it is N00N&lt;sub&gt;8129&lt;/sub&gt;LN, and its algebraic form is 13249×24&lt;sup&gt;8131&lt;/sup&gt;−49), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel24 Data of Athena problem base 24]

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel25 Data of Athena problem base 25] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left25 Data of unsolved families for base 25]

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel26 Data of Athena problem base 26]

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel27 Data of Athena problem base 27] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left27 Data of unsolved families for base 27]

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel28 Data of Athena problem base 28]

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel29 Data of Athena problem base 29] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left29 Data of unsolved families for base 29]

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D), the largest of which has 34206 digits (it is OT&lt;sub&gt;34205&lt;/sub&gt;, and its algebraic form is 25×30&lt;sup&gt;34205&lt;/sup&gt;−1), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel30 Data of Athena problem base 30]

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel31 Data of Athena problem base 31] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left31 Data of unsolved families for base 31]

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel32 Data of Athena problem base 32] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left32 Data of unsolved families for base 32]

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel33 Data of Athena problem base 33] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left33 Data of unsolved families for base 33]

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel34 Data of Athena problem base 34] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left34 Data of unsolved families for base 34]

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel35 Data of Athena problem base 35] and [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/left35 Data of unsolved families for base 35]

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites), see [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xayahrainie4793/minimal-elements-of-the-prime-numbers/main/kernel36 Data of Athena problem base 36]

== The fully proof of Athena problem in decimal (base ''b'' = 10) ==

'''Bold''' for the minimal elements, ''x'' ◁ ''y'' means ''x'' is a subsequence of ''y''.

Assume ''p'' is a prime &gt; 10, and the last digit of ''p'' must lie in {1,3,7,9}.

Case 1: ''p'' ends with 1.

In this case we can write ''p'' = ''x''1. If ''x'' contains 1, 3, 4, 6, or 7, then (respectively) '''11''' ◁ ''p'', '''31''' ◁ ''p'', '''41''' ◁ ''p'', '''61''' ◁ ''p'', or '''71''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 2, 5, 8, or 9.

Case 1.1: ''p'' begins with 2.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 2''y''1. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''251''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''281''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then 29 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 2.

If 22 ◁ ''y'', then '''2221''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains zero or one 2's.

If ''y'' contains no 2's, then ''p'' ∈ 2{0}1. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If ''y'' contains exactly one 2, then we can write ''p'' = 2''z''2''w''1, where ''z'',''w'' ∈ {0}. If 0 ◁ ''z'' and 0 ◁ ''w'', then '''20201''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume either ''z'' or ''w'' is empty.

If ''z'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 22{0}1, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 22{0}1 is '''22000001'''.

If ''w'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 2{0}21, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 2{0}21 is '''20021'''.

Case 1.2: ''p'' begins with 5.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 5''y''1. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''521''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then 59 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0, 5, or 8.

If 05 ◁ ''y'', then '''5051''' ◁ ''p''. If 08 ◁ ''y'', then '''5081''' ◁ ''p''. If 50 ◁ ''y'', then '''5501''' ◁ ''p''. If 58 ◁ ''y'', then '''5581''' ◁ ''p''. If 80 ◁ ''y'', then '''5801''' ◁ ''p''. If 85 ◁ ''y'', then '''5851''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0} ∪ {5} ∪ {8}.

If ''y'' ∈ {0}, then ''p'' ∈ 5{0}1. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 6, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If ''y'' ∈ {5}, then ''p'' ∈ 5{5}1, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 5{5}1 is '''555555555551'''.

If ''y'' ∈ {8}, since if 88 ◁ ''y'', then 881 ◁ ''p'', hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'',8}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {51,581}, but 51 and 581 are both composite.

Case 1.3: ''p'' begins with 8.

In this case we can write p = 8''y''1. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''821''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''881''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then 89 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 5.

If 50 ◁ ''y'', then '''8501''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume y ∈ {0}{5}.

If 005 ◁ ''y'', then '''80051''' ◁ p. Hence we may assume y ∈ {0} ∪ {5} ∪ 0{5}.

If y ∈ {0}, then ''p'' ∈ 8{0}1. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 9, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If y ∈ {5}, since if 55555555555 ◁ ''y'', then 555555555551 ◁ ''p'', hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'', 5, 55, 555, 5555, 55555, 555555, 5555555, 55555555, 555555555, 5555555555}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {81, 851, 8551, 85551, 855551, 8555551, 85555551, 855555551, 8555555551, 85555555551, 855555555551}, but all of these numbers are composite.

If y ∈ 0{5}, since if 55555555555 ◁ ''y'', then 555555555551 ◁ ''p'', hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0, 05, 055, 0555, 05555, 055555, 0555555, 05555555, 055555555, 0555555555, 05555555555}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {801, 8051, 80551, 805551, 8055551, 80555551, 805555551, 8055555551, 80555555551, 805555555551, 8055555555551}, and of these numbers only 80555551 and 8055555551 are primes, but 80555551 ◁ 8055555551, thus only '''80555551''' is a minimal element.

Case 1.4: ''p'' begins with 9.

In this case we can write p = 9''y''1. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''991''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0, 2, 5, or 8.

If 00 ◁ ''y'', then '''9001''' ◁ ''p''. If 22 ◁ ''y'', then '''9221''' ◁ ''p''. If 55 ◁ ''y'', then '''9551''' ◁ ''p''. If 88 ◁ ''y'', then 881 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains at most one 0, at most one 2, at most one 5, and at most one 8.

If ''y'' only contains at most one 0 and does not contain any of {2,5,8}, then ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'',0}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {91,901}, but 91 and 901 are both composite. If ''y'' only contains at most one 0 and only one of {2,5,8}, then the sum of the digits of ''p'' is divisible by 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains at least two of {2,5,8}.

If 25 ◁ ''y'', then 251 ◁ ''p''. If 28 ◁ ''y'', then 281 ◁ ''p''. If 52 ◁ ''y'', then 521 ◁ ''p''. If 82 ◁ ''y'', then 821 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains no 2's (since if ''y'' contains 2, then ''y'' cannot contain either 5's or 8's, which is a contradiction).

If 85 ◁ ''y'', then '''9851''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {58,580,508,058}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {9581,95801,95081,90581}, and of these numbers only 95801 is prime, but 95801 is not a minimal element since 5801 ◁ 95801.

Case 2: ''p'' ends with 3.

In this case we can write p = ''x''3. If ''x'' contains 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, or 8, then (respectively) '''13''' ◁ ''p'', '''23''' ◁ ''p'', '''43''' ◁ ''p'', '''53''' ◁ ''p'', '''73''' ◁ ''p'', or '''83''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9, and thus all digits of ''p'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. But then, since the digits of ''p'' all have a common factor 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

Case 3: ''p'' ends with 7.

In this case we can write ''p'' = ''x''7. If ''x'' contains 1, 3, 4, 6, or 9, then (respectively) '''17''' ◁ ''p'', '''37''' ◁ ''p'', '''47''' ◁ ''p'', '''67''' ◁ ''p'', or '''97''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 2, 5, 7, or 8.

Case 3.1: ''p'' begins with 2.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 2''y''7. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''227''' ◁ ''p''. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''257''' ◁ ''p''. If 7 ◁ ''y'', then '''277''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 8.

If 08 ◁ ''y'', then '''2087''' ◁ ''p''. If 88 ◁ ''y'', then 887 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0} ∪ 8{0}.

If ''y'' ∈ {0}, then ''p'' ∈ 2{0}7. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 9, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If y ∈ 8{0}, then ''p'' ∈ 28{0}7. But then ''p'' is divisible by 7, since for ''n'' ≥ 0 we have 7 × 40&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;1 = 280&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;7.

Case 3.2: ''p'' begins with 5.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 5''y''7. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''557''' ◁ ''p''. If 7 ◁ ''y'', then '''577''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''587''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 2.

If 22 ◁ ''y'', then 227 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' contains zero or one 2's.

If ''y'' contains no 2's, then ''p'' ∈ 5{0}7. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 12, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

If ''y'' contains exactly one 2, then we can write ''p'' = 5''z''2''w''7, where ''z'',''w'' ∈ {0}. If 0 ◁ ''z'' and 0 ◁ ''w'', then '''50207''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume either ''z'' or ''w'' is empty.

If ''z'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 52{0}7, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 52{0}7 is '''5200007'''.

If ''w'' is empty, then ''p'' ∈ 5{0}27, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 5{0}27 is '''5000000000000000000000000000027'''.

Case 3.3: ''p'' begins with 7.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 7''y''7. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''727''' ◁ ''p''. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''757''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''787''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 7, and thus all digits of ''p'' are 0 or 7. But then, since the digits of ''p'' all have a common factor 7, ''p'' is divisible by 7, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

Case 3.4: ''p'' begins with 8.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 8''y''7. If 2 ◁ ''y'', then '''827''' ◁ ''p''. If 5 ◁ ''y'', then '''857''' ◁ ''p''. If 7 ◁ ''y'', then '''877''' ◁ ''p''. If 8 ◁ ''y'', then '''887''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {0}, and thus ''p'' ∈ 8{0}7. But then, since the sum of the digits of ''p'' is 15, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime.

Case 4: ''p'' ends with 9.

In this case we can write ''p'' = ''x''9. If ''x'' contains 1, 2, 5, 7, or 8, then (respectively) '''19''' ◁ ''p'', '''29''' ◁ ''p'', '''59''' ◁ ''p'', '''79''' ◁ ''p'', or '''89''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''x'' are 0, 3, 4, 6, or 9.

If 44 ◁ ''x'', then '''449''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''x'' contains zero or one 4's.

If x contains no 4's, then all digits of ''x'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9, and thus all digits of ''p'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. But then, since the digits of ''p'' all have a common factor 3, ''p'' is divisible by 3, so ''p'' cannot be prime. Hence we may assume that ''x'' contains exactly one 4.

Case 4.1: ''p'' begins with 3.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 3''y''4''z''9, where all digits of ''y'', ''z'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. We must have '''349''' ◁ ''p''.

Case 4.2: ''p'' begins with 4.

In this case we can write ''p'' = 4''y''9, where all digits of ''y'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. If 0 ◁ ''y'', then '''409''' ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''y'', then 43 ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''499''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {6}, and thus ''p'' ∈ 4{6}9. But then ''p'' is divisible by 7, since for ''n'' ≥ 0 we have 7 × 6&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;7 = 46&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;9.

Case 4.3: ''p'' begins with 6.

In this case we can write p = 6''y''4''z''9, where all digits of ''y'', ''z'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. If 0 ◁ ''z'', then 409 ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''z'', then 43 ◁ ''p''. If 6 ◁ ''z'', then '''6469''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''z'', then 499 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''z'' is empty.

If 3 ◁ ''y'', then 349 ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''6949''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume all digits of ''y'' are 0 or 6.

If 06 ◁ ''y'', then '''60649''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {6}{0}.

If 666 ◁ ''y'', then '''666649''' ◁ ''p''. If 00000 ◁ ''y'', then '''60000049''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' ∈ {''𝜆'', 0, 00, 000, 0000, 6, 60, 600, 6000, 60000, 66, 660, 6600, 66000, 660000}, and thus ''p'' ∈ {649, 6049, 60049, 600049, 6000049, 6649, 66049, 660049, 6600049, 66000049, 66649, 666049, 6660049, 66600049, 666000049}, and of these numbers only '''66000049''' and '''66600049''' are primes.

Case 4.4: ''p'' begins with 9.

In this case we can write p = 9''y''4''z''9, where all digits of ''y'', ''z'' are 0, 3, 6, or 9. If 0 ◁ ''y'', then '''9049''' ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''y'', then 349 ◁ ''p''. If 6 ◁ ''y'', then '''9649''' ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''y'', then '''9949''' ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''y'' is empty.

If 0 ◁ ''z'', then 409 ◁ ''p''. If 3 ◁ ''z'', then 43 ◁ ''p''. If 9 ◁ ''z'', then 499 ◁ ''p''. Hence we may assume ''z'' ∈ {6}, and thus ''p'' ∈ 94{6}9, and the smallest prime ''p'' ∈ 94{6}9 is 946669.

[[Category:Number theory]]</text>
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      <text bytes="28723" sha1="79danr01qux0monnvg3z6z8dow0t4fx" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-05-14 interview with communication professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler&gt;&lt;!--Allison Butler--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132918386}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her new book on ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture''&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; including a video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview. The podcast will be released 2026-05-30 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:How women are centered and silenced in the major media.webm|thumb|2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler on how the major media center and silence women.]]

[[File:How women are centered and silenced in the major media.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-05-14 interview of Allison Butler by Spencer Graves about how the major media center and silence women.]]

Communication professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler/&gt; discusses her new book, ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture'' and some of her other work on media literacy. ''The judgment of Gender'' compares how women like [[w:Britney Spears|Britney Spears]], [[w:Anita Hill|Anita Hill]], and [[w:Monica Lewinsky|Monica Lewinsky]] have been portrayed with the treatment of comparable males. She notes, for example, that, &quot;in the years since the ''[[w:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|Dobbs]]'' (2022) decision, fully sentient female bodies have fewer legal rights than either fetuses or embryos.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 246). She continues, &quot;Within one year of the ''Dobbs'' decision, the number of ''legal'' abortions increased by about 2 percent, and by 2024, legal abortions increased by another 1 percent.&quot; (p. 247).&lt;/ref&gt; She asks, &quot;Why aren't women allowed to be complicated?&quot;, documenting how men are allowed to abuse their power for personal gain, but women are more likely to be demonized for comparable offenses.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 250).&lt;/ref&gt; Her recommendations&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, pp. 246ff),&lt;/ref&gt; include critical media literacy,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Critical media literacy&quot; is distinguished from &quot;[[w:Media literacy|media literacy]]&quot; that is not &quot;critical&quot; by its efforts &quot;[[w:Media literacy#Power|to analyze and understand the power structures]] that shape media representations and the ways in which audiences&quot; derive meaning from those representations. Accessed 2026-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt; asking how stories are told, and who gets to tell them. &quot;The vast majority of the mainstream media in the United States are approved, produced, and distributed by private, for-profit corporations whose primary priority is profit. ... Once we understand that, we can work to make a change. We can say 'no' to unfair or limiting stories of women and girls by simply ignoring them (and therefore not contributing to further views, clicks, or likes of them, online), and we can actively push back by demanding change from media producers. Media producers profit off our attention; if we shift that attention, we may be able to shift their power.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2025, p. 256).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Butler&lt;ref name=Butler/&gt; is a senior lecturer and associate chair of Communication and Director of the Media Literacy Certificate Program at the [[w:University of Massachusetts Amherst|University of Massachusetts Amherst]]. She is author or co-author of multiple books and articles on the need for and implementation of critical media literacy, including the following: 

* ''Educating media literacy: The need for critical media literacy in teacher education'' (Butler 2020), 
* ''Key scholarship in media literacy: David Buckingham'' (Butler 2021), 
* ''Critical media literacy and civic learning: Interactive explorations for students and teachers'' (Maloy et al. 2021), and 
* ''The media and media: A guide to critical media literacy for young people'' (Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective 2022).

She also has a 2024 book on ''Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools'' (Higdon and Butler 2024). She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Highlights ==

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is the accompanying video.''

Graves asked, &quot;What's the most egregious example of the misogynism, the mistreatment of women that you talk about?&quot; Butler replied: 

=== Missing and murdered indigenous women and girls ===

{{quote|

One of the examples that hit me as a researcher and therefore as a reader most hard is the way our nation treats [[w:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women|indigenous women and girls]]. 

We have a lot of representation of indigenous people in our media history. Most of it is terrible. ... 

Let's remember that our indigenous communities are not homogenous. They are very different. They have their robust communities ... . 

When we look at the history of the treatment of indigenous people on this land, the earliest colonizers across all geographic areas, their notes and research show that they saw how indigenous people lived on the land ... .&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Graeber and Wengrow (2021) and ''[[w:The Jesuit Relations|The Jesuit Relations]]'', accessed 2026-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; Many indigenous populations held women up in high regard as the creators, as the carriers of life. Many indigenous communities, not all, of course, but many indigenous communities were rooted in community, in collaboration, in connection, versus rooted in a strict gendered hierarchy. They were not rooted in patriarchy. 

The early colonizers that took copious notes on how women were treated, and that was the entry to how to destroy these populations, when out and out murder didn't work. 

There were the development of the [[w:American Indian boarding schools|residential boarding schools]] that took native children away from their homes. ... They did not understand where their children were going. ...  

Children were brutally, physically, sexually, emotionally abused. Many of them tried to run away and died, because if you're a small child of five and you've been taken hundreds of miles from your home, how do you get back to your home? 

And when those schools were no longer seen as productive, we have in the 1960s 1970s what was known as the [[w:Sixties Scoop|great scoop]], when indigenous children were, for lack of a better term, kidnapped ... and were given to good Christian homes. And church bulletins had pictures of indigenous children that were available for adoption. 

The ethos at the time was any adopted child, generally speaking, didn't know about their biological or their birth family. ... But indigenous children, generally speaking, couldn't fit in with the families. They didn't look anything like their siblings. They might not have been able to tolerate the same food as their siblings, and yet, they carried the burden of all of that. 

And then when indigenous women would go in for medical care ..., they would be forced into sterilization, often without their consent or without their knowing. A doctor would tell them they needed some sort of treatment, and in the process of that treatment would sterilize them. 

So we can see a through line throughout history, which then brings us to today where missing and murdered indigenous women and girls are superfluous, are disposable bodies. 

Law enforcement doesn't follow up on these cases. I read one example of a small town that had a new ice skating rink being built in the town and that got front page headlines versus a missing child. Now I'm not going to argue that an ice skating rink isn't important. It's probably really valuable for community and for community gatherings, but why is it more important as far as the headlines go, than a missing child? 

Law enforcement have regularly told families that their daughters were probably behaving badly. Maybe they were ... . But is that a reason for them to be murdered? Is that a reason for them to be forcibly disappeared? And is that a legitimate reason for their cases to not be explored? ... 

When white children were behaving badly or gone missing or murdered, there was significant response from law enforcement.}}

Graves asked, &quot;What do we do about it?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote|

I think the way that we make change is we start by having these conversations. We listen to stories. We pay attention to stories that might not be necessarily in our wheelhouse. When we're looking at our fictional media, our media of entertainment, we are seeing, I think, a slight uptick in indigenous stories that don't just focus on pain. 

There are incredible art campaigns. There's incredible activism. And there are amazing television shows. 

''[[w:Reservation Dogs|Reservation Dogs]]'' is one. ''[[w:North of North|North of North]]'' is one that tells bigger stories of indigenous populations, that show friendship, that sometimes are really funny, sometimes are really sad, that show people making connections with each other, having adventures, just living life.  

And those of us who might not be familiar with this history get the opportunity to learn a little bit more. One of the things that I think that's most fascinating about ''Reservation Dogs'' is it is entirely written, produced and directed by indigenous people. The actors playing indigenous characters are indigenous. The only White people in that show are actors playing White people. The clothing is made by indigenous people. The art in the background is made by indigenous people. ... The music that the characters are actively listening to is by indigenous artists. 

This gives the rest of us an opportunity to learn a little something more, a little something different. And through that learning maybe we just shift our perspective a little bit. Maybe we ... look at different pop culture sources. Maybe when we see, for example, sports names that draw on indigenous culture without necessarily the input of indigenous people. We call that out and we say, &quot;Hey, wait a minute. What's going on with this?&quot; ... 

If we are in community together, and we watch a show like ''Reservation Dogs'', and we say, Hey friend, hey sibling, hey, loved one, come watch this show with me, or watch it on your own, and let's talk about it afterwards.&quot; All of those teeny, tiny shifts in perspective can start to make change.}}

=== Media literacy ===

Graves observed, &quot;That relates to media literacy.&quot; Butler agreed: &quot;It absolutely relates to media literacy.&quot;

Graves then asked, &quot;What's the difference between [[w:Media literacy#power|critical media literacy]] and [[w:media literacy|media literacy]] that is not critical?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote| 

[[w:Media literacy|Media literacy]] is maybe like the big umbrella term. Within that umbrella we have different areas, because certain folks might focus on [[w:digital literacy|digital literacy]]. These days there's a huge conversation on [[w:AI literacy|AI literacy]]. ... 

When we're talking critical media literacy, we're really looking at an interrogation of power. How did these texts come to us? What is the process of ownership, production and distribution? Who said yes to this, getting into our movie theaters or our television screens or on our radios or our podcast streams, etc.? 

So critical media literacy is trying to look at the content, but how did the content get to us? Because that's power.  

The people who are on our screens or in our headphones have a degree of power. But the people who approved it, who wrote it, who produced it, who directed it, who released it; That's where we see a great deal of power. ... 

In the United States, the vast majority of our media are by private for profit companies, and a very small number of private for profit companies, which we are seeing get increasingly smaller and smaller. All these corporate buyouts that we hear about in our headlines or read about in our headlines, their number one goal is profit. We live in a capitalist economy defined by competition, and their number one goal is profit. ... 

Critical media literacy tries to work to deconstruct that ... . It is easy to be critical of that which we dislike. ... 

I never tell people to turn their media off. I just ask that we engage with it actively.}}

Graves said, &quot;Check before you share.&quot; Butler agreed. 

Graves asked, &quot;How does 'disconfirmation bias' fit with what you're talking about?&quot; Butler replied, {{cite Q| 

[[w:Confirmation bias|Confirmation bias]] is really easy. We barely need to try, because so much of our so much of what we do these days is digital, right? And so that builds our algorithm, which then builds us to be given the same things that we saw before, read before, listened to before, ... . 
 
I would encourage us to challenge ourselves to step outside of our familiar. ... I try and go to a press that I disagree with. I try and go to a press that I don't know much about. ... A lot of them are behind pay walls, and so I give up on that pretty quickly, because I don't necessarily think those folks need my money, nor do I want to give my money to them. ... 

But when I can, I try and look at what I disagree with. I try and move outside of my lane of belief, just to see what else is out there, to understand, because I think when we get so isolated into our safe spaces, we miss what a lot of people are struggling with.}}

=== Federal policies === 

{{quote|

I think our federal government is starting to figure this out on some level. There is no place that you and I can go without seeing in giant font, the prices of gas. And we might be being told by certain media outlets they're going to come down. They're not that expensive to begin with. .. 

And we're looking at our bank accounts, or we're measuring when we're going to drive, where we're going to go. We are now starting to hear ... of ways to make our gas mileage more efficient, check the tire pressure of our cars. Have less stuff in our cars, drive a little bit slower. 

That puts all the responsibility on us as individuals, ... who didn't make those decisions. Why do we have to change our behavior? ... 

Just trying to understand what else is out there. ... And that's the way that maybe we can move outside of these really narrow lanes that we're living in that don't allow us to see how complex and complicated our world is.}} 

=== Government favors to major corporations ===

Graves asked, &quot;What percent of the profits of the major of major corporations are due to government favors?&quot;

Butler replied, {{quote|

I can't give you the exact percent, but ... so much of what you and I do or get on a regular basis is actually federally subsidized ... . 

We do everything in collaboration. Somebody might ultimately take the credit for it. Somebody might ultimately actually be the leader of it, but none of these folks did this all by themselves. That's just not who we are as human beings. So I don't know the exact percentages, but we get a lot of federal subsidies that we tend to forget about ... .}}

Graves noted that, &quot;The [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]] has published the number of words in US tax code and regulations. In 1955 was like 1.4 million words. And in 2015 it was like 10.1, increasing at a rate of 140,000 words a year. ... There are legitimate and illegitimate economies of scale. The illegitimate economies of scale are the ability of the major corporations to purchase their own tax loopholes.&quot; 

Butler agreed: &quot;Absolutely. The rest of us are struggling to figure out how to do that, how to pay our taxes, how to be. ...&quot; 

=== Mistreatment of women and politics ===

Graves then asked, &quot;What relation, if any, do you see in the mistreatment of women and the [[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress|increase in political polarization in the United States Congress]] since Richard Nixon became president in 1969?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;The Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress]]&quot;, accessed 2026-05-19, include plots of &quot;nominate_dim1&quot; in the Voteview project ({{cite Q|Q130384333}}) initiated by [[w:Keith T. Poole|Keith T. Poole]] and [[w:Howard Rosenthal|Howard Rosenthal]], using in part the readDW_NOMINATE function in Croissant and Graves (2026), inspired by Friendly and Wainer (2021, Plate 9, p. 250).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Butler replied, {{quote|

I think women have been mistreated well before Nixon ... . 

When we look at the pro natalist movement, when we look at the overturning of [[w:Roe v. Wade|Roe v. Wade]], when we look at the attempt to keep women at home. When we look at pretty concerted efforts to take away voting rights for women, we are seeing evidence of a society that disrespects women. When we look at the Epstein files not being released, when we look at the names of women in the Epstein files, who were promised that their names would be redacted, and they aren't. These are women who are trying to tell their stories from a position of safety, and that was made extraordinarily unsafe for them. 

We are telling the world that we devalue women. When women in political office are insulted for being women, not for their policies, we are showing the world that we devalue women's political participation. When we look at somebody like [[w:Nikki Haley|Nikki Haley]], whose politics I disagree with, I am not a fan of what she would have done had she been successful in her bid for president, but she gets insulted for being a woman, for being a woman who has the audacity to age.  

[[w:Hillary Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] as first lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton as senator, Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State and as presidential candidate. There's a record of this woman's policies. She held political office. We have information about her policies, not just imagined. What did she get insulted for? She got insulted for being a woman. She got insulted for her weird hair bands when she was first lady of Arkansas, and then when Clinton was on the campaign trail. Who cares? What do her hair bands have to do with anything? ... 

What all of these folks have in common that cuts across political lines is that they're being insulted for being women. ...}}

Graves recalled, &quot;President Trump says to female journalists, 'Piggy.'&quot; Butler agreed, &quot;Bodily insults absolutely.&quot; 

=== Attacks on election integrity ===

Graves noted, &quot;In 1980 Republican Christian conservative [[w:Paul Weyrich|Paul Weyrich]] famously said, [[q:Paul Weyrich|'I don't want everybody to vote.]] ... Our success in elections goes up as voter participation goes down.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Weyrich (1980).&lt;/ref&gt; Graves then asked for comments about the complicity of the media in allowing or encouraging the continued attacks on voter integrity.

Butler observed, {{quote|

We're looking at the gerrymandering of various districts. When it works in favor of those who are in power, it is allowed. When it goes in favor of those who aren't in power, it is disallowed. When we look at the way the media tells stories of &quot;the real America&quot; or the divided America, even our electoral maps divide us into [[w:Red states and blue states|red and blue states]]. 

I'm in Massachusetts. We're a pretty blue state, but also we're actually a purple state. There are plenty of Republican voters in Massachusetts. ... 

Our neighbors might be politically divided, but we can still get along and shovel our driveways together in a snowstorm, or ask after our dogs, or ask after our children. ...}}

=== Let's agree to disagree ===

Graves said,  &quot;To me, there are several level levels of media literacy. A level above 'disconfirmation bias' is conversation: We have to talk politics -- calmly. Your colleagues, Higdon and Huff, have a book out on, ''Let's agree to disagree''.&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Talk about that.&quot; Butler replied, {{quote|

I would want to leave them to talk about their book. But what I will say from from reading their book and from working with the two of them quite closely is exactly their title, ... ''Let's agree to disagree''.

The message these days is that disagreement, that any kind of conflict, is to to be frowned upon and is to immediately erupt in yelling. ... 

I was at an event a year or so ago where we were talking about workplace conflict. The woman running the event showed this beautiful picture of the Grand Canyon, and she said to all of us, &quot;How does conflict define the Grand Canyon?&quot; 

Thank goodness I didn't say this out loud, but in my mind, I was going, &quot;the destruction of the indigenous populations. They lived in the canyon. And then the White people came and took it over ... .&quot; 

And she gave, actually, a really simple answer: The conflict of the Grand Canyon is water. Over millions of years, water changed this land. And look what we get from that conflict. We get this beautiful space where, yes, indigenous populations live, and there are species of animals that we find nowhere else on the planet, and we get to go there with our families and look at this beautiful space. And we get to see gorgeous wild animals and maybe a stunning sunset. And maybe some of us are brave enough to hike it and do all that incredible stuff. 

Conflict can result in great beauty. It doesn't have to result in destruction. ... 

When we look at things like [[w:Fox News|Fox News]] or many of our podcasts, it's scream, scream, scream, interrupt, interrupt. And so many of the people getting interrupted are women. 

We seem to be okay in this country with interrupting women and just as often having men repeat what women said and then be perfectly happy that they were the ones who said it, as if the woman hadn't already said that. 

Let's think of conflict as something that could be wonderful. We can disagree and we can learn. 

Learning is inherently uncomfortable. Any athlete will say that you don't just run a marathon or play a World Cup football / soccer game. You train, you train, you train, you train. And that training is uncomfortable. ... But it's uncomfortable with a wonderful, stunning, gorgeous goal. 

Let's make conflict beautiful, and let's listen to each other.}}

Graves added, &quot;Part of the point of agreeing to disagree and talking is that it's more important to identify areas of agreement than areas of disagreement.&quot; 

Butler agreed. {{quote| 

My other favorite metaphor is ... &quot;My dog is number one in my heart.&quot; But you don't punish dogs. When the puppy tears up the newspaper, and we think like, &quot;Oh, bad dog,&quot; and we get mad at the dog, in their little doggy brains it's, &quot;Oh, I didn't tear this up enough. ... So I'm going to tear it up more.&quot; 

We should reward our puppies for what they've done well ... and then they want to do more of that. ... Let's get treats galore for when you do a good thing.}} 

=== Sexual assault in the US military ===

Graves asked, &quot;What do you recommend be done to reduce problems of sexual assault in the US military?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote| 

I am not a legal expert. There are divisions about whether these cases should be handled externally. 

The military went through a series of sexual assault trainings. And what we saw as a result from that was increased sexual assault. Now that might seem bad and backwards, ... but maybe now it's safer to report sexual assault. What had been happening before might have gone unreported. And certainly, when we're looking in the military, we're seeing that sexual assault against men is probably vastly underreported. So we need to think about how we understand it ... .}} 

Graves interjected that we really don't ''know'' the impact of the training on sexual assault. What we know is the impact on ''reported'' sexual assault. Butler agreed. Graves then suggested that data could be collected on sexual assault rates in different military units and block promotions of managers of units with rates of sexual assault that were statistically significantly higher. 

Butler responded, {{quote|

Sure, I don't think people should be rewarded for sexual assault. ... 

Our justice system is slow. It's sluggish at best, and quite often, the victims are the ones who are blamed: &quot;Just don't be in that outfit. Just don't be in that space. Just don't be alone. Just don't have a drink. Just don't ... . 

But if that is going to happen, don't reward it. We need to do a major culture shift within and outside the armed forces of how we structure and organize our understandings of and responses to sexual assault.}} 

=== In sum ===

When asked for parting comments, Butler replied, {{quote|

We should bring media literacy both to our classrooms and to our dinner table conversations. 

We should be talking about this regularly. ... The last chapter of ''The Judgment of Gender'' has activities for how to both analyze and take action of the treatment of women in media. ... 

I really do want this to be part of the oxygen that we breathe, the water that we swim in, to counter the unfair media treatments that so many of us get. I'm more than excited to continue this conversation in any space possible.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2020) Educating Media Literacy: The Need for Critical Media Literacy in Teacher Education--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139742576}} 
* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2021)  Key scholarship in media literacy: David Buckingham--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139743119}}
* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2026-03-08) The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139740356}}
* &lt;!-- Yves Croissant and Spencer Graves (2026)  Ecfun: Functions for Ecdat--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452538}}
* &lt;!--Michael Friendly and Howard Wainer (2021) A History of Data Visualization and Graphic Communication (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130475523}}
* &lt;!-- Graeber and Wengrow (2021) The Dawn of Everything (Penguin) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q108922801}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Allison Butler (2024-08-02) Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139770479}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2022) Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138914107}}
* &lt;!--Robert W. Maloy, Torrey Trust, Allison Butler and Chenyang Xu (2021) Critical Media Literacy and Civic Learning: Interactive Explorations for Students and Teachers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139743214}}
* &lt;!--Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022) The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138912399}}
* &lt;!--Paul Weyrich (1980-08) &quot;I don't want everybody to vote&quot;, video--&gt;{{cite Q|Q98749513}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Safety]]
[[Category:Women's studies]]
[[Category:Media literacy]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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      <text bytes="28722" sha1="5wxzk5ub86s1xkqks6faggjrk3hftoe" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-05-14 interview with communication professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler&gt;&lt;!--Allison Butler--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132918386}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her new book on ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture''&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; including a video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview. The podcast will be released 2026-05-30 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:How women are centered and silenced in the major media.webm|thumb|2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler on how the major media center and silence women.]]

[[File:How women are centered and silenced in the major media.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-05-14 interview of Allison Butler by Spencer Graves about how the major media center and silence women.]]

Communication professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler/&gt; discusses her new book, ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture'' and some of her other work on media literacy. ''The judgment of Gender'' compares how women like [[w:Britney Spears|Britney Spears]], [[w:Anita Hill|Anita Hill]], and [[w:Monica Lewinsky|Monica Lewinsky]] have been portrayed with the treatment of comparable males. She notes, for example, that, &quot;in the years since the ''[[w:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|Dobbs]]'' (2022) decision, fully sentient female bodies have fewer legal rights than either fetuses or embryos.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 246). She continues, &quot;Within one year of the ''Dobbs'' decision, the number of ''legal'' abortions increased by about 2 percent, and by 2024, legal abortions increased by another 1 percent.&quot; (p. 247).&lt;/ref&gt; She asks, &quot;Why aren't women allowed to be complicated?&quot;, documenting how men are allowed to abuse their power for personal gain, but women are more likely to be demonized for comparable offenses.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 250).&lt;/ref&gt; Her recommendations&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, pp. 246ff),&lt;/ref&gt; include critical media literacy,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Critical media literacy&quot; is distinguished from &quot;[[w:Media literacy|media literacy]]&quot; that is not &quot;critical&quot; by its efforts &quot;[[w:Media literacy#Power|to analyze and understand the power structures]] that shape media representations and the ways in which audiences&quot; derive meaning from those representations. Accessed 2026-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt; asking how stories are told, and who gets to tell them. &quot;The vast majority of the mainstream media in the United States are approved, produced, and distributed by private, for-profit corporations whose primary priority is profit. ... Once we understand that, we can work to make a change. We can say 'no' to unfair or limiting stories of women and girls by simply ignoring them (and therefore not contributing to further views, clicks, or likes of them, online), and we can actively push back by demanding change from media producers. Media producers profit off our attention; if we shift that attention, we may be able to shift their power.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2025, p. 256).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Butler&lt;ref name=Butler/&gt; is a senior lecturer and associate chair of Communication and Director of the Media Literacy Certificate Program at the [[w:University of Massachusetts Amherst|University of Massachusetts Amherst]]. She is author or co-author of multiple books and articles on the need for and implementation of critical media literacy, including the following: 

* ''Educating media literacy: The need for critical media literacy in teacher education'' (Butler 2020), 
* ''Key scholarship in media literacy: David Buckingham'' (Butler 2021), 
* ''Critical media literacy and civic learning: Interactive explorations for students and teachers'' (Maloy et al. 2021), and 
* ''The media and media: A guide to critical media literacy for young people'' (Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective 2022).

She also has a 2024 book on ''Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools'' (Higdon and Butler 2024). She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Highlights ==

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is the accompanying video.''

Graves asked, &quot;What's the most egregious example of the misogynism, the mistreatment of women that you talk about?&quot; Butler replied: 

=== Missing and murdered indigenous women and girls ===

{{quote|

One of the examples that hit me as a researcher and therefore as a reader most hard is the way our nation treats [[w:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women|indigenous women and girls]]. 

We have a lot of representation of indigenous people in our media history. Most of it is terrible. ... 

Let's remember that our indigenous communities are not homogenous. They are very different. They have their robust communities ... . 

When we look at the history of the treatment of indigenous people on this land, the earliest colonizers across all geographic areas, their notes and research show that they saw how indigenous people lived on the land ... .&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Graeber and Wengrow (2021) and ''[[w:The Jesuit Relations|The Jesuit Relations]]'', accessed 2026-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; Many indigenous populations held women up in high regard as the creators, as the carriers of life. Many indigenous communities, not all, of course, but many indigenous communities were rooted in community, in collaboration, in connection, versus rooted in a strict gendered hierarchy. They were not rooted in patriarchy. 

The early colonizers that took copious notes on how women were treated, and that was the entry to how to destroy these populations, when out and out murder didn't work. 

There were the development of the [[w:American Indian boarding schools|residential boarding schools]] that took native children away from their homes. ... They did not understand where their children were going. ...  

Children were brutally, physically, sexually, emotionally abused. Many of them tried to run away and died, because if you're a small child of five and you've been taken hundreds of miles from your home, how do you get back to your home? 

And when those schools were no longer seen as productive, we have in the 1960s 1970s what was known as the [[w:Sixties Scoop|great scoop]], when indigenous children were, for lack of a better term, kidnapped ... and were given to good Christian homes. And church bulletins had pictures of indigenous children that were available for adoption. 

The ethos at the time was any adopted child, generally speaking, didn't know about their biological or their birth family. ... But indigenous children, generally speaking, couldn't fit in with the families. They didn't look anything like their siblings. They might not have been able to tolerate the same food as their siblings, and yet, they carried the burden of all of that. 

And then when indigenous women would go in for medical care ..., they would be forced into sterilization, often without their consent or without their knowing. A doctor would tell them they needed some sort of treatment, and in the process of that treatment would sterilize them. 

So we can see a through line throughout history, which then brings us to today where missing and murdered indigenous women and girls are superfluous, are disposable bodies. 

Law enforcement doesn't follow up on these cases. I read one example of a small town that had a new ice skating rink being built in the town and that got front page headlines versus a missing child. Now I'm not going to argue that an ice skating rink isn't important. It's probably really valuable for community and for community gatherings, but why is it more important as far as the headlines go, than a missing child? 

Law enforcement have regularly told families that their daughters were probably behaving badly. Maybe they were ... . But is that a reason for them to be murdered? Is that a reason for them to be forcibly disappeared? And is that a legitimate reason for their cases to not be explored? ... 

When white children were behaving badly or gone missing or murdered, there was significant response from law enforcement.}}

Graves asked, &quot;What do we do about it?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote|

I think the way that we make change is we start by having these conversations. We listen to stories. We pay attention to stories that might not be necessarily in our wheelhouse. When we're looking at our fictional media, our media of entertainment, we are seeing, I think, a slight uptick in indigenous stories that don't just focus on pain. 

There are incredible art campaigns. There's incredible activism. And there are amazing television shows. 

''[[w:Reservation Dogs|Reservation Dogs]]'' is one. ''[[w:North of North|North of North]]'' is one that tells bigger stories of indigenous populations, that show friendship, that sometimes are really funny, sometimes are really sad, that show people making connections with each other, having adventures, just living life.  

And those of us who might not be familiar with this history get the opportunity to learn a little bit more. One of the things that I think that's most fascinating about ''Reservation Dogs'' is it is entirely written, produced and directed by indigenous people. The actors playing indigenous characters are indigenous. The only White people in that show are actors playing White people. The clothing is made by indigenous people. The art in the background is made by indigenous people. ... The music that the characters are actively listening to is by indigenous artists. 

This gives the rest of us an opportunity to learn a little something more, a little something different. And through that learning maybe we just shift our perspective a little bit. Maybe we ... look at different pop culture sources. Maybe when we see, for example, sports names that draw on indigenous culture without necessarily the input of indigenous people. We call that out and we say, &quot;Hey, wait a minute. What's going on with this?&quot; ... 

If we are in community together, and we watch a show like ''Reservation Dogs'', and we say, Hey friend, hey sibling, hey, loved one, come watch this show with me, or watch it on your own, and let's talk about it afterwards.&quot; All of those teeny, tiny shifts in perspective can start to make change.}}

=== Media literacy ===

Graves observed, &quot;That relates to media literacy.&quot; Butler agreed: &quot;It absolutely relates to media literacy.&quot;

Graves then asked, &quot;What's the difference between [[w:Media literacy#power|critical media literacy]] and [[w:media literacy|media literacy]] that is not critical?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote| 

[[w:Media literacy|Media literacy]] is maybe like the big umbrella term. Within that umbrella we have different areas, because certain folks might focus on [[w:digital literacy|digital literacy]]. These days there's a huge conversation on [[w:AI literacy|AI literacy]]. ... 

When we're talking critical media literacy, we're really looking at an interrogation of power. How did these texts come to us? What is the process of ownership, production and distribution? Who said yes to this, getting into our movie theaters or our television screens or on our radios or our podcast streams, etc.? 

So critical media literacy is trying to look at the content, but how did the content get to us? Because that's power.  

The people who are on our screens or in our headphones have a degree of power. But the people who approved it, who wrote it, who produced it, who directed it, who released it; That's where we see a great deal of power. ... 

In the United States, the vast majority of our media are by private for profit companies, and a very small number of private for profit companies, which we are seeing get increasingly smaller and smaller. All these corporate buyouts that we hear about in our headlines or read about in our headlines, their number one goal is profit. We live in a capitalist economy defined by competition, and their number one goal is profit. ... 

Critical media literacy tries to work to deconstruct that ... . It is easy to be critical of that which we dislike. ... 

I never tell people to turn their media off. I just ask that we engage with it actively.}}

Graves said, &quot;Check before you share.&quot; Butler agreed. 

Graves asked, &quot;How does 'disconfirmation bias' fit with what you're talking about?&quot; Butler replied, {{cite Q| 

[[w:Confirmation bias|Confirmation bias]] is really easy. We barely need to try, because so much of our so much of what we do these days is digital, right? And so that builds our algorithm, which then builds us to be given the same things that we saw before, read before, listened to before, ... . 
 
I would encourage us to challenge ourselves to step outside of our familiar. ... I try and go to a press that I disagree with. I try and go to a press that I don't know much about. ... A lot of them are behind pay walls, and so I give up on that pretty quickly, because I don't necessarily think those folks need my money, nor do I want to give my money to them. ... 

But when I can, I try and look at what I disagree with. I try and move outside of my lane of belief, just to see what else is out there, to understand, because I think when we get so isolated into our safe spaces, we miss what a lot of people are struggling with.}}

=== Federal policies === 

{{quote|

I think our federal government is starting to figure this out on some level. There is no place that you and I can go without seeing in giant font, the prices of gas. And we might be being told by certain media outlets they're going to come down. They're not that expensive to begin with. .. 

And we're looking at our bank accounts, or we're measuring when we're going to drive, where we're going to go. We are now starting to hear ... of ways to make our gas mileage more efficient, check the tire pressure of our cars. Have less stuff in our cars, drive a little bit slower. 

That puts all the responsibility on us as individuals, ... who didn't make those decisions. Why do we have to change our behavior? ... 

Just trying to understand what else is out there. ... And that's the way that maybe we can move outside of these really narrow lanes that we're living in that don't allow us to see how complex and complicated our world is.}} 

=== Government favors to major corporations ===

Graves asked, &quot;What percent of the profits of the major of major corporations are due to government favors?&quot;

Butler replied, {{quote|

I can't give you the exact percent, but ... so much of what you and I do or get on a regular basis is actually federally subsidized ... . 

We do everything in collaboration. Somebody might ultimately take the credit for it. Somebody might ultimately actually be the leader of it, but none of these folks did this all by themselves. That's just not who we are as human beings. So I don't know the exact percentages, but we get a lot of federal subsidies that we tend to forget about ... .}}

Graves noted that, &quot;The [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]] has published the number of words in US tax code and regulations. In 1955 was like 1.4 million words. And in 2015 it was like 10.1, increasing at a rate of 140,000 words a year. ... There are legitimate and illegitimate economies of scale. The illegitimate economies of scale are the ability of the major corporations to purchase their own tax loopholes.&quot; 

Butler agreed: &quot;Absolutely. The rest of us are struggling to figure out how to do that, how to pay our taxes, how to be. ...&quot; 

=== Mistreatment of women and politics ===

Graves then asked, &quot;What relation, if any, do you see in the mistreatment of women and the [[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress|increase in political polarization in the United States Congress]] since Richard Nixon became president in 1969?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;The Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress]]&quot;, accessed 2026-05-19, include plots of &quot;nominate_dim1&quot; in the Voteview project ({{cite Q|Q130384333}}) initiated by [[w:Keith T. Poole|Keith T. Poole]] and [[w:Howard Rosenthal|Howard Rosenthal]], using in part the readDW_NOMINATE function in Croissant and Graves (2026), inspired by Friendly and Wainer (2021, Plate 9, p. 250).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Butler replied, {{quote|

I think women have been mistreated well before Nixon ... . 

When we look at the pro natalist movement, when we look at the overturning of [[w:Roe v. Wade|Roe v. Wade]], when we look at the attempt to keep women at home. When we look at pretty concerted efforts to take away voting rights for women, we are seeing evidence of a society that disrespects women. When we look at the Epstein files not being released, when we look at the names of women in the Epstein files, who were promised that their names would be redacted, and they aren't. These are women who are trying to tell their stories from a position of safety, and that was made extraordinarily unsafe for them. 

We are telling the world that we devalue women. When women in political office are insulted for being women, not for their policies, we are showing the world that we devalue women's political participation. When we look at somebody like [[w:Nikki Haley|Nikki Haley]], whose politics I disagree with, I am not a fan of what she would have done had she been successful in her bid for president, but she gets insulted for being a woman, for being a woman who has the audacity to age.  

[[w:Hillary Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] as first lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton as senator, Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State and as presidential candidate. There's a record of this woman's policies. She held political office. We have information about her policies, not just imagined. What did she get insulted for? She got insulted for being a woman. She got insulted for her weird hair bands when she was first lady of Arkansas, and then when Clinton was on the campaign trail. Who cares? What do her hair bands have to do with anything? ... 

What all of these folks have in common that cuts across political lines is that they're being insulted for being women. ...}}

Graves recalled, &quot;President Trump says to female journalists, 'Piggy.'&quot; Butler agreed, &quot;Bodily insults absolutely.&quot; 

=== Attacks on election integrity ===

Graves noted, &quot;In 1980 Republican Christian conservative [[w:Paul Weyrich|Paul Weyrich]] famously said, [[q:Paul Weyrich|'I don't want everybody to vote.]] ... Our success in elections goes up as voter participation goes down.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Weyrich (1980).&lt;/ref&gt; Graves then asked for comments about the complicity of the media in allowing or encouraging the continued attacks on voter integrity.

Butler observed, {{quote|

We're looking at the gerrymandering of various districts. When it works in favor of those who are in power, it is allowed. When it goes in favor of those who aren't in power, it is disallowed. When we look at the way the media tells stories of &quot;the real America&quot; or the divided America, even our electoral maps divide us into [[w:Red states and blue states|red and blue states]]. 

I'm in Massachusetts. We're a pretty blue state, but also we're actually a purple state. There are plenty of Republican voters in Massachusetts. ... 

Our neighbors might be politically divided, but we can still get along and shovel our driveways together in a snowstorm, or ask after our dogs, or ask after our children. ...}}

=== Let's agree to disagree ===

Graves said,  &quot;To me, there are several level levels of media literacy. A level above 'disconfirmation bias' is conversation: We have to talk politics -- calmly. Your colleagues, Higdon and Huff, have a book out on, ''Let's agree to disagree''.&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Talk about that.&quot; Butler replied, {{quote|

I would want to leave them to talk about their book. But what I will say from from reading their book and from working with the two of them quite closely is exactly their title, ... ''Let's agree to disagree''.

The message these days is that disagreement, that any kind of conflict, is to to be frowned upon and is to immediately erupt in yelling. ... 

I was at an event a year or so ago where we were talking about workplace conflict. The woman running the event showed this beautiful picture of the Grand Canyon, and she said to all of us, &quot;How does conflict define the Grand Canyon?&quot; 

Thank goodness I didn't say this out loud, but in my mind, I was going, &quot;the destruction of the indigenous populations. They lived in the canyon. And then the White people came and took it over ... .&quot; 

And she gave, actually, a really simple answer: The conflict of the Grand Canyon is water. Over millions of years, water changed this land. And look what we get from that conflict. We get this beautiful space where, yes, indigenous populations live, and there are species of animals that we find nowhere else on the planet, and we get to go there with our families and look at this beautiful space. And we get to see gorgeous wild animals and maybe a stunning sunset. And maybe some of us are brave enough to hike it and do all that incredible stuff. 

Conflict can result in great beauty. It doesn't have to result in destruction. ... 

When we look at things like [[w:Fox News|Fox News]] or many of our podcasts, it's scream, scream, scream, interrupt, interrupt. And so many of the people getting interrupted are women. 

We seem to be okay in this country with interrupting women and just as often having men repeat what women said and then be perfectly happy that they were the ones who said it, as if the woman hadn't already said that. 

Let's think of conflict as something that could be wonderful. We can disagree and we can learn. 

Learning is inherently uncomfortable. Any athlete will say that you don't just run a marathon or play a World Cup football / soccer game. You train, you train, you train, you train. And that training is uncomfortable. ... But it's uncomfortable with a wonderful, stunning, gorgeous goal. 

Let's make conflict beautiful, and let's listen to each other.}}

Graves added, &quot;Part of the point of agreeing to disagree and talking is that it's more important to identify areas of agreement than areas of disagreement.&quot; 

Butler agreed. {{quote| 

My other favorite metaphor is ... &quot;My dog is number one in my heart.&quot; But you don't punish dogs. When the puppy tears up the newspaper, and we think like, &quot;Oh, bad dog,&quot; and we get mad at the dog, in their little doggy brains it's, &quot;Oh, I didn't tear this up enough. ... So I'm going to tear it up more.&quot; 

We should reward our puppies for what they've done well ... and then they want to do more of that. ... Let's get treats galore for when you do a good thing.}} 

=== Sexual assault in the US military ===

Graves asked, &quot;What do you recommend be done to reduce problems of sexual assault in the US military?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote| 

I am not a legal expert. There are divisions about whether these cases should be handled externally. 

The military went through a series of sexual assault trainings. And what we saw as a result from that was increased sexual assault. Now that might seem bad and backwards, ... but maybe now it's safer to report sexual assault. What had been happening before might have gone unreported. And certainly, when we're looking in the military, we're seeing that sexual assault against men is probably vastly underreported. So we need to think about how we understand it ... .}} 

Graves interjected that we really don't ''know'' the impact of the training on sexual assault. What we know is the impact on ''reported'' sexual assault. Butler agreed. Graves then suggested that data could be collected on sexual assault rates in different military units and block promotions of managers of units with rates of sexual assault that were statistically significantly higher. 

Butler responded, {{quote|

Sure, I don't think people should be rewarded for sexual assault. ... 

Our justice system is slow. It's sluggish at best, and quite often, the victims are the ones who are blamed: &quot;Just don't be in that outfit. Just don't be in that space. Just don't be alone. Just don't have a drink. Just don't ... . 

But if that is going to happen, don't reward it. We need to do a major culture shift within and outside the armed forces of how we structure and organize our understandings of and responses to sexual assault.}} 

=== In sum ===

When asked for parting comments, Butler replied, {{quote|

We should bring media literacy both to our classrooms and to our dinner table conversations. 

We should be talking about this regularly. ... The last chapter of ''The Judgment of Gender'' has activities for how to both analyze and take action of the treatment of women in media. ... 

I really do want this to be part of the oxygen that we breathe, the water that we swim in, to counter the unfair media treatments that so many of us get. I'm more than excited to continue this conversation in any space possible.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2020) Educating Media Literacy: The Need for Critical Media Literacy in Teacher Education--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139742576}} 
* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2021)  Key scholarship in media literacy: David Buckingham--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139743119}}
* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2026-03-08) The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139740356}}
* &lt;!-- Yves Croissant and Spencer Graves (2026)  Ecfun: Functions for Ecdat--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452538}}
* &lt;!--Michael Friendly and Howard Wainer (2021) A History of Data Visualization and Graphic Communication (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130475523}}
* &lt;!-- Graeber and Wengrow (2021) The Dawn of Everything (Penguin) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q108922801}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Allison Butler (2024-08-02) Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139770479}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2022) Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138914107}}
* &lt;!--Robert W. Maloy, Torrey Trust, Allison Butler and Chenyang Xu (2021) Critical Media Literacy and Civic Learning: Interactive Explorations for Students and Teachers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139743214}}
* &lt;!--Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022) The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138912399}}
* &lt;!--Paul Weyrich (1980-08) &quot;I don't want everybody to vote&quot;, video--&gt;{{cite Q|Q98749513}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Safety]]
[[Category:Women's studies]]
[[Category:Media literacy]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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      <text bytes="28724" sha1="hdora4sb5wb7ews6ymzzvmg8z1x02mc" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-05-14 interview with communication professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler&gt;&lt;!--Allison Butler--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132918386}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her new book on ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture''&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; including a video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview. The podcast will be released 2026-05-30 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:How women are centered and silenced in the major media.webm|thumb|2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler on how the major media center and silence women.]]

[[File:How women are centered and silenced in the major media.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-05-14 interview of Allison Butler by Spencer Graves about how the major media center and silence women.]]

Communication professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler/&gt; discusses her new book, ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture'' and some of her other work on media literacy. ''The judgment of Gender'' compares how women like [[w:Britney Spears|Britney Spears]], [[w:Anita Hill|Anita Hill]], and [[w:Monica Lewinsky|Monica Lewinsky]] have been portrayed with the treatment of comparable males. She notes, for example, that, &quot;in the years since the ''[[w:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|Dobbs]]'' (2022) decision, fully sentient female bodies have fewer legal rights than either fetuses or embryos.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 246). She continues, &quot;Within one year of the ''Dobbs'' decision, the number of ''legal'' abortions increased by about 2 percent, and by 2024, legal abortions increased by another 1 percent.&quot; (p. 247).&lt;/ref&gt; She asks, &quot;Why aren't women allowed to be complicated?&quot;, documenting how men are allowed to abuse their power for personal gain, but women are more likely to be demonized for comparable offenses.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 250).&lt;/ref&gt; Her recommendations&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, pp. 246ff),&lt;/ref&gt; include critical media literacy,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Critical media literacy&quot; is distinguished from &quot;[[w:Media literacy|media literacy]]&quot; that is not &quot;critical&quot; by its efforts &quot;[[w:Media literacy#Power|to analyze and understand the power structures]] that shape media representations and the ways in which audiences&quot; derive meaning from those representations. Accessed 2026-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt; asking how stories are told, and who gets to tell them. &quot;The vast majority of the mainstream media in the United States are approved, produced, and distributed by private, for-profit corporations whose primary priority is profit. ... Once we understand that, we can work to make a change. We can say 'no' to unfair or limiting stories of women and girls by simply ignoring them (and therefore not contributing to further views, clicks, or likes of them, online), and we can actively push back by demanding change from media producers. Media producers profit off our attention; if we shift that attention, we may be able to shift their power.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2025, p. 256).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Butler&lt;ref name=Butler/&gt; is a senior lecturer and associate chair of Communication and Director of the Media Literacy Certificate Program at the [[w:University of Massachusetts Amherst|University of Massachusetts Amherst]]. She is author or co-author of multiple books and articles on the need for and implementation of critical media literacy, including the following: 

* ''Educating media literacy: The need for critical media literacy in teacher education'' (Butler 2020), 
* ''Key scholarship in media literacy: David Buckingham'' (Butler 2021), 
* ''Critical media literacy and civic learning: Interactive explorations for students and teachers'' (Maloy et al. 2021), and 
* ''The media and media: A guide to critical media literacy for young people'' (Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective 2022).

She also has a 2024 book on ''Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools'' (Higdon and Butler 2024). She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Highlights ==

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is the accompanying video.''

Graves asked, &quot;What's the most egregious example of the misogynism, the mistreatment of women, that you talk about?&quot; Butler replied: 

=== Missing and murdered indigenous women and girls ===

{{quote|

One of the examples that hit me as a researcher and therefore as a reader most hard is the way our nation treats [[w:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women|indigenous women and girls]]. 

We have a lot of representation of indigenous people in our media history. Most of it is terrible. ... 

Let's remember that our indigenous communities are not homogenous. They are very different. They have their robust communities ... . 

When we look at the history of the treatment of indigenous people on this land, the earliest colonizers across all geographic areas, their notes and research show that they saw how indigenous people lived on the land ... .&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Graeber and Wengrow (2021) and ''[[w:The Jesuit Relations|The Jesuit Relations]]'', accessed 2026-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; Many indigenous populations held women up in high regard as the creators, as the carriers of life. Many indigenous communities, not all, of course, but many indigenous communities were rooted in community, in collaboration, in connection, versus rooted in a strict gendered hierarchy. They were not rooted in patriarchy. 

The early colonizers that took copious notes on how women were treated, and that was the entry to how to destroy these populations, when out and out murder didn't work. 

There were the development of the [[w:American Indian boarding schools|residential boarding schools]] that took native children away from their homes. ... They did not understand where their children were going. ...  

Children were brutally, physically, sexually, emotionally abused. Many of them tried to run away and died, because if you're a small child of five and you've been taken hundreds of miles from your home, how do you get back to your home? 

And when those schools were no longer seen as productive, we have in the 1960s 1970s what was known as the [[w:Sixties Scoop|great scoop]], when indigenous children were, for lack of a better term, kidnapped ... and were given to good Christian homes. And church bulletins had pictures of indigenous children that were available for adoption. 

The ethos at the time was any adopted child, generally speaking, didn't know about their biological or their birth family. ... But indigenous children, generally speaking, couldn't fit in with the families. They didn't look anything like their siblings. They might not have been able to tolerate the same food as their siblings, and yet, they carried the burden of all of that. 

And then when indigenous women would go in for medical care ..., they would be forced into sterilization, often without their consent or without their knowing. A doctor would tell them they needed some sort of treatment, and in the process of that treatment would sterilize them. 

So we can see a through line throughout history, which then brings us to today where missing and murdered indigenous women and girls are superfluous, are disposable bodies. 

Law enforcement doesn't follow up on these cases. I read one example of a small town that had a new ice skating rink being built in the town and that got front page headlines versus a missing child. Now I'm not going to argue that an ice skating rink isn't important. It's probably really valuable for community and for community gatherings, but why is it more important as far as the headlines go, than a missing child? 

Law enforcement have regularly told families that their daughters were probably behaving badly. Maybe they were ... . But is that a reason for them to be murdered? Is that a reason for them to be forcibly disappeared? And is that a legitimate reason for their cases to not be explored? ... 

When white children were behaving badly or gone missing or murdered, there was significant response from law enforcement.}}

Graves asked, &quot;What do we do about it?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote|

I think the way that we make change is we start by having these conversations. We listen to stories. We pay attention to stories that might not be necessarily in our wheelhouse. When we're looking at our fictional media, our media of entertainment, we are seeing, I think, a slight uptick in indigenous stories that don't just focus on pain. 

There are incredible art campaigns. There's incredible activism. And there are amazing television shows. 

''[[w:Reservation Dogs|Reservation Dogs]]'' is one. ''[[w:North of North|North of North]]'' is one that tells bigger stories of indigenous populations, that show friendship, that sometimes are really funny, sometimes are really sad, that show people making connections with each other, having adventures, just living life.  

And those of us who might not be familiar with this history get the opportunity to learn a little bit more. One of the things that I think that's most fascinating about ''Reservation Dogs'' is it is entirely written, produced and directed by indigenous people. The actors playing indigenous characters are indigenous. The only White people in that show are actors playing White people. The clothing is made by indigenous people. The art in the background is made by indigenous people. ... The music that the characters are actively listening to is by indigenous artists. 

This gives the rest of us an opportunity to learn a little something more, a little something different. And through that learning maybe we just shift our perspective a little bit. Maybe we ... look at different pop culture sources. Maybe when we see, for example, sports names that draw on indigenous culture without necessarily the input of indigenous people. We call that out and we say, &quot;Hey, wait a minute. What's going on with this?&quot; ... 

If we are in community together, and we watch a show like ''Reservation Dogs'', and we say, Hey friend, hey sibling, hey, loved one, come watch this show with me, or watch it on your own, and let's talk about it afterwards.&quot; All of those teeny, tiny shifts in perspective can start to make change.}}

=== Media literacy ===

Graves observed, &quot;That relates to media literacy.&quot; Butler agreed: &quot;It absolutely relates to media literacy.&quot;

Graves then asked, &quot;What's the difference between [[w:Media literacy#power|critical media literacy]] and [[w:media literacy|media literacy]] that is not critical?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote| 

[[w:Media literacy|Media literacy]] is maybe like the big umbrella term. Within that umbrella we have different areas, because certain folks might focus on [[w:digital literacy|digital literacy]]. These days there's a huge conversation on [[w:AI literacy|AI literacy]]. ... 

When we're talking critical media literacy, we're really looking at an interrogation of power. How did these texts come to us? What is the process of ownership, production and distribution? Who said yes to this, getting into our movie theaters or our television screens or on our radios or our podcast streams, etc.? 

So critical media literacy is trying to look at the content, but how did the content get to us? Because that's power.  

The people who are on our screens or in our headphones have a degree of power. But the people who approved it, who wrote it, who produced it, who directed it, who released it; That's where we see a great deal of power. ... 

In the United States, the vast majority of our media are by private for profit companies, and a very small number of private for profit companies, which we are seeing get increasingly smaller and smaller. All these corporate buyouts that we hear about in our headlines or read about in our headlines, their number one goal is profit. We live in a capitalist economy defined by competition, and their number one goal is profit. ... 

Critical media literacy tries to work to deconstruct that ... . It is easy to be critical of that which we dislike. ... 

I never tell people to turn their media off. I just ask that we engage with it actively.}}

Graves said, &quot;Check before you share.&quot; Butler agreed. 

Graves asked, &quot;How does 'disconfirmation bias' fit with what you're talking about?&quot; Butler replied, {{cite Q| 

[[w:Confirmation bias|Confirmation bias]] is really easy. We barely need to try, because so much of our so much of what we do these days is digital, right? And so that builds our algorithm, which then builds us to be given the same things that we saw before, read before, listened to before, ... . 
 
I would encourage us to challenge ourselves to step outside of our familiar. ... I try and go to a press that I disagree with. I try and go to a press that I don't know much about. ... A lot of them are behind pay walls, and so I give up on that pretty quickly, because I don't necessarily think those folks need my money, nor do I want to give my money to them. ... 

But when I can, I try and look at what I disagree with. I try and move outside of my lane of belief, just to see what else is out there, to understand, because I think when we get so isolated into our safe spaces, we miss what a lot of people are struggling with.}}

=== Federal policies === 

{{quote|

I think our federal government is starting to figure this out on some level. There is no place that you and I can go without seeing in giant font, the prices of gas. And we might be being told by certain media outlets they're going to come down. They're not that expensive to begin with. .. 

And we're looking at our bank accounts, or we're measuring when we're going to drive, where we're going to go. We are now starting to hear ... of ways to make our gas mileage more efficient, check the tire pressure of our cars. Have less stuff in our cars, drive a little bit slower. 

That puts all the responsibility on us as individuals, ... who didn't make those decisions. Why do we have to change our behavior? ... 

Just trying to understand what else is out there. ... And that's the way that maybe we can move outside of these really narrow lanes that we're living in that don't allow us to see how complex and complicated our world is.}} 

=== Government favors to major corporations ===

Graves asked, &quot;What percent of the profits of the major of major corporations are due to government favors?&quot;

Butler replied, {{quote|

I can't give you the exact percent, but ... so much of what you and I do or get on a regular basis is actually federally subsidized ... . 

We do everything in collaboration. Somebody might ultimately take the credit for it. Somebody might ultimately actually be the leader of it, but none of these folks did this all by themselves. That's just not who we are as human beings. So I don't know the exact percentages, but we get a lot of federal subsidies that we tend to forget about ... .}}

Graves noted that, &quot;The [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]] has published the number of words in US tax code and regulations. In 1955 was like 1.4 million words. And in 2015 it was like 10.1, increasing at a rate of 140,000 words a year. ... There are legitimate and illegitimate economies of scale. The illegitimate economies of scale are the ability of the major corporations to purchase their own tax loopholes.&quot; 

Butler agreed: &quot;Absolutely. The rest of us are struggling to figure out how to do that, how to pay our taxes, how to be. ...&quot; 

=== Mistreatment of women and politics ===

Graves then asked, &quot;What relation, if any, do you see in the mistreatment of women and the [[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress|increase in political polarization in the United States Congress]] since Richard Nixon became president in 1969?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;The Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress]]&quot;, accessed 2026-05-19, include plots of &quot;nominate_dim1&quot; in the Voteview project ({{cite Q|Q130384333}}) initiated by [[w:Keith T. Poole|Keith T. Poole]] and [[w:Howard Rosenthal|Howard Rosenthal]], using in part the readDW_NOMINATE function in Croissant and Graves (2026), inspired by Friendly and Wainer (2021, Plate 9, p. 250).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Butler replied, {{quote|

I think women have been mistreated well before Nixon ... . 

When we look at the pro natalist movement, when we look at the overturning of [[w:Roe v. Wade|Roe v. Wade]], when we look at the attempt to keep women at home. When we look at pretty concerted efforts to take away voting rights for women, we are seeing evidence of a society that disrespects women. When we look at the Epstein files not being released, when we look at the names of women in the Epstein files, who were promised that their names would be redacted, and they aren't. These are women who are trying to tell their stories from a position of safety, and that was made extraordinarily unsafe for them. 

We are telling the world that we devalue women. When women in political office are insulted for being women, not for their policies, we are showing the world that we devalue women's political participation. When we look at somebody like [[w:Nikki Haley|Nikki Haley]], whose politics I disagree with, I am not a fan of what she would have done had she been successful in her bid for president, but she gets insulted for being a woman, for being a woman who has the audacity to age.  

[[w:Hillary Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] as first lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton as senator, Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State and as presidential candidate. There's a record of this woman's policies. She held political office. We have information about her policies, not just imagined. What did she get insulted for? She got insulted for being a woman. She got insulted for her weird hair bands when she was first lady of Arkansas, and then when Clinton was on the campaign trail. Who cares? What do her hair bands have to do with anything? ... 

What all of these folks have in common that cuts across political lines is that they're being insulted for being women. ...}}

Graves recalled, &quot;President Trump says to female journalists, 'Piggy.'&quot; Butler agreed, &quot;Bodily insults absolutely.&quot; 

=== Attacks on election integrity ===

Graves noted, &quot;In 1980 Republican Christian conservative [[w:Paul Weyrich|Paul Weyrich]] famously said, [[q:Paul Weyrich|'I don't want everybody to vote.]] ... Our success in elections goes up as voter participation goes down.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Weyrich (1980).&lt;/ref&gt; Graves then asked for comments about the complicity of the media in allowing or encouraging the continued attacks on voter integrity.

Butler observed, {{quote|

We're looking at the gerrymandering of various districts. When it works in favor of those who are in power, it is allowed. When it goes in favor of those who aren't in power, it is disallowed. When we look at the way the media tells stories of &quot;the real America&quot; or the divided America, even our electoral maps divide us into [[w:Red states and blue states|red and blue states]]. 

I'm in Massachusetts. We're a pretty blue state, but also we're actually a purple state. There are plenty of Republican voters in Massachusetts. ... 

Our neighbors might be politically divided, but we can still get along and shovel our driveways together in a snowstorm, or ask after our dogs, or ask after our children. ...}}

=== Let's agree to disagree ===

Graves said,  &quot;To me, there are several level levels of media literacy. A level above 'disconfirmation bias' is conversation: We have to talk politics -- calmly. Your colleagues, Higdon and Huff, have a book out on, ''Let's agree to disagree''.&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Talk about that.&quot; Butler replied, {{quote|

I would want to leave them to talk about their book. But what I will say from from reading their book and from working with the two of them quite closely is exactly their title, ... ''Let's agree to disagree''.

The message these days is that disagreement, that any kind of conflict, is to to be frowned upon and is to immediately erupt in yelling. ... 

I was at an event a year or so ago where we were talking about workplace conflict. The woman running the event showed this beautiful picture of the Grand Canyon, and she said to all of us, &quot;How does conflict define the Grand Canyon?&quot; 

Thank goodness I didn't say this out loud, but in my mind, I was going, &quot;the destruction of the indigenous populations. They lived in the canyon. And then the White people came and took it over ... .&quot; 

And she gave, actually, a really simple answer: The conflict of the Grand Canyon is water. Over millions of years, water changed this land. And look what we get from that conflict. We get this beautiful space where, yes, indigenous populations live, and there are species of animals that we find nowhere else on the planet, and we get to go there with our families and look at this beautiful space. And we get to see gorgeous wild animals and maybe a stunning sunset. And maybe some of us are brave enough to hike it and do all that incredible stuff. 

Conflict can result in great beauty. It doesn't have to result in destruction. ... 

When we look at things like [[w:Fox News|Fox News]] or many of our podcasts, it's scream, scream, scream, interrupt, interrupt. And so many of the people getting interrupted are women. 

We seem to be okay in this country with interrupting women and just as often having men repeat what women said and then be perfectly happy that they were the ones who said it, as if the woman hadn't already said that. 

Let's think of conflict as something that could be wonderful. We can disagree and we can learn. 

Learning is inherently uncomfortable. Any athlete will say that you don't just run a marathon or play a World Cup football / soccer game. You train, you train, you train, you train. And that training is uncomfortable. ... But it's uncomfortable with a wonderful, stunning, gorgeous goal. 

Let's make conflict beautiful, and let's listen to each other.}}

Graves added, &quot;Part of the point of agreeing to disagree and talking is that it's more important to identify areas of agreement than areas of disagreement.&quot; 

Butler agreed. {{quote| 

My other favorite metaphor is ... &quot;My dog is number one in my heart.&quot; But you don't punish dogs. When the puppy tears up the newspaper, and we think like, &quot;Oh, bad dog,&quot; and we get mad at the dog, in their little doggy brains it's, &quot;Oh, I didn't tear this up enough. ... So I'm going to tear it up more.&quot; 

We should reward our puppies for what they've done well ... and then they want to do more of that. ... Let's get treats galore for when you do a good thing.}} 

=== Sexual assault in the US military ===

Graves asked, &quot;What do you recommend be done to reduce problems of sexual assault in the US military?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote| 

I am not a legal expert. There are divisions about whether these cases should be handled externally. 

The military went through a series of sexual assault trainings. And what we saw as a result from that was increased sexual assault. Now that might seem bad and backwards, ... but maybe now it's safer to report sexual assault. What had been happening before might have gone unreported. And certainly, when we're looking in the military, we're seeing that sexual assault against men is probably vastly underreported. So we need to think about how we understand it ... .}} 

Graves interjected that we really don't ''know'' the impact of the training on sexual assault. What we know is the impact on ''reported'' sexual assault. Butler agreed. Graves then suggested that data could be collected on sexual assault rates in different military units and block promotions of managers of units with rates of sexual assault that were statistically significantly higher. 

Butler responded, {{quote|

Sure, I don't think people should be rewarded for sexual assault. ... 

Our justice system is slow. It's sluggish at best, and quite often, the victims are the ones who are blamed: &quot;Just don't be in that outfit. Just don't be in that space. Just don't be alone. Just don't have a drink. Just don't ... . 

But if that is going to happen, don't reward it. We need to do a major culture shift within and outside the armed forces of how we structure and organize our understandings of and responses to sexual assault.}} 

=== In sum ===

When asked for parting comments, Butler replied, {{quote|

We should bring media literacy both to our classrooms and to our dinner table conversations. 

We should be talking about this regularly. ... The last chapter of ''The Judgment of Gender'' has activities for how to both analyze and take action of the treatment of women in media. ... 

I really do want this to be part of the oxygen that we breathe, the water that we swim in, to counter the unfair media treatments that so many of us get. I'm more than excited to continue this conversation in any space possible.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2020) Educating Media Literacy: The Need for Critical Media Literacy in Teacher Education--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139742576}} 
* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2021)  Key scholarship in media literacy: David Buckingham--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139743119}}
* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2026-03-08) The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139740356}}
* &lt;!-- Yves Croissant and Spencer Graves (2026)  Ecfun: Functions for Ecdat--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452538}}
* &lt;!--Michael Friendly and Howard Wainer (2021) A History of Data Visualization and Graphic Communication (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130475523}}
* &lt;!-- Graeber and Wengrow (2021) The Dawn of Everything (Penguin) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q108922801}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Allison Butler (2024-08-02) Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139770479}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2022) Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138914107}}
* &lt;!--Robert W. Maloy, Torrey Trust, Allison Butler and Chenyang Xu (2021) Critical Media Literacy and Civic Learning: Interactive Explorations for Students and Teachers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139743214}}
* &lt;!--Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022) The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138912399}}
* &lt;!--Paul Weyrich (1980-08) &quot;I don't want everybody to vote&quot;, video--&gt;{{cite Q|Q98749513}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Safety]]
[[Category:Women's studies]]
[[Category:Media literacy]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="28736" sha1="18gvrcwuny8h79prbrhhgrktsmmwfjh" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-05-14 interview with communication professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler&gt;&lt;!--Allison Butler--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132918386}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her new book on ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture''&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; including a video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview. The podcast will be released 2026-05-30 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:How women are centered and silenced in the major media.webm|thumb|2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler on how the major media center and silence women.]]

[[File:How women are centered and silenced in the major media.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-05-14 interview of Allison Butler by Spencer Graves about how the major media center and silence women.]]

Communication professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler/&gt; discusses her new book, ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture'' and some of her other work on media literacy. ''The judgment of Gender'' compares how women like [[w:Britney Spears|Britney Spears]], [[w:Anita Hill|Anita Hill]], and [[w:Monica Lewinsky|Monica Lewinsky]] have been portrayed with the treatment of comparable males. She notes, for example, that, &quot;in the years since the ''[[w:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|Dobbs]]'' (2022) decision, fully sentient female bodies have fewer legal rights than either fetuses or embryos.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 246). She continues, &quot;Within one year of the ''Dobbs'' decision, the number of ''legal'' abortions increased by about 2 percent, and by 2024, legal abortions increased by another 1 percent.&quot; (p. 247).&lt;/ref&gt; She asks, &quot;Why aren't women allowed to be complicated?&quot;, documenting how men are allowed to abuse their power for personal gain, but women are more likely to be demonized for comparable offenses.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 250).&lt;/ref&gt; Her recommendations&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, pp. 246ff),&lt;/ref&gt; include critical media literacy,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Critical media literacy&quot; is distinguished from &quot;[[w:Media literacy|media literacy]]&quot; that is not &quot;critical&quot; by its efforts &quot;[[w:Media literacy#Power|to analyze and understand the power structures]] that shape media representations and the ways in which audiences&quot; derive meaning from those representations. Accessed 2026-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt; asking how stories are told, and who gets to tell them. &quot;The vast majority of the mainstream media in the United States are approved, produced, and distributed by private, for-profit corporations whose primary priority is profit. ... Once we understand that, we can work to make a change. We can say 'no' to unfair or limiting stories of women and girls by simply ignoring them (and therefore not contributing to further views, clicks, or likes of them, online), and we can actively push back by demanding change from media producers. Media producers profit off our attention; if we shift that attention, we may be able to shift their power.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2025, p. 256).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Butler&lt;ref name=Butler/&gt; is a senior lecturer and associate chair of Communication and Director of the Media Literacy Certificate Program at the [[w:University of Massachusetts Amherst|University of Massachusetts Amherst]]. She is author or co-author of multiple books and articles on the need for and implementation of critical media literacy, including the following: 

* ''Educating media literacy: The need for critical media literacy in teacher education'' (Butler 2020), 
* ''Key scholarship in media literacy: David Buckingham'' (Butler 2021), 
* ''Critical media literacy and civic learning: Interactive explorations for students and teachers'' (Maloy et al. 2021), and 
* ''The media and media: A guide to critical media literacy for young people'' (Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective 2022).

She also has a 2024 book on ''Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools'' (Higdon and Butler 2024). She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Highlights ==

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is the accompanying video.''

Graves asked, &quot;What's the most egregious example of the misogynism, the mistreatment of women, that you talk about?&quot; Butler replied: 

=== Missing and murdered indigenous women and girls ===

{{quote|

One of the examples that hit me as a researcher and therefore as a reader most hard is the way our nation treats [[w:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women|indigenous women and girls]]. 

We have a lot of representation of indigenous people in our media history. Most of it is terrible. ... 

Let's remember that our indigenous communities are not homogenous. They are very different. They have their robust communities ... . 

When we look at the history of the treatment of indigenous people on this land, the earliest colonizers across all geographic areas, their notes and research show that they saw how indigenous people lived on the land ... .&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Graeber and Wengrow (2021) and ''[[w:The Jesuit Relations|The Jesuit Relations]]'', accessed 2026-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; Many indigenous populations held women up in high regard as the creators, as the carriers of life. Many indigenous communities, not all, of course, but many indigenous communities were rooted in community, in collaboration, in connection, versus rooted in a strict gendered hierarchy. They were not rooted in patriarchy. 

The early colonizers that took copious notes on how women were treated, and that was the entry to how to destroy these populations, when out and out murder didn't work. 

There were the development of the [[w:American Indian boarding schools|residential boarding schools]] that took native children away from their homes. ... They did not understand where their children were going. ...  

Children were brutally, physically, sexually, emotionally abused. Many of them tried to run away and died, because if you're a small child of five and you've been taken hundreds of miles from your home, how do you get back to your home? 

And when those schools were no longer seen as productive, we have in the 1960s 1970s what was known as the [[w:Sixties Scoop|great scoop]], when indigenous children were, for lack of a better term, kidnapped ... and were given to good Christian homes. And church bulletins had pictures of indigenous children that were available for adoption. 

The ethos at the time was any adopted child, generally speaking, didn't know about their biological or their birth family. ... But indigenous children, generally speaking, couldn't fit in with the families. They didn't look anything like their siblings. They might not have been able to tolerate the same food as their siblings, and yet, they carried the burden of all of that. 

And then when indigenous women would go in for medical care ..., they would be forced into sterilization, often without their consent or without their knowing. A doctor would tell them they needed some sort of treatment, and in the process of that treatment would sterilize them. 

So we can see a through line throughout history, which then brings us to today where missing and murdered indigenous women and girls are superfluous, are disposable bodies. 

Law enforcement doesn't follow up on these cases. I read one example of a small town that had a new ice skating rink being built in the town and that got front page headlines versus a missing child. Now I'm not going to argue that an ice skating rink isn't important. It's probably really valuable for community and for community gatherings, but why is it more important as far as the headlines go, than a missing child? 

Law enforcement have regularly told families that their daughters were probably behaving badly. Maybe they were ... . But is that a reason for them to be murdered? Is that a reason for them to be forcibly disappeared? And is that a legitimate reason for their cases to not be explored? ... 

When white children were behaving badly or gone missing or murdered, there was significant response from law enforcement.}}

Graves asked, &quot;What do we do about it?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote|

I think the way that we make change is we start by having these conversations. We listen to stories. We pay attention to stories that might not be necessarily in our wheelhouse. When we're looking at our fictional media, our media of entertainment, we are seeing, I think, a slight uptick in indigenous stories that don't just focus on pain. 

There are incredible art campaigns. There's incredible activism. And there are amazing television shows. 

''[[w:Reservation Dogs|Reservation Dogs]]'' is one. ''[[w:North of North|North of North]]'' is one that tells bigger stories of indigenous populations, that show friendship, that sometimes are really funny, sometimes are really sad, that show people making connections with each other, having adventures, just living life.  

And those of us who might not be familiar with this history get the opportunity to learn a little bit more. One of the things that I think that's most fascinating about ''Reservation Dogs'' is it is entirely written, produced and directed by indigenous people. The actors playing indigenous characters are indigenous. The only White people in that show are actors playing White people. The clothing is made by indigenous people. The art in the background is made by indigenous people. ... The music that the characters are actively listening to is by indigenous artists. 

This gives the rest of us an opportunity to learn a little something more, a little something different. And through that learning maybe we just shift our perspective a little bit. Maybe we ... look at different pop culture sources. Maybe when we see, for example, sports names that draw on indigenous culture without necessarily the input of indigenous people. We call that out and we say, &quot;Hey, wait a minute. What's going on with this?&quot; ... 

If we are in community together, and we watch a show like ''Reservation Dogs'', and we say, Hey friend, hey sibling, hey, loved one, come watch this show with me, or watch it on your own, and let's talk about it afterwards.&quot; All of those teeny, tiny shifts in perspective can start to make change.}}

=== Media literacy ===

Graves observed, &quot;That relates to media literacy.&quot; Butler agreed: &quot;It absolutely relates to media literacy.&quot;

Graves then asked, &quot;What's the difference between [[w:Media literacy#power|critical media literacy]] and [[w:media literacy|media literacy]] that is not critical?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote| 

[[w:Media literacy|Media literacy]] is maybe like the big umbrella term. Within that umbrella we have different areas, because certain folks might focus on [[w:digital literacy|digital literacy]]. These days there's a huge conversation on [[w:AI literacy|AI literacy]]. ... 

When we're talking critical media literacy, we're really looking at an interrogation of power. How did these texts come to us? What is the process of ownership, production and distribution? Who said yes to this, getting into our movie theaters or our television screens or on our radios or our podcast streams, etc.? 

So critical media literacy is trying to look at the content, but how did the content get to us? Because that's power.  

The people who are on our screens or in our headphones have a degree of power. But the people who approved it, who wrote it, who produced it, who directed it, who released it; That's where we see a great deal of power. ... 

In the United States, the vast majority of our media are by private for profit companies, and a very small number of private for profit companies, which we are seeing get increasingly smaller and smaller. All these corporate buyouts that we hear about in our headlines or read about in our headlines, their number one goal is profit. We live in a capitalist economy defined by competition, and their number one goal is profit. ... 

Critical media literacy tries to work to deconstruct that ... . It is easy to be critical of that which we dislike. ... 

I never tell people to turn their media off. I just ask that we engage with it actively.}}

Graves said, &quot;Check before you share.&quot; Butler agreed. 

Graves asked, &quot;How does 'disconfirmation bias' fit with what you're talking about?&quot; Butler replied, {{cite Q| 

[[w:Confirmation bias|Confirmation bias]] is really easy. We barely need to try, because so much of our so much of what we do these days is digital, right? And so that builds our algorithm, which then builds us to be given the same things that we saw before, read before, listened to before, ... . 
 
I would encourage us to challenge ourselves to step outside of our familiar. ... I try and go to a press that I disagree with. I try and go to a press that I don't know much about. ... A lot of them are behind pay walls, and so I give up on that pretty quickly, because I don't necessarily think those folks need my money, nor do I want to give my money to them. ... 

But when I can, I try and look at what I disagree with. I try and move outside of my lane of belief, just to see what else is out there, to understand, because I think when we get so isolated into our safe spaces, we miss what a lot of people are struggling with.}}

=== Federal policies === 

{{quote|

I think our federal government is starting to figure this out on some level. There is no place that you and I can go without seeing in giant font, the prices of gas. And we might be being told by certain media outlets they're going to come down. They're not that expensive to begin with. .. 

And we're looking at our bank accounts, or we're measuring when we're going to drive, where we're going to go. We are now starting to hear ... of ways to make our gas mileage more efficient, check the tire pressure of our cars. Have less stuff in our cars, drive a little bit slower. 

That puts all the responsibility on us as individuals, ... who didn't make those decisions. Why do we have to change our behavior? ... 

Just trying to understand what else is out there. ... And that's the way that maybe we can move outside of these really narrow lanes that we're living in that don't allow us to see how complex and complicated our world is.}} 

=== Government favors to major corporations ===

Graves asked, &quot;What percent of the profits of the major of major corporations are due to government favors?&quot;

Butler replied, {{quote|

I can't give you the exact percent, but ... so much of what you and I do or get on a regular basis is actually federally subsidized ... . 

We do everything in collaboration. Somebody might ultimately take the credit for it. Somebody might ultimately actually be the leader of it, but none of these folks did this all by themselves. That's just not who we are as human beings. So I don't know the exact percentages, but we get a lot of federal subsidies that we tend to forget about ... .}}

Graves noted that, &quot;The [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]] has published the number of words in US tax code and regulations. In 1955 was like 1.4 million words. And in 2015 it was like 10.1, increasing at a rate of 140,000 words a year. ... There are legitimate and illegitimate economies of scale. The illegitimate economies of scale are the ability of the major corporations to purchase their own tax loopholes.&quot; 

Butler agreed: &quot;Absolutely. The rest of us are struggling to figure out how to do that, how to pay our taxes, how to be. ...&quot; 

=== Mistreatment of women and politics ===

Graves then asked, &quot;What relation, if any, do you see in the mistreatment of women and the [[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress|increase in political polarization in the United States Congress]] since Richard Nixon became president in 1969?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;The Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Evolution of political polarization in the US Congress]]&quot;, accessed 2026-05-19, include plots of &quot;nominate_dim1&quot; in the Voteview project ({{cite Q|Q130384333}}) initiated by [[w:Keith T. Poole|Keith T. Poole]] and [[w:Howard Rosenthal|Howard Rosenthal]], using in part the readDW_NOMINATE function in Croissant and Graves (2026), inspired by Friendly and Wainer (2021, Plate 9, p. 250).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Butler replied, {{quote|

I think women have been mistreated well before Nixon ... . 

When we look at the pro natalist movement, when we look at the overturning of [[w:Roe v. Wade|Roe v. Wade]], when we look at the attempt to keep women at home. When we look at pretty concerted efforts to take away voting rights for women, we are seeing evidence of a society that disrespects women. When we look at the Epstein files not being released, when we look at the names of women in the Epstein files, who were promised that their names would be redacted, and they aren't. These are women who are trying to tell their stories from a position of safety, and that was made extraordinarily unsafe for them. 

We are telling the world that we devalue women. When women in political office are insulted for being women, not for their policies, we are showing the world that we devalue women's political participation. When we look at somebody like [[w:Nikki Haley|Nikki Haley]], whose politics I disagree with, I am not a fan of what she would have done had she been successful in her bid for president, but she gets insulted for being a woman, for being a woman who has the audacity to age.  

[[w:Hillary Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] as first lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton as senator, Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State and as presidential candidate. There's a record of this woman's policies. She held political office. We have information about her policies, not just imagined. What did she get insulted for? She got insulted for being a woman. She got insulted for her weird hair bands when she was first lady of Arkansas, and then when Clinton was on the campaign trail. Who cares? What do her hair bands have to do with anything? ... 

What all of these folks have in common that cuts across political lines is that they're being insulted for being women. ...}}

Graves recalled, &quot;President Trump says to female journalists, 'Piggy.'&quot; Butler agreed, &quot;Bodily insults absolutely.&quot; 

=== Attacks on election integrity ===

Graves noted, &quot;In 1980 Republican Christian conservative [[w:Paul Weyrich|Paul Weyrich]] famously said, [[q:Paul Weyrich|'I don't want everybody to vote.]] ... Our success in elections goes up as voter participation goes down.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Weyrich (1980).&lt;/ref&gt; Graves then asked for comments about the complicity of the media in allowing or encouraging the continued attacks on voter integrity.

Butler observed, {{quote|

We're looking at the gerrymandering of various districts. When it works in favor of those who are in power, it is allowed. When it goes in favor of those who aren't in power, it is disallowed. When we look at the way the media tells stories of &quot;the real America&quot; or the divided America, even our electoral maps divide us into [[w:Red states and blue states|red and blue states]]. 

I'm in Massachusetts. We're a pretty blue state, but also we're actually a purple state. There are plenty of Republican voters in Massachusetts. ... 

Our neighbors might be politically divided, but we can still get along and shovel our driveways together in a snowstorm, or ask after our dogs, or ask after our children. ...}}

=== Let's agree to disagree ===

Graves said,  &quot;To me, there are several level levels of media literacy. A level above 'disconfirmation bias' is conversation: We have to talk politics -- calmly. Your colleagues, Higdon and Huff, have a book out on, ''Let's agree to disagree''.&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Talk about that.&quot; Butler replied, {{quote|

I would want to leave them to talk about their book. But what I will say from from reading their book and from working with the two of them quite closely is exactly their title, ... ''Let's agree to disagree''.

The message these days is that disagreement, that any kind of conflict, is to to be frowned upon and is to immediately erupt in yelling. ... 

I was at an event a year or so ago where we were talking about workplace conflict. The woman running the event showed this beautiful picture of the Grand Canyon, and she said to all of us, &quot;How does conflict define the Grand Canyon?&quot; 

Thank goodness I didn't say this out loud, but in my mind, I was going, &quot;the destruction of the indigenous populations. They lived in the canyon. And then the White people came and took it over ... .&quot; 

And she gave, actually, a really simple answer: The conflict of the Grand Canyon is water. Over millions of years, water changed this land. And look what we get from that conflict. We get this beautiful space where, yes, indigenous populations live, and there are species of animals that we find nowhere else on the planet, and we get to go there with our families and look at this beautiful space. And we get to see gorgeous wild animals and maybe a stunning sunset. And maybe some of us are brave enough to hike it and do all that incredible stuff. 

Conflict can result in great beauty. It doesn't have to result in destruction. ... 

When we look at things like [[w:Fox News|Fox News]] or many of our podcasts, it's scream, scream, scream, interrupt, interrupt. And so many of the people getting interrupted are women. 

We seem to be okay in this country with interrupting women and just as often having men repeat what women said and then be perfectly happy that they were the ones who said it, as if the woman hadn't already said that. 

Let's think of conflict as something that could be wonderful. We can disagree and we can learn. 

Learning is inherently uncomfortable. Any athlete will say that you don't just run a marathon or play a World Cup football / soccer game. You train, you train, you train, you train. And that training is uncomfortable. ... But it's uncomfortable with a wonderful, stunning, gorgeous goal. 

Let's make conflict beautiful, and let's listen to each other.}}

Graves added, &quot;Part of the point of agreeing to disagree and talking is that it's more important to identify areas of agreement than areas of disagreement.&quot; 

Butler agreed. {{quote| 

My other favorite metaphor is ... &quot;My dog is number one in my heart.&quot; But you don't punish dogs. When the puppy tears up the newspaper, and we think like, &quot;Oh, bad dog,&quot; and we get mad at the dog, in their little doggy brains it's, &quot;Oh, I didn't tear this up enough. ... So I'm going to tear it up more.&quot; 

We should reward our puppies for what they've done well ... and then they want to do more of that. ... Let's get treats galore for when you do a good thing.}} 

=== Sexual assault in the US military ===

Graves asked, &quot;What do you recommend be done to reduce problems of sexual assault in the US military?&quot; 

Butler replied, {{quote| 

I am not a legal expert. There are divisions about whether these cases should be handled externally. 

The military went through a series of sexual assault trainings. And what we saw as a result from that was increased sexual assault. Now that might seem bad and backwards, ... but maybe now it's safer to report sexual assault. What had been happening before might have gone unreported. And certainly, when we're looking in the military, we're seeing that sexual assault against men is probably vastly underreported. So we need to think about how we understand it ... .}} 

Graves interjected that we really don't ''know'' the impact of the training on sexual assault. What we know is the impact on ''reported'' sexual assault. Butler agreed. Graves then suggested that data could be collected on sexual assault rates in different military units and block promotions of managers of units with rates of sexual assault that were statistically significantly higher. 

Butler responded, {{quote|

Sure, I don't think people should be rewarded for sexual assault. ... 

Our justice system is slow. It's sluggish at best, and quite often, the victims are the ones who are blamed: &quot;Just don't be in that outfit. Just don't be in that space. Just don't be alone. Just don't have a drink. Just don't ... . 

But if that is going to happen, don't reward it. We need to do a major culture shift within and outside the armed forces of how we structure and organize our understandings of and responses to sexual assault.}} 

=== In sum ===

When asked for parting comments, Butler replied, {{quote|

We should bring media literacy both to our classrooms and to our dinner table conversations. 

We should be talking about this regularly. ... The last chapter of ''The Judgment of Gender'' has activities for how to both analyze and take action of the treatment of women in media. ... 

I really do want this to be part of the oxygen that we breathe, the water that we swim in, to counter the unfair media treatments that so many of us get. I'm more than excited to continue this conversation in any space possible.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2026-03-08) The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139740356}}
* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2021; 2020-12-03)  Key scholarship in media literacy: David Buckingham--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139743119}}
* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2020) Educating Media Literacy: The Need for Critical Media Literacy in Teacher Education--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139742576}} 
* &lt;!-- Yves Croissant and Spencer Graves (2026)  Ecfun: Functions for Ecdat--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452538}}
* &lt;!--Michael Friendly and Howard Wainer (2021) A History of Data Visualization and Graphic Communication (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130475523}}
* &lt;!-- Graeber and Wengrow (2021) The Dawn of Everything (Penguin) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q108922801}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Allison Butler (2024-08-02) Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139770479}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2022) Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138914107}}
* &lt;!--Robert W. Maloy, Torrey Trust, Allison Butler and Chenyang Xu (2021) Critical Media Literacy and Civic Learning: Interactive Explorations for Students and Teachers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139743214}}
* &lt;!--Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022) The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138912399}}
* &lt;!--Paul Weyrich (1980-08) &quot;I don't want everybody to vote&quot;, video--&gt;{{cite Q|Q98749513}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Safety]]
[[Category:Women's studies]]
[[Category:Media literacy]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <comment>5-String Banjo Archtop versus flathead content.</comment>
      <origin>2811348</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6612" sha1="ov9xguljhy9wngq4brerautvcl6ujxe" xml:space="preserve">The '''Banjo''' is a stringed musical instrument with a long neck (commonly fretted) and a circular drum-like body covered by a tensioned membrane, played by plucking or striking the strings with fingers, picks, or a plectrum.&lt;ref&gt;''Collins English Dictionary: Complete &amp; Unabridged''. 2012 digital ed., HarperCollins Publishers, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Banjo playing is associated with a fast arpeggiated plucking, though many different playing styles are popular.

The most common of them is the 5-string banjo, usually for playing bluegrass, folk, or old-time music. The next most common is the 4-string tenor banjo, usually for playing Irish traditional music or jazz. Many other hybrid and modified versions of the banjo exist including banjitar, gourd banjo, long neck banjo, and more.

''To read more on the etymology, history, and types of banjos, I recommend the &quot;Banjo - Wikipedia&quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo] website.''

== Types of Banjos ==

=== 5-String Banjo ===
The standard 5-string banjo is defined by four strings tuned at the headstock, and a fifth string that is the same gauge as the first, but starts from the fifth fret, three-quarters the length of the other strings. It would have 22 frets along a length of between 25.5-27 inches. This often will come with a removable resonator allowing the instrument to be configured either as a resonator banjo or as an open-back banjo.

The most common playing styles include clawhammer, three-finger bluegrass, melodic (keith) style, and chromatic style.

==== Flathead and archtop banjos ====
Most banjos are flathead, which is when the head of the banjo is flat because the tone ring (or lack thereof) reaches to the outer rim, allowing resonance across the area of the head. The other variation is an archtop, where the tone ring has a smaller diameter and is raised, which decreases the area of the head that resonates. The decreased surface area of the resonating part of the drumhead makes the banjo have less sustain and a higher frequency, and it's been described as bright, crisp, punchy, snappy, and piercing. 

==== Long neck banjos ====
The long-neck banjo is a variant of the standard 5-string banjo having an extended neck with three additional frets, allowing the instrument to be played in lower pitch ranges while also keeping a similar standard banjo tuning. The scale length can range from 28-32 inches.

This instrument was invented by Pete Seeger in 1944 when he had a luthier, John D'Angelico, modify his banjo to add two extra frets. That banjo would be stolen a five years later and he would commission one with three extra frets which he would popularize throughout the 1950's and 60's folk scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://banjonews.com/2014-03/the_seeger_long_neck_americas_third_banjo.html|title=Banjo Newsletter|website=banjonews.com|access-date=2026-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 4-String Plectrum Banjo ===
The four-string plectrum banjo is a standard banjo without the short drone string, consisting of the same number of frets and neck size. This banjo is usually played with a guitar-like pick and was used in Jazz, Irish traditional music, and musical stage productions.

The Tenor banjo is similar to this but with either 17 or 19 frets.

=== Banjo Hybrids and Homemade Variations ===
Most banjo hybrids combine the acoustic drum-head of a banjo with the playing and tuning style of the different instrument. These include the guitar banjo (banjitar), mandolin banjo (banjolin), ukelele banjo (banjolele), dobro banjo (dojo), cello banjo (celljo), bass banjo (bassjo), lute banjo, the electric banjo, and even a violin banjo. Bands and orchestras consisting of banjo-like instruments were at it's peak in the 1920's.

The gourd banjo is the furthest predecessor of the modern banjo, originally evolving from &quot;spike lutes&quot; in Western Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/spotlight/banjos-smithsonian|title=Banjos {{!}} Smithsonian Institution|website=www.si.edu|language=en|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; These would use strings made from gut or nylgut to provide a softer tone and less tension than metal strings.

Mountain Banjos are classified by their mostly wooden construction, with traditional models being fretless and using friction tuners, though modern versions can use partial/diatonic frets or geared tuners.

A canjo is a single string musical instrument that can be easily made at home. It consists of a simple wooden dowel or board with a single string, a tuner at the top, and an empty can mounted at the bottom.

== 5-String Banjo Styles ==

=== Frailing Styles ===
Frailing is the fundamental motion that is learned when doing clawhammer or old-time banjo playing. This uses combinations of downstroke notes, brush stroke, and thumb plucks to create different rhythmic patterns.  

==== Clawhammer ====
Past the basic strokes and techniques for frailing, styles with clawhammer banjo also includes Melodic, West Virginia, and Round-Peak Clawhammer.

=== Picking Styles ===

==== Fingerstyle Picking ====
This commonly means using the fingertips to pluck strings independently, though can optionally include fingerpicks.

===== Two-Finger Style =====
This old-time style uses your thumb and one other finger to have a traditional and rhythm oriented folk songs. The most common form is Thumb-Lead Two-Finger where the thumb play melody notes on the lower-pitched strings, and the index fills in between and adds to the simple rhythm. The less common form is Index-Lead Two-Finger where the index finger plays the melody, while the thumb provides a droning technique and bass.

===== Three Finger Style =====
This more advanced style uses the thumb, index, and middle finger which allows for complex and continuous rolls that create a versatile rhythm. 

The thumb plays the 5th-string drone note and 4th-string bass notes, the index finger plays from the inner three strings usually, and the middle finger plays from the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd-strings depending on where it may alternate with the other fingers.

==== Using Fingerpicks ====
Fingerpicks are worn to replace the way a finger would pluck or a fingernail would strike at the string, in order to increase the volume, provide consistency, and produce brighter sounds instead of more mellow.

===== Scruggs Style =====

===== Melodic Style =====
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bluegrassbanjo.org/melodic_chromatic.html|title=Difference between Melodic and Chromatic|website=bluegrassbanjo.org|access-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Chromatic (Keith) Style =====

===== Single-String (Reno) Style =====

== Sources ==

[[Category:Music instruments]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811364</id>
      <parentid>2811348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T21:34:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kirby - Electrotechnics</username>
        <id>3074947</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Clawhammer Banjo Styles</comment>
      <origin>2811364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="8227" sha1="cqlscdapce2u9eoc312bgqnpcpn3mt0" xml:space="preserve">The '''Banjo''' is a stringed musical instrument with a long neck (commonly fretted) and a circular drum-like body covered by a tensioned membrane, played by plucking or striking the strings with fingers, picks, or a plectrum.&lt;ref&gt;''Collins English Dictionary: Complete &amp; Unabridged''. 2012 digital ed., HarperCollins Publishers, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Banjo playing is associated with a fast arpeggiated plucking, though many different playing styles are popular.

The most common of them is the 5-string banjo, usually for playing bluegrass, folk, or old-time music. The next most common is the 4-string tenor banjo, usually for playing Irish traditional music or jazz. Many other hybrid and modified versions of the banjo exist including banjitar, gourd banjo, long neck banjo, and more.

''To read more on the etymology, history, and types of banjos, I recommend the &quot;Banjo - Wikipedia&quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo] website.''

== Types of Banjos ==

=== 5-String Banjo ===
The standard 5-string banjo is defined by four strings tuned at the headstock, and a fifth string that is the same gauge as the first, but starts from the fifth fret, three-quarters the length of the other strings. It would have 22 frets along a length of between 25.5-27 inches. This often will come with a removable resonator allowing the instrument to be configured either as a resonator banjo or as an open-back banjo.

The most common playing styles include clawhammer, three-finger bluegrass, melodic (keith) style, and chromatic style.

==== Flathead and archtop banjos ====
Most banjos are flathead, which is when the head of the banjo is flat because the tone ring (or lack thereof) reaches to the outer rim, allowing resonance across the area of the head. The other variation is an archtop, where the tone ring has a smaller diameter and is raised, which decreases the area of the head that resonates. The decreased surface area of the resonating part of the drumhead makes the banjo have less sustain and a higher frequency, and it's been described as bright, crisp, punchy, snappy, and piercing. 

==== Long neck banjos ====
The long-neck banjo is a variant of the standard 5-string banjo having an extended neck with three additional frets, allowing the instrument to be played in lower pitch ranges while also keeping a similar standard banjo tuning. The scale length can range from 28-32 inches.

This instrument was invented by Pete Seeger in 1944 when he had a luthier, John D'Angelico, modify his banjo to add two extra frets. That banjo would be stolen a five years later and he would commission one with three extra frets which he would popularize throughout the 1950's and 60's folk scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://banjonews.com/2014-03/the_seeger_long_neck_americas_third_banjo.html|title=Banjo Newsletter|website=banjonews.com|access-date=2026-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 4-String Plectrum Banjo ===
The four-string plectrum banjo is a standard banjo without the short drone string, consisting of the same number of frets and neck size. This banjo is usually played with a guitar-like pick and was used in Jazz, Irish traditional music, and musical stage productions.

The Tenor banjo is similar to this but with either 17 or 19 frets.

=== Banjo Hybrids and Homemade Variations ===
Most banjo hybrids combine the acoustic drum-head of a banjo with the playing and tuning style of the different instrument. These include the guitar banjo (banjitar), mandolin banjo (banjolin), ukelele banjo (banjolele), dobro banjo (dojo), cello banjo (celljo), bass banjo (bassjo), lute banjo, the electric banjo, and even a violin banjo. Bands and orchestras consisting of banjo-like instruments were at it's peak in the 1920's.

The gourd banjo is the furthest predecessor of the modern banjo, originally evolving from &quot;spike lutes&quot; in Western Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/spotlight/banjos-smithsonian|title=Banjos {{!}} Smithsonian Institution|website=www.si.edu|language=en|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; These would use strings made from gut or nylgut to provide a softer tone and less tension than metal strings.

Mountain Banjos are classified by their mostly wooden construction, with traditional models being fretless and using friction tuners, though modern versions can use partial/diatonic frets or geared tuners.

A canjo is a single string musical instrument that can be easily made at home. It consists of a simple wooden dowel or board with a single string, a tuner at the top, and an empty can mounted at the bottom.

== 5-String Banjo Styles ==

=== Frailing Styles ===
Frailing is the fundamental motion that is learned when doing clawhammer or old-time banjo playing. This uses combinations of downstroke notes, brush stroke, and thumb plucks to create different rhythmic patterns.  

==== Clawhammer ====
Past the basic strokes and techniques for frailing, styles with clawhammer banjo also includes Melodic, West Virginia, and Round-Peak Clawhammer. Basic Clawhammer often use a simple rhythm, fewer notes, more brushing, and is best for backup or accompanying vocals.

===== Melodic Clawhammer =====
The techniques that Melodic Clawhammer uses has more drop-thumb, playing around a scale, striking instead of brushing, and generally a more complex use of the left hand. Ken Perlman and Adam Hurt are great pickers for this style.

===== Round Peak Style =====
This style from the Round Peak area of North Carolina has several characteristics to define it, including striking at the neck for a softer tone, less brushes, more slides, more alternate-string pull-offs (ASPOs), and a &quot;bump-a-ditty&quot; rhythm. Important players include Kyle Creed, Tommy Jarrell, and Fred Cockerham.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brainjo.academy/clawhammer-the-round-peak-recipe/|title=The Round Peak Recipe – The Brainjo Academy|website=www.brainjo.academy|access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== West Virginia Style =====
This style commonly used modal tunings, had a strong rhythm, and and leaves more space between notes. The people most associated with this style is Dwight Diller and the Hammons family.

===== Galax Virginia Style =====
This style is most commonly associated with the galax lick, and is known for other loud brushing techniques to create an aggressive rhythm.

===== Kentucky Mountain Style =====
Lee Sexton is a great musician to look into for this style. I also recommend checking out [https://www.discogs.com/release/6065899-Various-Kentucky-Old-Time-Banjo this] CD that has various other artists including Roscoe Holcomb, Buell Kazee, and Blanche Coldiron. 

=== Picking Styles ===

==== Fingerstyle Picking ====
This commonly means using the fingertips to pluck strings independently, though can optionally include fingerpicks.

===== Two-Finger Style =====
This old-time style uses your thumb and one other finger to have a traditional and rhythm oriented folk songs. The most common form is Thumb-Lead Two-Finger where the thumb play melody notes on the lower-pitched strings, and the index fills in between and adds to the simple rhythm. The less common form is Index-Lead Two-Finger where the index finger plays the melody, while the thumb provides a droning technique and bass.

===== Three Finger Style =====
This more advanced style uses the thumb, index, and middle finger which allows for complex and continuous rolls that create a versatile rhythm. 

The thumb plays the 5th-string drone note and 4th-string bass notes, the index finger plays from the inner three strings usually, and the middle finger plays from the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd-strings depending on where it may alternate with the other fingers.

==== Using Fingerpicks ====
Fingerpicks are worn to replace the way a finger would pluck or a fingernail would strike at the string, in order to increase the volume, provide consistency, and produce brighter sounds instead of more mellow. 

===== Scruggs Style =====

===== Melodic Style =====
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bluegrassbanjo.org/melodic_chromatic.html|title=Difference between Melodic and Chromatic|website=bluegrassbanjo.org|access-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Chromatic (Keith) Style =====

===== Single-String (Reno) Style =====

== Sources ==

[[Category:Music instruments]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811372</id>
      <parentid>2811364</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T00:15:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kirby - Electrotechnics</username>
        <id>3074947</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fingerpicking Banjo Styles</comment>
      <origin>2811372</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10003" sha1="ac9g1dpz6j35ld4njxletnrmkyv7wyz" xml:space="preserve">The '''Banjo''' is a stringed musical instrument with a long neck (commonly fretted) and a circular drum-like body covered by a tensioned membrane, played by plucking or striking the strings with fingers, picks, or a plectrum.&lt;ref&gt;''Collins English Dictionary: Complete &amp; Unabridged''. 2012 digital ed., HarperCollins Publishers, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Banjo playing is associated with a fast arpeggiated plucking, though many different playing styles are popular.

The most common of them is the 5-string banjo, usually for playing bluegrass, folk, or old-time music. The next most common is the 4-string tenor banjo, usually for playing Irish traditional music or jazz. Many other hybrid and modified versions of the banjo exist including banjitar, gourd banjo, long neck banjo, and more.

''To read more on the etymology, history, and types of banjos, I recommend the &quot;Banjo - Wikipedia&quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo] website.''

== Types of Banjos ==

=== 5-String Banjo ===
The standard 5-string banjo is defined by four strings tuned at the headstock, and a fifth string that is the same gauge as the first, but starts from the fifth fret, three-quarters the length of the other strings. It would have 22 frets along a length of between 25.5-27 inches. This often will come with a removable resonator allowing the instrument to be configured either as a resonator banjo or as an open-back banjo.

The most common playing styles include clawhammer, three-finger bluegrass, melodic (keith) style, and chromatic style.

==== Flathead and archtop banjos ====
Most banjos are flathead, which is when the head of the banjo is flat because the tone ring (or lack thereof) reaches to the outer rim, allowing resonance across the area of the head. The other variation is an archtop, where the tone ring has a smaller diameter and is raised, which decreases the area of the head that resonates. The decreased surface area of the resonating part of the drumhead makes the banjo have less sustain and a higher frequency, and it's been described as bright, crisp, punchy, snappy, and piercing. 

==== Long neck banjos ====
The long-neck banjo is a variant of the standard 5-string banjo having an extended neck with three additional frets, allowing the instrument to be played in lower pitch ranges while also keeping a similar standard banjo tuning. The scale length can range from 28-32 inches.

This instrument was invented by Pete Seeger in 1944 when he had a luthier, John D'Angelico, modify his banjo to add two extra frets. That banjo would be stolen a five years later and he would commission one with three extra frets which he would popularize throughout the 1950's and 60's folk scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://banjonews.com/2014-03/the_seeger_long_neck_americas_third_banjo.html|title=Banjo Newsletter|website=banjonews.com|access-date=2026-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 4-String Plectrum Banjo ===
The four-string plectrum banjo is a standard banjo without the short drone string, consisting of the same number of frets and neck size. This banjo is usually played with a guitar-like pick and was used in Jazz, Irish traditional music, and musical stage productions.

The Tenor banjo is similar to this but with either 17 or 19 frets.

=== Banjo Hybrids and Homemade Variations ===
Most banjo hybrids combine the acoustic drum-head of a banjo with the playing and tuning style of the different instrument. These include the guitar banjo (banjitar), mandolin banjo (banjolin), ukelele banjo (banjolele), dobro banjo (dojo), cello banjo (celljo), bass banjo (bassjo), lute banjo, the electric banjo, and even a violin banjo. Bands and orchestras consisting of banjo-like instruments were at it's peak in the 1920's.

The gourd banjo is the furthest predecessor of the modern banjo, originally evolving from &quot;spike lutes&quot; in Western Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/spotlight/banjos-smithsonian|title=Banjos {{!}} Smithsonian Institution|website=www.si.edu|language=en|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; These would use strings made from gut or nylgut to provide a softer tone and less tension than metal strings.

Mountain Banjos are classified by their mostly wooden construction, with traditional models being fretless and using friction tuners, though modern versions can use partial/diatonic frets or geared tuners.

A canjo is a single string musical instrument that can be easily made at home. It consists of a simple wooden dowel or board with a single string, a tuner at the top, and an empty can mounted at the bottom.

== 5-String Banjo Styles ==

=== Frailing Styles ===
Frailing is the fundamental motion that is learned when doing clawhammer or old-time banjo playing. This uses combinations of downstroke notes, brush stroke, and thumb plucks to create different rhythmic patterns.  

==== Clawhammer ====
Past the basic strokes and techniques for frailing, styles with clawhammer banjo also includes Melodic, West Virginia, and Round-Peak Clawhammer. Basic Clawhammer often use a simple rhythm, fewer notes, more brushing, and is best for backup or accompanying vocals.

===== Melodic Clawhammer =====
The techniques that Melodic Clawhammer uses has more drop-thumb, playing around a scale, striking instead of brushing, and generally a more complex use of the left hand. Ken Perlman and Adam Hurt are great pickers for this style.

===== Round Peak Style =====
This style from the Round Peak area of North Carolina has several characteristics to define it, including striking at the neck for a softer tone, less brushes, more slides, more alternate-string pull-offs (ASPOs), and a &quot;bump-a-ditty&quot; rhythm. Important players include Kyle Creed, Tommy Jarrell, and Fred Cockerham.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brainjo.academy/clawhammer-the-round-peak-recipe/|title=The Round Peak Recipe – The Brainjo Academy|website=www.brainjo.academy|access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== West Virginia Style =====
This style commonly used modal tunings, had a strong rhythm, and and leaves more space between notes. The people most associated with this style is Dwight Diller and the Hammons family.

===== Galax Virginia Style =====
This style is most commonly associated with the galax lick, and is known for other loud brushing techniques to create an aggressive rhythm.

===== Kentucky Mountain Style =====
Lee Sexton is a great musician to look into for this style. I also recommend checking out [https://www.discogs.com/release/6065899-Various-Kentucky-Old-Time-Banjo this] CD that has various other artists including Roscoe Holcomb, Buell Kazee, and Blanche Coldiron. 

=== Picking Styles ===

==== Fingerstyle Picking ====
This commonly means using the fingertips to pluck strings independently, though can optionally include fingerpicks.

===== Two-Finger Style =====
This old-time style uses your thumb and one other finger to have a traditional and rhythm oriented folk songs. The most common form is Thumb-Lead Two-Finger where the thumb play melody notes on the lower-pitched strings, and the index fills in between and adds to the simple rhythm. The less common form is Index-Lead Two-Finger where the index finger plays the melody, while the thumb provides a droning technique and bass.

===== Three Finger Style =====
This more advanced style uses the thumb, index, and middle finger which allows for complex and continuous rolls that create a versatile rhythm. 

The thumb plays the 5th-string drone note and 4th-string bass notes, the index finger plays from the inner three strings usually, and the middle finger plays from the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd-strings depending on where it may alternate with the other fingers.

==== Using Fingerpicks ====
Fingerpicks are worn to replace the way a finger would pluck or a fingernail would strike at the string, in order to increase the volume, provide consistency, and produce brighter sounds instead of more mellow. The fingerpicks are worn on the thumb (T), index finger (I), and middle finger (M). 

===== Scruggs Style =====
This is the most recognized style, popularized by Earl Scruggs with bluegrass in the 1940s. This used the fingerpicks to pick patterns of rolls that make the driving rhythm found in bluegrass. It uses techniques such as hammer-ons, pull-offs, slides, and bends. Keith tuners are a common upgrade that Scruggs incorporated into his music to have the bend similar to a steel-tone guitar.

===== Melodic Style =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Melodic playing is a note for note melody based style as opposed to Scruggs style where the rolls are syncopated in a sense which doesn't always allow you to play on the melody. Melodic's works a lot like a fiddle player or flatpicker that stays right on the melody. With Melodic playing you generally play a note on one string and get the next note on a another which differs from playing the melody in a single string style where you can get as many notes in a row on the same string as you need.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TerryTiptonQuote&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bluegrassbanjo.org/melodic_chromatic.html|title=Difference between Melodic and Chromatic|website=bluegrassbanjo.org|access-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Chromatic (Keith) Style =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Chromatic's on the other hand are generally thought of as a run based style and you often just use them to dress up a tune. The dictionary definitions of Chromatic that I've read generally refer to using complete scales, flats and sharps included which amount to 13 notes and in a Chromatic run you can go forward, reverse, (ascending/descending) or you can ascend for a few notes then descend then switch up again doing whatever it takes to complete the intended run&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TerryTiptonQuote&quot; /&gt;

===== Single-String (Reno) Style =====
This style was advanced by Don Reno and relies on alternating the thumb and index fingers to strike notes one at a time. This makes the style sound more direct and less flowing. It has vast flexibility among genres and targets scales.

== Sources ==

[[Category:Music instruments]]</text>
      <sha1>ac9g1dpz6j35ld4njxletnrmkyv7wyz</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2811374</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T00:57:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Change external to interwiki link</comment>
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      <text bytes="9971" sha1="bm21wvfaqdimv54woedyc15yuea0ejz" xml:space="preserve">The '''Banjo''' is a stringed musical instrument with a long neck (commonly fretted) and a circular drum-like body covered by a tensioned membrane, played by plucking or striking the strings with fingers, picks, or a plectrum.&lt;ref&gt;''Collins English Dictionary: Complete &amp; Unabridged''. 2012 digital ed., HarperCollins Publishers, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Banjo playing is associated with a fast arpeggiated plucking, though many different playing styles are popular.

The most common of them is the 5-string banjo, usually for playing bluegrass, folk, or old-time music. The next most common is the 4-string tenor banjo, usually for playing Irish traditional music or jazz. Many other hybrid and modified versions of the banjo exist including banjitar, gourd banjo, long neck banjo, and more.

''To read more on the etymology, history, and types of banjos, I recommend the [[w:Banjo|Banjo]] Wikipedia page.''

== Types of Banjos ==

=== 5-String Banjo ===
The standard 5-string banjo is defined by four strings tuned at the headstock, and a fifth string that is the same gauge as the first, but starts from the fifth fret, three-quarters the length of the other strings. It would have 22 frets along a length of between 25.5-27 inches. This often will come with a removable resonator allowing the instrument to be configured either as a resonator banjo or as an open-back banjo.

The most common playing styles include clawhammer, three-finger bluegrass, melodic (keith) style, and chromatic style.

==== Flathead and archtop banjos ====
Most banjos are flathead, which is when the head of the banjo is flat because the tone ring (or lack thereof) reaches to the outer rim, allowing resonance across the area of the head. The other variation is an archtop, where the tone ring has a smaller diameter and is raised, which decreases the area of the head that resonates. The decreased surface area of the resonating part of the drumhead makes the banjo have less sustain and a higher frequency, and it's been described as bright, crisp, punchy, snappy, and piercing. 

==== Long neck banjos ====
The long-neck banjo is a variant of the standard 5-string banjo having an extended neck with three additional frets, allowing the instrument to be played in lower pitch ranges while also keeping a similar standard banjo tuning. The scale length can range from 28-32 inches.

This instrument was invented by Pete Seeger in 1944 when he had a luthier, John D'Angelico, modify his banjo to add two extra frets. That banjo would be stolen a five years later and he would commission one with three extra frets which he would popularize throughout the 1950's and 60's folk scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://banjonews.com/2014-03/the_seeger_long_neck_americas_third_banjo.html|title=Banjo Newsletter|website=banjonews.com|access-date=2026-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 4-String Plectrum Banjo ===
The four-string plectrum banjo is a standard banjo without the short drone string, consisting of the same number of frets and neck size. This banjo is usually played with a guitar-like pick and was used in Jazz, Irish traditional music, and musical stage productions.

The Tenor banjo is similar to this but with either 17 or 19 frets.

=== Banjo Hybrids and Homemade Variations ===
Most banjo hybrids combine the acoustic drum-head of a banjo with the playing and tuning style of the different instrument. These include the guitar banjo (banjitar), mandolin banjo (banjolin), ukelele banjo (banjolele), dobro banjo (dojo), cello banjo (celljo), bass banjo (bassjo), lute banjo, the electric banjo, and even a violin banjo. Bands and orchestras consisting of banjo-like instruments were at it's peak in the 1920's.

The gourd banjo is the furthest predecessor of the modern banjo, originally evolving from &quot;spike lutes&quot; in Western Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/spotlight/banjos-smithsonian|title=Banjos {{!}} Smithsonian Institution|website=www.si.edu|language=en|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; These would use strings made from gut or nylgut to provide a softer tone and less tension than metal strings.

Mountain Banjos are classified by their mostly wooden construction, with traditional models being fretless and using friction tuners, though modern versions can use partial/diatonic frets or geared tuners.

A canjo is a single string musical instrument that can be easily made at home. It consists of a simple wooden dowel or board with a single string, a tuner at the top, and an empty can mounted at the bottom.

== 5-String Banjo Styles ==

=== Frailing Styles ===
Frailing is the fundamental motion that is learned when doing clawhammer or old-time banjo playing. This uses combinations of downstroke notes, brush stroke, and thumb plucks to create different rhythmic patterns.  

==== Clawhammer ====
Past the basic strokes and techniques for frailing, styles with clawhammer banjo also includes Melodic, West Virginia, and Round-Peak Clawhammer. Basic Clawhammer often use a simple rhythm, fewer notes, more brushing, and is best for backup or accompanying vocals.

===== Melodic Clawhammer =====
The techniques that Melodic Clawhammer uses has more drop-thumb, playing around a scale, striking instead of brushing, and generally a more complex use of the left hand. Ken Perlman and Adam Hurt are great pickers for this style.

===== Round Peak Style =====
This style from the Round Peak area of North Carolina has several characteristics to define it, including striking at the neck for a softer tone, less brushes, more slides, more alternate-string pull-offs (ASPOs), and a &quot;bump-a-ditty&quot; rhythm. Important players include Kyle Creed, Tommy Jarrell, and Fred Cockerham.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brainjo.academy/clawhammer-the-round-peak-recipe/|title=The Round Peak Recipe – The Brainjo Academy|website=www.brainjo.academy|access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== West Virginia Style =====
This style commonly used modal tunings, had a strong rhythm, and and leaves more space between notes. The people most associated with this style is Dwight Diller and the Hammons family.

===== Galax Virginia Style =====
This style is most commonly associated with the galax lick, and is known for other loud brushing techniques to create an aggressive rhythm.

===== Kentucky Mountain Style =====
Lee Sexton is a great musician to look into for this style. I also recommend checking out [https://www.discogs.com/release/6065899-Various-Kentucky-Old-Time-Banjo this] CD that has various other artists including Roscoe Holcomb, Buell Kazee, and Blanche Coldiron. 

=== Picking Styles ===

==== Fingerstyle Picking ====
This commonly means using the fingertips to pluck strings independently, though can optionally include fingerpicks.

===== Two-Finger Style =====
This old-time style uses your thumb and one other finger to have a traditional and rhythm oriented folk songs. The most common form is Thumb-Lead Two-Finger where the thumb play melody notes on the lower-pitched strings, and the index fills in between and adds to the simple rhythm. The less common form is Index-Lead Two-Finger where the index finger plays the melody, while the thumb provides a droning technique and bass.

===== Three Finger Style =====
This more advanced style uses the thumb, index, and middle finger which allows for complex and continuous rolls that create a versatile rhythm. 

The thumb plays the 5th-string drone note and 4th-string bass notes, the index finger plays from the inner three strings usually, and the middle finger plays from the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd-strings depending on where it may alternate with the other fingers.

==== Using Fingerpicks ====
Fingerpicks are worn to replace the way a finger would pluck or a fingernail would strike at the string, in order to increase the volume, provide consistency, and produce brighter sounds instead of more mellow. The fingerpicks are worn on the thumb (T), index finger (I), and middle finger (M). 

===== Scruggs Style =====
This is the most recognized style, popularized by Earl Scruggs with bluegrass in the 1940s. This used the fingerpicks to pick patterns of rolls that make the driving rhythm found in bluegrass. It uses techniques such as hammer-ons, pull-offs, slides, and bends. Keith tuners are a common upgrade that Scruggs incorporated into his music to have the bend similar to a steel-tone guitar.

===== Melodic Style =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Melodic playing is a note for note melody based style as opposed to Scruggs style where the rolls are syncopated in a sense which doesn't always allow you to play on the melody. Melodic's works a lot like a fiddle player or flatpicker that stays right on the melody. With Melodic playing you generally play a note on one string and get the next note on a another which differs from playing the melody in a single string style where you can get as many notes in a row on the same string as you need.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TerryTiptonQuote&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bluegrassbanjo.org/melodic_chromatic.html|title=Difference between Melodic and Chromatic|website=bluegrassbanjo.org|access-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Chromatic (Keith) Style =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Chromatic's on the other hand are generally thought of as a run based style and you often just use them to dress up a tune. The dictionary definitions of Chromatic that I've read generally refer to using complete scales, flats and sharps included which amount to 13 notes and in a Chromatic run you can go forward, reverse, (ascending/descending) or you can ascend for a few notes then descend then switch up again doing whatever it takes to complete the intended run&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TerryTiptonQuote&quot; /&gt;

===== Single-String (Reno) Style =====
This style was advanced by Don Reno and relies on alternating the thumb and index fingers to strike notes one at a time. This makes the style sound more direct and less flowing. It has vast flexibility among genres and targets scales.

== Sources ==

[[Category:Music instruments]]</text>
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    <title>The Ignorant Observer Framework</title>
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      <comment>Update Born derivation framing to reflect Conditional_Born_Derivation.pdf v2 (now in laboratory basis coordinate θ via Fisher capacity bridge); unify Born and BLQC threads under shared operational geometry; add Fisher-homogeneity module to Experimental discriminator; cite Wootters 1981</comment>
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      <text bytes="41330" sha1="445x3by1c99yake2pin89h3240bwzas" xml:space="preserve">{{Research project}}

= The Ignorant Observer Framework =

''This research page is authored and maintained by [[User:IgnorantObserver|Aernoud Dekker]], an independent researcher and the originator of the framework described below. Page text is offered for review, critique, and collaborative refinement under [[Wikiversity:Copyrights|Wikiversity's standard licence]].''

== Status ==

Research project under active development. The framework consists of an interlinked set of technical and interpretive documents published at [https://ignorantobserver.xyz ignorantobserver.xyz] and archived on the [https://osf.io Open Science Framework]. ''The Ignorant Observer'' is the foundational paper. A conceptual bridge, ''The Measurement Problem in IOF'', states what claim the framework is actually making about the measurement basis. The technical bridge, ''Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control'' (BLQC), sets out the framework's falsifiable experimental discriminator. A separate IOF-internal route attempts a conditional derivation of the binary Born form from finite observer record geometry. All work is single-authored.

== Summary ==

The Ignorant Observer Framework proposes that the conventional treatment of quantum measurement idealizes the measurement basis as stably available to the observer. The framework removes that idealization. It treats the measurement basis θ as a physical dynamical variable inside the apparatus, with its own causal history and its own information-production rate. The measurement setting and the measured system are read as descendants of one physical history, not as ancestrally independent ingredients dropped into the experiment from outside. The framework's position on this point is named ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation'', distinguished from unrestricted (e.g. 't Hooft-style) superdeterminism: the embedded observer cannot, in principle, reconstruct the joint causal ancestry of basis and outcome, so the situation must be represented probabilistically.

Whether the apparatus can stably track θ is a control-theoretic question, governed by an inequality between effective information-channel capacity and the basis-defining dynamics' entropy rate. ''Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control'' (BLQC), the framework's technical bridge to the laboratory, derives — under the assumptions catalogued in the [[#Open objections|Open objections]] section below — a distinctive ''double-exponential'' visibility decay law and a corresponding falsifiable experimental signature: under variation of controller input power at clamped environmental temperature, the framework predicts that coherence time should ''lengthen'' with increasing power, the opposite of standard thermal decoherence. This sign-reversal is the central testable claim.

A companion paper develops a conditional derivation of the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) directly in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment. The derivation chains BLQC finite-rate basis tracking → a ''Fisher capacity bridge'' identifying ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; with capacity for preserving operational distinguishability of finite observer records → Cencov's uniqueness theorem selecting Fisher–Rao as the invariant distinguishability metric → square-root record coordinates → scalar-threshold homogeneity of κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 in θ. The conditional weight is carried by two explicit, named premises — the Fisher capacity bridge and scalar-threshold homogeneity — both empirically testable. The derivation does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, or the multi-outcome Born rule. In the updated framing, the binary-Born derivation and the BLQC basis-tracking story are no longer two separate IOF-internal moves: the metric in which finite-rate basis tracking succeeds or fails is the same Fisher–Rao metric that forces the binary probability form, and the same scalar BLQC threshold pins both. They are two consequences of one operational geometry.

The framework as a whole also offers an interpretive extension that connects the technical proposal to existing positions in quantum foundations (Brukner, Rovelli's relational quantum mechanics) and to non-dual philosophy of mind (Advaita Vedānta). These interpretive elements are clearly fenced from the empirical core in [[#Philosophical interpretation|the relevant section below]]. What stands or falls with the experimental discriminator is the framework's specific physical mapping into these positions, not the positions themselves.

== Core question ==

''Can quantum visibility depend on finite observer or apparatus basis-tracking capacity, independently of, and distinguishably from, ordinary environmental decoherence?''

Phrased positively: if the classical degrees of freedom that define and maintain a measurement basis exhibit chaotic dynamics with positive Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy rate ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;, and if the effective information channel that constrains those degrees of freedom has capacity ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; insufficient to track them, does interference visibility decay in a functional form distinguishable from standard exponential or Gaussian dephasing — and does this decay respond to controller input power in a direction opposite to thermal decoherence?

== Technical proposal ==

The framework introduces the following quantities.

'''Effective channel capacity ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;''' (bits/s): the information rate available to the basis-tracking control loop, operationalised as
:''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; = ''r'' · ''b'' · ''f''
with ''r'' the update rate (Hz), ''b'' the effective number of bits per update that constrain the basis variable θ, and ''f'' ∈ (0,1] the fraction of updates that genuinely constrain θ after overhead and latency. ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; is bounded above by the Landauer limit on the controller's actuation:
:''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2)
where ''P'' is controller input power and ''T'' is the temperature at which the controller operates.

'''Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy rate ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;''' (nats/s): the information-production rate of the classical degrees of freedom (voltage references, timing circuits, feedback loops) that define and maintain the measurement basis. For chaotic systems, ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; equals the sum of positive Lyapunov exponents (Pesin identity). It is estimated operationally from the exponential growth of one-step prediction error on logged controller states. The nats/s convention is used so that the deficit κ below combines ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; (nats/s) and ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 (bits/s converted to nats/s) in consistent units; an equivalent all-bits form would be κ&lt;sub&gt;bits&lt;/sub&gt; = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS,bits&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;.

'''Ignorance rate κ''' (s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;):
:κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; · ln 2
The framework distinguishes two regimes. When κ &lt; 0 (''capacity-wins''), basis-tracking error stays bounded and standard quantum mechanics is recovered. When κ &gt; 0 (''chaos-wins''), the variance of the basis-tracking error grows exponentially in time as σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') = σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;.

'''Measured visibility ''V''(''t'')'''. Averaging the interference term cos(φ − θ) over a Gaussian distribution of basis-tracking error δθ ∼ ''N''(0, σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'')) yields, in the small-angle regime,
:''V''(''t'') = exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;)
i.e. a ''double-exponential'' decay of visibility once the chaos-wins regime is entered.

'''Breakdown time ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;'''. For a chosen visibility threshold ''V''*,
:''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; = (1 / 2κ) · ln(−2 ln ''V''* / σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) for κ &gt; 0.
''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; is the framework's primary observable.

The technical derivation extends the Data-Rate Theorem of Nair &amp; Evans (2004) and Tatikonda &amp; Mitter (2004) from linear plants to nonlinear, chaotic systems by substituting ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; for the sum-of-positive-eigenvalues bound. This extension is an explicit assumption of the framework rather than a proven theorem (see [[#Open objections|Open objections]]).

== Experimental discriminator ==

The framework prescribes the following experimental protocol as its central falsifiable test.

'''Independent variable''': controller input power ''P''. The controller is the physical system whose state defines and maintains the measurement basis (e.g. an interferometer phase-locking loop, a qubit readout chain, the active feedback in a precision interferometer).

'''Held constant''': the environmental temperature ''T'' at which the controller operates, by independent active thermal feedback. Holding ''T'' constant while varying ''P'' is what distinguishes the framework's prediction from standard thermal decoherence (which depends on ''T'' and ignores ''P'').

'''Dependent variable''': the visibility-decay breakdown time ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;, fitted to interference data at a chosen visibility threshold (e.g. ''V''* = 0.5).

'''Prediction''': ∂''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;/∂''P'' &gt; 0 at clamped ''T'', with the visibility curve ''V''(''t'') fitting the double-exponential form exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;) better than a standard exponential ''e''&lt;sup&gt;−Γ''t''&lt;/sup&gt; or Gaussian ''e''&lt;sup&gt;−γ''t''²&lt;/sup&gt;.

'''What would count as falsification'''. Any of the following null findings counts against the framework:
* ∂''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;/∂''P'' ≤ 0 at clamped ''T'' (i.e. increasing controller power does not extend, or shortens, coherence time);
* ''V''(''t'') fits a single-exponential or Gaussian dephasing law significantly better than the double-exponential form, in the regime where the framework predicts the double-exponential should dominate;
* ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; scales with the gravitational self-energy timescale ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (the [[Penrose interpretation of quantum mechanics|Penrose Objective Reduction]] prediction) rather than with ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;;
* ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; cannot be calibrated independently of ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; (in which case the prediction would be unfalsifiable, which would itself count against the framework's experimental status).

The [https://www.qgemproject.com/ QGEM] pathfinder is cited in the BLQC manuscript as one candidate testbed; superconducting-qubit readout chains and precision interferometer phase-locking loops are others.

The framework's comprehensive experimental protocol additionally includes a ''Fisher-homogeneity module'' that tests the Born-derivation bridge. The module measures the Fisher information ''I''(θ) on the operational record family ''p''(''o'' | θ) across the calibrated basis range and asks whether ''I''(θ) is approximately constant, as required by the scalar-threshold homogeneity premise of the [[#Relation to quantum foundations|binary-Born derivation]]. The Fisher-homogeneity module is logically independent of the κ-scaling test of the basis-tracking claim: a BLQC-positive but Fisher-negative result would validate finite-rate basis tracking as a real physical channel while rejecting the binary-Born-derivation bridge as drafted. Simultaneous κ-scaling and Fisher homogeneity would support the stronger claim that one operational geometry controls both basis tracking and binary probability.

== Relation to quantum foundations ==

The framework is connected to, and partly draws from, several existing positions in the foundations of quantum mechanics.

* '''Brukner's information-theoretic reconstructions''' provide a precedent for treating information limits as structural constraints in quantum theory.
* '''Relational Quantum Mechanics''' (Rovelli) takes measurement outcomes to be relative to an observer-system; the framework provides one possible mechanism (finite ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;) for what makes one observer's frame physically inequivalent to another's.
* '''Decoherence theory''' is not opposed by the framework. The framework's prediction sits beside ordinary environmental decoherence and is intended to be ''distinguishable'' from it by the sign-reversal under power variation; in the capacity-wins regime (κ &lt; 0) standard decoherence theory is recovered.
* '''Measurement-independence'''. Because the framework treats the measurement basis as a dynamical variable with its own causal history, if extended to Bell-type set-ups it implies a structural — but ''epistemically bounded'' — violation of statistical measurement-independence. The framework's position is named &quot;epistemically bounded ancestral correlation&quot;: the setting and the system may share causal ancestry, but the embedded observer cannot reconstruct that ancestry in principle, so the shared ancestry is not a hidden knob for prediction. This is distinguished from unrestricted (e.g. 't Hooft-style structural) superdeterminism. The framework does not derive Bell correlations from first principles; it accepts standard quantum correlations as recovered in the capacity-wins limit, and asks whether finite basis access adds a measurable visibility factor when tracking is stressed. A proper consistency proof, including no-signalling treatment, remains an open question (see [[#Open objections|Open objections]]).
* '''Information geometry'''. The framework's binary-Born derivation runs a directional chain: BLQC finite-rate basis tracking → a ''Fisher capacity bridge'' identifying ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; with capacity for preserving operational distinguishability of finite observer records → Cencov's uniqueness theorem selecting Fisher–Rao as the invariant distinguishability metric under sufficient Markov morphisms → square-root record coordinates → scalar-threshold homogeneity of κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 in the laboratory basis coordinate → ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2). The connection between statistical distance and quantum transition probabilities is not new — Wootters (1981) showed that quantum distinguishability is naturally expressed in terms of statistical distance — but the framework runs the logic in the opposite direction: it starts from finite-observer record constraints, invokes Cencov uniqueness, and obtains the squared-coordinate binary form from the resulting record geometry, with the laboratory basis coordinate θ identified as the Fisher-arclength-affine coordinate by the BLQC scalar-threshold reading. The binary-Born derivation and the BLQC basis-tracking visibility law are therefore tied to the same operational geometry: the Fisher–Rao metric on records is the metric in which BLQC tracking is calibrated, and the same scalar threshold pins both the basis-tracking task and the binary probability form.
* '''Penrose Objective Reduction''' is treated as an ''orthogonal'' competing mechanism whose predicted ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; scaling can be experimentally distinguished from the framework's ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;-driven ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;. The numerical proximity of the two timescales in the mesoscopic regime motivates the protocol described in the next section but is treated as a coincidence pending experimental evidence.

== Where the Heisenberg cut sits ==

The framework offers a specific reframing of the Heisenberg cut — the boundary between the quantum description used for the measured system and the classical description used for the apparatus and the record. Standard interpretations have placed the cut variously: Von Neumann showed the cut can be moved without changing predictions and treated its location as conventional; decoherence theory sharpens the picture but locates the cut by an external property, the rate of environmental coupling; objective-collapse proposals fix the cut universally at a mass or geometry scale, without reference to who is observing.

The framework places the cut where the observer-apparatus system's thermodynamic budget for self-tracking runs out. The Landauer bound ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2) sets a hard ceiling on irreversible bookkeeping, and the cut sits at the locus where ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; = ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2: on one side the basis-producing dynamics run slower than the dissipation-bounded tracking rate and standard quantum statistics are recovered; on the other side the dynamics outrun the tracking rate and visibility decays with the deficit κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2.

The cut is therefore observer-relative — two apparatuses tracking the same basis with different power budgets, temperatures, or controllers will have their cuts at different places — but not subjective. For any given apparatus the cut is fixed by hardware; the experimenter does not choose where it sits, the hardware does.

This also predicts something conventional cut placement does not: the cut ''moves''. Cooling the apparatus, increasing the available power, or improving the controller raises ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; and shifts the cut outward, toward more chaotic basis-producing dynamics. The BLQC test, in this language, is an experiment that measures the motion of the cut.

The measurement problem has historically taken its sharpest form because the Heisenberg cut was floating. The framework does not move the cut to a more comfortable location. It claims the cut was never floating to begin with: it was pinned by the thermodynamics of self-tracking, and the standard interpretations were not reading that ledger.

== Philosophical interpretation ==

''This section describes interpretive extensions of the framework that go beyond the empirical core. Nothing in this section is a load-bearing element of the experimental claim. If the experimental discriminator returns a null result, the claimed physical realization of these interpretive readings within the framework would fall. The interpretive positions themselves — Advaita Vedānta, relational quantum mechanics — do not stand or fall on an interferometry experiment; what stands or falls is the framework's specific physical mapping into them.''

The most direct, accessible statement of the framework's interpretive position is ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Measurement_Problem_in_IOF.pdf The Measurement Problem in IOF]'' (Dekker, May 2026). This conceptual companion to BLQC states the central move — the measurement basis as a physical variable with causal ancestry inside the same history as the system being measured — addresses the standard objections (does this just move the mystery, is this just correctable reference noise, is this just control engineering), and names the position ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation''. Readers approaching the framework for the first time may find this the cleanest entry point.

A second, distinct interpretive piece is ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Hard_Problem_After_Deflation.pdf The Hard Problem Dissolved — But Into What? A Critical Response to Carlo Rovelli's &quot;There Is No 'Hard Problem of Consciousness'&quot;]'' (Dekker, May 2026). The response engages Rovelli's Noema essay, marks the substantial ground it shares with the framework, and identifies where the framework presses beyond Rovelli's deflationary physicalism toward a non-dual reading.

The framework's interpretive layer is developed in dialogue with two existing positions.

The first is Carlo Rovelli's relational quantum mechanics. The framework can be read as supplying a candidate physical mechanism — the ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; versus ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; inequality — for what makes a measurement outcome relative to an observer rather than absolute. On this reading, the framework is a mechanistic specification of an idea that RQM leaves at the level of principle.

The second is the Advaita Vedānta tradition (Śaṅkara, Ramaṇa Mahaṛṣi), in which the apparent independence of the experiencing subject from the perceived world is treated as a structural feature of ignorance (''avidyā'') rather than a metaphysical fact. The framework's σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') — the growing basis-tracking error of an observer whose capacity is insufficient to track its own apparatus — admits a structural analogy with avidyā as the phenomenological self-opacity of an embodied subject. The framework neither asserts that this analogy is more than structural nor that any experimental result could confirm or refute Advaita as a philosophical position; it offers the analogy as a way of locating the framework within a non-dual reading of the measurement problem for readers who find that reading useful.

A separate, IOF-internal derivation paper — ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Conditional_Born_Derivation.pdf A Conditional Derivation of the Binary Born Form under Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]'' — derives the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, via a Fisher capacity bridge from BLQC tracking capacity to Fisher–Rao record geometry. Its metaphysical companion, ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Katha_Structural_Companion.pdf Structural Resonance]'', explains how a structural reading of the ''Katha Upaniṣad'' (subject and witness, layered cognition, invariance under refinement) served as a disciplined search heuristic for the mathematical derivation. The companion does not claim that Vedanta proves the Born rule; it documents the structural overlap between an old analysis of finite observation and a contemporary information-geometric derivation.

Readers who prefer to ignore the interpretive readings should be able to evaluate the framework's empirical content from the [[#Technical proposal|Technical proposal]] and [[#Experimental discriminator|Experimental discriminator]] sections alone.

A further speculative extension, ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Creation_of_Duality.pdf The Creation of Duality]'', asks whether space, time, objecthood, and gravity-like structure can themselves be read as features of a consistent finite-observer world-model, with a Bridge Ansatz ''E''&lt;sub&gt;G&lt;/sub&gt; = (π/2)ℏκ linking the deficit rate κ to a gravitational energy scale via Margolus–Levitin saturation. Its scientific status is contingent on the BLQC experimental discriminator; until then it is offered explicitly as speculation.

== Consequences of a positive result ==

If the experimental discriminator returns the predicted result, several interpretive readings of the framework gain physical support rather than remaining speculative.

''Quantum mechanics as an observer-capacity-dependent regime.'' The framework's &quot;chaos-wins&quot; / &quot;capacity-wins&quot; distinction becomes a physical, not merely conceptual, partition. Standard quantum predictions are recovered to high accuracy in the capacity-wins regime; the framework predicts measurable departures in the chaos-wins regime. The quantum-classical transition then becomes information-theoretic and, in principle, controllable: throttling effective controller capacity should push a system across the transition without changing the plant.

''An epistemic reading of measurement.'' The framework's no-collapse account — measurement as an information-update inside a finite observer rather than a physical event in the world — becomes empirically defensible alongside other interpretations of the measurement problem, rather than a stipulation.

''Measurement-independence and locality.'' The framework's response to the conventional &quot;conspiracy&quot; objection against superdeterminism (common causal past plus a global consistency constraint, in place of fine-tuned initial conditions) becomes a substantive position rather than a philosophical reframing. Whether this amounts to a non-conspiratorial reading consistent with local realism remains a live debate; a positive result moves that debate from speculation onto experimental terrain.

''The Penrose-Objective-Reduction comparison.'' The framework's prediction depends on controller bandwidth rather than mass or geometry; a positive BLQC result combined with the absence of the ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; scaling would discriminate the two mechanisms experimentally.

''The interpretive analogy.'' The structural analogy between σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') and the Vedantic notion of ''avidyā'' gains a concrete physical anchor rather than remaining purely analogical. The framework's claim is structural rather than metaphysical; a positive result strengthens the structural mapping, but does not itself adjudicate the philosophical positions the mapping connects.

None of these consequences is established by the experimental discriminator on its own. What the test establishes, if positive, is that the framework's bridge from a control-theoretic measurement model to these interpretive readings has a physical basis. The interpretive work in each direction remains.

== Documents ==

The framework's documents are published at [https://ignorantobserver.xyz ignorantobserver.xyz]. Direct links to the principal documents, grouped by their role in the project:

'''Foundational and bridges'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/The_Ignorant_Observer.pdf The Ignorant Observer]''' — the foundational paper. Both the philosophical motivation (avidyā as structural ignorance) and the technical groundwork from which the rest of the project grew.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Measurement_Problem_in_IOF.pdf The Measurement Problem in IOF]''' — the conceptual bridge. States what claim the framework is making about the measurement basis, addresses the standard objections, and names the framework's position as ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation''.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/BLQC.pdf Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]''' — the technical bridge. A finite-rate phase-reference test in the Penrose-overlap regime. The framework's falsifiable experimental discriminator.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Concise_Summary.pdf Concise Mathematical Summary]''' — shortest formal map of the IOF variables and BLQC test regimes.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Comprehensive_Experimental_Protocol.pdf Comprehensive Experimental Protocol]''' — preregistered prospective experiment discriminating a Penrose-style mass-geometry timescale from the BLQC capacity / instability timescale in the same mesoscopic apparatus.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Question_and_Answers_IOF.pdf Questions and Answers (IOF)]''' — common questions on the framework addressed in depth.

'''Foundational Extensions'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Conditional_Born_Derivation.pdf A Conditional Derivation of the Binary Born Form under Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]''' — derives the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) directly in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, via a Fisher capacity bridge from BLQC tracking capacity to Fisher–Rao record geometry. The conditional weight is carried by two named, empirically testable assumptions (Fisher capacity bridge, scalar-threshold homogeneity). Does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, or the multi-outcome Born rule. Supersedes an earlier version in which the binary Born form was obtained only in Fisher arclength.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Katha_Structural_Companion.pdf Structural Resonance: A Metaphysical Companion to the Conditional Born-Rule Derivation]''' — explains how a structural reading of the ''Katha Upaniṣad'' served as a disciplined search heuristic for the derivation. Does not claim that Vedanta proves the Born rule.

'''Supplements'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Forensic_Signatures.pdf Forensic Signatures]''' — retrospective screening of Chinese 63-qubit, Google Sycamore, and LIGO data for the double-exponential visibility decay signature predicted by BLQC. Motivating evidence for treating LIGO as a candidate regime; not causal attribution. Detailed findings and caveats are discussed in [[#Open objections|Open objections]].
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Creation_of_Duality.pdf The Creation of Duality]''' — speculative extension on appearance, gravity, and information from self-ignorance. Scientific status contingent on the BLQC experimental discriminator.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Capacity_Backaction_Frontier.pdf The Capacity–Backaction Frontier]''' — application to cryogenic quantum error correction. Defines an operational coordinate ρ&lt;sub&gt;CB&lt;/sub&gt; = ε&lt;sub&gt;QEC&lt;/sub&gt; ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 / ''h''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;(''N'', ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;) comparing useful syndrome capacity against the physical instability induced by obtaining and using it.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Biological_Observers.pdf Biological Observers]''' — exploratory supplement on biological timescales.

A full archival deposit of the framework's documents is also available on the Open Science Framework at [https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FCDSN doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FCDSN].

== Open objections ==

The following objections to the framework are listed openly so that reviewers can engage with them directly. Several are diagnosed in the framework's own manuscripts; others reflect critiques the author has received in correspondence or anticipates from sophisticated readers. They are deliberately phrased from outside the framework's assumptions, not from within them.

# '''Useful capacity versus thermodynamic bound'''. The framework uses the Landauer expression ''C'' ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2) to relate controller input power ''P'' to channel capacity. Landauer is an ideal upper bound on bit-erasure cost; it does not guarantee that increased ''P'' actually translates to increased ''useful'' basis-tracking capacity. Additional power can equally well couple to actuator noise, electromagnetic leakage, vibration, or backaction channels that do not constrain the basis variable θ. Establishing that Δ''P'' → Δ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; in the predicted direction — with realistic loss budgets for the candidate apparatus — is a substantive engineering claim that the framework does not by itself establish.
# '''Existence of positive ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; in engineered apparatus'''. Many precision controllers (phase-locked loops, qubit readout chains, interferometer servo systems) are explicitly engineered to suppress chaotic dynamics. The basis-defining degrees of freedom may exhibit colored noise, slow drift, or stochastic control error rather than positive-''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; chaos in the Pesin sense. If the relevant dynamics are not chaotic in this sense, the ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; framing may not apply at all, and a different rate-distortion accounting (or none) would be needed. Even where positive ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; can be identified, the operationally relevant rate may differ substantially from textbook surrogate estimates (kicked rotor, logistic map) used illustratively in the manuscripts.
# '''Rate-distortion extension to nonlinear / chaotic systems'''. The mapping from channel capacity ''C'' to angular tracking variance σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ≥ ''D''/(''C'' ln 2) assumes a high-rate coder model and the framework extends the Data-Rate Theorem from linear plants to nonlinear chaotic systems by substituting ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;. This extension is an explicit assumption, not a proven theorem. If the extension fails, the closed-form visibility law and the κ-regime structure both lose their derivation.
# '''Gaussian small-angle assumption'''. The visibility expression ''V''(''t'') = exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) requires σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt; ≲ 1 rad and a Gaussian basis-tracking error distribution. Non-Gaussian, heavy-tailed, or state-dependent δθ would break the closed-form double-exponential law.
# '''Decoherence and control-noise confound'''. Distinguishing the predicted visibility loss from ordinary environmental dephasing, alignment drift, and detector systematics is the central experimental challenge. The framework's answer is the sign-reversal under power variation at clamped ''T'' — a conceptually clean discriminator that is engineering-hard to realise. Independent calibration of ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; may be the single largest practical hurdle.
# '''Prior-art and reparameterization risk'''. The proposed double-exponential visibility signature may already be expressible within existing frameworks: compound dephasing channels with two or more contributing rates, classical feedback-loop instability, or hidden-variable control-noise models with appropriate parameter choices. The framework should be able to show that its prediction is genuinely new rather than a reparameterization of one of these known phenomena. The author's adversarial-mimic analysis is in progress, and a positive result on that front would substantially strengthen the framework's empirical claim.
# '''Bell / locality consistency'''. The framework implies a structural violation of statistical measurement-independence. The author's response (common causal past plus global consistency, in place of fine-tuned initial conditions) is a philosophical reframing rather than a no-signalling lemma. A proper consistency proof has not been published.
# '''Forensic-signature interpretation'''. The Forensic Signatures preprint applies a screening protocol to existing data from Chinese 63-qubit processors, Google Sycamore, and LIGO glitch records. The paper's own domain-of-validity statement is that BLQC applies in observer-limited rather than plant-limited regimes, and the protocol finds power-law dominance on the qubit datasets (consistent with that statement) and 43% Gompertz-consistent events on LIGO (consistent with BLQC). The paper flags a controller-regime confound for the LIGO result and is explicit that retrospective findings do not establish causal attribution to BLQC; the case rests on the prospective controlled-capacity experiment. The objection here is the standard one for retrospective signal analyses: even where the predicted geometry is present, it remains compatible with alternative explanations until the controlled experiment runs.
# '''Observer language'''. The framework's &quot;observer&quot; plays two distinct roles: the physical apparatus / controller whose finite ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; and ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; appear in the equations, and the epistemic subject for whom measurement outcomes are or are not determinate. The framework treats these as connected but not identified, and the distinction is load-bearing. Critics will reasonably worry — especially given the framework's interpretive engagement with non-dual philosophy and the philosophy of mind — that consciousness is being smuggled into the foundations of measurement under physical vocabulary. The framework's defence is that the BLQC experimental claim is stated entirely in apparatus-level terms; whether that defence holds depends on the framework keeping the two senses of &quot;observer&quot; rigorously separate.
# '''Interpretive vocabulary'''. Some of the framework's documents draw on vocabulary from philosophy of mind and non-dual philosophy (notably Advaita Vedānta) alongside the physical derivations. Readers who find this vocabulary off-putting are invited to evaluate the empirical content from the BLQC manuscript, which uses only standard physics and control-theory language.
# '''Conditional Born-rule derivation, scope'''. The framework's binary-Born derivation now obtains ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, with the conditional weight stated explicitly as two named premises: the ''Fisher capacity bridge'' (''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; measures the useful rate of reducing distinguishability error in the operational record family ''p''(''o'' | θ)) and ''scalar-threshold homogeneity'' (the physical basis coordinate θ is homogeneous in the Fisher distinguishability metric on records). Both premises are empirically testable through the Fisher-homogeneity module of the BLQC protocol. The derivation does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, the multi-outcome Born rule for arbitrary projective measurements, or the full IOF admissible-history measure μ&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;. Reviewer engagement on whether the Fisher capacity bridge is the right substantive identification of useful tracking capacity, whether scalar-threshold homogeneity is the natural reading of the BLQC threshold in a calibrated basis, whether Cencov-based selection is the correct uniqueness theorem under sufficient Markov invariance, and what would constitute a non-circular extension to multi-outcome records and full Hilbert kinematics, is explicitly invited.
# '''Peer-review status and independent replication'''. The framework has not yet undergone peer review, and the experimental discriminator has not been independently replicated. This is the actual current epistemic status of the work. The framework's case must be evaluated on its merits in the documents linked above and on the conduct of the prospective experiment, not on any external imprimatur.

== Invitation for review ==

This page is offered as a venue for substantive critique. The author is particularly interested in engagement on the following:

* '''From physicists working on quantum control or precision interferometry''': is the proposed sign-reversal under controller-power variation at clamped temperature genuinely distinguishable from known instrumental artefacts (closed-loop resonances, thermal-noise mismodelling, photon-shot-noise rebalancing at higher gain), and what existing apparatus would be best positioned to perform the test?
* '''From decoherence theorists''': under what conditions does the proposed double-exponential visibility law overlap with compound-channel decoherence models in ways that would make the two empirically indistinguishable? Is there a parameter regime where the framework's prediction is genuinely new rather than a reparameterisation of existing models?
* '''From researchers in the foundations of quantum mechanics''': how should the framework's structural — but epistemically bounded — violation of measurement-independence be evaluated against the alternatives in the superdeterminism / retrocausality / many-worlds landscape, and what would constitute a satisfactory consistency proof?
* '''From researchers in information geometry or foundations of probability''': the framework's conditional binary-Born derivation runs from BLQC finite-rate basis tracking via a Fisher capacity bridge and scalar-threshold homogeneity to ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate. The binary case in θ is closed; the extension to multi-outcome records and the recovery of full Hilbert-space empirical content remain open. Critique on whether the Fisher capacity bridge is the right substantive identification of useful tracking capacity, whether scalar-threshold homogeneity is the natural reading of the BLQC threshold in a calibrated basis, whether Cencov-based selection is the correct uniqueness theorem under sufficient Markov invariance, and what would constitute a non-circular extension to multi-outcome records and full Hilbert kinematics, is welcome.
* '''From philosophers of mind''': the Advaita / RQM interpretive layer is offered conditionally on the empirical core. Is the conditional structure (&quot;these readings are available ''if'' the empirical claim survives&quot;) presented clearly enough, or does it still amount to overreach?

Comments, references to prior or parallel work the author may not be aware of, and pointers to potential confounds or alternative explanations are all welcome. Substantive critique on the [[Talk:The Ignorant Observer Framework|talk page]] will be acknowledged in subsequent revisions of the manuscripts.

== References ==

* Brukner, Č., &amp; Zeilinger, A. (1999). Operationally invariant information in quantum measurements. ''Physical Review Letters'', 83(17), 3354–3357.
* Nair, G. N., &amp; Evans, R. J. (2004). Stabilizability of stochastic linear systems with finite feedback data rates. ''SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization'', 43(2), 413–436.
* Penrose, R. (1996). On gravity's role in quantum state reduction. ''General Relativity and Gravitation'', 28(5), 581–600.
* Rovelli, C. (1996). Relational quantum mechanics. ''International Journal of Theoretical Physics'', 35(8), 1637–1678.
* Tatikonda, S., &amp; Mitter, S. (2004). Control under communication constraints. ''IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control'', 49(7), 1056–1068.
* Wootters, W. K. (1981). Statistical distance and Hilbert space. ''Physical Review D'', 23(2), 357–362.

== See also ==

* [[w:Quantum decoherence|Decoherence]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Relational quantum mechanics|Relational quantum mechanics]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Penrose interpretation|Penrose interpretation]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Data-rate theorem|Data-rate theorem]] (Wikipedia)

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= The Ignorant Observer Framework =

''This research page is authored and maintained by [[User:IgnorantObserver|Aernoud Dekker]], an independent researcher and the originator of the framework described below. Page text is offered for review, critique, and collaborative refinement under [[Wikiversity:Copyrights|Wikiversity's standard licence]].''

== Status ==

Research project under active development. The framework consists of an interlinked set of technical and interpretive documents published at [https://ignorantobserver.xyz ignorantobserver.xyz] and archived on the [https://osf.io Open Science Framework]. ''The Ignorant Observer'' is the foundational paper. A conceptual bridge, ''The Measurement Problem in IOF'', states what claim the framework is actually making about the measurement basis. The technical bridge, ''Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control'' (BLQC), sets out the framework's falsifiable experimental discriminator. A separate IOF-internal route attempts a conditional derivation of the binary Born form from finite observer record geometry. All work is single-authored.

== Summary ==

The Ignorant Observer Framework proposes that the conventional treatment of quantum measurement idealizes the measurement basis as stably available to the observer. The framework removes that idealization. It treats the measurement basis θ as a physical dynamical variable inside the apparatus, with its own causal history and its own information-production rate. The measurement setting and the measured system are read as descendants of one physical history, not as ancestrally independent ingredients dropped into the experiment from outside. The framework's position on this point is named ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation'', distinguished from unrestricted (e.g. 't Hooft-style) superdeterminism: the embedded observer cannot, in principle, reconstruct the joint causal ancestry of basis and outcome, so the situation must be represented probabilistically.

Whether the apparatus can stably track θ is a control-theoretic question, governed by an inequality between effective information-channel capacity and the basis-defining dynamics' entropy rate. ''Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control'' (BLQC), the framework's technical bridge to the laboratory, derives — under the assumptions catalogued in the [[#Open objections|Open objections]] section below — a distinctive ''double-exponential'' visibility decay law and a corresponding falsifiable experimental signature: under variation of controller input power at clamped environmental temperature, the framework predicts that coherence time should ''lengthen'' with increasing power, the opposite of standard thermal decoherence. This sign-reversal is the central testable claim.

A companion paper develops a conditional derivation of the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) directly in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment. The derivation chains BLQC finite-rate basis tracking → a ''Fisher capacity bridge'' identifying ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; with capacity for preserving operational distinguishability of finite observer records → Cencov's uniqueness theorem selecting Fisher–Rao as the invariant distinguishability metric → square-root record coordinates → scalar-threshold homogeneity of κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 in θ. The conditional weight is carried by two explicit, named premises — the Fisher capacity bridge and scalar-threshold homogeneity — both empirically testable. The derivation does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, or the multi-outcome Born rule. In the updated framing, the binary-Born derivation and the BLQC basis-tracking story are no longer two separate IOF-internal moves: the metric in which finite-rate basis tracking succeeds or fails is the same Fisher–Rao metric that forces the binary probability form, and the same scalar BLQC threshold pins both. They are two consequences of one operational geometry.

The framework as a whole also offers an interpretive extension that connects the technical proposal to existing positions in quantum foundations (Brukner, Rovelli's relational quantum mechanics) and to non-dual philosophy of mind (Advaita Vedānta). These interpretive elements are clearly fenced from the empirical core in [[#Philosophical interpretation|the relevant section below]]. What stands or falls with the experimental discriminator is the framework's specific physical mapping into these positions, not the positions themselves.

== Core question ==

''Can quantum visibility depend on finite observer or apparatus basis-tracking capacity, independently of, and distinguishably from, ordinary environmental decoherence?''

Phrased positively: if the classical degrees of freedom that define and maintain a measurement basis exhibit chaotic dynamics with positive Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy rate ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;, and if the effective information channel that constrains those degrees of freedom has capacity ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; insufficient to track them, does interference visibility decay in a functional form distinguishable from standard exponential or Gaussian dephasing — and does this decay respond to controller input power in a direction opposite to thermal decoherence?

== Technical proposal ==

The framework introduces the following quantities.

'''Effective channel capacity ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;''' (bits/s): the information rate available to the basis-tracking control loop, operationalised as
:''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; = ''r'' · ''b'' · ''f''
with ''r'' the update rate (Hz), ''b'' the effective number of bits per update that constrain the basis variable θ, and ''f'' ∈ (0,1] the fraction of updates that genuinely constrain θ after overhead and latency. ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; is bounded above by the Landauer limit on the controller's actuation:
:''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2)
where ''P'' is controller input power and ''T'' is the temperature at which the controller operates.

'''Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy rate ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;''' (nats/s): the information-production rate of the classical degrees of freedom (voltage references, timing circuits, feedback loops) that define and maintain the measurement basis. For chaotic systems, ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; equals the sum of positive Lyapunov exponents (Pesin identity). It is estimated operationally from the exponential growth of one-step prediction error on logged controller states. The nats/s convention is used so that the deficit κ below combines ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; (nats/s) and ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 (bits/s converted to nats/s) in consistent units; an equivalent all-bits form would be κ&lt;sub&gt;bits&lt;/sub&gt; = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS,bits&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;.

'''Ignorance rate κ''' (s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;):
:κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; · ln 2
The framework distinguishes two regimes. When κ &lt; 0 (''capacity-wins''), basis-tracking error stays bounded and standard quantum mechanics is recovered. When κ &gt; 0 (''chaos-wins''), the variance of the basis-tracking error grows exponentially in time as σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') = σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;.

'''Measured visibility ''V''(''t'')'''. Averaging the interference term cos(φ − θ) over a Gaussian distribution of basis-tracking error δθ ∼ ''N''(0, σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'')) yields, in the small-angle regime,
:''V''(''t'') = exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;)
i.e. a ''double-exponential'' decay of visibility once the chaos-wins regime is entered.

'''Breakdown time ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;'''. For a chosen visibility threshold ''V''*,
:''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; = (1 / 2κ) · ln(−2 ln ''V''* / σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) for κ &gt; 0.
''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; is the framework's primary observable.

The technical derivation extends the Data-Rate Theorem of Nair &amp; Evans (2004) and Tatikonda &amp; Mitter (2004) from linear plants to nonlinear, chaotic systems by substituting ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; for the sum-of-positive-eigenvalues bound. This extension is an explicit assumption of the framework rather than a proven theorem (see [[#Open objections|Open objections]]).

== Experimental discriminator ==

The framework prescribes the following experimental protocol as its central falsifiable test.

'''Independent variable''': controller input power ''P''. The controller is the physical system whose state defines and maintains the measurement basis (e.g. an interferometer phase-locking loop, a qubit readout chain, the active feedback in a precision interferometer).

'''Held constant''': the environmental temperature ''T'' at which the controller operates, by independent active thermal feedback. Holding ''T'' constant while varying ''P'' is what distinguishes the framework's prediction from standard thermal decoherence (which depends on ''T'' and ignores ''P'').

'''Dependent variable''': the visibility-decay breakdown time ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;, fitted to interference data at a chosen visibility threshold (e.g. ''V''* = 0.5).

'''Prediction''': ∂''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;/∂''P'' &gt; 0 at clamped ''T'', with the visibility curve ''V''(''t'') fitting the double-exponential form exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;) better than a standard exponential ''e''&lt;sup&gt;−Γ''t''&lt;/sup&gt; or Gaussian ''e''&lt;sup&gt;−γ''t''²&lt;/sup&gt;.

'''What would count as falsification'''. Any of the following null findings counts against the framework:
* ∂''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;/∂''P'' ≤ 0 at clamped ''T'' (i.e. increasing controller power does not extend, or shortens, coherence time);
* ''V''(''t'') fits a single-exponential or Gaussian dephasing law significantly better than the double-exponential form, in the regime where the framework predicts the double-exponential should dominate;
* ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; scales with the gravitational self-energy timescale ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (the [[w:Penrose interpretation|Penrose Objective Reduction]] prediction) rather than with ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;;
* ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; cannot be calibrated independently of ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; (in which case the prediction would be unfalsifiable, which would itself count against the framework's experimental status).

The [https://www.qgemproject.com/ QGEM] pathfinder is cited in the BLQC manuscript as one candidate testbed; superconducting-qubit readout chains and precision interferometer phase-locking loops are others.

The framework's comprehensive experimental protocol additionally includes a ''Fisher-homogeneity module'' that tests the Born-derivation bridge. The module measures the Fisher information ''I''(θ) on the operational record family ''p''(''o'' | θ) across the calibrated basis range and asks whether ''I''(θ) is approximately constant, as required by the scalar-threshold homogeneity premise of the [[#Relation to quantum foundations|binary-Born derivation]]. The Fisher-homogeneity module is logically independent of the κ-scaling test of the basis-tracking claim: a BLQC-positive but Fisher-negative result would validate finite-rate basis tracking as a real physical channel while rejecting the binary-Born-derivation bridge as drafted. Simultaneous κ-scaling and Fisher homogeneity would support the stronger claim that one operational geometry controls both basis tracking and binary probability.

== Relation to quantum foundations ==

The framework is connected to, and partly draws from, several existing positions in the foundations of quantum mechanics.

* '''Brukner's information-theoretic reconstructions''' provide a precedent for treating information limits as structural constraints in quantum theory.
* '''Relational Quantum Mechanics''' (Rovelli) takes measurement outcomes to be relative to an observer-system; the framework provides one possible mechanism (finite ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;) for what makes one observer's frame physically inequivalent to another's.
* '''Decoherence theory''' is not opposed by the framework. The framework's prediction sits beside ordinary environmental decoherence and is intended to be ''distinguishable'' from it by the sign-reversal under power variation; in the capacity-wins regime (κ &lt; 0) standard decoherence theory is recovered.
* '''Measurement-independence'''. Because the framework treats the measurement basis as a dynamical variable with its own causal history, if extended to Bell-type set-ups it implies a structural — but ''epistemically bounded'' — violation of statistical measurement-independence. The framework's position is named &quot;epistemically bounded ancestral correlation&quot;: the setting and the system may share causal ancestry, but the embedded observer cannot reconstruct that ancestry in principle, so the shared ancestry is not a hidden knob for prediction. This is distinguished from unrestricted (e.g. 't Hooft-style structural) superdeterminism. The framework does not derive Bell correlations from first principles; it accepts standard quantum correlations as recovered in the capacity-wins limit, and asks whether finite basis access adds a measurable visibility factor when tracking is stressed. A proper consistency proof, including no-signalling treatment, remains an open question (see [[#Open objections|Open objections]]).
* '''Information geometry'''. The framework's binary-Born derivation runs a directional chain: BLQC finite-rate basis tracking → a ''Fisher capacity bridge'' identifying ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; with capacity for preserving operational distinguishability of finite observer records → Cencov's uniqueness theorem selecting Fisher–Rao as the invariant distinguishability metric under sufficient Markov morphisms → square-root record coordinates → scalar-threshold homogeneity of κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 in the laboratory basis coordinate → ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2). The connection between statistical distance and quantum transition probabilities is not new — Wootters (1981) showed that quantum distinguishability is naturally expressed in terms of statistical distance — but the framework runs the logic in the opposite direction: it starts from finite-observer record constraints, invokes Cencov uniqueness, and obtains the squared-coordinate binary form from the resulting record geometry, with the laboratory basis coordinate θ identified as the Fisher-arclength-affine coordinate by the BLQC scalar-threshold reading. The binary-Born derivation and the BLQC basis-tracking visibility law are therefore tied to the same operational geometry: the Fisher–Rao metric on records is the metric in which BLQC tracking is calibrated, and the same scalar threshold pins both the basis-tracking task and the binary probability form.
* '''Penrose Objective Reduction''' is treated as an ''orthogonal'' competing mechanism whose predicted ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; scaling can be experimentally distinguished from the framework's ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;-driven ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;. The numerical proximity of the two timescales in the mesoscopic regime motivates the protocol described in the next section but is treated as a coincidence pending experimental evidence.

== Where the Heisenberg cut sits ==

The framework offers a specific reframing of the Heisenberg cut — the boundary between the quantum description used for the measured system and the classical description used for the apparatus and the record. Standard interpretations have placed the cut variously: Von Neumann showed the cut can be moved without changing predictions and treated its location as conventional; decoherence theory sharpens the picture but locates the cut by an external property, the rate of environmental coupling; objective-collapse proposals fix the cut universally at a mass or geometry scale, without reference to who is observing.

The framework places the cut where the observer-apparatus system's thermodynamic budget for self-tracking runs out. The Landauer bound ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2) sets a hard ceiling on irreversible bookkeeping, and the cut sits at the locus where ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; = ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2: on one side the basis-producing dynamics run slower than the dissipation-bounded tracking rate and standard quantum statistics are recovered; on the other side the dynamics outrun the tracking rate and visibility decays with the deficit κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2.

The cut is therefore observer-relative — two apparatuses tracking the same basis with different power budgets, temperatures, or controllers will have their cuts at different places — but not subjective. For any given apparatus the cut is fixed by hardware; the experimenter does not choose where it sits, the hardware does.

This also predicts something conventional cut placement does not: the cut ''moves''. Cooling the apparatus, increasing the available power, or improving the controller raises ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; and shifts the cut outward, toward more chaotic basis-producing dynamics. The BLQC test, in this language, is an experiment that measures the motion of the cut.

The measurement problem has historically taken its sharpest form because the Heisenberg cut was floating. The framework does not move the cut to a more comfortable location. It claims the cut was never floating to begin with: it was pinned by the thermodynamics of self-tracking, and the standard interpretations were not reading that ledger.

== Philosophical interpretation ==

''This section describes interpretive extensions of the framework that go beyond the empirical core. Nothing in this section is a load-bearing element of the experimental claim. If the experimental discriminator returns a null result, the claimed physical realization of these interpretive readings within the framework would fall. The interpretive positions themselves — Advaita Vedānta, relational quantum mechanics — do not stand or fall on an interferometry experiment; what stands or falls is the framework's specific physical mapping into them.''

The most direct, accessible statement of the framework's interpretive position is ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Measurement_Problem_in_IOF.pdf The Measurement Problem in IOF]'' (Dekker, May 2026). This conceptual companion to BLQC states the central move — the measurement basis as a physical variable with causal ancestry inside the same history as the system being measured — addresses the standard objections (does this just move the mystery, is this just correctable reference noise, is this just control engineering), and names the position ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation''. Readers approaching the framework for the first time may find this the cleanest entry point.

A second, distinct interpretive piece is ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Hard_Problem_After_Deflation.pdf The Hard Problem Dissolved — But Into What? A Critical Response to Carlo Rovelli's &quot;There Is No 'Hard Problem of Consciousness'&quot;]'' (Dekker, May 2026). The response engages Rovelli's Noema essay, marks the substantial ground it shares with the framework, and identifies where the framework presses beyond Rovelli's deflationary physicalism toward a non-dual reading.

The framework's interpretive layer is developed in dialogue with two existing positions.

The first is Carlo Rovelli's relational quantum mechanics. The framework can be read as supplying a candidate physical mechanism — the ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; versus ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; inequality — for what makes a measurement outcome relative to an observer rather than absolute. On this reading, the framework is a mechanistic specification of an idea that RQM leaves at the level of principle.

The second is the Advaita Vedānta tradition (Śaṅkara, Ramaṇa Mahaṛṣi), in which the apparent independence of the experiencing subject from the perceived world is treated as a structural feature of ignorance (''avidyā'') rather than a metaphysical fact. The framework's σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') — the growing basis-tracking error of an observer whose capacity is insufficient to track its own apparatus — admits a structural analogy with avidyā as the phenomenological self-opacity of an embodied subject. The framework neither asserts that this analogy is more than structural nor that any experimental result could confirm or refute Advaita as a philosophical position; it offers the analogy as a way of locating the framework within a non-dual reading of the measurement problem for readers who find that reading useful.

A separate, IOF-internal derivation paper — ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Conditional_Born_Derivation.pdf A Conditional Derivation of the Binary Born Form under Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]'' — derives the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, via a Fisher capacity bridge from BLQC tracking capacity to Fisher–Rao record geometry. Its metaphysical companion, ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Katha_Structural_Companion.pdf Structural Resonance]'', explains how a structural reading of the ''Katha Upaniṣad'' (subject and witness, layered cognition, invariance under refinement) served as a disciplined search heuristic for the mathematical derivation. The companion does not claim that Vedanta proves the Born rule; it documents the structural overlap between an old analysis of finite observation and a contemporary information-geometric derivation.

Readers who prefer to ignore the interpretive readings should be able to evaluate the framework's empirical content from the [[#Technical proposal|Technical proposal]] and [[#Experimental discriminator|Experimental discriminator]] sections alone.

A further speculative extension, ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Creation_of_Duality.pdf The Creation of Duality]'', asks whether space, time, objecthood, and gravity-like structure can themselves be read as features of a consistent finite-observer world-model, with a Bridge Ansatz ''E''&lt;sub&gt;G&lt;/sub&gt; = (π/2)ℏκ linking the deficit rate κ to a gravitational energy scale via Margolus–Levitin saturation. Its scientific status is contingent on the BLQC experimental discriminator; until then it is offered explicitly as speculation.

== Consequences of a positive result ==

If the experimental discriminator returns the predicted result, several interpretive readings of the framework gain physical support rather than remaining speculative.

''Quantum mechanics as an observer-capacity-dependent regime.'' The framework's &quot;chaos-wins&quot; / &quot;capacity-wins&quot; distinction becomes a physical, not merely conceptual, partition. Standard quantum predictions are recovered to high accuracy in the capacity-wins regime; the framework predicts measurable departures in the chaos-wins regime. The quantum-classical transition then becomes information-theoretic and, in principle, controllable: throttling effective controller capacity should push a system across the transition without changing the plant.

''An epistemic reading of measurement.'' The framework's no-collapse account — measurement as an information-update inside a finite observer rather than a physical event in the world — becomes empirically defensible alongside other interpretations of the measurement problem, rather than a stipulation.

''Measurement-independence and locality.'' The framework's response to the conventional &quot;conspiracy&quot; objection against superdeterminism (common causal past plus a global consistency constraint, in place of fine-tuned initial conditions) becomes a substantive position rather than a philosophical reframing. Whether this amounts to a non-conspiratorial reading consistent with local realism remains a live debate; a positive result moves that debate from speculation onto experimental terrain.

''The Penrose-Objective-Reduction comparison.'' The framework's prediction depends on controller bandwidth rather than mass or geometry; a positive BLQC result combined with the absence of the ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; scaling would discriminate the two mechanisms experimentally.

''The interpretive analogy.'' The structural analogy between σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') and the Vedantic notion of ''avidyā'' gains a concrete physical anchor rather than remaining purely analogical. The framework's claim is structural rather than metaphysical; a positive result strengthens the structural mapping, but does not itself adjudicate the philosophical positions the mapping connects.

None of these consequences is established by the experimental discriminator on its own. What the test establishes, if positive, is that the framework's bridge from a control-theoretic measurement model to these interpretive readings has a physical basis. The interpretive work in each direction remains.

== Documents ==

The framework's documents are published at [https://ignorantobserver.xyz ignorantobserver.xyz]. Direct links to the principal documents, grouped by their role in the project:

'''Foundational and bridges'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/The_Ignorant_Observer.pdf The Ignorant Observer]''' — the foundational paper. Both the philosophical motivation (avidyā as structural ignorance) and the technical groundwork from which the rest of the project grew.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Measurement_Problem_in_IOF.pdf The Measurement Problem in IOF]''' — the conceptual bridge. States what claim the framework is making about the measurement basis, addresses the standard objections, and names the framework's position as ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation''.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/BLQC.pdf Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]''' — the technical bridge. A finite-rate phase-reference test in the Penrose-overlap regime. The framework's falsifiable experimental discriminator.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Concise_Summary.pdf Concise Mathematical Summary]''' — shortest formal map of the IOF variables and BLQC test regimes.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Comprehensive_Experimental_Protocol.pdf Comprehensive Experimental Protocol]''' — preregistered prospective experiment discriminating a Penrose-style mass-geometry timescale from the BLQC capacity / instability timescale in the same mesoscopic apparatus.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Question_and_Answers_IOF.pdf Questions and Answers (IOF)]''' — common questions on the framework addressed in depth.

'''Foundational Extensions'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Conditional_Born_Derivation.pdf A Conditional Derivation of the Binary Born Form under Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]''' — derives the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) directly in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, via a Fisher capacity bridge from BLQC tracking capacity to Fisher–Rao record geometry. The conditional weight is carried by two named, empirically testable assumptions (Fisher capacity bridge, scalar-threshold homogeneity). Does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, or the multi-outcome Born rule. Supersedes an earlier version in which the binary Born form was obtained only in Fisher arclength.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Katha_Structural_Companion.pdf Structural Resonance: A Metaphysical Companion to the Conditional Born-Rule Derivation]''' — explains how a structural reading of the ''Katha Upaniṣad'' served as a disciplined search heuristic for the derivation. Does not claim that Vedanta proves the Born rule.

'''Supplements'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Forensic_Signatures.pdf Forensic Signatures]''' — retrospective screening of Chinese 63-qubit, Google Sycamore, and LIGO data for the double-exponential visibility decay signature predicted by BLQC. Motivating evidence for treating LIGO as a candidate regime; not causal attribution. Detailed findings and caveats are discussed in [[#Open objections|Open objections]].
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Creation_of_Duality.pdf The Creation of Duality]''' — speculative extension on appearance, gravity, and information from self-ignorance. Scientific status contingent on the BLQC experimental discriminator.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Capacity_Backaction_Frontier.pdf The Capacity–Backaction Frontier]''' — application to cryogenic quantum error correction. Defines an operational coordinate ρ&lt;sub&gt;CB&lt;/sub&gt; = ε&lt;sub&gt;QEC&lt;/sub&gt; ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 / ''h''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;(''N'', ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;) comparing useful syndrome capacity against the physical instability induced by obtaining and using it.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Biological_Observers.pdf Biological Observers]''' — exploratory supplement on biological timescales.

A full archival deposit of the framework's documents is also available on the Open Science Framework at [https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FCDSN doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FCDSN].

== Open objections ==

The following objections to the framework are listed openly so that reviewers can engage with them directly. Several are diagnosed in the framework's own manuscripts; others reflect critiques the author has received in correspondence or anticipates from sophisticated readers. They are deliberately phrased from outside the framework's assumptions, not from within them.

# '''Useful capacity versus thermodynamic bound'''. The framework uses the Landauer expression ''C'' ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2) to relate controller input power ''P'' to channel capacity. Landauer is an ideal upper bound on bit-erasure cost; it does not guarantee that increased ''P'' actually translates to increased ''useful'' basis-tracking capacity. Additional power can equally well couple to actuator noise, electromagnetic leakage, vibration, or backaction channels that do not constrain the basis variable θ. Establishing that Δ''P'' → Δ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; in the predicted direction — with realistic loss budgets for the candidate apparatus — is a substantive engineering claim that the framework does not by itself establish.
# '''Existence of positive ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; in engineered apparatus'''. Many precision controllers (phase-locked loops, qubit readout chains, interferometer servo systems) are explicitly engineered to suppress chaotic dynamics. The basis-defining degrees of freedom may exhibit colored noise, slow drift, or stochastic control error rather than positive-''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; chaos in the Pesin sense. If the relevant dynamics are not chaotic in this sense, the ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; framing may not apply at all, and a different rate-distortion accounting (or none) would be needed. Even where positive ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; can be identified, the operationally relevant rate may differ substantially from textbook surrogate estimates (kicked rotor, logistic map) used illustratively in the manuscripts.
# '''Rate-distortion extension to nonlinear / chaotic systems'''. The mapping from channel capacity ''C'' to angular tracking variance σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ≥ ''D''/(''C'' ln 2) assumes a high-rate coder model and the framework extends the Data-Rate Theorem from linear plants to nonlinear chaotic systems by substituting ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;. This extension is an explicit assumption, not a proven theorem. If the extension fails, the closed-form visibility law and the κ-regime structure both lose their derivation.
# '''Gaussian small-angle assumption'''. The visibility expression ''V''(''t'') = exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) requires σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt; ≲ 1 rad and a Gaussian basis-tracking error distribution. Non-Gaussian, heavy-tailed, or state-dependent δθ would break the closed-form double-exponential law.
# '''Decoherence and control-noise confound'''. Distinguishing the predicted visibility loss from ordinary environmental dephasing, alignment drift, and detector systematics is the central experimental challenge. The framework's answer is the sign-reversal under power variation at clamped ''T'' — a conceptually clean discriminator that is engineering-hard to realise. Independent calibration of ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; may be the single largest practical hurdle.
# '''Prior-art and reparameterization risk'''. The proposed double-exponential visibility signature may already be expressible within existing frameworks: compound dephasing channels with two or more contributing rates, classical feedback-loop instability, or hidden-variable control-noise models with appropriate parameter choices. The framework should be able to show that its prediction is genuinely new rather than a reparameterization of one of these known phenomena. The author's adversarial-mimic analysis is in progress, and a positive result on that front would substantially strengthen the framework's empirical claim.
# '''Bell / locality consistency'''. The framework implies a structural violation of statistical measurement-independence. The author's response (common causal past plus global consistency, in place of fine-tuned initial conditions) is a philosophical reframing rather than a no-signalling lemma. A proper consistency proof has not been published.
# '''Forensic-signature interpretation'''. The Forensic Signatures preprint applies a screening protocol to existing data from Chinese 63-qubit processors, Google Sycamore, and LIGO glitch records. The paper's own domain-of-validity statement is that BLQC applies in observer-limited rather than plant-limited regimes, and the protocol finds power-law dominance on the qubit datasets (consistent with that statement) and 43% Gompertz-consistent events on LIGO (consistent with BLQC). The paper flags a controller-regime confound for the LIGO result and is explicit that retrospective findings do not establish causal attribution to BLQC; the case rests on the prospective controlled-capacity experiment. The objection here is the standard one for retrospective signal analyses: even where the predicted geometry is present, it remains compatible with alternative explanations until the controlled experiment runs.
# '''Observer language'''. The framework's &quot;observer&quot; plays two distinct roles: the physical apparatus / controller whose finite ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; and ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; appear in the equations, and the epistemic subject for whom measurement outcomes are or are not determinate. The framework treats these as connected but not identified, and the distinction is load-bearing. Critics will reasonably worry — especially given the framework's interpretive engagement with non-dual philosophy and the philosophy of mind — that consciousness is being smuggled into the foundations of measurement under physical vocabulary. The framework's defence is that the BLQC experimental claim is stated entirely in apparatus-level terms; whether that defence holds depends on the framework keeping the two senses of &quot;observer&quot; rigorously separate.
# '''Interpretive vocabulary'''. Some of the framework's documents draw on vocabulary from philosophy of mind and non-dual philosophy (notably Advaita Vedānta) alongside the physical derivations. Readers who find this vocabulary off-putting are invited to evaluate the empirical content from the BLQC manuscript, which uses only standard physics and control-theory language.
# '''Conditional Born-rule derivation, scope'''. The framework's binary-Born derivation now obtains ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, with the conditional weight stated explicitly as two named premises: the ''Fisher capacity bridge'' (''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; measures the useful rate of reducing distinguishability error in the operational record family ''p''(''o'' | θ)) and ''scalar-threshold homogeneity'' (the physical basis coordinate θ is homogeneous in the Fisher distinguishability metric on records). Both premises are empirically testable through the Fisher-homogeneity module of the BLQC protocol. The derivation does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, the multi-outcome Born rule for arbitrary projective measurements, or the full IOF admissible-history measure μ&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;. Reviewer engagement on whether the Fisher capacity bridge is the right substantive identification of useful tracking capacity, whether scalar-threshold homogeneity is the natural reading of the BLQC threshold in a calibrated basis, whether Cencov-based selection is the correct uniqueness theorem under sufficient Markov invariance, and what would constitute a non-circular extension to multi-outcome records and full Hilbert kinematics, is explicitly invited.
# '''Peer-review status and independent replication'''. The framework has not yet undergone peer review, and the experimental discriminator has not been independently replicated. This is the actual current epistemic status of the work. The framework's case must be evaluated on its merits in the documents linked above and on the conduct of the prospective experiment, not on any external imprimatur.

== Invitation for review ==

This page is offered as a venue for substantive critique. The author is particularly interested in engagement on the following:

* '''From physicists working on quantum control or precision interferometry''': is the proposed sign-reversal under controller-power variation at clamped temperature genuinely distinguishable from known instrumental artefacts (closed-loop resonances, thermal-noise mismodelling, photon-shot-noise rebalancing at higher gain), and what existing apparatus would be best positioned to perform the test?
* '''From decoherence theorists''': under what conditions does the proposed double-exponential visibility law overlap with compound-channel decoherence models in ways that would make the two empirically indistinguishable? Is there a parameter regime where the framework's prediction is genuinely new rather than a reparameterisation of existing models?
* '''From researchers in the foundations of quantum mechanics''': how should the framework's structural — but epistemically bounded — violation of measurement-independence be evaluated against the alternatives in the superdeterminism / retrocausality / many-worlds landscape, and what would constitute a satisfactory consistency proof?
* '''From researchers in information geometry or foundations of probability''': the framework's conditional binary-Born derivation runs from BLQC finite-rate basis tracking via a Fisher capacity bridge and scalar-threshold homogeneity to ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate. The binary case in θ is closed; the extension to multi-outcome records and the recovery of full Hilbert-space empirical content remain open. Critique on whether the Fisher capacity bridge is the right substantive identification of useful tracking capacity, whether scalar-threshold homogeneity is the natural reading of the BLQC threshold in a calibrated basis, whether Cencov-based selection is the correct uniqueness theorem under sufficient Markov invariance, and what would constitute a non-circular extension to multi-outcome records and full Hilbert kinematics, is welcome.
* '''From philosophers of mind''': the Advaita / RQM interpretive layer is offered conditionally on the empirical core. Is the conditional structure (&quot;these readings are available ''if'' the empirical claim survives&quot;) presented clearly enough, or does it still amount to overreach?

Comments, references to prior or parallel work the author may not be aware of, and pointers to potential confounds or alternative explanations are all welcome. Substantive critique on the [[Talk:The Ignorant Observer Framework|talk page]] will be acknowledged in subsequent revisions of the manuscripts.

== References ==

* Brukner, Č., &amp; Zeilinger, A. (1999). Operationally invariant information in quantum measurements. ''Physical Review Letters'', 83(17), 3354–3357.
* Nair, G. N., &amp; Evans, R. J. (2004). Stabilizability of stochastic linear systems with finite feedback data rates. ''SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization'', 43(2), 413–436.
* Penrose, R. (1996). On gravity's role in quantum state reduction. ''General Relativity and Gravitation'', 28(5), 581–600.
* Rovelli, C. (1996). Relational quantum mechanics. ''International Journal of Theoretical Physics'', 35(8), 1637–1678.
* Tatikonda, S., &amp; Mitter, S. (2004). Control under communication constraints. ''IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control'', 49(7), 1056–1068.
* Wootters, W. K. (1981). Statistical distance and Hilbert space. ''Physical Review D'', 23(2), 357–362.

== See also ==

* [[w:Quantum decoherence|Decoherence]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Relational quantum mechanics|Relational quantum mechanics]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Penrose interpretation|Penrose interpretation]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Data-rate theorem|Data-rate theorem]] (Wikipedia)

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= The Ignorant Observer Framework =

''This research page is authored and maintained by [[User:IgnorantObserver|Aernoud Dekker]], an independent researcher and the originator of the framework described below. Page text is offered for review, critique, and collaborative refinement under [[Wikiversity:Copyrights|Wikiversity's standard licence]].''

== Status ==

Research project under active development. The framework consists of an interlinked set of technical and interpretive documents published at [https://ignorantobserver.xyz ignorantobserver.xyz] and archived on the [https://osf.io Open Science Framework]. ''The Ignorant Observer'' is the foundational paper. A conceptual bridge, ''The Measurement Problem in IOF'', states what claim the framework is actually making about the measurement basis. The technical bridge, ''Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control'' (BLQC), sets out the framework's falsifiable experimental discriminator. A companion paper, ''A Conditional Derivation of the Binary Born Form under Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control'', derives the binary Born form in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment via a Fisher capacity bridge, conditional on two named bridge assumptions. All work is single-authored.

== Summary ==

The Ignorant Observer Framework proposes that the conventional treatment of quantum measurement idealizes the measurement basis as stably available to the observer. The framework removes that idealization. It treats the measurement basis θ as a physical dynamical variable inside the apparatus, with its own causal history and its own information-production rate. The measurement setting and the measured system are read as descendants of one physical history, not as ancestrally independent ingredients dropped into the experiment from outside. The framework's position on this point is named ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation'', distinguished from unrestricted (e.g. 't Hooft-style) superdeterminism: the embedded observer cannot, in principle, reconstruct the joint causal ancestry of basis and outcome, so the situation must be represented probabilistically.

Whether the apparatus can stably track θ is a control-theoretic question, governed by an inequality between effective information-channel capacity and the basis-defining dynamics' entropy rate. ''Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control'' (BLQC), the framework's technical bridge to the laboratory, derives — under the assumptions catalogued in the [[#Open objections|Open objections]] section below — a distinctive ''double-exponential'' visibility decay law and a multi-axis falsifiable discriminator. The central test asks whether the visibility-breakdown time ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; moves with the BLQC deficit κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 under independent calibrated variation of effective tracking capacity ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;, basis-instability rate ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;, and mass geometry — or with mass geometry alone, which would instead support Penrose Objective Reduction. Controller input power ''P'' is one possible actuator for ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;, not the central variable. A separate Fisher-homogeneity module of the protocol tests the Born-derivation bridge by measuring whether the empirical Fisher information ''I''(θ) is approximately constant across the calibrated basis range.

The framework's principal implication for the measurement problem is structural: the Heisenberg cut — the boundary between quantum description and classical record — is not an interpretive convention but a thermodynamic boundary fixed by the apparatus's Landauer-bounded self-tracking budget (see [[#The measurement problem: where the Heisenberg cut sits|the measurement problem: where the Heisenberg cut sits]] below). The double-exponential visibility law and the binary-Born derivation are two consequences of this single reframe, both pinned by the same scalar threshold κ and tested by the same prospective experiment.

A companion paper develops a conditional derivation of the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) directly in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment. The derivation chains BLQC finite-rate basis tracking → a ''Fisher capacity bridge'' identifying ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; with capacity for preserving operational distinguishability of finite observer records → Cencov's uniqueness theorem selecting Fisher–Rao as the invariant distinguishability metric → square-root record coordinates → scalar-threshold homogeneity of κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 in θ. The conditional weight is carried by two explicit, named premises — the Fisher capacity bridge and scalar-threshold homogeneity — both empirically testable. The derivation does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, or the multi-outcome Born rule. In the updated framing, the binary-Born derivation and the BLQC basis-tracking story are no longer two separate IOF-internal moves: the metric in which finite-rate basis tracking succeeds or fails is the same Fisher–Rao metric that forces the binary probability form, and the same scalar BLQC threshold pins both. They are two consequences of one operational geometry.

The framework as a whole also offers an interpretive extension that connects the technical proposal to existing positions in quantum foundations (Brukner, Rovelli's relational quantum mechanics) and to non-dual philosophy of mind (Advaita Vedānta). These interpretive elements are clearly fenced from the empirical core in [[#Philosophical interpretation|the relevant section below]]. What stands or falls with the experimental discriminator is the framework's specific physical mapping into these positions, not the positions themselves.

== Core question ==

''Can quantum visibility depend on finite observer or apparatus basis-tracking capacity, independently of, and distinguishably from, ordinary environmental decoherence?''

Phrased positively: if the classical degrees of freedom that define and maintain a measurement basis exhibit chaotic dynamics with positive Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy rate ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;, and if the effective information channel that constrains those degrees of freedom has capacity ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; insufficient to track them, does interference visibility decay in a functional form distinguishable from standard exponential or Gaussian dephasing — and does this decay respond to controller input power in a direction opposite to thermal decoherence?

== Technical proposal ==

The framework introduces the following quantities.

'''Effective channel capacity ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;''' (bits/s): the information rate available to the basis-tracking control loop, operationalised as
:''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; = ''r'' · ''b'' · ''f''
with ''r'' the update rate (Hz), ''b'' the effective number of bits per update that constrain the basis variable θ, and ''f'' ∈ (0,1] the fraction of updates that genuinely constrain θ after overhead and latency. ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; is bounded above by the Landauer limit on the controller's actuation:
:''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2)
where ''P'' is controller input power and ''T'' is the temperature at which the controller operates.

'''Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy rate ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;''' (nats/s): the information-production rate of the classical degrees of freedom (voltage references, timing circuits, feedback loops) that define and maintain the measurement basis. For chaotic systems, ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; equals the sum of positive Lyapunov exponents (Pesin identity). It is estimated operationally from the exponential growth of one-step prediction error on logged controller states. The nats/s convention is used so that the deficit κ below combines ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; (nats/s) and ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 (bits/s converted to nats/s) in consistent units; an equivalent all-bits form would be κ&lt;sub&gt;bits&lt;/sub&gt; = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS,bits&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;.

'''Ignorance rate κ''' (s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;):
:κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; · ln 2
The framework distinguishes two regimes. When κ &lt; 0 (''capacity-wins''), basis-tracking error stays bounded and standard quantum visibility predictions are recovered in the BLQC correction-free limit, modulo ordinary decoherence. When κ &gt; 0 (''chaos-wins''), the variance of the basis-tracking error grows exponentially in time as σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') = σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;.

'''Measured visibility ''V''(''t'')'''. Averaging the interference term cos(φ − θ) over a Gaussian distribution of basis-tracking error δθ ∼ ''N''(0, σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'')) yields, in the small-angle regime,
:''V''(''t'') = exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;)
i.e. a ''double-exponential'' decay of visibility once the chaos-wins regime is entered.

'''Breakdown time ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;'''. For a chosen visibility threshold ''V''*,
:''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; = (1 / 2κ) · ln(−2 ln ''V''* / σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) for κ &gt; 0.
''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; is the framework's primary observable.

The technical derivation extends the Data-Rate Theorem of Nair &amp; Evans (2004) and Tatikonda &amp; Mitter (2004) from linear plants to nonlinear, chaotic systems by substituting ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; for the sum-of-positive-eigenvalues bound. This extension is an explicit assumption of the framework rather than a proven theorem (see [[#Open objections|Open objections]]).

== Experimental discriminator ==

The framework prescribes the following experimental protocol as its central falsifiable test.

'''Independent variable''': controller input power ''P''. The controller is the physical system whose state defines and maintains the measurement basis (e.g. an interferometer phase-locking loop, a qubit readout chain, the active feedback in a precision interferometer).

'''Held constant''': the environmental temperature ''T'' at which the controller operates, by independent active thermal feedback. Holding ''T'' constant while varying ''P'' is what distinguishes the framework's prediction from standard thermal decoherence (which depends on ''T'' and ignores ''P'').

'''Dependent variable''': the visibility-decay breakdown time ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;, fitted to interference data at a chosen visibility threshold (e.g. ''V''* = 0.5).

'''Prediction''': ∂''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;/∂''P'' &gt; 0 at clamped ''T'', with the visibility curve ''V''(''t'') fitting the double-exponential form exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;) better than a standard exponential ''e''&lt;sup&gt;−Γ''t''&lt;/sup&gt; or Gaussian ''e''&lt;sup&gt;−γ''t''²&lt;/sup&gt;.

'''What would count as falsification'''. Any of the following null findings counts against the framework:
* ∂''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;/∂''P'' ≤ 0 at clamped ''T'' (i.e. increasing controller power does not extend, or shortens, coherence time);
* ''V''(''t'') fits a single-exponential or Gaussian dephasing law significantly better than the double-exponential form, in the regime where the framework predicts the double-exponential should dominate;
* ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; scales with the gravitational self-energy timescale ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (the [[w:Penrose interpretation|Penrose Objective Reduction]] prediction) rather than with ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;;
* ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; cannot be calibrated independently of ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; (in which case the prediction would be unfalsifiable, which would itself count against the framework's experimental status).

The [https://www.qgemproject.com/ QGEM] pathfinder is cited in the BLQC manuscript as one candidate testbed; superconducting-qubit readout chains and precision interferometer phase-locking loops are others.

The framework's comprehensive experimental protocol additionally includes a ''Fisher-homogeneity module'' that tests the Born-derivation bridge. The module measures the Fisher information ''I''(θ) on the operational record family ''p''(''o'' | θ) across the calibrated basis range and asks whether ''I''(θ) is approximately constant, as required by the scalar-threshold homogeneity premise of the [[#Relation to quantum foundations|binary-Born derivation]]. The Fisher-homogeneity module is logically independent of the κ-scaling test of the basis-tracking claim: a BLQC-positive but Fisher-negative result would validate finite-rate basis tracking as a real physical channel while rejecting the binary-Born-derivation bridge as drafted. Simultaneous κ-scaling and Fisher homogeneity would support the stronger claim that one operational geometry controls both basis tracking and binary probability.

== Relation to quantum foundations ==

The framework is connected to, and partly draws from, several existing positions in the foundations of quantum mechanics.

* '''The measurement problem'''. The framework's principal claim about the measurement problem is structural rather than dynamical: the Heisenberg cut is a thermodynamic boundary set by the apparatus's self-tracking budget, not a floating interpretive convention. The measurement problem appears in its sharpest form because standard accounts treat the cut as freely movable; the framework holds it was always pinned by the thermodynamics of basis tracking. The conceptual claim is developed in [[#The measurement problem: where the Heisenberg cut sits|the measurement problem: where the Heisenberg cut sits]] below and at full length in ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Measurement_Problem_in_IOF.pdf The Measurement Problem in IOF]''.
* '''Brukner's information-theoretic reconstructions''' provide a precedent for treating information limits as structural constraints in quantum theory.
* '''Relational Quantum Mechanics''' (Rovelli) takes measurement outcomes to be relative to an observer-system; the framework provides one possible mechanism (finite ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;) for what makes one observer's frame physically inequivalent to another's.
* '''Decoherence theory''' is not opposed by the framework. The framework's prediction sits beside ordinary environmental decoherence and is intended to be ''distinguishable'' from it by the sign-reversal under power variation; in the capacity-wins regime (κ &lt; 0) standard decoherence theory is recovered.
* '''Measurement-independence'''. Because the framework treats the measurement basis as a dynamical variable with its own causal history, if extended to Bell-type set-ups it implies a structural — but ''epistemically bounded'' — violation of statistical measurement-independence. The framework's position is named &quot;epistemically bounded ancestral correlation&quot;: the setting and the system may share causal ancestry, but the embedded observer cannot reconstruct that ancestry in principle, so the shared ancestry is not a hidden knob for prediction. This is distinguished from unrestricted (e.g. 't Hooft-style structural) superdeterminism. The framework does not derive Bell correlations from first principles; it accepts standard quantum correlations as recovered in the capacity-wins limit, and asks whether finite basis access adds a measurable visibility factor when tracking is stressed. A proper consistency proof, including no-signalling treatment, remains an open question (see [[#Open objections|Open objections]]).
* '''Information geometry'''. The framework's binary-Born derivation runs a directional chain: BLQC finite-rate basis tracking → a ''Fisher capacity bridge'' identifying ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; with capacity for preserving operational distinguishability of finite observer records → Cencov's uniqueness theorem selecting Fisher–Rao as the invariant distinguishability metric under sufficient Markov morphisms → square-root record coordinates → scalar-threshold homogeneity of κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 in the laboratory basis coordinate → ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2). The connection between statistical distance and quantum transition probabilities is not new — Wootters (1981) showed that quantum distinguishability is naturally expressed in terms of statistical distance — but the framework runs the logic in the opposite direction: it starts from finite-observer record constraints, invokes Cencov uniqueness, and obtains the squared-coordinate binary form from the resulting record geometry, with the laboratory basis coordinate θ identified as the Fisher-arclength-affine coordinate by the BLQC scalar-threshold reading. The binary-Born derivation and the BLQC basis-tracking visibility law are therefore tied to the same operational geometry: the Fisher–Rao metric on records is the metric in which BLQC tracking is calibrated, and the same scalar threshold pins both the basis-tracking task and the binary probability form.
* '''Penrose Objective Reduction''' is treated as an ''orthogonal'' competing mechanism whose predicted ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; scaling can be experimentally distinguished from the framework's ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;-driven ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;. The numerical proximity of the two timescales in the mesoscopic regime motivates the protocol described in the next section but is treated as a coincidence pending experimental evidence.

== The measurement problem: where the Heisenberg cut sits ==

The framework offers a specific reframing of the Heisenberg cut — the boundary between the quantum description used for the measured system and the classical description used for the apparatus and the record. Standard interpretations have placed the cut variously: Von Neumann showed the cut can be moved without changing predictions and treated its location as conventional; decoherence theory sharpens the picture but locates the cut by an external property, the rate of environmental coupling; objective-collapse proposals fix the cut universally at a mass or geometry scale, without reference to who is observing.

The framework places the cut where the observer-apparatus system's thermodynamic budget for self-tracking runs out. The Landauer bound ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2) sets a hard ceiling on irreversible bookkeeping, and the cut sits at the locus where ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; = ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2: on one side the basis-producing dynamics run slower than the dissipation-bounded tracking rate and standard quantum visibility predictions are recovered (modulo ordinary decoherence); on the other side the dynamics outrun the tracking rate and visibility decays with the deficit κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2.

The cut is therefore observer-relative — two apparatuses tracking the same basis with different power budgets, temperatures, or controllers will have their cuts at different places — but not subjective. For any given apparatus the cut is fixed by hardware; the experimenter does not choose where it sits, the hardware does.

This also predicts something conventional cut placement does not: the cut ''moves''. Cooling the apparatus, increasing the available power, or improving the controller raises ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; and shifts the cut outward, toward more chaotic basis-producing dynamics. The BLQC test, in this language, is an experiment that measures the motion of the cut.

The measurement problem has historically taken its sharpest form because the Heisenberg cut was floating. The framework does not move the cut to a more comfortable location. It claims the cut was never floating to begin with: it was pinned by the thermodynamics of self-tracking, and the standard interpretations were not reading that ledger.

== Philosophical interpretation ==

''This section describes interpretive extensions of the framework that go beyond the empirical core. Nothing in this section is a load-bearing element of the experimental claim. If the experimental discriminator returns a null result, the claimed physical realization of these interpretive readings within the framework would fall. The interpretive positions themselves — Advaita Vedānta, relational quantum mechanics — do not stand or fall on an interferometry experiment; what stands or falls is the framework's specific physical mapping into them.''

The most direct, accessible statement of the framework's interpretive position is ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Measurement_Problem_in_IOF.pdf The Measurement Problem in IOF]'' (Dekker, May 2026). This conceptual companion to BLQC states the central move — the measurement basis as a physical variable with causal ancestry inside the same history as the system being measured — addresses the standard objections (does this just move the mystery, is this just correctable reference noise, is this just control engineering), and names the position ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation''. Readers approaching the framework for the first time may find this the cleanest entry point.

A second, distinct interpretive piece is ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Hard_Problem_After_Deflation.pdf The Hard Problem Dissolved — But Into What? A Critical Response to Carlo Rovelli's &quot;There Is No 'Hard Problem of Consciousness'&quot;]'' (Dekker, May 2026). The response engages Rovelli's Noema essay, marks the substantial ground it shares with the framework, and identifies where the framework presses beyond Rovelli's deflationary physicalism toward a non-dual reading.

The framework's interpretive layer is developed in dialogue with two existing positions.

The first is Carlo Rovelli's relational quantum mechanics. The framework can be read as supplying a candidate physical mechanism — the ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; versus ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; inequality — for what makes a measurement outcome relative to an observer rather than absolute. On this reading, the framework is a mechanistic specification of an idea that RQM leaves at the level of principle.

The second is the Advaita Vedānta tradition (Śaṅkara, Ramaṇa Mahaṛṣi), in which the apparent independence of the experiencing subject from the perceived world is treated as a structural feature of ignorance (''avidyā'') rather than a metaphysical fact. The framework's σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') — the growing basis-tracking error of an observer whose capacity is insufficient to track its own apparatus — admits a structural analogy with avidyā as the phenomenological self-opacity of an embodied subject. The framework neither asserts that this analogy is more than structural nor that any experimental result could confirm or refute Advaita as a philosophical position; it offers the analogy as a way of locating the framework within a non-dual reading of the measurement problem for readers who find that reading useful.

A separate, IOF-internal derivation paper — ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Conditional_Born_Derivation.pdf A Conditional Derivation of the Binary Born Form under Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]'' — derives the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, via a Fisher capacity bridge from BLQC tracking capacity to Fisher–Rao record geometry. Its metaphysical companion, ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Katha_Structural_Companion.pdf Structural Resonance]'', explains how a structural reading of the ''Katha Upaniṣad'' (subject and witness, layered cognition, invariance under refinement) served as a disciplined search heuristic for the mathematical derivation. The companion does not claim that Vedanta proves the Born rule; it documents the structural overlap between an old analysis of finite observation and a contemporary information-geometric derivation.

Readers who prefer to ignore the interpretive readings should be able to evaluate the framework's empirical content from the [[#Technical proposal|Technical proposal]] and [[#Experimental discriminator|Experimental discriminator]] sections alone.

A further speculative extension, ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Creation_of_Duality.pdf The Creation of Duality]'', asks whether space, time, objecthood, and gravity-like structure can themselves be read as features of a consistent finite-observer world-model, with a Bridge Ansatz ''E''&lt;sub&gt;G&lt;/sub&gt; = (π/2)ℏκ linking the deficit rate κ to a gravitational energy scale via Margolus–Levitin saturation. Its scientific status is contingent on the BLQC experimental discriminator; until then it is offered explicitly as speculation.

== Consequences of a positive result ==

If the experimental discriminator returns the predicted result, several interpretive readings of the framework gain physical support rather than remaining speculative.

''Quantum mechanics as an observer-capacity-dependent regime.'' The framework's &quot;chaos-wins&quot; / &quot;capacity-wins&quot; distinction becomes a physical, not merely conceptual, partition. Standard quantum predictions are recovered to high accuracy in the capacity-wins regime; the framework predicts measurable departures in the chaos-wins regime. The quantum-classical transition then becomes information-theoretic and, in principle, controllable: throttling effective controller capacity should push a system across the transition without changing the plant.

''An epistemic reading of measurement.'' The framework's no-collapse account — measurement as an information-update inside a finite observer rather than a physical event in the world — becomes empirically defensible alongside other interpretations of the measurement problem, rather than a stipulation.

''Measurement-independence and locality.'' The framework's response to the conventional &quot;conspiracy&quot; objection against superdeterminism (common causal past plus a global consistency constraint, in place of fine-tuned initial conditions) becomes a substantive position rather than a philosophical reframing. Whether this amounts to a non-conspiratorial reading consistent with local realism remains a live debate; a positive result moves that debate from speculation onto experimental terrain.

''The Penrose-Objective-Reduction comparison.'' The framework's prediction depends on controller bandwidth rather than mass or geometry; a positive BLQC result combined with the absence of the ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; scaling would discriminate the two mechanisms experimentally.

''The interpretive analogy.'' The structural analogy between σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') and the Vedantic notion of ''avidyā'' gains a concrete physical anchor rather than remaining purely analogical. The framework's claim is structural rather than metaphysical; a positive result strengthens the structural mapping, but does not itself adjudicate the philosophical positions the mapping connects.

None of these consequences is established by the experimental discriminator on its own. What the test establishes, if positive, is that the framework's bridge from a control-theoretic measurement model to these interpretive readings has a physical basis. The interpretive work in each direction remains.

== Documents ==

The framework's documents are published at [https://ignorantobserver.xyz ignorantobserver.xyz]. Direct links to the principal documents, grouped by their role in the project:

'''Foundational and bridges'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/The_Ignorant_Observer.pdf The Ignorant Observer]''' — the foundational paper. Both the philosophical motivation (avidyā as structural ignorance) and the technical groundwork from which the rest of the project grew.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Measurement_Problem_in_IOF.pdf The Measurement Problem in IOF]''' — the conceptual bridge. States what claim the framework is making about the measurement basis, addresses the standard objections, and names the framework's position as ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation''.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/BLQC.pdf Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]''' — the technical bridge. A finite-rate phase-reference test in the Penrose-overlap regime. The framework's falsifiable experimental discriminator.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Concise_Summary.pdf Concise Mathematical Summary]''' — shortest formal map of the IOF variables and BLQC test regimes.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Comprehensive_Experimental_Protocol.pdf Comprehensive Experimental Protocol]''' — preregistered prospective experiment discriminating a Penrose-style mass-geometry timescale from the BLQC capacity / instability timescale in the same mesoscopic apparatus.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Question_and_Answers_IOF.pdf Questions and Answers (IOF)]''' — common questions on the framework addressed in depth.

'''Foundational Extensions'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Conditional_Born_Derivation.pdf A Conditional Derivation of the Binary Born Form under Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]''' — derives the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) directly in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, via a Fisher capacity bridge from BLQC tracking capacity to Fisher–Rao record geometry. The conditional weight is carried by two named, empirically testable assumptions (Fisher capacity bridge, scalar-threshold homogeneity). Does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, or the multi-outcome Born rule. Supersedes an earlier version in which the binary Born form was obtained only in Fisher arclength.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Katha_Structural_Companion.pdf Structural Resonance: A Metaphysical Companion to the Conditional Born-Rule Derivation]''' — explains how a structural reading of the ''Katha Upaniṣad'' served as a disciplined search heuristic for the derivation. Does not claim that Vedanta proves the Born rule.

'''Supplements'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Forensic_Signatures.pdf Forensic Signatures]''' — retrospective screening of Chinese 63-qubit, Google Sycamore, and LIGO data for the double-exponential visibility decay signature predicted by BLQC. Motivating evidence for treating LIGO as a candidate regime; not causal attribution. Detailed findings and caveats are discussed in [[#Open objections|Open objections]].
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Creation_of_Duality.pdf The Creation of Duality]''' — speculative extension on appearance, gravity, and information from self-ignorance. Scientific status contingent on the BLQC experimental discriminator.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Capacity_Backaction_Frontier.pdf The Capacity–Backaction Frontier]''' — application to cryogenic quantum error correction. Defines an operational coordinate ρ&lt;sub&gt;CB&lt;/sub&gt; = ε&lt;sub&gt;QEC&lt;/sub&gt; ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 / ''h''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;(''N'', ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;) comparing useful syndrome capacity against the physical instability induced by obtaining and using it.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Biological_Observers.pdf Biological Observers]''' — exploratory supplement on biological timescales.

A full archival deposit of the framework's documents is also available on the Open Science Framework at [https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FCDSN doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FCDSN].

== Open objections ==

The following objections to the framework are listed openly so that reviewers can engage with them directly. Several are diagnosed in the framework's own manuscripts; others reflect critiques the author has received in correspondence or anticipates from sophisticated readers. They are deliberately phrased from outside the framework's assumptions, not from within them.

# '''Useful capacity versus thermodynamic bound'''. The framework uses the Landauer expression ''C'' ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2) to relate controller input power ''P'' to channel capacity. Landauer is an ideal upper bound on bit-erasure cost; it does not guarantee that increased ''P'' actually translates to increased ''useful'' basis-tracking capacity. Additional power can equally well couple to actuator noise, electromagnetic leakage, vibration, or backaction channels that do not constrain the basis variable θ. Establishing that Δ''P'' → Δ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; in the predicted direction — with realistic loss budgets for the candidate apparatus — is a substantive engineering claim that the framework does not by itself establish.
# '''Existence of positive ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; in engineered apparatus'''. Many precision controllers (phase-locked loops, qubit readout chains, interferometer servo systems) are explicitly engineered to suppress chaotic dynamics. The basis-defining degrees of freedom may exhibit colored noise, slow drift, or stochastic control error rather than positive-''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; chaos in the Pesin sense. If the relevant dynamics are not chaotic in this sense, the ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; framing may not apply at all, and a different rate-distortion accounting (or none) would be needed. Even where positive ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; can be identified, the operationally relevant rate may differ substantially from textbook surrogate estimates (kicked rotor, logistic map) used illustratively in the manuscripts.
# '''Rate-distortion extension to nonlinear / chaotic systems'''. The mapping from channel capacity ''C'' to angular tracking variance σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ≥ ''D''/(''C'' ln 2) assumes a high-rate coder model and the framework extends the Data-Rate Theorem from linear plants to nonlinear chaotic systems by substituting ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;. This extension is an explicit assumption, not a proven theorem. If the extension fails, the closed-form visibility law and the κ-regime structure both lose their derivation.
# '''Gaussian small-angle assumption'''. The visibility expression ''V''(''t'') = exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) requires σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt; ≲ 1 rad and a Gaussian basis-tracking error distribution. Non-Gaussian, heavy-tailed, or state-dependent δθ would break the closed-form double-exponential law.
# '''Decoherence and control-noise confound'''. Distinguishing the predicted visibility loss from ordinary environmental dephasing, alignment drift, and detector systematics is the central experimental challenge. The framework's answer is the sign-reversal under power variation at clamped ''T'' — a conceptually clean discriminator that is engineering-hard to realise. Independent calibration of ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; may be the single largest practical hurdle.
# '''Prior-art and reparameterization risk'''. The proposed double-exponential visibility signature may already be expressible within existing frameworks: compound dephasing channels with two or more contributing rates, classical feedback-loop instability, or hidden-variable control-noise models with appropriate parameter choices. The framework should be able to show that its prediction is genuinely new rather than a reparameterization of one of these known phenomena. The author's adversarial-mimic analysis is in progress, and a positive result on that front would substantially strengthen the framework's empirical claim.
# '''Bell / locality consistency'''. The framework implies a structural violation of statistical measurement-independence. The author's response (common causal past plus global consistency, in place of fine-tuned initial conditions) is a philosophical reframing rather than a no-signalling lemma. A proper consistency proof has not been published.
# '''Forensic-signature interpretation'''. The Forensic Signatures preprint applies a screening protocol to existing data from Chinese 63-qubit processors, Google Sycamore, and LIGO glitch records. The paper's own domain-of-validity statement is that BLQC applies in observer-limited rather than plant-limited regimes, and the protocol finds power-law dominance on the qubit datasets (consistent with that statement) and 43% Gompertz-consistent events on LIGO (consistent with BLQC). The paper flags a controller-regime confound for the LIGO result and is explicit that retrospective findings do not establish causal attribution to BLQC; the case rests on the prospective controlled-capacity experiment. The objection here is the standard one for retrospective signal analyses: even where the predicted geometry is present, it remains compatible with alternative explanations until the controlled experiment runs.
# '''Observer language'''. The framework's &quot;observer&quot; plays two distinct roles: the physical apparatus / controller whose finite ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; and ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; appear in the equations, and the epistemic subject for whom measurement outcomes are or are not determinate. The framework treats these as connected but not identified, and the distinction is load-bearing. Critics will reasonably worry — especially given the framework's interpretive engagement with non-dual philosophy and the philosophy of mind — that consciousness is being smuggled into the foundations of measurement under physical vocabulary. The framework's defence is that the BLQC experimental claim is stated entirely in apparatus-level terms; whether that defence holds depends on the framework keeping the two senses of &quot;observer&quot; rigorously separate.
# '''Interpretive vocabulary'''. Some of the framework's documents draw on vocabulary from philosophy of mind and non-dual philosophy (notably Advaita Vedānta) alongside the physical derivations. Readers who find this vocabulary off-putting are invited to evaluate the empirical content from the BLQC manuscript, which uses only standard physics and control-theory language.
# '''Conditional Born-rule derivation, scope'''. The framework's binary-Born derivation now obtains ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, with the conditional weight stated explicitly as two named premises: the ''Fisher capacity bridge'' (''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; measures the useful rate of reducing distinguishability error in the operational record family ''p''(''o'' | θ)) and ''scalar-threshold homogeneity'' (the physical basis coordinate θ is homogeneous in the Fisher distinguishability metric on records). Both premises are empirically testable through the Fisher-homogeneity module of the BLQC protocol. The derivation does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, the multi-outcome Born rule for arbitrary projective measurements, or the full IOF admissible-history measure μ&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;. Reviewer engagement on whether the Fisher capacity bridge is the right substantive identification of useful tracking capacity, whether scalar-threshold homogeneity is the natural reading of the BLQC threshold in a calibrated basis, whether Cencov-based selection is the correct uniqueness theorem under sufficient Markov invariance, and what would constitute a non-circular extension to multi-outcome records and full Hilbert kinematics, is explicitly invited.
# '''Peer-review status and independent replication'''. The framework has not yet undergone peer review, and the experimental discriminator has not been independently replicated. This is the actual current epistemic status of the work. The framework's case must be evaluated on its merits in the documents linked above and on the conduct of the prospective experiment, not on any external imprimatur.

== Invitation for review ==

This page is offered as a venue for substantive critique. The author is particularly interested in engagement on the following:

* '''From physicists working on quantum control or precision interferometry''': is the proposed sign-reversal under controller-power variation at clamped temperature genuinely distinguishable from known instrumental artefacts (closed-loop resonances, thermal-noise mismodelling, photon-shot-noise rebalancing at higher gain), and what existing apparatus would be best positioned to perform the test?
* '''From decoherence theorists''': under what conditions does the proposed double-exponential visibility law overlap with compound-channel decoherence models in ways that would make the two empirically indistinguishable? Is there a parameter regime where the framework's prediction is genuinely new rather than a reparameterisation of existing models?
* '''From researchers in the foundations of quantum mechanics''': how should the framework's structural — but epistemically bounded — violation of measurement-independence be evaluated against the alternatives in the superdeterminism / retrocausality / many-worlds landscape, and what would constitute a satisfactory consistency proof?
* '''From researchers in information geometry or foundations of probability''': the framework's conditional binary-Born derivation runs from BLQC finite-rate basis tracking via a Fisher capacity bridge and scalar-threshold homogeneity to ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate. The binary case in θ is conditionally closed under the two stated bridge assumptions; the extension to multi-outcome records and the recovery of full Hilbert-space empirical content remain open. Critique on whether the Fisher capacity bridge is the right substantive identification of useful tracking capacity, whether scalar-threshold homogeneity is the natural reading of the BLQC threshold in a calibrated basis, whether Cencov-based selection is the correct uniqueness theorem under sufficient Markov invariance, and what would constitute a non-circular extension to multi-outcome records and full Hilbert kinematics, is welcome.
* '''From philosophers of mind''': the Advaita / RQM interpretive layer is offered conditionally on the empirical core. Is the conditional structure (&quot;these readings are available ''if'' the empirical claim survives&quot;) presented clearly enough, or does it still amount to overreach?

Comments, references to prior or parallel work the author may not be aware of, and pointers to potential confounds or alternative explanations are all welcome. Substantive critique on the [[Talk:The Ignorant Observer Framework|talk page]] will be acknowledged in subsequent revisions of the manuscripts.

== References ==

* Brukner, Č., &amp; Zeilinger, A. (1999). Operationally invariant information in quantum measurements. ''Physical Review Letters'', 83(17), 3354–3357.
* Nair, G. N., &amp; Evans, R. J. (2004). Stabilizability of stochastic linear systems with finite feedback data rates. ''SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization'', 43(2), 413–436.
* Penrose, R. (1996). On gravity's role in quantum state reduction. ''General Relativity and Gravitation'', 28(5), 581–600.
* Rovelli, C. (1996). Relational quantum mechanics. ''International Journal of Theoretical Physics'', 35(8), 1637–1678.
* Tatikonda, S., &amp; Mitter, S. (2004). Control under communication constraints. ''IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control'', 49(7), 1056–1068.
* Wootters, W. K. (1981). Statistical distance and Hilbert space. ''Physical Review D'', 23(2), 357–362.

== See also ==

* [[w:Quantum decoherence|Decoherence]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Relational quantum mechanics|Relational quantum mechanics]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Penrose interpretation|Penrose interpretation]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Data-rate theorem|Data-rate theorem]] (Wikipedia)

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= The Ignorant Observer Framework =

''This research page is authored and maintained by [[User:IgnorantObserver|Aernoud Dekker]], an independent researcher and the originator of the framework described below. Page text is offered for review, critique, and collaborative refinement under [[Wikiversity:Copyrights|Wikiversity's standard licence]].''

== Status ==

Research project under active development. The framework consists of an interlinked set of technical and interpretive documents published at [https://ignorantobserver.xyz ignorantobserver.xyz] and archived on the [https://osf.io Open Science Framework]. ''The Ignorant Observer'' is the foundational paper. A conceptual bridge, ''The Measurement Problem in IOF'', states what claim the framework is actually making about the measurement basis. The technical bridge, ''Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control'' (BLQC), sets out the framework's falsifiable experimental discriminator. A companion paper, ''A Conditional Derivation of the Binary Born Form under Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control'', derives the binary Born form in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment via a Fisher capacity bridge, conditional on two named bridge assumptions. All work is single-authored.

== Summary ==

The Ignorant Observer Framework proposes that the conventional treatment of quantum measurement idealizes the measurement basis as stably available to the observer. The framework removes that idealization. It treats the measurement basis θ as a physical dynamical variable inside the apparatus, with its own causal history and its own information-production rate. The measurement setting and the measured system are read as descendants of one physical history, not as ancestrally independent ingredients dropped into the experiment from outside. The framework's position on this point is named ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation'', distinguished from unrestricted (e.g. 't Hooft-style) superdeterminism: the embedded observer cannot, in principle, reconstruct the joint causal ancestry of basis and outcome, so the situation must be represented probabilistically.

Whether the apparatus can stably track θ is a control-theoretic question, governed by an inequality between effective information-channel capacity and the basis-defining dynamics' entropy rate. ''Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control'' (BLQC), the framework's technical bridge to the laboratory, derives — under the assumptions catalogued in the [[#Open objections|Open objections]] section below — a distinctive ''double-exponential'' visibility decay law and a multi-axis falsifiable discriminator. The central test asks whether the visibility-breakdown time ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; moves with the BLQC deficit κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 under independent calibrated variation of effective tracking capacity ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;, basis-instability rate ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;, and mass geometry — or with mass geometry alone, which would instead support Penrose Objective Reduction. Controller input power ''P'' is one possible actuator for ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;, not the central variable. A separate Fisher-homogeneity module of the protocol tests the Born-derivation bridge by measuring whether the empirical Fisher information ''I''(θ) is approximately constant across the calibrated basis range.

The framework's principal implication for the measurement problem is structural: the Heisenberg cut — the boundary between quantum description and classical record — is not an interpretive convention but a thermodynamic boundary fixed by the apparatus's Landauer-bounded self-tracking budget (see [[#The measurement problem: where the Heisenberg cut sits|the measurement problem: where the Heisenberg cut sits]] below). The double-exponential visibility law and the binary-Born derivation are two consequences of this single reframe, both pinned by the same scalar threshold κ and tested by the same prospective experiment.

A companion paper develops a conditional derivation of the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) directly in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment. The derivation chains BLQC finite-rate basis tracking → a ''Fisher capacity bridge'' identifying ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; with capacity for preserving operational distinguishability of finite observer records → Cencov's uniqueness theorem selecting Fisher–Rao as the invariant distinguishability metric → square-root record coordinates → scalar-threshold homogeneity of κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 in θ. The conditional weight is carried by two explicit, named premises — the Fisher capacity bridge and scalar-threshold homogeneity — both empirically testable. The derivation does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, or the multi-outcome Born rule. In the updated framing, the binary-Born derivation and the BLQC basis-tracking story are no longer two separate IOF-internal moves: the metric in which finite-rate basis tracking succeeds or fails is the same Fisher–Rao metric that forces the binary probability form, and the same scalar BLQC threshold pins both. They are two consequences of one operational geometry.

The framework as a whole also offers an interpretive extension that connects the technical proposal to existing positions in quantum foundations (Brukner, Rovelli's relational quantum mechanics) and to non-dual philosophy of mind (Advaita Vedānta). These interpretive elements are clearly fenced from the empirical core in [[#Philosophical interpretation|the relevant section below]]. What stands or falls with the experimental discriminator is the framework's specific physical mapping into these positions, not the positions themselves.

== Core question ==

''Can quantum visibility depend on finite observer or apparatus basis-tracking capacity, independently of, and distinguishably from, ordinary environmental decoherence?''

Phrased positively: if the classical degrees of freedom that define and maintain a measurement basis exhibit chaotic dynamics with positive Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy rate ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;, and if the effective information channel that constrains those degrees of freedom has capacity ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; insufficient to track them, does interference visibility decay in a functional form distinguishable from standard exponential or Gaussian dephasing — and does this decay respond to controller input power in a direction opposite to thermal decoherence?

== Technical proposal ==

The framework introduces the following quantities.

'''Effective channel capacity ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;''' (bits/s): the information rate available to the basis-tracking control loop, operationalised as
:''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; = ''r'' · ''b'' · ''f''
with ''r'' the update rate (Hz), ''b'' the effective number of bits per update that constrain the basis variable θ, and ''f'' ∈ (0,1] the fraction of updates that genuinely constrain θ after overhead and latency. ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; is bounded above by the Landauer limit on the controller's actuation:
:''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2)
where ''P'' is controller input power and ''T'' is the temperature at which the controller operates.

'''Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy rate ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;''' (nats/s): the information-production rate of the classical degrees of freedom (voltage references, timing circuits, feedback loops) that define and maintain the measurement basis. For chaotic systems, ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; equals the sum of positive Lyapunov exponents (Pesin identity). It is estimated operationally from the exponential growth of one-step prediction error on logged controller states. The nats/s convention is used so that the deficit κ below combines ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; (nats/s) and ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 (bits/s converted to nats/s) in consistent units; an equivalent all-bits form would be κ&lt;sub&gt;bits&lt;/sub&gt; = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS,bits&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;.

'''Ignorance rate κ''' (s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;):
:κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; · ln 2
The framework distinguishes two regimes. When κ &lt; 0 (''capacity-wins''), basis-tracking error stays bounded and standard quantum visibility predictions are recovered in the BLQC correction-free limit, modulo ordinary decoherence. When κ &gt; 0 (''chaos-wins''), the variance of the basis-tracking error grows exponentially in time as σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') = σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;.

'''Measured visibility ''V''(''t'')'''. Averaging the interference term cos(φ − θ) over a Gaussian distribution of basis-tracking error δθ ∼ ''N''(0, σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'')) yields, in the small-angle regime,
:''V''(''t'') = exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;)
i.e. a ''double-exponential'' decay of visibility once the chaos-wins regime is entered.

'''Breakdown time ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;'''. For a chosen visibility threshold ''V''*,
:''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; = (1 / 2κ) · ln(−2 ln ''V''* / σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) for κ &gt; 0.
''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; is the framework's primary observable.

The technical derivation extends the Data-Rate Theorem of Nair &amp; Evans (2004) and Tatikonda &amp; Mitter (2004) from linear plants to nonlinear, chaotic systems by substituting ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; for the sum-of-positive-eigenvalues bound. This extension is an explicit assumption of the framework rather than a proven theorem (see [[#Open objections|Open objections]]).

== Experimental discriminator ==

The framework prescribes the following experimental protocol as its central falsifiable test.

'''Independent variable''': controller input power ''P''. The controller is the physical system whose state defines and maintains the measurement basis (e.g. an interferometer phase-locking loop, a qubit readout chain, the active feedback in a precision interferometer).

'''Held constant''': the environmental temperature ''T'' at which the controller operates, by independent active thermal feedback. Holding ''T'' constant while varying ''P'' is what distinguishes the framework's prediction from standard thermal decoherence (which depends on ''T'' and ignores ''P'').

'''Dependent variable''': the visibility-decay breakdown time ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;, fitted to interference data at a chosen visibility threshold (e.g. ''V''* = 0.5).

'''Prediction''': ∂''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;/∂''P'' &gt; 0 at clamped ''T'', with the visibility curve ''V''(''t'') fitting the double-exponential form exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; e&lt;sup&gt;2κ''t''&lt;/sup&gt;) better than a standard exponential ''e''&lt;sup&gt;−Γ''t''&lt;/sup&gt; or Gaussian ''e''&lt;sup&gt;−γ''t''²&lt;/sup&gt;.

'''What would count as falsification'''. Any of the following null findings counts against the framework:
* ∂''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;/∂''P'' ≤ 0 at clamped ''T'' (i.e. increasing controller power does not extend, or shortens, coherence time);
* ''V''(''t'') fits a single-exponential or Gaussian dephasing law significantly better than the double-exponential form, in the regime where the framework predicts the double-exponential should dominate;
* ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; scales with the gravitational self-energy timescale ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (the [[w:Penrose interpretation|Penrose Objective Reduction]] prediction) rather than with ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;;
* ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; cannot be calibrated independently of ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt; (in which case the prediction would be unfalsifiable, which would itself count against the framework's experimental status).

The [https://www.qgemproject.com/ QGEM] pathfinder is cited in the BLQC manuscript as one candidate testbed; superconducting-qubit readout chains and precision interferometer phase-locking loops are others.

The framework's comprehensive experimental protocol additionally includes a ''Fisher-homogeneity module'' that tests the Born-derivation bridge. The module measures the Fisher information ''I''(θ) on the operational record family ''p''(''o'' | θ) across the calibrated basis range and asks whether ''I''(θ) is approximately constant, as required by the scalar-threshold homogeneity premise of the [[#Relation to quantum foundations|binary-Born derivation]]. The Fisher-homogeneity module is logically independent of the κ-scaling test of the basis-tracking claim: a BLQC-positive but Fisher-negative result would validate finite-rate basis tracking as a real physical channel while rejecting the binary-Born-derivation bridge as drafted. Simultaneous κ-scaling and Fisher homogeneity would support the stronger claim that one operational geometry controls both basis tracking and binary probability.

== Relation to quantum foundations ==

The framework is connected to, and partly draws from, several existing positions in the foundations of quantum mechanics.

* '''The measurement problem'''. The framework's principal claim about the measurement problem is structural rather than dynamical: the Heisenberg cut is a thermodynamic boundary set by the apparatus's self-tracking budget, not a floating interpretive convention. The measurement problem appears in its sharpest form because standard accounts treat the cut as freely movable; the framework holds it was always pinned by the thermodynamics of basis tracking. The conceptual claim is developed in [[#The measurement problem: where the Heisenberg cut sits|the measurement problem: where the Heisenberg cut sits]] below and at full length in ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Measurement_Problem_in_IOF.pdf The Measurement Problem in IOF]''.
* '''Brukner's information-theoretic reconstructions''' provide a precedent for treating information limits as structural constraints in quantum theory.
* '''Relational Quantum Mechanics''' (Rovelli) takes measurement outcomes to be relative to an observer-system; the framework provides one possible mechanism (finite ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;) for what makes one observer's frame physically inequivalent to another's.
* '''Decoherence theory''' is not opposed by the framework. The framework's prediction sits beside ordinary environmental decoherence and is intended to be ''distinguishable'' from it by the sign-reversal under power variation; in the capacity-wins regime (κ &lt; 0) standard decoherence theory is recovered.
* '''Measurement-independence'''. Because the framework treats the measurement basis as a dynamical variable with its own causal history, if extended to Bell-type set-ups it implies a structural — but ''epistemically bounded'' — violation of statistical measurement-independence. The framework's position is named &quot;epistemically bounded ancestral correlation&quot;: the setting and the system may share causal ancestry, but the embedded observer cannot reconstruct that ancestry in principle, so the shared ancestry is not a hidden knob for prediction. This is distinguished from unrestricted (e.g. 't Hooft-style structural) superdeterminism. The framework does not derive Bell correlations from first principles; it accepts standard quantum correlations as recovered in the capacity-wins limit, and asks whether finite basis access adds a measurable visibility factor when tracking is stressed. A proper consistency proof, including no-signalling treatment, remains an open question (see [[#Open objections|Open objections]]).
* '''Information geometry'''. The framework's binary-Born derivation runs a directional chain: BLQC finite-rate basis tracking → a ''Fisher capacity bridge'' identifying ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; with capacity for preserving operational distinguishability of finite observer records → Cencov's uniqueness theorem selecting Fisher–Rao as the invariant distinguishability metric under sufficient Markov morphisms → square-root record coordinates → scalar-threshold homogeneity of κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 in the laboratory basis coordinate → ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2). The connection between statistical distance and quantum transition probabilities is not new — Wootters (1981) showed that quantum distinguishability is naturally expressed in terms of statistical distance — but the framework runs the logic in the opposite direction: it starts from finite-observer record constraints, invokes Cencov uniqueness, and obtains the squared-coordinate binary form from the resulting record geometry, with the laboratory basis coordinate θ identified as the Fisher-arclength-affine coordinate by the BLQC scalar-threshold reading. The binary-Born derivation and the BLQC basis-tracking visibility law are therefore tied to the same operational geometry: the Fisher–Rao metric on records is the metric in which BLQC tracking is calibrated, and the same scalar threshold pins both the basis-tracking task and the binary probability form.
* '''Penrose Objective Reduction''' is treated as an ''orthogonal'' competing mechanism whose predicted ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; scaling can be experimentally distinguished from the framework's ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;-driven ''t''&lt;sub&gt;break&lt;/sub&gt;. The numerical proximity of the two timescales in the mesoscopic regime motivates the protocol described in the next section but is treated as a coincidence pending experimental evidence.

== The measurement problem: where the Heisenberg cut sits ==

The framework offers a specific reframing of the Heisenberg cut — the boundary between the quantum description used for the measured system and the classical description used for the apparatus and the record. Standard interpretations have placed the cut variously: Von Neumann showed the cut can be moved without changing predictions and treated its location as conventional; decoherence theory sharpens the picture but locates the cut by an external property, the rate of environmental coupling; objective-collapse proposals fix the cut universally at a mass or geometry scale, without reference to who is observing.

The framework places the cut where the observer-apparatus system's thermodynamic budget for self-tracking runs out. The Landauer bound ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2) sets a hard ceiling on irreversible bookkeeping, and the cut sits at the locus where ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; = ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2: on one side the basis-producing dynamics run slower than the dissipation-bounded tracking rate and standard quantum visibility predictions are recovered (modulo ordinary decoherence); on the other side the dynamics outrun the tracking rate and visibility decays with the deficit κ = ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; − ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2.

The cut is therefore observer-relative — two apparatuses tracking the same basis with different power budgets, temperatures, or controllers will have their cuts at different places — but not subjective. For any given apparatus the cut is fixed by hardware; the experimenter does not choose where it sits, the hardware does.

This also predicts something conventional cut placement does not: the cut ''moves''. Cooling the apparatus, increasing the available power, or improving the controller raises ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; and shifts the cut outward, toward more chaotic basis-producing dynamics. The BLQC test, in this language, is an experiment that measures the motion of the cut.

The measurement problem has historically taken its sharpest form because the Heisenberg cut was floating. The framework does not move the cut to a more comfortable location. It claims the cut was never floating to begin with: it was pinned by the thermodynamics of self-tracking, and the standard interpretations were not reading that ledger.

== Philosophical interpretation ==

''This section describes interpretive extensions of the framework that go beyond the empirical core. Nothing in this section is a load-bearing element of the experimental claim. If the experimental discriminator returns a null result, the claimed physical realization of these interpretive readings within the framework would fall. The interpretive positions themselves — Advaita Vedānta, relational quantum mechanics — do not stand or fall on an interferometry experiment; what stands or falls is the framework's specific physical mapping into them.''

The most direct, accessible statement of the framework's interpretive position is ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Measurement_Problem_in_IOF.pdf The Measurement Problem in IOF]'' (Dekker, May 2026). This conceptual companion to BLQC states the central move — the measurement basis as a physical variable with causal ancestry inside the same history as the system being measured — addresses the standard objections (does this just move the mystery, is this just correctable reference noise, is this just control engineering), and names the position ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation''. Readers approaching the framework for the first time may find this the cleanest entry point.

A second, distinct interpretive piece is ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Hard_Problem_After_Deflation.pdf The Hard Problem Dissolved — But Into What? A Critical Response to Carlo Rovelli's &quot;There Is No 'Hard Problem of Consciousness'&quot;]'' (Dekker, May 2026). The response engages Rovelli's Noema essay, marks the substantial ground it shares with the framework, and identifies where the framework presses beyond Rovelli's deflationary physicalism toward a non-dual reading.

The framework's interpretive layer is developed in dialogue with two existing positions.

The first is Carlo Rovelli's relational quantum mechanics. The framework can be read as supplying a candidate physical mechanism — the ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; versus ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; inequality — for what makes a measurement outcome relative to an observer rather than absolute. On this reading, the framework is a mechanistic specification of an idea that RQM leaves at the level of principle.

The second is the Advaita Vedānta tradition (Śaṅkara, Ramaṇa Mahaṛṣi), in which the apparent independence of the experiencing subject from the perceived world is treated as a structural feature of ignorance (''avidyā'') rather than a metaphysical fact. The framework's σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') — the growing basis-tracking error of an observer whose capacity is insufficient to track its own apparatus — admits a structural analogy with avidyā as the phenomenological self-opacity of an embodied subject. The framework neither asserts that this analogy is more than structural nor that any experimental result could confirm or refute Advaita as a philosophical position; it offers the analogy as a way of locating the framework within a non-dual reading of the measurement problem for readers who find that reading useful.

A separate, IOF-internal derivation paper — ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Conditional_Born_Derivation.pdf A Conditional Derivation of the Binary Born Form under Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]'' — derives the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, via a Fisher capacity bridge from BLQC tracking capacity to Fisher–Rao record geometry. Its metaphysical companion, ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Katha_Structural_Companion.pdf Structural Resonance]'', explains how a structural reading of the ''Katha Upaniṣad'' (subject and witness, layered cognition, invariance under refinement) served as a disciplined search heuristic for the mathematical derivation. The companion does not claim that Vedanta proves the Born rule; it documents the structural overlap between an old analysis of finite observation and a contemporary information-geometric derivation.

Readers who prefer to ignore the interpretive readings should be able to evaluate the framework's empirical content from the [[#Technical proposal|Technical proposal]] and [[#Experimental discriminator|Experimental discriminator]] sections alone.

A further speculative extension, ''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Creation_of_Duality.pdf The Creation of Duality]'', asks whether space, time, objecthood, and gravity-like structure can themselves be read as features of a consistent finite-observer world-model, with a Bridge Ansatz ''E''&lt;sub&gt;G&lt;/sub&gt; = (π/2)ℏκ linking the deficit rate κ to a gravitational energy scale via Margolus–Levitin saturation. Its scientific status is contingent on the BLQC experimental discriminator; until then it is offered explicitly as speculation.

== Consequences of a positive result ==

If the experimental discriminator returns the predicted result, several interpretive readings of the framework gain physical support rather than remaining speculative.

''Quantum mechanics as an observer-capacity-dependent regime.'' The framework's &quot;chaos-wins&quot; / &quot;capacity-wins&quot; distinction becomes a physical, not merely conceptual, partition. Standard quantum predictions are recovered to high accuracy in the capacity-wins regime; the framework predicts measurable departures in the chaos-wins regime. The quantum-classical transition then becomes information-theoretic and, in principle, controllable: throttling effective controller capacity should push a system across the transition without changing the plant.

''An epistemic reading of measurement.'' The framework's no-collapse account — measurement as an information-update inside a finite observer rather than a physical event in the world — becomes empirically defensible alongside other interpretations of the measurement problem, rather than a stipulation.

''Measurement-independence and locality.'' The framework's response to the conventional &quot;conspiracy&quot; objection against superdeterminism (common causal past plus a global consistency constraint, in place of fine-tuned initial conditions) becomes a substantive position rather than a philosophical reframing. Whether this amounts to a non-conspiratorial reading consistent with local realism remains a live debate; a positive result moves that debate from speculation onto experimental terrain.

''The Penrose-Objective-Reduction comparison.'' The framework's prediction depends on controller bandwidth rather than mass or geometry; a positive BLQC result combined with the absence of the ''t''&lt;sub&gt;OR&lt;/sub&gt; ∝ ''s'' / ''m''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; scaling would discriminate the two mechanisms experimentally.

''The interpretive analogy.'' The structural analogy between σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(''t'') and the Vedantic notion of ''avidyā'' gains a concrete physical anchor rather than remaining purely analogical. The framework's claim is structural rather than metaphysical; a positive result strengthens the structural mapping, but does not itself adjudicate the philosophical positions the mapping connects.

None of these consequences is established by the experimental discriminator on its own. What the test establishes, if positive, is that the framework's bridge from a control-theoretic measurement model to these interpretive readings has a physical basis. The interpretive work in each direction remains.

== Documents ==

The framework's documents are published at [https://ignorantobserver.xyz ignorantobserver.xyz]. Direct links to the principal documents, grouped by their role in the project:

'''Foundational and bridges'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/The_Ignorant_Observer.pdf The Ignorant Observer]''' — the foundational paper. Both the philosophical motivation (avidyā as structural ignorance) and the technical groundwork from which the rest of the project grew.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Measurement_Problem_in_IOF.pdf The Measurement Problem in IOF]''' — the conceptual bridge. States what claim the framework is making about the measurement basis, addresses the standard objections, and names the framework's position as ''epistemically bounded ancestral correlation''.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/BLQC.pdf Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]''' — the technical bridge. A finite-rate phase-reference test in the Penrose-overlap regime. The framework's falsifiable experimental discriminator.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Concise_Summary.pdf Concise Mathematical Summary]''' — shortest formal map of the IOF variables and BLQC test regimes.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Comprehensive_Experimental_Protocol.pdf Comprehensive Experimental Protocol]''' — preregistered prospective experiment discriminating a Penrose-style mass-geometry timescale from the BLQC capacity / instability timescale in the same mesoscopic apparatus.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Question_and_Answers_IOF.pdf Questions and Answers (IOF)]''' — common questions on the framework addressed in depth.

'''Foundational Extensions'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Conditional_Born_Derivation.pdf A Conditional Derivation of the Binary Born Form under Bandwidth-Limited Quantum Control]''' — derives the binary Born form ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) directly in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, via a Fisher capacity bridge from BLQC tracking capacity to Fisher–Rao record geometry. The conditional weight is carried by two named, empirically testable assumptions (Fisher capacity bridge, scalar-threshold homogeneity). Does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, or the multi-outcome Born rule. Supersedes an earlier version in which the binary Born form was obtained only in Fisher arclength.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Katha_Structural_Companion.pdf Structural Resonance: A Metaphysical Companion to the Conditional Born-Rule Derivation]''' — explains how a structural reading of the ''Katha Upaniṣad'' served as a disciplined search heuristic for the derivation. Does not claim that Vedanta proves the Born rule.

'''Supplements'''

* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Forensic_Signatures.pdf Forensic Signatures]''' — retrospective screening of Chinese 63-qubit, Google Sycamore, and LIGO data for the double-exponential visibility decay signature predicted by BLQC. Motivating evidence for treating LIGO as a candidate regime; not causal attribution. Detailed findings and caveats are discussed in [[#Open objections|Open objections]].
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Creation_of_Duality.pdf The Creation of Duality]''' — speculative extension on appearance, gravity, and information from self-ignorance. Scientific status contingent on the BLQC experimental discriminator.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Capacity_Backaction_Frontier.pdf The Capacity–Backaction Frontier]''' — application to cryogenic quantum error correction. Defines an operational coordinate ρ&lt;sub&gt;CB&lt;/sub&gt; = ε&lt;sub&gt;QEC&lt;/sub&gt; ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; ln 2 / ''h''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;(''N'', ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;) comparing useful syndrome capacity against the physical instability induced by obtaining and using it.
* '''[https://ignorantobserver.xyz/documents/Biological_Observers.pdf Biological Observers]''' — exploratory supplement on biological timescales.

A full archival deposit of the framework's documents is also available on the Open Science Framework at [https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FCDSN doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FCDSN].

== Open objections ==

The following objections to the framework are listed openly so that reviewers can engage with them directly. Several are diagnosed in the framework's own manuscripts; others reflect critiques the author has received in correspondence or anticipates from sophisticated readers. They are deliberately phrased from outside the framework's assumptions, not from within them.

# '''Useful capacity versus thermodynamic bound'''. The framework uses the Landauer expression ''C'' ≤ ''P'' / (''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ''T'' ln 2) to relate controller input power ''P'' to channel capacity. Landauer is an ideal upper bound on bit-erasure cost; it does not guarantee that increased ''P'' actually translates to increased ''useful'' basis-tracking capacity. Additional power can equally well couple to actuator noise, electromagnetic leakage, vibration, or backaction channels that do not constrain the basis variable θ. Establishing that Δ''P'' → Δ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; in the predicted direction — with realistic loss budgets for the candidate apparatus — is a substantive engineering claim that the framework does not by itself establish.
# '''Existence of positive ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; in engineered apparatus'''. Many precision controllers (phase-locked loops, qubit readout chains, interferometer servo systems) are explicitly engineered to suppress chaotic dynamics. The basis-defining degrees of freedom may exhibit colored noise, slow drift, or stochastic control error rather than positive-''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; chaos in the Pesin sense. If the relevant dynamics are not chaotic in this sense, the ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; framing may not apply at all, and a different rate-distortion accounting (or none) would be needed. Even where positive ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; can be identified, the operationally relevant rate may differ substantially from textbook surrogate estimates (kicked rotor, logistic map) used illustratively in the manuscripts.
# '''Rate-distortion extension to nonlinear / chaotic systems'''. The mapping from channel capacity ''C'' to angular tracking variance σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ≥ ''D''/(''C'' ln 2) assumes a high-rate coder model and the framework extends the Data-Rate Theorem from linear plants to nonlinear chaotic systems by substituting ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt;. This extension is an explicit assumption, not a proven theorem. If the extension fails, the closed-form visibility law and the κ-regime structure both lose their derivation.
# '''Gaussian small-angle assumption'''. The visibility expression ''V''(''t'') = exp(−½ σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) requires σ&lt;sub&gt;θ&lt;/sub&gt; ≲ 1 rad and a Gaussian basis-tracking error distribution. Non-Gaussian, heavy-tailed, or state-dependent δθ would break the closed-form double-exponential law.
# '''Decoherence and control-noise confound'''. Distinguishing the predicted visibility loss from ordinary environmental dephasing, alignment drift, and detector systematics is the central experimental challenge. The framework's answer is the sign-reversal under power variation at clamped ''T'' — a conceptually clean discriminator that is engineering-hard to realise. Independent calibration of ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; may be the single largest practical hurdle.
# '''Prior-art and reparameterization risk'''. The proposed double-exponential visibility signature may already be expressible within existing frameworks: compound dephasing channels with two or more contributing rates, classical feedback-loop instability, or hidden-variable control-noise models with appropriate parameter choices. The framework should be able to show that its prediction is genuinely new rather than a reparameterization of one of these known phenomena. The author's adversarial-mimic analysis is in progress, and a positive result on that front would substantially strengthen the framework's empirical claim.
# '''Bell / locality consistency'''. The framework implies a structural violation of statistical measurement-independence. The author's response (common causal past plus global consistency, in place of fine-tuned initial conditions) is a philosophical reframing rather than a no-signalling lemma. A proper consistency proof has not been published.
# '''Forensic-signature interpretation'''. The Forensic Signatures preprint applies a screening protocol to existing data from Chinese 63-qubit processors, Google Sycamore, and LIGO glitch records. The paper's own domain-of-validity statement is that BLQC applies in observer-limited rather than plant-limited regimes, and the protocol finds power-law dominance on the qubit datasets (consistent with that statement) and 43% Gompertz-consistent events on LIGO (consistent with BLQC). The paper flags a controller-regime confound for the LIGO result and is explicit that retrospective findings do not establish causal attribution to BLQC; the case rests on the prospective controlled-capacity experiment. The objection here is the standard one for retrospective signal analyses: even where the predicted geometry is present, it remains compatible with alternative explanations until the controlled experiment runs.
# '''Observer language'''. The framework's &quot;observer&quot; plays two distinct roles: the physical apparatus / controller whose finite ''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; and ''h''&lt;sub&gt;KS&lt;/sub&gt; appear in the equations, and the epistemic subject for whom measurement outcomes are or are not determinate. The framework treats these as connected but not identified, and the distinction is load-bearing. Critics will reasonably worry — especially given the framework's interpretive engagement with non-dual philosophy and the philosophy of mind — that consciousness is being smuggled into the foundations of measurement under physical vocabulary. The framework's defence is that the BLQC experimental claim is stated entirely in apparatus-level terms; whether that defence holds depends on the framework keeping the two senses of &quot;observer&quot; rigorously separate.
# '''Interpretive vocabulary'''. Some of the framework's documents draw on vocabulary from philosophy of mind and non-dual philosophy (notably Advaita Vedānta) alongside the physical derivations. Readers who find this vocabulary off-putting are invited to evaluate the empirical content from the BLQC manuscript, which uses only standard physics and control-theory language.
# '''Conditional Born-rule derivation, scope'''. The framework's binary-Born derivation now obtains ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate of a BLQC experiment, with the conditional weight stated explicitly as two named premises: the ''Fisher capacity bridge'' (''C''&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt; measures the useful rate of reducing distinguishability error in the operational record family ''p''(''o'' | θ)) and ''scalar-threshold homogeneity'' (the physical basis coordinate θ is homogeneous in the Fisher distinguishability metric on records). Both premises are empirically testable through the Fisher-homogeneity module of the BLQC protocol. The derivation does not derive complex Hilbert space, tensor products, unitary dynamics, the multi-outcome Born rule for arbitrary projective measurements, or the full IOF admissible-history measure μ&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;. Reviewer engagement on whether the Fisher capacity bridge is the right substantive identification of useful tracking capacity, whether scalar-threshold homogeneity is the natural reading of the BLQC threshold in a calibrated basis, whether Cencov-based selection is the correct uniqueness theorem under sufficient Markov invariance, and what would constitute a non-circular extension to multi-outcome records and full Hilbert kinematics, is explicitly invited.
# '''Peer-review status and independent replication'''. The framework has not yet undergone peer review, and the experimental discriminator has not been independently replicated. This is the actual current epistemic status of the work. The framework's case must be evaluated on its merits in the documents linked above and on the conduct of the prospective experiment, not on any external imprimatur.

== Invitation for review ==

This page is offered as a venue for substantive critique. The author is particularly interested in engagement on the following:

* '''From physicists working on quantum control or precision interferometry''': is the proposed sign-reversal under controller-power variation at clamped temperature genuinely distinguishable from known instrumental artefacts (closed-loop resonances, thermal-noise mismodelling, photon-shot-noise rebalancing at higher gain), and what existing apparatus would be best positioned to perform the test?
* '''From decoherence theorists''': under what conditions does the proposed double-exponential visibility law overlap with compound-channel decoherence models in ways that would make the two empirically indistinguishable? Is there a parameter regime where the framework's prediction is genuinely new rather than a reparameterisation of existing models?
* '''From researchers in the foundations of quantum mechanics''': how should the framework's structural — but epistemically bounded — violation of measurement-independence be evaluated against the alternatives in the superdeterminism / retrocausality / many-worlds landscape, and what would constitute a satisfactory consistency proof?
* '''From researchers in information geometry or foundations of probability''': the framework's conditional binary-Born derivation runs from BLQC finite-rate basis tracking via a Fisher capacity bridge and scalar-threshold homogeneity to ''p''(θ) = cos²(θ/2) in the laboratory basis coordinate. The binary case in θ is conditionally closed under the two stated bridge assumptions; the extension to multi-outcome records and the recovery of full Hilbert-space empirical content remain open. Critique on whether the Fisher capacity bridge is the right substantive identification of useful tracking capacity, whether scalar-threshold homogeneity is the natural reading of the BLQC threshold in a calibrated basis, whether Cencov-based selection is the correct uniqueness theorem under sufficient Markov invariance, and what would constitute a non-circular extension to multi-outcome records and full Hilbert kinematics, is welcome.
* '''From philosophers of mind''': the Advaita / RQM interpretive layer is offered conditionally on the empirical core. Is the conditional structure (&quot;these readings are available ''if'' the empirical claim survives&quot;) presented clearly enough, or does it still amount to overreach?

Comments, references to prior or parallel work the author may not be aware of, and pointers to potential confounds or alternative explanations are all welcome. Substantive critique on the [[Talk:The Ignorant Observer Framework|talk page]] will be acknowledged in subsequent revisions of the manuscripts.

== References ==

* Brukner, Č., &amp; Zeilinger, A. (1999). Operationally invariant information in quantum measurements. ''Physical Review Letters'', 83(17), 3354–3357.
* Nair, G. N., &amp; Evans, R. J. (2004). Stabilizability of stochastic linear systems with finite feedback data rates. ''SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization'', 43(2), 413–436.
* Penrose, R. (1996). On gravity's role in quantum state reduction. ''General Relativity and Gravitation'', 28(5), 581–600.
* Rovelli, C. (1996). Relational quantum mechanics. ''International Journal of Theoretical Physics'', 35(8), 1637–1678.
* Tatikonda, S., &amp; Mitter, S. (2004). Control under communication constraints. ''IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control'', 49(7), 1056–1068.
* Wootters, W. K. (1981). Statistical distance and Hilbert space. ''Physical Review D'', 23(2), 357–362.

== See also ==

* [[w:Quantum decoherence|Decoherence]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Relational quantum mechanics|Relational quantum mechanics]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Penrose interpretation|Penrose interpretation]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Data-rate theorem|Data-rate theorem]] (Wikipedia)

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&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
Hello, and [[Wikiversity:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to [[Wikiversity]]. Thank you for your contributions.

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      <text bytes="3393" sha1="1u6pu81cric2qtjadco2fj86i12wqk4" xml:space="preserve">'''''Genealogy''''' is defined by FamilySearch as &quot;the study of your human ancestors, their families, descendants, and the kinship relationships between them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Genealogy|title=Genealogy|date=2025-12-09|website={{w|FamilySearch}}|access-date=2026-05-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''''Family history''''' is a related term that can refer more specifically to the biography of those people, though the terms are largely interchangeable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ngsgenealogy.org/family-history/|title=Interested in Family History?|work=National Genealogical Society|access-date=2026-05-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the sake of this course, both terms will be used to define the same concept.

== Motivations ==
A family's lineage has been regarded as something to be honored in many cultures. [[s:Author:John Amphlett|John Amphlett]] wrote in 1878 that &quot;the members of a good family can tell who their forefathers were, where they lived, and whom they married; while those who belong to no families in particular are classed in a body as those who don't know their own grandfathers, or who perhaps never had any to know. The goodness of a family depends much more on the number of its known generations than on any other condition.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Genealogy|title-link=[[s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/September 1878/Genealogy]]|last=Amphlett|first=John|publisher={{w|Popular Science Monthly}}|volume=13|publication-date=September 1878}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In some religious traditions, family history is sacred. {{W|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}} is known for its genealogy work; its members believe that families can be sealed together for all eternity. To conduct these sealing ordinances, documentation must record these relationships and details.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/topic/genealogy|title=Genealogy is important to Mormons because they believe in eternal families|date=2011-05-23|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org|language=en|access-date=2026-05-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Church has poured immense resources into making family history research accessible, including operating the Family History Library in Salt Lake City and FamilySearch, an online genealogy database.

In Muslim societies, tracing descent to {{W|Muhammad}} has been a common practice for centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Szombathy|first=Zoltán|date=2002|title=Genealogy in Medieval Muslim Societies|journal=Studia Islamica|issue=95|page=6|jstor=1596139}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many cultures practice {{W|ancestor worship}}, meaning one's lineage must be passed down, often orally. In {{W|Hinduism}} and {{W|Chinese folk religion}}, many pray to their ancestors and leave them offerings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead|title=Veneration of the dead|last=Contributors|first=English Wikipedia|date=2026-05-23|website={{w|English Wikipedia}}|access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{W|Ghost Dance}} was practiced by western Indigenous American cultures in the 1800s to call their deceased fellows to help them fight back against white colonizers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_religions|title=Native American religions|last=Contributors|first=English Wikipedia|date=2026-05-18|website={{w|English Wikipedia}}|access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>1u6pu81cric2qtjadco2fj86i12wqk4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Let's agree to disagree and seek common ground</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2811329</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T16:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <origin>2811329</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6335" sha1="fcfmkucp0gs80zq54vx9jntptupfnrv" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-05-28 interview with [[w:Nolan Higdon|Nolan Higdon]] about critical media literacy, including a video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview. The podcast will be released 2026-06-13 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--[[File:Nolan Higdon on critical media literacy.webm|thumb|2026-05-28 interview with Nolan Higdon about critical media literacy.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:Nolan Higdon on critical media literacy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-05-38 interview with Nolan Higdon about critical media literacy.]]--&gt;

Prolific author and media critic [[w:Nolan Higdon|Nolan Higdon]] discusses his research on problems with the media and what he thinks humans should do to better advance their interests in society. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Higdon is a lecturer at California State University, East Bay&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Nolan Higdon: Lecturer of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139900214}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Merrill College.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Nolan Higdon: Lecturer--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139900225}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a prolific researcher, podcaster, contributor to general news outlets, and author, co-author or co-editor of at least eight recent books: 

* &lt;!--2026-03-09--&gt;''MAGAcademy: How Corporatism Paved the Way for the Hostile Takeover of Higher Ed''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2024-04-16--&gt;''Transformative practice in critical media literacy : radical democracy and decolonized pedagogy in higher education''&lt;ref&gt;Gennaro et al. (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;!--2024-03-18--&gt;''Censorship, digital media, and the global crackdown on freedom of expression''&lt;ref&gt;Andersen et al., eds (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2021-12-29--&gt;''The Podcaster's Dilemma: Decolonizing Podcasters in the Era of Surveillance Capitalism''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Baham (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2020-08-04--&gt;''The Anatomy of Fake News: A Critical News Literacy Education''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2024-08-02--&gt;''Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Butler (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2022-02-23--&gt;''Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2022-12-27--&gt;''The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people''&lt;ref&gt;Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;!--2019-08-20--&gt;''United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (and what we can do about it)''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Robin Andersen, Nolan Higdon, and Steve Macek, eds. (2024-03-18) Censorship, digital media, and the global crackdown on freedom of expression--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139895926|author=Robin Andersen, Nolan Higdon, and Steve Macek, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Steve Gennaro, Nolan Higdon, and Michael Hoechsmann, eds. (2024-04-16) Transformative practice in critical media literacy : radical democracy and decolonized pedagogy in higher education--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139895224|author=Steve Gennaro, Nolan Higdon, and Michael Hoechsmann, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon (2026-03-09) MAGAcademy: How Corporatism Paved the Way for the Hostile Takeover of Higher Ed--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139897231}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon (2020-08-04) The Anatomy of Fake News: A Critical News Literacy Education--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136132835}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Nicholas L. Baham, III (2021-12-29) The Podcaster's Dilemma: Decolonizing Podcasters in the Era of Surveillance Capitalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139896338}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Allison Butler (2024-08-02) Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139770479}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2022-02-23) Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138914107}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2019-08-20) United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (and what we can do about it)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138919847}}
* &lt;!--Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022-12-27) The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138912399}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media literacy]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fcfmkucp0gs80zq54vx9jntptupfnrv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811334</id>
      <parentid>2811329</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T16:56:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Merrill College is part of UC Santa Cruz</comment>
      <origin>2811334</origin>
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      <text bytes="5683" sha1="5sea6dsx8ygawmzln3b1tdsev8gf9o3" xml:space="preserve">:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--[[File:Nolan Higdon on critical media literacy.webm|thumb|2026-05-28 interview with Nolan Higdon about critical media literacy.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:Nolan Higdon on critical media literacy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-05-38 interview with Nolan Higdon about critical media literacy.]]--&gt;

Prolific author and media critic [[w:Nolan Higdon|Nolan Higdon]] discusses his research on problems with the media and what he thinks humans should do to better advance their interests in society. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Higdon is a lecturer at California State University, East Bay&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Nolan Higdon: Lecturer of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139900214}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the University of California, Santa Cruz.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Nolan Higdon: Lecturer--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139900225}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a prolific researcher, podcaster, contributor to general news outlets, and author, co-author or co-editor of at least eight recent books: 

* &lt;!--2026-03-09--&gt;''MAGAcademy: How Corporatism Paved the Way for the Hostile Takeover of Higher Ed''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2024-04-16--&gt;''Transformative practice in critical media literacy : radical democracy and decolonized pedagogy in higher education''&lt;ref&gt;Gennaro et al. (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;!--2024-03-18--&gt;''Censorship, digital media, and the global crackdown on freedom of expression''&lt;ref&gt;Andersen et al., eds (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2021-12-29--&gt;''The Podcaster's Dilemma: Decolonizing Podcasters in the Era of Surveillance Capitalism''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Baham (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2020-08-04--&gt;''The Anatomy of Fake News: A Critical News Literacy Education''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2024-08-02--&gt;''Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Butler (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2022-02-23--&gt;''Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2022-12-27--&gt;''The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people''&lt;ref&gt;Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;!--2019-08-20--&gt;''United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (and what we can do about it)''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Robin Andersen, Nolan Higdon, and Steve Macek, eds. (2024-03-18) Censorship, digital media, and the global crackdown on freedom of expression--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139895926|author=Robin Andersen, Nolan Higdon, and Steve Macek, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Steve Gennaro, Nolan Higdon, and Michael Hoechsmann, eds. (2024-04-16) Transformative practice in critical media literacy : radical democracy and decolonized pedagogy in higher education--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139895224|author=Steve Gennaro, Nolan Higdon, and Michael Hoechsmann, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon (2026-03-09) MAGAcademy: How Corporatism Paved the Way for the Hostile Takeover of Higher Ed--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139897231}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon (2020-08-04) The Anatomy of Fake News: A Critical News Literacy Education--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136132835}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Nicholas L. Baham, III (2021-12-29) The Podcaster's Dilemma: Decolonizing Podcasters in the Era of Surveillance Capitalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139896338}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Allison Butler (2024-08-02) Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139770479}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2022-02-23) Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138914107}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2019-08-20) United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (and what we can do about it)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138919847}}
* &lt;!--Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022-12-27) The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138912399}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media literacy]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5sea6dsx8ygawmzln3b1tdsev8gf9o3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2811351</id>
      <parentid>2811334</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-23T19:12:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add recent articles</comment>
      <origin>2811351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7580" sha1="f6xeukkfb8aaog5byvgg2jow9jvdbme" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-05-28 interview with [[w:Nolan Higdon|Nolan Higdon]] about critical media literacy, including a video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview. The podcast will be released 2026-06-13 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--[[File:Nolan Higdon on critical media literacy.webm|thumb|2026-05-28 interview with Nolan Higdon about critical media literacy.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:Nolan Higdon on critical media literacy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-05-38 interview with Nolan Higdon about critical media literacy.]]--&gt;

Prolific author and media critic [[w:Nolan Higdon|Nolan Higdon]] discusses his research on problems with the media and what he thinks humans should do to better advance their interests in society. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Higdon is a lecturer at [[w:California State University, East Bay|California State University, East Bay]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Nolan Higdon: Lecturer of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139900214}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[w:University of California, Santa Cruz|University of California, Santa Cruz]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Nolan Higdon: Lecturer--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139900225}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a prolific researcher, podcaster, contributor to general news outlets, and author, co-author or co-editor of at least eight recent books: 

* &lt;!--2026-03-09--&gt;''MAGAcademy: How Corporatism Paved the Way for the Hostile Takeover of Higher Ed''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2024-04-16--&gt;''Transformative practice in critical media literacy : radical democracy and decolonized pedagogy in higher education''&lt;ref&gt;Gennaro et al. (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;!--2024-03-18--&gt;''Censorship, digital media, and the global crackdown on freedom of expression''&lt;ref&gt;Andersen et al., eds (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2021-12-29--&gt;''The Podcaster's Dilemma: Decolonizing Podcasters in the Era of Surveillance Capitalism''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Baham (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2020-08-04--&gt;''The Anatomy of Fake News: A Critical News Literacy Education''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2024-08-02--&gt;''Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Butler (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2022-02-23--&gt;''Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--2022-12-27--&gt;''The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people''&lt;ref&gt;Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;!--2019-08-20--&gt;''United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (and what we can do about it)''&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Huff (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

Recent articles 

* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Sydney Sullivan (2025)--&gt;&quot;Media literacy in the crosshairs: NATO’s strategic goals and the revival of protectionist pedagogy&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Higdon and Sullivan (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon (2025-04)--&gt;&quot;DEI in Name Only: Navigating the Gap between the Rhetoric and the Reality of Social Justice in Higher Education&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Higdon (2025-04).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon (2025-02)--&gt;&quot;Constructive Conflict and Critical Media Literacy&quot;&lt;ref&gt;NIgdon (2025-02)&lt;/ref&gt; 

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Robin Andersen, Nolan Higdon, and Steve Macek, eds. (2024-03-18) Censorship, digital media, and the global crackdown on freedom of expression--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139895926|author=Robin Andersen, Nolan Higdon, and Steve Macek, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Steve Gennaro, Nolan Higdon, and Michael Hoechsmann, eds. (2024-04-16) Transformative practice in critical media literacy : radical democracy and decolonized pedagogy in higher education--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139895224|author=Steve Gennaro, Nolan Higdon, and Michael Hoechsmann, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon (2026-03-09) MAGAcademy: How Corporatism Paved the Way for the Hostile Takeover of Higher Ed--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139897231}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon (2025-04-21). dei in Name Only: Navigating the Gap between the Rhetoric and the Reality of Social Justice in Higher Education. Protest, 5(1), 133-143--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139901366|date=2025-04}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon (2025-02) &quot;Constructive Conflict and Critical Media Literacy&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139901481|date=2025-02}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon (2020-08-04) The Anatomy of Fake News: A Critical News Literacy Education--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136132835}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Nicholas L. Baham, III (2021-12-29) The Podcaster's Dilemma: Decolonizing Podcasters in the Era of Surveillance Capitalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139896338}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Allison Butler (2024-08-02) Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139770479}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2022-02-23) Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138914107}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2019-08-20) United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (and what we can do about it)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138919847}}
* &lt;!--Nolan Higdon and Sydney Sullivan (2025) Media literacy in the crosshairs: NATO’s strategic goals and the revival of protectionist pedagogy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139901332}}
* &lt;!--Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022-12-27) The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138912399}}
* &lt;!--Sergei A. Samoilenko and Solon J Simmons, eds. (2025-02) The Handbook of Social and Political Conflict--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139901403|author=Sergei A. Samoilenko and Solon J Simmons, eds.}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media literacy]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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== Licensing ==
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== Licensing ==
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      <comment>escrevi uma breve biografia minha e adicionei meus contatos.</comment>
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      <text bytes="845" sha1="5amvn5002qoxww0u2dbi3hn8yjndbqk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Fone supra-aural.png|thumb|ícone representando os interesses em audiologia, dentro da fonoaudiologia.]]

= Mini biografia =
Me chamo Maria Clara Pereira, graduada em Fonoaudiologia, na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte(UFRN). Sou apaixonada pela comunicação humana e pelo desenvolvimento da linguagem, audição e da voz. Gosto muito da área clínica com foco em terapia de fala e linguagem, buscando sempre atualizar meus conhecimentos com base em evidências científicas recentes. Tenho grande interesse na difusão do conhecimento acadêmico e na democratização da ciência, motivo pelo qual participo de projetos de extensão e iniciativas de cultura livre, como os projetos Wikimedia através do WikiConecta.

= Contatos =
E-mail: clara.silva.125@ufrn.edu.br

Curriculo Lattes: http://lattes.cnpq.br/3173211286600778</text>
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      <comment>Welcome</comment>
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      <comment>Welcome</comment>
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      <text bytes="2343" sha1="cdlmjsw5vpovwuqdmnruwdqp4nurmlj" xml:space="preserve">==Welcome==
{{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]],  Maria Clara Pereira da Silva!'''|width=100%}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Jtneill|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]].

Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple.

We invite you to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] and [[Wikiversity|assume good faith]]. Please abide by our [[Wikiversity:Civility|civility]], [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Foundation:Terms of Use|terms of use]] policies.

To find your way around, check out:
&lt;!-- The Left column --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:50.0%; float:left&quot;&gt;
* [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction to Wikiversity]]
* [[Help:Guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|how to edit]]
* [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] or visit an educational level portal:&lt;br&gt;[[Portal:Pre-school Education|pre-school]] | [[Portal:Primary Education|primary]] | [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]] | [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]] | [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal]]
* [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] links in left-hand navigation menu
&lt;/div&gt;
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* Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]]
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;both&quot;/&gt;

To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]].

See you around Wikiversity! ---- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:49, 23 May 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Template:Welcome --&gt;
{{Robelbox/close}}</text>
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        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="2697" sha1="hvktmpx79nzgv89zo6x8ra3znj4lz66" xml:space="preserve">==Welcome==
{{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]],  Maria Clara Pereira da Silva!'''|width=100%}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Jtneill|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]].

Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple.

We invite you to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] and [[Wikiversity|assume good faith]]. Please abide by our [[Wikiversity:Civility|civility]], [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Foundation:Terms of Use|terms of use]] policies.

To find your way around, check out:
&lt;!-- The Left column --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:50.0%; float:left&quot;&gt;
* [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction to Wikiversity]]
* [[Help:Guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|how to edit]]
* [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] or visit an educational level portal:&lt;br&gt;[[Portal:Pre-school Education|pre-school]] | [[Portal:Primary Education|primary]] | [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]] | [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]] | [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal]]
* [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] links in left-hand navigation menu
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- The Right column --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:50.0%; float:left&quot;&gt;

* Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]]
* Learn [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]]
* Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities
* Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your observations
* Discuss issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;both&quot;/&gt;

To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]].

See you around Wikiversity! ---- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:49, 23 May 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Template:Welcome --&gt;
{{Robelbox/close}}
: Olá Maria,
: Bem-vinda à Wikiversidade em inglês.
: Estou verificando se você sabe que também existe uma [[v:pt:|Wikiversidade em português]].
: Atenciosamente,&lt;br&gt; James
: [Esta mensagem usa o Google Tradutor] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:51, 23 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T02:41:28Z</timestamp>
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        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Page moved */ new topic ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="2968" sha1="imge6cmpxdv2awys5gyv2yjxw8hl99v" xml:space="preserve">==Welcome==
{{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]],  Maria Clara Pereira da Silva!'''|width=100%}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Jtneill|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]].

Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple.

We invite you to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] and [[Wikiversity|assume good faith]]. Please abide by our [[Wikiversity:Civility|civility]], [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Foundation:Terms of Use|terms of use]] policies.

To find your way around, check out:
&lt;!-- The Left column --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:50.0%; float:left&quot;&gt;
* [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction to Wikiversity]]
* [[Help:Guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|how to edit]]
* [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] or visit an educational level portal:&lt;br&gt;[[Portal:Pre-school Education|pre-school]] | [[Portal:Primary Education|primary]] | [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]] | [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]] | [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal]]
* [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] links in left-hand navigation menu
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- The Right column --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:50.0%; float:left&quot;&gt;

* Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]]
* Learn [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]]
* Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities
* Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your observations
* Discuss issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;both&quot;/&gt;

To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]].

See you around Wikiversity! ---- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:49, 23 May 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Template:Welcome --&gt;
{{Robelbox/close}}
: Olá Maria,
: Bem-vinda à Wikiversidade em inglês.
: Estou verificando se você sabe que também existe uma [[v:pt:|Wikiversidade em português]].
: Atenciosamente,&lt;br&gt; James
: [Esta mensagem usa o Google Tradutor] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:51, 23 May 2026 (UTC)

== Page moved ==

[[MariaClaraPereiradaSilva/Wiki-Audiologia]] has been moved to [[User:Maria Clara Pereira da Silva/Wiki-Audiologia]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:41, 24 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>User:Maria Clara Pereira da Silva/Wiki-Audiologia</title>
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      <id>2811379</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T01:40:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maria Clara Pereira da Silva</username>
        <id>3068562</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Criei minha ideia de projeto de extensão.</comment>
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      <text bytes="4741" sha1="ht646fxgxggw3kwsqt60p8if907kfaf" xml:space="preserve">= Wiki-Audiologia: Promovendo a Saúde Auditiva e a Ciência Aberta =

* '''Nome do professor:''' Maria Clara Pereira
* '''Área temática do projeto:''' audiologia, saúde coletiva, fonoaudiologia e promoção a saúde auditiva
* '''Projetos Wikimedia envolvidos:''' Wikiversidade, Wikipédia e Wikimedia Commons
* '''Número de estudantes participantes:'''15 estudantes de graduação em Fonoaudiologia

== Estrutura do Projeto ==

=== Resumo do programa de extensão ===
Este programa de extensão universitária visa integrar os estudantes de graduação na qualificação e democratização do conhecimento científico sobre Audiologia na Wikimedia. Por meio de oficinas práticas de letramento digital e escrita científica para o público leigo, os participantes realizarão uma curadoria rigorosa de informações sobre saúde auditiva, diagnósticos e tecnologias assistivas na Wikipédia. A iniciativa busca combater a desinformação em saúde na internet e promover a ciência aberta, fazendo com que o conhecimento acadêmico produzido na universidade rompa as barreiras institucionais e alcance a sociedade de forma acessível e referenciada.

=== Objetivo do programa de extensão ===

==== Objetivo geral: ====
O programa tem como objetivo principal capacitar os estudantes de graduação no desenvolvimento de habilidades de letramento digital, pensamento crítico, escrita científica voltada para o público leigo e o domínio de ferramentas de Ciência Aberta. Por meio da imersão no ecossistema Wiki, os alunos aprenderão a realizar curadoria de dados e revisão bibliográfica baseada em evidências, aplicando o conhecimento técnico adquirido em sala de aula na melhoria de conteúdos públicos de saúde. Como resultado, busca-se entregar à sociedade verbetes sobre Audiologia totalmente revisados, atualizados e referenciados, promovendo a democratização do conhecimento e o combate à desinformação em saúde auditiva na internet.

==== Métricas quantitativas previstas: ====

* '''Verbetes da Wikipédia editados ou criados:''' 10 artigos técnicos qualificados (ex: artigos sobre perda auditiva, exames audiológicos e acessibilidade).
* '''Referências científicas adicionadas:''' Citações de artigos acadêmicos confiáveis (inseridas através de plataformas como SciELO ou PubMed).
* '''Mídias educativas carregadas no Wikimedia Commons:'''  arquivos livres (como infográficos da anatomia da orelha, diagramas explicativos ou fotografias de equipamentos de exames).
* '''Itens criados ou enriquecidos no Wikidata:''' 15 itens de dados estruturados ligando teses e artigos brasileiros da área à base global de dados.
* '''Métricas de alcance:''' Obter mais de 15.000 visualizações nos artigos editados nos primeiros três meses após as publicações.

=== Metodologia do programa de extensão ===
A metodologia do programa será desenvolvida de forma prática através de uma aprendizagem baseada em projetos, dividida em oficinas de capacitação e atividades de edição tutoriais. Inicialmente, os estudantes participarão de oficinas técnicas para compreender os pilares dos projetos Wikimedia, o uso seguro das páginas de teste e os conceitos de licenciamento livre. Em seguida, os alunos realizarão um levantamento de verbetes desatualizados sobre Audiologia na Wikipédia e farão pesquisas bibliográficas em bases de dados abertas, como a plataforma SciELO, para selecionar evidências científicas confiáveis. A partir dessa curadoria, os participantes traduzirão o jargão acadêmico para uma linguagem enciclopédica e acessível ao público geral, inserindo as referências nos textos e carregando infográficos ou fotografias ilustrativas no Wikimedia Commons. Por fim, as edições passarão por uma revisão por pares monitorada pelo professor antes da publicação definitiva, utilizando ferramentas digitais para acompanhar o volume de visualizações e o impacto social das melhorias.

=== Atividades a serem desenvolvidas ===
O cronograma começará com oficinas de tutoriais de edição básica e apresentação das regras de verificabilidade e relevância dos projetos Wikimedia. Em seguida, os estudantes farão um diagnóstico para mapear verbetes lacunosos de Audiologia na Wikipédia. Na fase prática, os alunos redigirão as melhorias e incluirão citações acadêmicas com hiperligações para o SciELO. Em paralelo, realizarão o carregamento de imagens e infográficos educativos no Wikimedia Commons, além de alimentar dados bibliográficos no Wikidata. O projeto terminará com uma rodada de revisão por pares nas páginas de testes e a publicação definitiva dos conteúdos, seguida pela análise do volume de visualizações das páginas editadas.</text>
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      <id>2811380</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Jtneill moved page [[MariaClaraPereiradaSilva/Wiki-Audiologia]] to [[User:Maria Clara Pereira da Silva/Wiki-Audiologia]] without leaving a redirect: Move to user space</comment>
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      <text bytes="4741" sha1="ht646fxgxggw3kwsqt60p8if907kfaf" xml:space="preserve">= Wiki-Audiologia: Promovendo a Saúde Auditiva e a Ciência Aberta =

* '''Nome do professor:''' Maria Clara Pereira
* '''Área temática do projeto:''' audiologia, saúde coletiva, fonoaudiologia e promoção a saúde auditiva
* '''Projetos Wikimedia envolvidos:''' Wikiversidade, Wikipédia e Wikimedia Commons
* '''Número de estudantes participantes:'''15 estudantes de graduação em Fonoaudiologia

== Estrutura do Projeto ==

=== Resumo do programa de extensão ===
Este programa de extensão universitária visa integrar os estudantes de graduação na qualificação e democratização do conhecimento científico sobre Audiologia na Wikimedia. Por meio de oficinas práticas de letramento digital e escrita científica para o público leigo, os participantes realizarão uma curadoria rigorosa de informações sobre saúde auditiva, diagnósticos e tecnologias assistivas na Wikipédia. A iniciativa busca combater a desinformação em saúde na internet e promover a ciência aberta, fazendo com que o conhecimento acadêmico produzido na universidade rompa as barreiras institucionais e alcance a sociedade de forma acessível e referenciada.

=== Objetivo do programa de extensão ===

==== Objetivo geral: ====
O programa tem como objetivo principal capacitar os estudantes de graduação no desenvolvimento de habilidades de letramento digital, pensamento crítico, escrita científica voltada para o público leigo e o domínio de ferramentas de Ciência Aberta. Por meio da imersão no ecossistema Wiki, os alunos aprenderão a realizar curadoria de dados e revisão bibliográfica baseada em evidências, aplicando o conhecimento técnico adquirido em sala de aula na melhoria de conteúdos públicos de saúde. Como resultado, busca-se entregar à sociedade verbetes sobre Audiologia totalmente revisados, atualizados e referenciados, promovendo a democratização do conhecimento e o combate à desinformação em saúde auditiva na internet.

==== Métricas quantitativas previstas: ====

* '''Verbetes da Wikipédia editados ou criados:''' 10 artigos técnicos qualificados (ex: artigos sobre perda auditiva, exames audiológicos e acessibilidade).
* '''Referências científicas adicionadas:''' Citações de artigos acadêmicos confiáveis (inseridas através de plataformas como SciELO ou PubMed).
* '''Mídias educativas carregadas no Wikimedia Commons:'''  arquivos livres (como infográficos da anatomia da orelha, diagramas explicativos ou fotografias de equipamentos de exames).
* '''Itens criados ou enriquecidos no Wikidata:''' 15 itens de dados estruturados ligando teses e artigos brasileiros da área à base global de dados.
* '''Métricas de alcance:''' Obter mais de 15.000 visualizações nos artigos editados nos primeiros três meses após as publicações.

=== Metodologia do programa de extensão ===
A metodologia do programa será desenvolvida de forma prática através de uma aprendizagem baseada em projetos, dividida em oficinas de capacitação e atividades de edição tutoriais. Inicialmente, os estudantes participarão de oficinas técnicas para compreender os pilares dos projetos Wikimedia, o uso seguro das páginas de teste e os conceitos de licenciamento livre. Em seguida, os alunos realizarão um levantamento de verbetes desatualizados sobre Audiologia na Wikipédia e farão pesquisas bibliográficas em bases de dados abertas, como a plataforma SciELO, para selecionar evidências científicas confiáveis. A partir dessa curadoria, os participantes traduzirão o jargão acadêmico para uma linguagem enciclopédica e acessível ao público geral, inserindo as referências nos textos e carregando infográficos ou fotografias ilustrativas no Wikimedia Commons. Por fim, as edições passarão por uma revisão por pares monitorada pelo professor antes da publicação definitiva, utilizando ferramentas digitais para acompanhar o volume de visualizações e o impacto social das melhorias.

=== Atividades a serem desenvolvidas ===
O cronograma começará com oficinas de tutoriais de edição básica e apresentação das regras de verificabilidade e relevância dos projetos Wikimedia. Em seguida, os estudantes farão um diagnóstico para mapear verbetes lacunosos de Audiologia na Wikipédia. Na fase prática, os alunos redigirão as melhorias e incluirão citações acadêmicas com hiperligações para o SciELO. Em paralelo, realizarão o carregamento de imagens e infográficos educativos no Wikimedia Commons, além de alimentar dados bibliográficos no Wikidata. O projeto terminará com uma rodada de revisão por pares nas páginas de testes e a publicação definitiva dos conteúdos, seguida pela análise do volume de visualizações das páginas editadas.</text>
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See you around Wikiversity! ---- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:25, 24 May 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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